Building & Town PlanningPrincipal Of Planning

Prepared by:S.K.ThaiyamAssistant professorDarshan Institute of Engineering & TechnologyRajkot.

Section-A(building planning)

1. Principal of planning2. Building bye-lawas3. Planning of building 4. Earthquake resistant building 5. Building drawing 6. Perspective view7. Building service

What Is Planning & Building Planning ?• It is the process of thinking about and organization the activities

required to achieve a desired goal. • Building planning is the arrangement of various component or unit of

a building in a systematic manner so as to form a meaningful and homogeneous structure to meet its functional purpose.

Factors Affect Planning Of Building• Function of building (residential ,public, commercial ,industrial etc.)• Shape and size of the plot• Topography• Climatic condition• Building bye-lawas etc.

Orientation• Orientation means placing so as to face East.• Proper placement of component of building with respect to sun ,

wind and rain which enables the inmates to enjoy the desirable feature of nature.• Factor affecting orientation are:• Temperature• Wind• Humidity

C.B.R.I Suggestion For Orientation• The building should receive maximum solar radiation in winter and minimum in

summer.• In hot climates living rooms on the south and west sides should be protected by

verandah , bathroom, store etc.• For hot and humid zones the orientation is governed by the direction of the breeze.• Exposure to sun can be reduced by shady trees on sunny side and also be keeping

the shorter walls on east and west.• All the rooms which are occupied in the day time should preferably be placed on

north and east side.• The bed rooms should be placed in the direction of prevailing wind and at the same

time protected by verandah from the heat of afternoon sun.

Room Location in house

Bed room North or NW

Verandah South or West

Store room, study room North

Kitchen East

Rooms mostly used during day North or East

Staircase and garage West

Direction of longer outer walls North-South direction

Direction of shorter outer walls East –West direction

South side wall Must have chhajja

West side wall No chhajja but verandah

Window Towards East and South

Best facing of the house Towards North

Principal Of Planning

• Aspect • Prospect • Privacy• Circulation• Roominess• Grouping

• Elegance• Sanitation• Flexibility• Economy• Practical consideration

Aspect • Placement of different rooms of house in accordance with our activities at

different hours of day.• Rooms should get enough sunlight and air, which gives,• Great environment • Comfort• etc

• A room which receives light & air from particular direction is said to have ‘aspect’ of that direction.

Type of room Suggested Aspect

Living room, drawing room

S, SE

Bed room SW, NW

Dining room South ,SE

Kitchen East , NE

Verandah West , SW

Study room N

Aspect

Prospect • Prospect is the view from outside of a house.• The house should have a proper prospect so that it can give a feeling

of cheerfulness to the people living in it.• It should create a good impression on a person who views it from

outside.• It must also possess good qualities like comfort, cheerfulness,

security, labour saving and modern outlook. • For e.g. Small Projections or bay window can have a good out-look as

well as helps in providing breeze, light and sunlight to the room.

Privacy • It is an important

principle while planning a residential building.

• Privacy can be maintained in ways:

1. External2. Internal

External Privacy• The privacy from sides can

be secured by providing planned entrance and pathways.

• This can achieved by screening the front and rear entrance.

Internal Privacy• Privacy in internal rooms can be

easily obtain by proper planning of diff. areas and location of doors and windows.

• The shutter when opened should give the minimum view of room for an entering persons.

Circulation • Circulation is movement within the premises and includes both

horizontal and vertical circulation.• Horizontal circulation ( room to room)• Passage• Corridors• Lobbies etc.

• Vertical circulation (floor to floor)• Stairs

Roominess • Roominess means getting maximum advantage from the minimum

dimension of the room.• The effect of roominess depend on the relative dimension of length,

width and height of room.• The shape and size of the room are also very important for roominess.

A rectangular room has more roominess then square room in same area.

Grouping • Grouping means the arrangement of various rooms in the building for

the convenience of user.• It minimizes the circulation and at the same time improves the

comfort.• A dinning room should be close to kitchen ,while sanitary be away

from kitchen, but convenient to bed rooms.

Elegance • Elegance is grand appearance of a building attained mainly owing to

the elevation which in turn depends on the plan.• It depends upon proper positioning/selection of doors, windows,

balcony, roofs, staircase etc.• For better elegance• Selecting superior building material for facing as polished stone- granite,

marble or mosaic.• Providing projection like sunshades, balconies, porch with or without pergola

opening.• Providing bay window, corner window, etc.

Sanitation • It includes providing light ,ventilation, cleanliness, water supply and

sanitary amenities.• For residential building window area should not less then 1/10th of

floor area.• In school not less than 1/5th of the floor area.

Flexibility • Flexibility means that a

room which is planned for one function be used for other, if required.

• Like study room may be planned for using guest room. Etc..

