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guns or rule PREHISTORIC W’

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DYSALOTOSAl/Rl/SHerds of gazelle-like Dysalotosauruspounded the prehistoric plains.

ysalotosaurus was a plant-.eating hypsilophodontid.The hypsilophodontids were

the most successful family ofdinosaurs.Fossil records show therewere

hypsilophodontids on Earth for around100million years and that they spreadright across the globe. Compare that withhumans.We’Ve only been around for

200,000 years!

ALL IN THE FAMILY

Hypsilophodontids are sometimes called‘dinosaur gazelles’because they could

sprint very fast, as gazelles do today. A

member of this family, Hypsilophodon,is reckoned by experts to be one of the

fastest dinosaurs ever. Hypsilophodongrew between 1.4mand 2.4m long.

Dysalotosaurus was bigger than

Hypsilophodon and probably slower. Buta strong adult Dysalotosaurus could still

outrunmost hungrymeat-eaters.

SPEEDY SPRINTERS

Making a dash for

safetywas the only waythat a frightenedDysalotosaurus could

protect itself. It had no

weapons or armour. But

Dysalotosaurus did have

stronghind legs.

MUSCLE POWER .

Dysalotosaurus’ legswere operated bypowerful muscles at the top, and theyworked rather like a pendulum. The legsswung backwards and forwards Veryquickly, helping the dinosaur to build up

speed and dash along. Fast—moVing deerand gazelles today have similar legs to

Dysalotosaurus. Like them, the dinosaur

had short thigh bones and longshin bones.

FEETAND TAIL TRICKS

Dysalotosaurus also had strong, sharp-clawed feet which gripped the groundsecurely andhelpedpush it forwards. Its

long tail also helped as it dashed along.

Dysalotosaurus’tailwould not have trailedon the groundbutwould have stood outbehind the dinosaur as it ran. The tail acted

as a balance, rather like a tightropevvalker’s pole helps someone to balance on a

rope. The stiff tail helped to steady thedinosaur’s body, allowing it to dart fromside to side as it ran:This would helpDysalotosazgwus to escape from predators.

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CHEEKY CHEWER

Herols ofDysalotosaurus probably grazeolzfion the lushplants that grew between

Q

the lakes and rivers of the flood plains. ~45-

Dysalotosauruswas

an;e;fficient eater,

.nippingoff tender shpiotsfwith its horny

.eak. Then it cheW§3”?.the'bits to pulp, ‘«g .O

NAME:Dysa/otosaurus (_ofi-sal-o-toe-Q-rus)means ’lostwood reptile’GROUP: dinosaurSIZE: 2.4m long

’

FOOD: plantsLIVED: about l4O millionyears ago in the Late

Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Period inAtrica

2

ready for swallowi Is

idlfD3/“salotosaurus bitoffmore foodgthan 1. could chew in one go,it stored théfiextra in itsfroomy cheekpouches to chew later.

i

O

ON THE PROWLV

Peaceful plant—eate1;s such as

Like many oftod

Dysalotosaurus

TWO INTO ONE

Dysa/otosaurus isknown From just a Few

incomplete skulls and scattered bones foundinTanzania, East Africa. The tossils look

very like another hypsilophodontid,called Dryosaurus, trom North America.Some experts believe that these Finds are

really Dryosaurus bones.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O U f

1994

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Dysalotosaurusor

Dryosaurus?

Experts do not

agree about these

bones found in

Tanzania, East

Africa. The femur

or thigh bone

(right) is from the'

‘right leg and is

196mm long.The bone below is

a vertebra from

the tail.

7/30/2019 Dinosaurs! 84


TELEOOERASTeleoceras was a relative of today'srhinoceros,but it behaved more like

a hippopotamus.

hinos only live in Africa andAsia today. Butmillions of

years ago, there were three

families of rhinos, spreadacross theworld. Teleoceras fossils have

beenfound in

Nebraska,USA.

