Prisoner-Guard Prisoner-Guard ExperimentExperiment

Stanford UniversityStanford University

Summer 1971Summer 1971

http://www.prisonexp.org/slide-35.htmhttp://www.prisonexp.org/slide-35.htm“What happens when you put good people in an evil place?

Does humanity win over evil, or does evil triumph?” ~Philip Zimbardo~

Philip Philip ZimbardoZimbardo1933-present1933-present

Educated @ Yale Educated @ Yale UniversityUniversity

Professor @ Stanford Professor @ Stanford UniversityUniversity

APA President APA President

The ExperimentThe Experiment

College students on summer break recruited through a College students on summer break recruited through a newspaper ad for a two week experiment being paid newspaper ad for a two week experiment being paid $15/day.$15/day.

The students were given The students were given the California Personality Inventory the California Personality Inventory and interviewed by the experiment staand interviewed by the experiment staff. Two dozen of those ff. Two dozen of those judged to judged to be most normal, average, and healthy on all be most normal, average, and healthy on all dimensions assessed were selected to participate.dimensions assessed were selected to participate.

Most stated a preference to be in the role of prisoners.Most stated a preference to be in the role of prisoners.

The Procedure

The goal of the study was to observe, record, and analyze, the behavior of the prisoners and the guards.

ProcedureProcedure

Funded by U.S. Funded by U.S. NavyNavy

24 subjects chosen24 subjects chosen 12 “prisoners” and 12 “prisoners” and

12 “guards”12 “guards”

Constructing the PrisonConstructing the Prison

Those Those selected as guards helped in the selected as guards helped in the final stages of the construction of the final stages of the construction of the simulated prison in the basement of the simulated prison in the basement of the psychology buildingpsychology building..

The guards helped The guards helped select their own select their own military style uniformsmilitary style uniforms at the army at the army surplus store and met for a general surplus store and met for a general orientation and to orientation and to formulate rules for formulate rules for proper prisoner behavior.proper prisoner behavior.

Constructing the PrisonConstructing the Prison

Our prison was constructed by boarding up each end of a corridor in the basement of Stanford's Psychology Department building. That corridor was "The Yard" and was the only outside place where prisoners were allowed to walk, eat, or exercise, except to go to the toilet down the hallway (which prisoners did blindfolded so as not to know the way out of the prison).

The PrisonThe Prison

Consulted former Consulted former prisonerprisoner

Intercom system Intercom system installedinstalled

No clocks or windowsNo clocks or windows To create prison cells, To create prison cells,

we took the doors off we took the doors off some laboratory rooms some laboratory rooms and replaced them with and replaced them with specially made doors specially made doors with steel bars and cell with steel bars and cell numbers.numbers.

Intercom SystemIntercom System

An intercom system allowed us to secretly bug the cells to monitor what the prisoners discussed, and also to make public announcements to the prisoners. There were no windows or clocks to judge the passage of time, which later resulted in some time-distorting experiences.

The The ArrestsArrests

On a quiet Sunday morning in August, a Palo Alto, California, police car swept through the town On a quiet Sunday morning in August, a Palo Alto, California, police car swept through the town picking up college students as part of a mass arrest for violation of Penal Codes 211, Armed picking up college students as part of a mass arrest for violation of Penal Codes 211, Armed Robbery, and Burglary, a 459 PC. Robbery, and Burglary, a 459 PC.

The suspect was picked up at his home, charged, warned of his legal rights, spread-eagled against The suspect was picked up at his home, charged, warned of his legal rights, spread-eagled against the police car, searched, and handcuffed -- often as surprised and curious neighbors looked onthe police car, searched, and handcuffed -- often as surprised and curious neighbors looked on . .

A State of Mild ShockA State of Mild Shock

Blindfolded and in a state of Blindfolded and in a state of mild shock over their surprise mild shock over their surprise arrest by the city police, our arrest by the city police, our prisoners were put into a car prisoners were put into a car and driven to the "Stanford and driven to the "Stanford County Jail" for further County Jail" for further processing. processing.

The prisoners were then The prisoners were then brought into our jail one at a brought into our jail one at a time and greeted by the time and greeted by the warden, who conveyed the warden, who conveyed the seriousness of their offense and seriousness of their offense and their new status as prisoners.their new status as prisoners.