Economy • The building should have minimum floor area with maximum utility.it

will reduce cost of the building .hence, it will be economical.• Economy can achieved by:• Providing simple elevation.• Reducing the storey height.• Dispensing of porches, lobbies and balconies.

Practical Consideration• After the all fundamental some practical points should be additionally

considered:• Provision for future extensions without dismantling should be made while

planning.• Strength, stability, convenience and comfort of occupants, should be the first

consideration while planning.• As far as possible sizes of rooms should be kept large.Large room can be

shortened by providing movable partition but smaller room cannot be enlarge easily.• The number of door and window should be minimum provisions for built in

furniture at proper places are useful from point of view of utility.

Principles Of Architect • Axis• Symmetry• Hierarchy• Rhythm• Datum• Transformation

Axis• “A line established by two

points in space, about which forms and spaces can be arranged in a symmetrical or balanced manner.”

Symmetry“The balanced distribution and arrangement of equipment of equivalent forms and spaces on opposite sides of a dividing line or plane, or about a center or axis.”

Hierarchy“The articulation of the importance or significance of a form or space by its size, shape, or placement relative to the other forms and spaces of the organization.”

Rhythm“A unifying movement characterized by a patterned repetition or alteration of formal elements or motifs in the same or modified form.”

Datum“A line, plane, or a volume that, by its continuity and regularity, serves to gather, measure, and organize a pattern of forms and spaces.”

Transformation“The principle that an architectural concept, structure, or organization can be altered through a series of discrete manipulations and permutations in response to a specific context or set of conditions without a loss of identity or concept.”

Principles Of Architectural Composition• Unity• Mass composition• Contrast• Proportion• Scale• Accentuation and rhythm• Character• Balance and symmetry

Unity• The of unity is oneness. but here it means harmony among elements

which can not be split from each other.• A rectangle with longer side is twice the shorter is divided into two

equal parts gives a two square on joint position. its destroyed the unity of original rectangle and has generate “duality”.• To maintain unity and architectural composition, some central or focal

idea providing an interesting accent should be clearly apparent to establish relationship.

unity

• The focal idea may be a major mass placed either centrally.

• It may be a lavishly treated main entrance, a tower or vertical element dominating the rest of the sublime composition

Mass composition• Mass is three dimensional shape having definite width, length and

height.• Masses may be small or big, horizontal and vertical when viewed in

relation of one another.• The arrangement of these masses in a building are made as per

function requirement. • however the mass arrangement is to be done in such a way that

harmonious unity of structure is maintained.• This is possible by proper balance in compositional harmony among

different masses and weighted adjustment of masses.

Horizontal mass composition Horizontal and vertical mass composition

Contrast• Contrast means absence of monotony.• Perception through five senses by human is also a matter of contrast.

There contrast between sound and silence, shade and light, smooth and rough, sweet and sore and smell and scent.• Contrast is required not only for achieving proportion without

monotony but for creating interest and exhibiting variety.

Contrast Of Form

Contrast Of Line

Contrast Of Size

Contrast Of Tone

Proportion

• The length and width constitute the area whereas length , width and height will constitute the mass.• The dimension of length , width and height with respect to one

another will give the pleasing effect due to proportion maintained among them. The sense of proportion felt by just viewing the area or mass.• A child is easily distinguished from a man though the

photograph of a child photograph.

Scale • In architecture scale means the proper relation of several parts to one

onther and to the whole from the aspect of size. Proper scale is not only essential for better result of proportion but is considered as a desirable quality in architecture and better means towards unity.• This scaled relationship is established because of the comparison of

the size of building and object near the building about which we have definite conception of their actual size.

Accentuation And Rhythm • Accentuation literally means emphasis and is created by different

combination element in the architectural composition. • The element are classified as positive and negative elements. The

element which create the impression of decision, rigidity and function are called positive elements. Ex. Column in building • The elements which create the effect of hesitation, flexibility and

decoration are called negative elements. Ex. Arch or lintel

Character• Character is sometime, referred as a style. • The character in architecture may be divided into three categories:

1. Functional 2. Associated 3. Personal

Functional Character• A building having no

window and arrangements for sky lighting indicates the building as a museum.

• Very tall and wide are suggestive of a library.

• A long wall having numerous windows in particular order indicates it to be some institutional building.

Associated Character

• The character develop from the influence of ideas and impression related to or growing out of past experience .

• A spire on a tower by the sides of a spacious building is indicative of the church.

Personal Character

• Window opening with vertical proportion often produce an effect of grace and elegance.

• Even more taller windows may develop an expression of aspiration.

Balance and symmetry• Balance is equality of mass about the axis of reference. There must be

balance about the axis of reference.• The balance may be either symmetrical, nearly symmetrical and

unsymmetrical.

Balance and symmetry Balance and un-symmetry