WATER LIFE

Teleoceras was a relative of today’s rhino,butwas closer in shape to today’s hippo.This bulky plant—eater had a long, barrel-

shaped body and very short, stumpy legs.It Was difficult for Teleoceras toWalk

because its bodywas so close to the

ground. In fact, it probably spentmuch of

the time livingin

and underwater.

USEFUL HORNTeleoceras had a short, cone-shapedhornon its nose. The plant-eater could have

(“/7

left}?. ? _ 4 m _ _ » {

MORSEFAMS.NAME: Te/eoceras (E-lee-oh-fl-as) means’long and horned’.GROUP: mammal.SIZE: 4m long.FOOD: plants.LIVED: about40 to l0 millionyears ago in the

—ate Eocene toEarlyMiocene inNorthAmerica

HAIRY NOSE

Many early rhinos hadhorns. But theseoften lookedmore fearsome than theyWere.Most Were just made ofmattedhair.

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DIADEOTDiadecteswas a prehistoric puzzle.

. - s .

I,

Was it an amphibian?Or was it

perhaps a reptile? ,

mphibians can live on landand in Water. So can reptiles.Butmost amphibians layjelly-like eggs in Water,While l< 3m

A

1»

reptiles can lay hard-shelled eggs on land.

SKULL SOLUTION

Diadectes’ skeleton looked like a reptile’s.And the huge creature was able to move

about on land. But experts now believethatDiadectes was an amphibianbecauseof the shape of its skull.

NAME:Diadecfes (dy-a-Q-tees) means

’fhrough bifer’GROUP: amphibian .

SIZE: 3m longA

FOOD: plants, shellfishEARLYVEGETARIAN LIVED: about 270 million years ago, in theDiadectes Was one of the biggest land Early Permian Period inTexas, USA

animals alive in the Early Permian, morethan 270 millionyears ago. It may even

have been the earliest land—living FISHY FOOD

vertebrate (animalwith a backbone) that Experts believe Diadectes may have eatenhadplants as part of its diet. shellfish, too. Perhaps it cracked them’/it

ng jaws andteeii

' . inpenwith its stro. 5’

’.g.«,V

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DINOSAUR SAFARI

TRIASSICSOUTHERN EUROPE

Imagine you could travel about 210

millionyears back in time. Look around

you. Nothing looks the same as

today. You are in a Triassic landscape!

ur safari begins on the shore of avast landmass.All the continents

~ I

’

of the world are joined together inone great continent called Pangaea.A

huge inlet of the surrounding ocean almostcuts this landmass in two. This inlet iscalled the Tethys Sea, and you are now

standing on its north—western shore.

AN UNFINISHED CONTINENT

Europe has not been completed yet. Onlyhalf of it exists. In the continent to thenorth ofyou lie mountains. This regionwill eventually become northernEurope.To your south there is nothing but sea.

Vast banks ofmud and sand are buildingup on the bed of the Tethys Sea. Thesewill

gradually turn into rocks and be squeezed

up as the mountains we call the Alps.

HOT SHORELINEYou are close to the Equator. It is hot and

dry. A paddle in the sea seems a good idea,but thewater is warmer than you are!Dust and sand from the northernplateaushave blown across, forming deserts. Thesea currents build up huge sandbars alongthe coast. Your route will take you along

this coast towards the east.

1.998

A DRY SEA BED

As you travel, you leave the mountainsbehind.A great plain stretches northacross the continent. In the Permian

Period, and the earlier part of the Triassic,there was a Vast inland sea here. The sea

spread northwards from the Tethys right

across Europe. It reached to the area thatwill one day become the North Sea and theBritish Isles. Now that sea has dried up,leavingdazzling lakes of salt.

STREAMS CARRY STONESHere and there, streams flow from the

surroundingmountains, topping up thelakes. The streams carry small bouldersand pebbles. These are beginning to build

up to form rocky slopes around the plain.

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mountains

streams

arid plain

; on this Salt PanT:is posiitiion of

itoclax/.

Perhaps part of the landscapeon your walk will look like this

oasis today.

BEASTS OF THE SEA

The land seems dry andbarren. But tothe south the sea is full of life.You can

spot coil-shelled ammonites and othershellfishes washed up along the shore.