PrisonersPrisoners The prisoner was then issued a uniform. The prisoner was then issued a uniform. The main part of this uniform was a dress, or smock, which The main part of this uniform was a dress, or smock, which

each prisoner wore at all times with no underclothes. each prisoner wore at all times with no underclothes. On the smock, in front and in back, was his prison ID On the smock, in front and in back, was his prison ID

number. number. On each prisoner's right ankle was a heavy chain, bolted on On each prisoner's right ankle was a heavy chain, bolted on

and worn at all times. and worn at all times. Rubber sandals were the footwear, and each prisoner Rubber sandals were the footwear, and each prisoner

covered his hair with a stocking cap made from a woman's covered his hair with a stocking cap made from a woman's nylon stockingnylon stocking

PrisonersPrisoners Given uniformsGiven uniforms Given ID numbersGiven ID numbers Chain around ankleChain around ankle Rubber sandalsRubber sandals Stocking capStocking cap

The use of ID numbers was a way to make prisoner feel anonymous. Each prisoner had to be called only by his ID number and could only refer to himself and the other prisoners by number.

The stocking cap on his head was a substitute for having the prisoner's hair shaved off. The process of having one's head shaved, which takes place in most prisons as well as in the military, is designed in part to minimize each person's individuality,

GuardsGuards

Given no instructionsGiven no instructions Khaki uniformsKhaki uniforms SunglassesSunglasses Wooden batonsWooden batons WhistlesWhistles 8 hour shifts with 3 8 hour shifts with 3

men to a shift.men to a shift.

We were, of course, studying not only the prisoners but also the guards, who found themselves in a new power-laden role

Enforcing the LawEnforcing the Law

The guards were given no specific training on how to be The guards were given no specific training on how to be guardsguards. Instead they were free, within limits, to do . Instead they were free, within limits, to do whatever they thought was necessary to maintain law whatever they thought was necessary to maintain law and order in the prison and to command the respect of and order in the prison and to command the respect of the prisoners.the prisoners. The guards made up their own set of The guards made up their own set of rules. rules.

They were warned, however, of the potential They were warned, however, of the potential seriousness of their mission and of the seriousness of their mission and of the

possible dangers in the situation they possible dangers in the situation they

were about to enter, as, of course, are were about to enter, as, of course, are

real guards who voluntarily take such real guards who voluntarily take such

a dangerous job.a dangerous job.

Guard BehaviorGuard Behavior

The guards steadily increased their coercive and aggressive tactics, humiliation, and dehumanization of the prisoners day by day.

The worst abuses by guards came on the late-shift, when they thought the staff was asleep and they were not being monitored.

Powerful conformity pressures eliminated individual differences among the prisoners.

HumiliationHumiliation

Searched Searched Stripped nakedStripped naked DelousedDeloused

Consider the psychological Consider the psychological consequences of stripping, consequences of stripping, delousing, and shaving the delousing, and shaving the heads of prisoners or members heads of prisoners or members of the military. of the military.

What transformations take What transformations take place when people go through place when people go through an experience like this?an experience like this?

Degradation Degradation A degradation procedure A degradation procedure was designed in part was designed in part

to humiliate prisoners to humiliate prisoners and in part to be sure and in part to be sure they weren't bringing in any germs to they weren't bringing in any germs to contaminate our jail. contaminate our jail.

This procedure was similar to the scenes This procedure was similar to the scenes captured by Danny Lyons in these Texas captured by Danny Lyons in these Texas prison photos. prison photos.

Out of Control?Out of Control?

At 2:30 A.M. the prisoners were rudely awakened from sleep by blasting whistles for the first of many "counts." The counts served the purpose of familiarizing the prisoners with their numbers (counts took place several times each shift and often at night).

At first, the prisoners were not completely into their roles and did not take the counts too seriously. They were still trying to assert their independence.

Prisoners’ RebellionPrisoners’ Rebellion Took off their stocking Took off their stocking

capscaps Ripped off ID Ripped off ID

numbersnumbers Barricaded the door Barricaded the door Cursed @ guardsCursed @ guards

And now the problem was, what were we going to do about this rebellion? The guards were very much angered and frustrated because the prisoners also began to taunt and curse them. When the morning shift of guards came on, they became upset at the night shift who, they felt, must have been too lenient.

Guards’ ResponseGuards’ Response

Night shift guards stayed onNight shift guards stayed on On-call guards brought inOn-call guards brought in

They got a fire extinguisher which shot a stream of skin-chilling carbon dioxide, and they forced the prisoners away from the doors. (

Guards’ ResponseGuards’ Response Broke into cellsBroke into cells Prisoners stripped Prisoners stripped

nakednaked Beds taken outBeds taken out Solitary confinementSolitary confinement

They forced the ringleaders of the prisoner rebellion into solitary confinement, and generally began to harass and intimidate the prisoners.

Guards Make ChangesGuards Make Changes Use psychological Use psychological

tacticstactics ““Privilege cells”Privilege cells” Conditions worsenConditions worsen

Privilege CellsPrivilege Cells One of the three cells was designated as a "privilege One of the three cells was designated as a "privilege

cell." The three prisoners least involved in the rebellion cell." The three prisoners least involved in the rebellion were given special privileges. were given special privileges.

They got their uniforms back, got their beds back, and They got their uniforms back, got their beds back, and were allowed to wash and brush their teeth. were allowed to wash and brush their teeth.

The others were not. Privileged prisoners also got to eat The others were not. Privileged prisoners also got to eat special food in the presence of the other prisoners who special food in the presence of the other prisoners who had temporarily lost the privilege of eating. had temporarily lost the privilege of eating. The effect The effect was to break the solidarity among prisoners. was to break the solidarity among prisoners.

Good Prisoners/Bad PrisonersGood Prisoners/Bad Prisoners After half a day of this treatment, the guards then took After half a day of this treatment, the guards then took

some of these "good" prisoners and put them into the some of these "good" prisoners and put them into the "bad" cells, and took some of the "bad" prisoners and "bad" cells, and took some of the "bad" prisoners and put them into the "good" cell, thoroughly confusing all put them into the "good" cell, thoroughly confusing all the prisoners. the prisoners.

Some of the prisoners who were the ringleaders now Some of the prisoners who were the ringleaders now thought that the prisoners from the privileged cell must thought that the prisoners from the privileged cell must be informers, and suddenly, the prisoners became be informers, and suddenly, the prisoners became distrustful of each other. Our ex-convict consultantsdistrustful of each other. Our ex-convict consultants

Prisoner #8612Prisoner #8612

Less than 36 hours into the experiment, Prisoner #8612 began suffering from acute emotional disturbance, disorganized thinking, uncontrollable crying, and rage.

In spite of all of this, we had already come to think so much like prison authorities that we thought he was trying to "con" us -- to fool us into releasing him.

Become an InformantBecome an Informant

#8612 was then given the offer #8612 was then given the offer of becoming an informant in of becoming an informant in exchange for no further guard exchange for no further guard harassment. He was told to harassment. He was told to think it over. think it over.

During the next count, Prisoner During the next count, Prisoner #8612 told other prisoners, #8612 told other prisoners, "You can't leave. You can't "You can't leave. You can't quit." That sent a chilling quit." That sent a chilling message and heightened their message and heightened their sense of really being sense of really being imprisoned. imprisoned.

Emotionally disturbedEmotionally disturbed Offered to be an informantOffered to be an informant ““You can’t leave. You can’t You can’t leave. You can’t

quit.”quit.”

Prisoner ReleasedPrisoner Released

#8612 then began to act "crazy," to scream, to curse, to #8612 then began to act "crazy," to scream, to curse, to go into a rage that seemed out of control. It took quite a go into a rage that seemed out of control. It took quite a while before we became convinced that he was really while before we became convinced that he was really suffering and that we had to release him.suffering and that we had to release him.

Visiting HourVisiting Hour

The next day, we held a visiting hour for parents and friends. We were worried that when the parents saw the state of our jail, they might insist on taking their sons home.

To counter this, we manipulated both the situation and the visitors by making the prison environment seem pleasant and benign.

We washed, shaved, and groomed the prisoners, had them clean and polish their cells, fed them a big dinner, played music on the intercom, and even had an attractive former Stanford cheerleader, Susie Phillips, greet the visitors at our registration desk.