Nothosaurs have slunk up on the beach to

lay their eggs.Related to the ancestors of

plesiosaurs, these 3m—long reptiles havewebbed feet and a fin on their tail.

WATCH OUT e NOTHOSAURSABOUT!

The nothosaurs’ longjaws ar e full of

vicious, fish—catching teeth, and can beused as dangerous Weapons.Warily,

you skirt round these fierce-lookingcreatures and continue your journey

along the Triassic shore.What other

surpriseswill the journey have in store?

1999

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FLYINGHIGHFor a long time, the only signs of life alongthe desolate shore are the pterosaurs.

They soar and wheel on the air currents,

settlingtofeed on

thewashed—up

bodies of

dead sea creatures. The biggest creatures

washed up on the shore are the placodontslike Placodus. It looks like a newt, but is

as big as you! Its short, heavy jaws andbigblunt teeth are ideal for crushing the

shellfishes on-which it lives.

IN THE WATER ,

Hidden from view, in the water, are some

of the earliest ichthyosaurs,such

asMixosaurus. Longand slender, butwithout

the fish-like tail of the later ichthyosaurs,

they dive through the spray, hunting for

the fishes they live on.

SPONGE REEF

Just offshore, the waves are breakingon a

reef—a barrier of rock built up by living

things. Today’s reefs in tropicalwaters are

made of coral. The Triassicreefs,

however,have beenbuilt up from sponges.

DESERT LIFE

Ahead, through the shimmer ofheat and

shifting sand, you see hills. Limestone cliffs

rise up before you. Despite the dryness,

plants seem to flourish here, especially inthe moist streams. Andwhere there is

vegetation, there must be animals too! You

soon spotaherd ofPlateosaurus. They are

browsing on the tree ferns and any other

plants they can find. They can rear up on

their hind legs to reach the succulentleaves at the tops of the trees.

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ROCK-POOL FEEDERSOn the rocks at the foot of the nearestcliffs you see long, waving necks, liketentacles. They belong to a small group of

Tanystropheus, a strange, lizard-likeanimal. They sit in the hot sun, dippingtheir long necks into the rock pools to findthe fishes and shellfishes they feed on.

TRACK MAKER REVEALEDYou scramble over rocks and find yourselfin a sandy cove. On the sand is a set of

strange footprints. They look a bit like themarks ofhumanhands,but with the

thumb to the outside. Scientists call thesefootprints Cheirotherium (‘hand beast’),and for a long time they had no ideawhatkind ofanimalmade them.But look! Yousuddenly see the creature that made them.

CROC IN CAVEThe crocodile—like animal calledTicinosuchus is the ‘hand beast’. It

scampers away from you, dodging up the

rubble at the base of the cliff anddisappears into a cave.

SHELTER FROMTHE STORM

Suddenly, the sky grows dark.A chillwindswirls up from the sea. A black cloudcovers the sun. The rain starts. You dodgeinto a cave to escape,makingsure it’s notthe one in which the Ticinosuchus is

hiding.You don’t want to meet a 3m—long

meat—eater in the dark! The cave is full oftiny lizard-likeMacrocnemus. They scuttleover the rotting seaweed, catching insects.Once the rain stops, you can continue on

your Triassic safari."’ 1

.~~» 1' Thesle are iust a few of the creatures

Triassic shore. There have not been

many dinosaurs on this safari. The

timeWhen

dinosaursare

commséégyisjet to come.

%'you might meet on a walk along a

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nésafirs, such[V

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‘bysalofasaurufi’ Affhe first hintof

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powerful hind legswill carry them away from

danger‘;_fits!-mevingdinosaurswill be off.

£I$t5‘H$éy are not taken by surprise, theyid be able to outrun most meat-eaters. Their

less speedy attgckers.

7/30/2019 Dinosaurs! 84


/«”’ .«

off” /)

A hungryBaryonyx is

furious to discover twoPolacanthus disturbingits favourite fishingground. It raises its

heavy-clawed armsand

shows its dagger-liketeeth to frighten them

away.Although well-

protected, the two plant-eaters decide to allow

Baryonyx to dine alone.

7/30/2019 Dinosaurs! 84


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fund a T IS gives us lots of clues aboutwhatperfectly preserv d dinosa r skeletéon. th ..creature looked like.

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7/30/2019 Dinosaurs! 84


what VeIociraptor’s skin looked

lile rveel-clinosaurikin-have E?

be ut not of Velociraptor. Some arti ~ 5

show itwith lizard-like skin, s o m have 4'

‘§2c3£ev n shown it covered with feather ! No

nows—wha«t—eeltou|=—/elo =

w s either. A 'lists can use their

im gination!

‘~r:a;v,;s.j5.w.»'-'1‘ft-~x' n3“?’-‘7‘?"‘*

T Bony struts (ept the

:Iil stiff and straight.I.'. inosaur trackwayshardly ever I$l1OW thenl‘

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1ark of a tc il

auching the ground.

Joints of the forelimbs show that the 1eaarmswere folded

upwhen or rest, like

{:_:;:the wings of a bird. I ‘V\\ 3 , / .

Fingerswere held together {/4 \when at rest.

\hape of the hips show that the I gs were

h ld straight underneatl, not sticki g out at __he side like a lizard. .3 §

Ankleanjl

knee ioints show th usuallythe kn e was bent, but the a kle was

held straight.

As in mos1 running a 1imals, the thigh bone is\

short,whi e the other leg bones ar e long. TheW

strong legmuscles were :oncentratedaround t e

thigh bone. The rest ol the leg was worked by L

thin tendons. This meant that the lower leg w s‘

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light and could be m aved quick .Q

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7/30/2019 Dinosaurs! 84


j madam mdachizzeryto help them

, écefleat theirdpriae fessils. One of the_eat~knawaco11ectorawas theaAmericanBarnum Brown. In 1910,

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LUCKY BREAK L

_Barnum:Brownstruck lucky earlyV

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dinVhisa£taree1'.VIn 1902,just five3. yearsafterjoining theAmerican

"jMuseumofNatura}History in New

York,he discovered theV

‘E'WorId’s first-kI710Wn

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j:V:,7_y7f13"1»,7?/”J:S%(d¢°}(,.»,,7d?.:£Srex, inVdVeasjtem Montana,¥USA. j

M Thisswas the beginning V

Vofhiscareerasakeen L

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f dinosaur hunter.AfewL years later,when

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Vstrangefossilswere

tmwwddmmwmai

Vmaeamassdinasaurname:anthe trailofan Vex!-raordinctry

gariydiaesaurV

V

f huntersfaced great

pmhlems. Theyhadno

he designed a specialboat and

braved rapids to track downa mystery fossil.

Barnum Brown

Brownrworkedflat HeV

Monfana,’USA,around} ihefM

*

MissouriRiver. in, ‘I902,he V‘ k

discovered theworld?sfirst-V_7

ever T-rex skeleion there. linethe following years, he found

a .more T-rex remains and twoskeletons of the duck-billed

dinosaur, Anatosaurus.

spottedstickingout ofthe cliffs“inAlberta,

V

Canada, Brownheaded

north to investigate.V

2008

7/30/2019 Dinosaurs! 84


Using Cory!-hosaurus’fossils,

like the one-,Barnum Brown

found (aboire)as cl guide,

‘experts have worked out

how it may have loolceilwhen alive (right). ;

that BarnumBrown began

looking for fossilsin Montana becauseof a paperweight?

Yes.WilliamT.Hornaolay, Director ofthe New York Zoological Society,hunted buttalo in Montana. He

brought back a fossil and used it as

a paperweight. Brown saw that it

was the horn of a Triceratops, andrealised Montana was a Fossil site.

7/30/2019 Dinosaurs! 84


Honss-mmwnmnos

REEBEERRWERVALLEY

’£‘hefirstknownAitrertasaarus, a gianttyrannesaar, hadbeen

discsvered RedDeerRiverValley in Alberta.And thatwaswhere theaiiiffossiishad been

sighted.BarnumBrawndecided the bestway toreach the fessilswas bysailing down the riverona specially»-tbuilt barge.

,madeaiispecialgicrane with

_"

Woodenybeams, to lift thel

gheavy fossilson to horse-s “drawnCarts; These carts

-localrailway station. The i

journey took several days.And

Lifting fossilswith Cl special crane

that used ropes and pulleys. BARNUMI53ARGEBarnum Brown andthemembersofhisexpeditioncould sail close to the fossils,then moor the barge and

step ashore. But the

expeditionhad to brave

roughWater rapids and

attacks by huge swarms ofmosquitoes to reach thefossils embedded high up in

the rocky river canyon.

andhis team

transported the fossils to the

it was manymore days beforethe precious fossils arrived atthe museum in New York,thousands of kilometres away.

2010

7/30/2019 Dinosaurs! 84


IJOUBLEGJSCOVERYIn 1912,Barnum Brownexcavated the first

Cezyibeesares fossils from the riversidereeks. fie was thrilled to find that they

belonged ta a new species ofdinosaur thatL

had notbeen foundbefore. Twoyears later, THE GREAT DINOSAUR RUSH

he discovered amore complete fossil of the AsWe“ 05 Corythosavrvs, Barnum Brown

S a m g dingsaufl 11;was 3 be3_ufifu}}y discovered many other dinosaurs inRed

pregerved Skeleton:with just the tail tipDeer RiverValley. His success started a

we arewe::::t:.°;3;?,°:;:;t°;:::7:,i;;*::::;::':his three sons. They collected tor the

Canadian Geological Survey, and were

very successful, too.

FLASIER PRQTECTION

The huge skeletonwas almost 8111 long.Its fragile bones had to be protected with

plaster ‘jackets’toprevent them fromcrumbling.Many of the bones were stillembedded in great chunksofrock,and hadto be carefully eased out.

HELMET LIZARDBarnumBrown namedhisdinosaur Corythosaurus, or‘helmet lizard’,because ofthe extraordinary crested

shape of its head. The hugeplant-eaterwas one of the

strangest-lookingdinosaursthat had ever beendiscovered. Expertsnowbelieve that Corythosauruscouldmake bellowing

3;

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_‘ noises by pushingairAnother skeleton challenge for ~ Vi

Barnum

Br°wa"'~. rT

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The bones of the skeleton discovered in The giant skeletonBarnum Brown andhis1914were slightly crushed, but in their team had discovered was carefully piecedoriginalpositions. The shape of the huge together againby experts. Years ofworkcreature was clear to see. The dinosaur were neededbefore the skeleton was

V

hadbeen dead for about 78 millionyears, finished. It is still one of themostbut, incredibly, its fossilized skeleton had spectacular and popular fossil exhibits at

been preserved almost complete. the AmericanMuseum ofNaturalHistory.

2011

7/30/2019 Dinosaurs! 84


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improve aedeitestyaur f

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Fascinating facts\ may have done the same.

to read and

10 fun questions

to answer!

0 In the Triassic, the onlycontinentwas called:

a) Uniterre .

b)Euramerasia

c) Pangaea

Lizard-like Tanystropheus

9Dysalotosaums escaped

predators by:h :d a Very long a) running awaya) neck , _,

b) to“b) hiding In caves

“clawc) swimming underwater °ompgognafhus

was:

a) cow-sized

b) chicken-sized

Teleoceras was related Barnum Brown reached C )elephanhsized’ to today's: Corythosaurus by:

a) rhinoceros a) bicycle

bl l"lPP°P°l°mU5 bl€l°flkeY What did Baryonyxeat as

c) whale c) barge - * well as meat?

a) fruit and nuts

b) leavesc )fish

Dinosaur hunterBarnum 0 A,.¢;.,ae,,P,.e,.yx fived gnBrownwas inspired by: what is now:

a) a local circus q) GermanyblG P‘-"Pe""’el9l‘l' b) Canada

c) his Aunt Agatha c) Disney World

2014

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7/30/2019 Dinosaurs! 84


DEIIVOGALERIXBegin by pencilling in the basic shape Mark in more lines to give you the

of the animal in themiddle of the position of the the head and legs.

paper.Deinogalerix is a hairyhedgehog and These are just guidelines so you can pencil

its shape is roughly that of a long, low house. them in roughly at this stage.

Now you can begin to put in the FinishDeinogalerix by drawing.in the

_ j details ofDeinogalerix’face. In our legs and tail. Colour it as you imagine

picture it is snarling fiercely and showing its a meat-eating prehistorichedgehogwould

sharp, pointed front teeth. look! Don’t forget details such as itsWhiskers.

Deinagalerixawaps GT

p

hunfeirgfeeding an small‘

, . flizqrds andmammals father~

ii

‘than 1-heirisecfsanclewormsi

today's hedgehogs eat;

i§;wMmuwmmem.l

Ty;li_n§-olyi~gi1_ic_xl-rei1*7~i><) mieonsfierribleto

c

L

.y

— lieolgebogbo1

i

i

UpGR‘OUF:imurrimolIf 5.I.ZE.‘.ic:1boul35cm7lor¥g’ . s

T

‘LIVED:about l0 millionyears ago

2016

7/30/2019 Dinosaurs! 84


Would dinos beany use as

Work animals?Find out inTIMEDETECTIVE.Learnwho atethe trees inPREHISTORICWORLD.

Keep yourDINOSAURS! safe

Keep your copies safe and neatwith these

fantastic binders.Your binders have beendesigned to look good at home or at school. Each issturdy and hardwearing—t even has a Wipe—clean cover—ndholds 13issues. You’llWant to use your DINOSAURS! collection again and again—for reference, for school projects, or just for fun. So don’t let your copies gomissing; keep them in your own set ofbinders.

DINOSAURS!binders arenowavailable and cost

just £4.95

(including£1 p&p).Please refer to theinformation on theinside front coveror telephone 0424755755 for details.

IANLORBIS

PLAy&LEARNA

COLLECTION

Three fascinatingcreatures in

IDENTIKIT

andHISTORY IN PICTURES

3-D GALLERY

GIANTS OF THE PAST

PICTURECREDITS: Front cover: Graham Rosewame.

Neg Nos 37243, T8552, l8547, i9488, l9493,18502Courtesy Department Library Services,American Museum ofNatural History 2008T, 2009TL,20l0T,C,B, 201I; MLong/The Natural HistoryMueum, London201STR;The Natural HistoryMusem,London l995TR, 2008B;Zeta i999BR.Artwork:Wendy Bramaii/WLAA2000-l ;

R.Budden/WLAA I996, 1997;Mike

Dorey 2012-I3;John Francis/BernardThornton Artists 2009; Janos

Marffy I998-99;BobMathias 2016T; DeidreMcHaleBC;NickPike/WLAA; 2002-3 James.Rohins 2006-7,20l 6B;Graham Rosewarne I993, I994-95; SteveWhite 20045.

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7/30/2019 Dinosaurs! 84


The answer is,almost certainly

yea. Palaeontologistshave

begun to piece together the insectworldduring the time ofdinosaurs.Theirwork suggests that there was

a profusion of insect types living then

and thatthey

would have been just the

same sort ofnuisance as they are today.

' fr

‘

.~ suppose theWell, I

\ answer is,why not?Any tall object,

provided that it isin Contactwith the

Earth,willconduct andattract lightning

duringa storm. Ifa brachiosaurwas

out in the

\’\

suspicion that the tiny

In recent years a fossil ofthe chicken-sized dinosaur

Compsognathus becamethe subject ofdetailed

{ investigationfor justthis reason. It wasnoted that around the

the fossil there was ‘alargenumber ofsmall circular,

and in some cases almost *"spherical, objects. These looked

uncannily like eggs!Wecannot prove this

absolutely,but thereis now very strong

Compsognathus maywell have been afemale. And that after

death, the animal’srottingand swollen

body eventuallyburst as it was being

J

buriedbysediment.The

eggswere

expelled intothe sedimenttobe fossilized

dinosaurs! 84

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