Rumors of a Mass Escape PlotRumors of a Mass Escape Plot

Remember Prisoner #8612?...Remember Prisoner #8612?...

Escape PlotEscape Plot

The next major event we had to contend with was a The next major event we had to contend with was a rumored mass escape plot. rumored mass escape plot.

One of the guards overheard the prisoners talking One of the guards overheard the prisoners talking about an escape that would take place immediately about an escape that would take place immediately after visiting hours. after visiting hours.

The rumor went as follows: Prisoner #8612, whom we The rumor went as follows: Prisoner #8612, whom we had released the night before, was going to round up had released the night before, was going to round up a bunch of his friends and break in to free the a bunch of his friends and break in to free the prisoners. prisoners.

Guard ReactionGuard Reaction

How do you think we reacted to this rumor? Do you think How do you think we reacted to this rumor? Do you think we recorded the pattern of rumor transmission and we recorded the pattern of rumor transmission and prepared to observe the impending escape? prepared to observe the impending escape?

That was what we should have done, of course, if we That was what we should have done, of course, if we were acting like experimental social psychologists. were acting like experimental social psychologists.

Instead, we reacted with concern over the security of our Instead, we reacted with concern over the security of our prison. What we did was to hold a strategy session with prison. What we did was to hold a strategy session with the Warden, the Superintendent, and one of the chief the Warden, the Superintendent, and one of the chief lieutenants, Craig Haney, to plan how to foil the escape.lieutenants, Craig Haney, to plan how to foil the escape.

InformantInformant

After our meeting, we decided to put an After our meeting, we decided to put an informant (an experimental confederate) in informant (an experimental confederate) in the cell that #8612 had occupied. The job the cell that #8612 had occupied. The job of our informant would be to give us of our informant would be to give us information about the escape plot. information about the escape plot.

The plan was to dismantle our jail after the The plan was to dismantle our jail after the visitors left, call in more guards, chain the visitors left, call in more guards, chain the prisoners together, put bags over their prisoners together, put bags over their heads, and transport them to a fifth floor heads, and transport them to a fifth floor storage room until after the anticipated storage room until after the anticipated break in. When the conspirators came, I break in. When the conspirators came, I would be sitting there alone. would be sitting there alone.

Waiting for RebellionWaiting for Rebellion

I was sitting there all alone, waiting anxiously for the I was sitting there all alone, waiting anxiously for the intruders to break in, when who should happen along but intruders to break in, when who should happen along but a colleague and former Yale graduate student a colleague and former Yale graduate student roommate, Gordon Bower. roommate, Gordon Bower.

Gordon had heard we were doing an experiment, and he Gordon had heard we were doing an experiment, and he came to see what was going on. I briefly described what came to see what was going on. I briefly described what we were up to, and Gordon asked me a very simple we were up to, and Gordon asked me a very simple question: "Say, what's the independent variable in this question: "Say, what's the independent variable in this study?" study?"

False AlarmFalse Alarm

““The security of my The security of my men and the stability men and the stability of my prison was at of my prison was at stake, and now, I had stake, and now, I had to deal with this to deal with this bleeding-heart, bleeding-heart, liberal, academic, liberal, academic, effete dingdong who effete dingdong who was concerned about was concerned about the independent the independent variable!”variable!”

PaybackPayback

Angry over the energy spent on preventing Angry over the energy spent on preventing the rumored escape, the guards make life the rumored escape, the guards make life unbearable for the prisoners…unbearable for the prisoners…

What’s Real?What’s Real?

A visit from a Catholic A visit from a Catholic priest blurs the line priest blurs the line between role-play and between role-play and reality…reality…

Prisoner #819Prisoner #819

The only prisoner who did not want to The only prisoner who did not want to speak to the priest was Prisoner #819, speak to the priest was Prisoner #819, who was feeling sick, had refused to who was feeling sick, had refused to eat, and wanted to see a doctor rather eat, and wanted to see a doctor rather than a priest. than a priest.

Eventually he was persuaded to come Eventually he was persuaded to come out of his cell and talk to the priest out of his cell and talk to the priest and superintendent so we could see and superintendent so we could see what kind of a doctor he needed. what kind of a doctor he needed.

Prisoner #819Prisoner #819

"Listen, you are not #819. You are [his name], "Listen, you are not #819. You are [his name], and my name is Dr. Zimbardo. I am a and my name is Dr. Zimbardo. I am a psychologist, not a prison superintendent, and psychologist, not a prison superintendent, and this is not a real prison. This is just an this is not a real prison. This is just an experiment, and those are students, not experiment, and those are students, not prisoners, just like you. Let's go."prisoners, just like you. Let's go."

The Parole BoardThe Parole Board

When asked to forfeit the $ they’d earn up to that point in When asked to forfeit the $ they’d earn up to that point in exchange for parole, most said yes…exchange for parole, most said yes…

Why didn’t they just simply quit the experiment?Why didn’t they just simply quit the experiment?

The next day, all prisoners who thought they had grounds for being paroled were chained together and individually brought before the Parole Board.

The Board was composed mainly of people who were strangers to the prisoners (departmental secretaries and graduate students) and was headed by our top prison consultant.

How Did the Prisoners Cope?How Did the Prisoners Cope?

Fought or rebelledFought or rebelled Broke down Broke down

emotionallyemotionally Obeyed guardsObeyed guards

Coping MechanismsCoping Mechanisms

Prisoners coped with their feelings of frustration and Prisoners coped with their feelings of frustration and powerlessness in a variety of ways. powerlessness in a variety of ways.

At first, some prisoners rebelled or fought with the At first, some prisoners rebelled or fought with the guards. Four prisoners reacted by breaking down guards. Four prisoners reacted by breaking down emotionally as a way to escape the situation. emotionally as a way to escape the situation.

One prisoner developed a psychosomatic rash over his One prisoner developed a psychosomatic rash over his entire body when he learned that his parole request had entire body when he learned that his parole request had been turned down. Others tried to cope by being good been turned down. Others tried to cope by being good prisoners.prisoners.

One Final Act of RebellionOne Final Act of Rebellion We did see one final act of rebellion. Prisoner #416 was We did see one final act of rebellion. Prisoner #416 was

newly admitted as one of our stand-by prisoners. Unlike newly admitted as one of our stand-by prisoners. Unlike the other prisoners, who had experienced a gradual the other prisoners, who had experienced a gradual escalation of harassment, this prisoner's horror was full-escalation of harassment, this prisoner's horror was full-blown when he arrived. The "old timer" prisoners told him blown when he arrived. The "old timer" prisoners told him that quitting was impossible, that it was a real prison.that quitting was impossible, that it was a real prison.

Prisoner #416Prisoner #416 Protested w/ hunger strikeProtested w/ hunger strike

At this point #416 should have been a At this point #416 should have been a hero to the other prisoners. But instead, hero to the other prisoners. But instead, the others saw him as a troublemaker. the others saw him as a troublemaker.

The head guard then exploited this The head guard then exploited this feeling by giving prisoners a choice. feeling by giving prisoners a choice.

They could have #416 come out of They could have #416 come out of solitary if they were willing to give up solitary if they were willing to give up their blanket, or they could leave #416 their blanket, or they could leave #416 in solitary all night.in solitary all night.

Prisoners given choice…Prisoners given choice…

a.a. Give up your blanket and get him out of Give up your blanket and get him out of solitary confinementsolitary confinement

b.b. Keep him in solitary confinementKeep him in solitary confinement

Zimbardo Ends the Experiment

“I terminated the experiment not only because of the escalating level of violence and degradation by the “guards” against the “prisoners”… but also because I was made aware of my own personal transformation. I had become a prison superintendent.”

Ending the ExperimentEnding the Experiment

Abuse of prisoners Abuse of prisoners was getting out of was getting out of handhand

"It's terrible what you "It's terrible what you are doing to these are doing to these boys!" boys!"

2-week planned 2-week planned prison simulation prison simulation ended on the 6ended on the 6thth day…day…

Recent Applications

The reports of abuse at Abu Ghraib prison and Guantanamo Bay during the war in Iraq sparked new interest in the Stanford Prison Experiment.

Zimbardo revisited his study and the correlation with prison abuse in his new book: The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil.