504

The Muslim WorldExpands 1300ndash1700

Previewing Main IdeasThree of the great empires of historymdashthe Ottomans in

Turkey the Safavids in Persia and the Mughals in Indiamdashemerged in theMuslim world between the 14th and the 18th centuriesGeography Locate the empires on the map Which of the empires was thelargest Where was it located

As powerful societies moved to expand theirempires Turkish Persian Mongol and Arab ways of life blended The resultwas a flowering of Islamic culture that peaked in the 16th centuryGeography The Ottoman Empire included cultures from which continents

The rulers of all three great Muslim empires ofthis era based their authority on Islam They based their power on strongarmies advanced technology and loyal administrative officersGeography Study the time line and the map When was the MughalEmpire founded Where was Baburrsquos empire located

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CULTURAL INTERACTION

EMPIRE BUILDING

INTERNET RESOURCES

Go to classzonecom forbull Research Links bull Mapsbull Internet Activities bull Test Practicebull Primary Sources bull Current Eventsbull Chapter Quiz

bull Interactive Mapsbull Interactive Visualsbull Interactive Primary Sources

505

506 Chapter 18

How do you govern a diverse empireYour father is a Safavid shah the ruler of a growing empire With a well-trainedarmy and modern weapons he has easily conquered most of the surrounding areaBecause you are likely to become the next ruler you are learning all you canabout how to rule You wonder what is best for the empire Should conqueredpeople be given the freedom to practice a religion that is different from your ownand to follow their own traditions Or would it be better to try and force them toaccept your beliefs and way of lifemdashor even to enslave them

EXAM I N I NG the I SS U ES

bull What problems might conquered people present for theirconqueror

bull In what ways might a conqueror integrate conqueredpeople into the society

As a class discuss the ways other empiresmdashsuch as those of RomeAssyria and Persiamdashtreated their conquered peoples As you readabout the three empires featured in this chapter notice how therulers dealt with empires made up of different cultures

People in the courtfrom the servants tothe members of thecourt mirror theempirersquos diversity

4Clothing musicdancing and foodreflect the customsof several groupswithin the empire

3Distinctive headgearmarks the status ofmilitary leaders andscholars gatheredfrom all parts of theempire

2The shah entertainsthe emperor of aneighboring landBoth lands havegreat diversity ofpeople andcultures

1

The Muslim World Expands 507

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS amp NAMES

EMPIRE BUILDING TheOttomans established a Muslimempire that combined manycultures and lasted for morethan 600 years

Many modern societies fromAlgeria to Turkey had theirorigins under Ottoman rule

bull ghazibull Ottomanbull sultanbull Timur the

Lame

bull Mehmed IIbull Suleyman the

Lawgiverbull devshirmebull janissary

1

Comparing List themain rulers of theOttoman Empire andtheir successes

TAKING NOTES

Rulers Successes

SETTING THE STAGE By 1300 the Byzantine Empire was declining and theMongols had destroyed the Turkish Seljuk kingdom of Rum Anatolia was inhab-ited mostly by the descendants of nomadic Turks These militaristic people hada long history of invading other countries Loyal to their own groups they werenot united by a strong central power A small Turkish state occupied land betweenthe Byzantine Empire and that of the Muslims From this place a strong leaderwould emerge to unite the Turks into what eventually would become an immenseempire stretching across three continents

Turks Move into ByzantiumMany Anatolian Turks saw themselves as ghazis (GAHbullzees) or warriors forIslam They formed military societies under the leadership of an emir a chiefcommander and followed a strict Islamic code of conduct They raided the terri-tories of the ldquoinfidelsrdquo or people who didnrsquot believe in Islam These infidelslived on the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire

Osman Establishes a State The most successful ghazi was Osman People inthe West called him Othman and named his followers Ottomans Osman built asmall Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326 His successors expandedit by buying land forming alliances with some emirs and conquering others

The Ottomansrsquo military success was largely based on the use of gunpowderThey replaced their archers on horseback with musket-carrying foot soldiersThey also were among the first people to use cannons as offensive weaponsEven heavily walled cities fell to an all-out attack by the Turks

The second Ottoman leader Orkhan I was Osmanrsquos son He felt strong enoughto declare himself sultan meaning ldquooverlordrdquo or ldquoone with powerrdquo And in 1361the Ottomans captured Adrianople (aybulldreebulluhbullNOHbullpuhl) the second mostimportant city in the Byzantine Empire A new Turkish empire was on the rise

The Ottomans acted kindly toward the people they conquered They ruledthrough local officials appointed by the sultan and often improved the lives of thepeasants Most Muslims were required to serve in Turkish armies but did nothave to pay a personal tax to the state Non-Muslims did not have to serve in thearmy but had to pay the tax

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

Timur the Lame Halts Expansion The rise of the Ottoman Empire was brieflyinterrupted in the early 1400s by a rebellious warrior and conqueror from Samark-and in Central Asia Permanently injured by an arrow in the leg he was calledTimur-i-Lang or Timur the Lame Europeans called him Tamerlane Timurburned the powerful city of Baghdad in present-day Iraq to the ground He crushedthe Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 This defeat halted the expan-sion of their empire

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic ExpansionSoon Timur turned his attention to China When he did war broke out among thefour sons of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed I defeated his brothers and took thethrone His son Murad II defeated the Venetians invaded Hungary and overcamean army of Italian crusaders in the Balkans He was the first of four powerful sul-tans who led the expansion of the Ottoman Empire through 1566

Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople Muradrsquos son Mehmed II or Mehmed theConqueror achieved the most dramatic feat in Ottoman history By the timeMehmed took power in 1451 the ancient city of Constantinople had shrunk froma population of a million to a mere 50000 Although it controlled no territory out-side its walls it still dominated the Bosporus Strait Controlling this waterwaymeant that it could choke off traffic between the Ottomansrsquo territories in Asia andin the Balkans

Mehmed II decided to face this situation head-on ldquoGive me Constantinoplerdquo hethundered shortly after taking power at age 21 Then in 1453 he launched his attack

40deg E

0deg

40deg N

Persian Gulf

Re d

Se a

Adriat ic Sea

Nile

R

TigrisR

Euphra tes R

Danube R

Dniester R

Me d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Ca

s pi a

nS

ea

B l a c k S e a

Bosporus

A R A B I A

A F R I C A

S P A I N

F R A N C E

E G Y P T

P E R S I A

ITALY

GREECE

ALGERIA

TRIPOLI

TUNISIA

SYRIA

PALESTINE

HUNGARY

BALKANS

CRIMEA

MESOPOTAMIA

AUSTRIA

C AU C A S USM

TS

S A H A R A

Crete Cyprus

MadridRome

Naples TarantoAdrianople

Athens

Belgrade

Vienna

AlgiersTunis

Palermo

Tripoli

Cairo

Constantinople(Istanbul)

BaghdadDamascus

Jerusalem

Medina

Tehran

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

Ottoman Empire 1451Acquisitions to 1481Acquisitions to 1521Acquisitions to 1566

Ottoman Empire 1451ndash1566

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1 Location To which waterways did the Ottoman Empire have access2 Movement In which time period did the Ottoman Empire gain the most land

508 Chapter 18

Mehmedrsquos Turkish forces began firing on the city walls with mighty cannonsOne of these was a 26-foot gun that fired 1200-pound boulders A chain across theGolden Horn between the Bosporus Strait and the Sea of Marmara kept the Turkishfleet out of the cityrsquos harbor Finally one night Mehmedrsquos army tried a daring tac-tic They dragged 70 ships over a hill on greased runners from the Bosporus to theharbor Now Mehmedrsquos army was attacking Constantinople from two sides Thecity held out for over seven weeks but the Turks finally found a break in the walland entered the city

Mehmed the Conqueror as he was now called proved to be an able ruler as wellas a magnificent warrior He opened Constantinople to new citizens of many reli-gions and backgrounds Jews Christians and Muslims Turks and non-Turksmdashallflowed in They helped rebuild the city which was now called Istanbul

Ottomans Take Islamrsquos Holy Cities Mehmedrsquos grandson Selim the Grim cameto power in 1512 He was an effective sultan and a great general In 1514 hedefeated the Safavids (suhbullFAHbullvihdz) of Persia at the Battle of Chaldiran Thenhe swept south through Syria and Palestine and into North Africa At the same timethat Cortez was toppling the Aztec Empire in the Americas Selim captured Meccaand Medina the holiest cities of Islam Finally he took Cairo the intellectual cen-ter of the Muslim world The once-great civilization of Egypt had become justanother province in the growing Ottoman Empire

P R I M A R Y S O U R C E

The Conquest of ConstantinopleKritovoulos a Greek who served in the Ottomanadministration recorded the following about the Ottomantakeover of Constantinople The second source the Frenchminiature at the right shows a view of the siege ofConstantinople

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS1 Comparing and Contrasting In what details do the

two sources agree disagree2 Making Inferences Why do you think the sultan

wept over the destruction

After this the Sultan entered the City and looked aboutto see its great size its situation its grandeur andbeauty its teeming population its loveliness and thecostliness of its churches and public buildings and ofthe private houses and community houses and those ofthe officials

When he saw what a large number had been killedand the ruin of the buildings and the wholesale ruinand destruction of the City he was filled withcompassion and repented not a little at the destructionand plundering Tears fell from his eyes as he groaneddeeply and passionately ldquoWhat a city we have givenover to plunder and destructionrdquo

KRITOVOULOS Life of Mehmed the Conqueror

The Muslim World Expands 509

Analyzing MotivesWhy was taking

Constantinople soimportant toMehmed II

510 Chapter 18

Suleyman the LawgiverThe Ottoman Empire didnrsquot reach its peak size andgrandeur until the reign of Selimrsquos son Suleyman I(SOObulllaybullmahn) Suleyman came to the throne in 1520 andruled for 46 years His own people called him Suleymanthe Lawgiver He was known in the West though asSuleyman the Magnificent This title was a tribute to thesplendor of his court and to his cultural achievements

The Empire Reaches Its Limits Suleyman was a superbmilitary leader He conquered the important European cityof Belgrade in 1521 The next year Turkish forces capturedthe island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean and now domi-nated the whole eastern Mediterranean

Applying their immense naval power the Ottomans cap-tured Tripoli on the coast of North Africa They continuedconquering peoples along the North African coastlineAlthough the Ottomans occupied only the coastal cities ofNorth Africa they managed to control trade routes to the inte-rior of the continent

In 1526 Suleyman advanced into Hungary and Austriathrowing central Europe into a panic Suleymanrsquos armiesthen pushed to the outskirts of Vienna Austria Reigningfrom Istanbul Suleyman had waged war with centralEuropeans North Africans and Central Asians He hadbecome the most powerful monarch on earth Only CharlesV head of the Hapsburg Empire in Europe came close torivaling his power

Highly Structured Social Organization Binding theOttoman Empire together in a workable social structure wasSuleymanrsquos crowning achievement The massive empirerequired an efficient government structure and social organ-ization Suleyman created a law code to handle both crimi-nal and civil actions He also simplified the system of

taxation and reduced government bureaucracy These changes bettered the dailylife of almost every citizen and helped earn Suleyman the title of Lawgiver

The sultanrsquos 20000 personal slaves staffed the palace bureaucracy The slaveswere acquired as part of a policy called devshirme (dehvbullSHEERbullmeh) Under thedevshirme system the sultanrsquos army drafted boys from the peoples of conqueredChristian territories The army educated them converted them to Islam and trainedthem as soldiers An elite force of 30000 soldiers known as janissaries wastrained to be loyal to the sultan only Their superb discipline made them the heartof the Ottoman war machine In fact Christian families sometimes bribed officialsto take their children into the sultanrsquos service because the brightest ones could riseto high government posts or military positions

As a Muslim Suleyman was required to follow Islamic law In accordance withIslamic law the Ottomans granted freedom of worship to other religious communitiesparticularly to Christians and Jews They treated these communities as millets ornations They allowed each millet to follow its own religious laws and practices Thehead of the millets reported to the sultan and his staff This system kept conflict amongpeople of the various religions to a minimum

MakingInferences

What were theadvantages of thedevshirme systemto the sultan

Suleyman the Lawgiver1494ndash1566

In the halls of the US Congress areimages of some of the greatestlawgivers of all time Included in thatgroup are such persons as ThomasJefferson Moses and Suleyman

Suleymanrsquos law code prescribedpenalties for various criminal actsand for bureaucratic and financialcorruption He also sought to reducebribes did not allow imprisonmentwithout a trial and rejected promo-tions that were not based on meritHe also introduced the idea of abalanced budget for governments

RESEARCH LINKS For more onSuleyman go to classzonecom

506 Chapter 18

How do you govern a diverse empireYour father is a Safavid shah the ruler of a growing empire With a well-trainedarmy and modern weapons he has easily conquered most of the surrounding areaBecause you are likely to become the next ruler you are learning all you canabout how to rule You wonder what is best for the empire Should conqueredpeople be given the freedom to practice a religion that is different from your ownand to follow their own traditions Or would it be better to try and force them toaccept your beliefs and way of lifemdashor even to enslave them

EXAM I N I NG the I SS U ES

bull What problems might conquered people present for theirconqueror

bull In what ways might a conqueror integrate conqueredpeople into the society

As a class discuss the ways other empiresmdashsuch as those of RomeAssyria and Persiamdashtreated their conquered peoples As you readabout the three empires featured in this chapter notice how therulers dealt with empires made up of different cultures

People in the courtfrom the servants tothe members of thecourt mirror theempirersquos diversity

4Clothing musicdancing and foodreflect the customsof several groupswithin the empire

3Distinctive headgearmarks the status ofmilitary leaders andscholars gatheredfrom all parts of theempire

2The shah entertainsthe emperor of aneighboring landBoth lands havegreat diversity ofpeople andcultures

1

The Muslim World Expands 507

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS amp NAMES

EMPIRE BUILDING TheOttomans established a Muslimempire that combined manycultures and lasted for morethan 600 years

Many modern societies fromAlgeria to Turkey had theirorigins under Ottoman rule

bull ghazibull Ottomanbull sultanbull Timur the

Lame

bull Mehmed IIbull Suleyman the

Lawgiverbull devshirmebull janissary

1

Comparing List themain rulers of theOttoman Empire andtheir successes

TAKING NOTES

Rulers Successes

SETTING THE STAGE By 1300 the Byzantine Empire was declining and theMongols had destroyed the Turkish Seljuk kingdom of Rum Anatolia was inhab-ited mostly by the descendants of nomadic Turks These militaristic people hada long history of invading other countries Loyal to their own groups they werenot united by a strong central power A small Turkish state occupied land betweenthe Byzantine Empire and that of the Muslims From this place a strong leaderwould emerge to unite the Turks into what eventually would become an immenseempire stretching across three continents

Turks Move into ByzantiumMany Anatolian Turks saw themselves as ghazis (GAHbullzees) or warriors forIslam They formed military societies under the leadership of an emir a chiefcommander and followed a strict Islamic code of conduct They raided the terri-tories of the ldquoinfidelsrdquo or people who didnrsquot believe in Islam These infidelslived on the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire

Osman Establishes a State The most successful ghazi was Osman People inthe West called him Othman and named his followers Ottomans Osman built asmall Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326 His successors expandedit by buying land forming alliances with some emirs and conquering others

The Ottomansrsquo military success was largely based on the use of gunpowderThey replaced their archers on horseback with musket-carrying foot soldiersThey also were among the first people to use cannons as offensive weaponsEven heavily walled cities fell to an all-out attack by the Turks

The second Ottoman leader Orkhan I was Osmanrsquos son He felt strong enoughto declare himself sultan meaning ldquooverlordrdquo or ldquoone with powerrdquo And in 1361the Ottomans captured Adrianople (aybulldreebulluhbullNOHbullpuhl) the second mostimportant city in the Byzantine Empire A new Turkish empire was on the rise

The Ottomans acted kindly toward the people they conquered They ruledthrough local officials appointed by the sultan and often improved the lives of thepeasants Most Muslims were required to serve in Turkish armies but did nothave to pay a personal tax to the state Non-Muslims did not have to serve in thearmy but had to pay the tax

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

Timur the Lame Halts Expansion The rise of the Ottoman Empire was brieflyinterrupted in the early 1400s by a rebellious warrior and conqueror from Samark-and in Central Asia Permanently injured by an arrow in the leg he was calledTimur-i-Lang or Timur the Lame Europeans called him Tamerlane Timurburned the powerful city of Baghdad in present-day Iraq to the ground He crushedthe Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 This defeat halted the expan-sion of their empire

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic ExpansionSoon Timur turned his attention to China When he did war broke out among thefour sons of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed I defeated his brothers and took thethrone His son Murad II defeated the Venetians invaded Hungary and overcamean army of Italian crusaders in the Balkans He was the first of four powerful sul-tans who led the expansion of the Ottoman Empire through 1566

Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople Muradrsquos son Mehmed II or Mehmed theConqueror achieved the most dramatic feat in Ottoman history By the timeMehmed took power in 1451 the ancient city of Constantinople had shrunk froma population of a million to a mere 50000 Although it controlled no territory out-side its walls it still dominated the Bosporus Strait Controlling this waterwaymeant that it could choke off traffic between the Ottomansrsquo territories in Asia andin the Balkans

Mehmed II decided to face this situation head-on ldquoGive me Constantinoplerdquo hethundered shortly after taking power at age 21 Then in 1453 he launched his attack

40deg E

0deg

40deg N

Persian Gulf

Re d

Se a

Adriat ic Sea

Nile

R

TigrisR

Euphra tes R

Danube R

Dniester R

Me d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Ca

s pi a

nS

ea

B l a c k S e a

Bosporus

A R A B I A

A F R I C A

S P A I N

F R A N C E

E G Y P T

P E R S I A

ITALY

GREECE

ALGERIA

TRIPOLI

TUNISIA

SYRIA

PALESTINE

HUNGARY

BALKANS

CRIMEA

MESOPOTAMIA

AUSTRIA

C AU C A S USM

TS

S A H A R A

Crete Cyprus

MadridRome

Naples TarantoAdrianople

Athens

Belgrade

Vienna

AlgiersTunis

Palermo

Tripoli

Cairo

Constantinople(Istanbul)

BaghdadDamascus

Jerusalem

Medina

Tehran

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

Ottoman Empire 1451Acquisitions to 1481Acquisitions to 1521Acquisitions to 1566

Ottoman Empire 1451ndash1566

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1 Location To which waterways did the Ottoman Empire have access2 Movement In which time period did the Ottoman Empire gain the most land

508 Chapter 18

Mehmedrsquos Turkish forces began firing on the city walls with mighty cannonsOne of these was a 26-foot gun that fired 1200-pound boulders A chain across theGolden Horn between the Bosporus Strait and the Sea of Marmara kept the Turkishfleet out of the cityrsquos harbor Finally one night Mehmedrsquos army tried a daring tac-tic They dragged 70 ships over a hill on greased runners from the Bosporus to theharbor Now Mehmedrsquos army was attacking Constantinople from two sides Thecity held out for over seven weeks but the Turks finally found a break in the walland entered the city

Mehmed the Conqueror as he was now called proved to be an able ruler as wellas a magnificent warrior He opened Constantinople to new citizens of many reli-gions and backgrounds Jews Christians and Muslims Turks and non-Turksmdashallflowed in They helped rebuild the city which was now called Istanbul

Ottomans Take Islamrsquos Holy Cities Mehmedrsquos grandson Selim the Grim cameto power in 1512 He was an effective sultan and a great general In 1514 hedefeated the Safavids (suhbullFAHbullvihdz) of Persia at the Battle of Chaldiran Thenhe swept south through Syria and Palestine and into North Africa At the same timethat Cortez was toppling the Aztec Empire in the Americas Selim captured Meccaand Medina the holiest cities of Islam Finally he took Cairo the intellectual cen-ter of the Muslim world The once-great civilization of Egypt had become justanother province in the growing Ottoman Empire

P R I M A R Y S O U R C E

The Conquest of ConstantinopleKritovoulos a Greek who served in the Ottomanadministration recorded the following about the Ottomantakeover of Constantinople The second source the Frenchminiature at the right shows a view of the siege ofConstantinople

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS1 Comparing and Contrasting In what details do the

two sources agree disagree2 Making Inferences Why do you think the sultan

wept over the destruction

After this the Sultan entered the City and looked aboutto see its great size its situation its grandeur andbeauty its teeming population its loveliness and thecostliness of its churches and public buildings and ofthe private houses and community houses and those ofthe officials

When he saw what a large number had been killedand the ruin of the buildings and the wholesale ruinand destruction of the City he was filled withcompassion and repented not a little at the destructionand plundering Tears fell from his eyes as he groaneddeeply and passionately ldquoWhat a city we have givenover to plunder and destructionrdquo

KRITOVOULOS Life of Mehmed the Conqueror

The Muslim World Expands 509

Analyzing MotivesWhy was taking

Constantinople soimportant toMehmed II

510 Chapter 18

Suleyman the LawgiverThe Ottoman Empire didnrsquot reach its peak size andgrandeur until the reign of Selimrsquos son Suleyman I(SOObulllaybullmahn) Suleyman came to the throne in 1520 andruled for 46 years His own people called him Suleymanthe Lawgiver He was known in the West though asSuleyman the Magnificent This title was a tribute to thesplendor of his court and to his cultural achievements

The Empire Reaches Its Limits Suleyman was a superbmilitary leader He conquered the important European cityof Belgrade in 1521 The next year Turkish forces capturedthe island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean and now domi-nated the whole eastern Mediterranean

Applying their immense naval power the Ottomans cap-tured Tripoli on the coast of North Africa They continuedconquering peoples along the North African coastlineAlthough the Ottomans occupied only the coastal cities ofNorth Africa they managed to control trade routes to the inte-rior of the continent

In 1526 Suleyman advanced into Hungary and Austriathrowing central Europe into a panic Suleymanrsquos armiesthen pushed to the outskirts of Vienna Austria Reigningfrom Istanbul Suleyman had waged war with centralEuropeans North Africans and Central Asians He hadbecome the most powerful monarch on earth Only CharlesV head of the Hapsburg Empire in Europe came close torivaling his power

Highly Structured Social Organization Binding theOttoman Empire together in a workable social structure wasSuleymanrsquos crowning achievement The massive empirerequired an efficient government structure and social organ-ization Suleyman created a law code to handle both crimi-nal and civil actions He also simplified the system of

taxation and reduced government bureaucracy These changes bettered the dailylife of almost every citizen and helped earn Suleyman the title of Lawgiver

The sultanrsquos 20000 personal slaves staffed the palace bureaucracy The slaveswere acquired as part of a policy called devshirme (dehvbullSHEERbullmeh) Under thedevshirme system the sultanrsquos army drafted boys from the peoples of conqueredChristian territories The army educated them converted them to Islam and trainedthem as soldiers An elite force of 30000 soldiers known as janissaries wastrained to be loyal to the sultan only Their superb discipline made them the heartof the Ottoman war machine In fact Christian families sometimes bribed officialsto take their children into the sultanrsquos service because the brightest ones could riseto high government posts or military positions

As a Muslim Suleyman was required to follow Islamic law In accordance withIslamic law the Ottomans granted freedom of worship to other religious communitiesparticularly to Christians and Jews They treated these communities as millets ornations They allowed each millet to follow its own religious laws and practices Thehead of the millets reported to the sultan and his staff This system kept conflict amongpeople of the various religions to a minimum

MakingInferences

What were theadvantages of thedevshirme systemto the sultan

Suleyman the Lawgiver1494ndash1566

In the halls of the US Congress areimages of some of the greatestlawgivers of all time Included in thatgroup are such persons as ThomasJefferson Moses and Suleyman

Suleymanrsquos law code prescribedpenalties for various criminal actsand for bureaucratic and financialcorruption He also sought to reducebribes did not allow imprisonmentwithout a trial and rejected promo-tions that were not based on meritHe also introduced the idea of abalanced budget for governments

RESEARCH LINKS For more onSuleyman go to classzonecom

The Muslim World Expands 507

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS amp NAMES

EMPIRE BUILDING TheOttomans established a Muslimempire that combined manycultures and lasted for morethan 600 years

Many modern societies fromAlgeria to Turkey had theirorigins under Ottoman rule

bull ghazibull Ottomanbull sultanbull Timur the

Lame

bull Mehmed IIbull Suleyman the

Lawgiverbull devshirmebull janissary

1

Comparing List themain rulers of theOttoman Empire andtheir successes

TAKING NOTES

Rulers Successes

SETTING THE STAGE By 1300 the Byzantine Empire was declining and theMongols had destroyed the Turkish Seljuk kingdom of Rum Anatolia was inhab-ited mostly by the descendants of nomadic Turks These militaristic people hada long history of invading other countries Loyal to their own groups they werenot united by a strong central power A small Turkish state occupied land betweenthe Byzantine Empire and that of the Muslims From this place a strong leaderwould emerge to unite the Turks into what eventually would become an immenseempire stretching across three continents

Turks Move into ByzantiumMany Anatolian Turks saw themselves as ghazis (GAHbullzees) or warriors forIslam They formed military societies under the leadership of an emir a chiefcommander and followed a strict Islamic code of conduct They raided the terri-tories of the ldquoinfidelsrdquo or people who didnrsquot believe in Islam These infidelslived on the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire

Osman Establishes a State The most successful ghazi was Osman People inthe West called him Othman and named his followers Ottomans Osman built asmall Muslim state in Anatolia between 1300 and 1326 His successors expandedit by buying land forming alliances with some emirs and conquering others

The Ottomansrsquo military success was largely based on the use of gunpowderThey replaced their archers on horseback with musket-carrying foot soldiersThey also were among the first people to use cannons as offensive weaponsEven heavily walled cities fell to an all-out attack by the Turks

The second Ottoman leader Orkhan I was Osmanrsquos son He felt strong enoughto declare himself sultan meaning ldquooverlordrdquo or ldquoone with powerrdquo And in 1361the Ottomans captured Adrianople (aybulldreebulluhbullNOHbullpuhl) the second mostimportant city in the Byzantine Empire A new Turkish empire was on the rise

The Ottomans acted kindly toward the people they conquered They ruledthrough local officials appointed by the sultan and often improved the lives of thepeasants Most Muslims were required to serve in Turkish armies but did nothave to pay a personal tax to the state Non-Muslims did not have to serve in thearmy but had to pay the tax

The Ottomans Build a Vast Empire

Timur the Lame Halts Expansion The rise of the Ottoman Empire was brieflyinterrupted in the early 1400s by a rebellious warrior and conqueror from Samark-and in Central Asia Permanently injured by an arrow in the leg he was calledTimur-i-Lang or Timur the Lame Europeans called him Tamerlane Timurburned the powerful city of Baghdad in present-day Iraq to the ground He crushedthe Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 This defeat halted the expan-sion of their empire

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic ExpansionSoon Timur turned his attention to China When he did war broke out among thefour sons of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed I defeated his brothers and took thethrone His son Murad II defeated the Venetians invaded Hungary and overcamean army of Italian crusaders in the Balkans He was the first of four powerful sul-tans who led the expansion of the Ottoman Empire through 1566

Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople Muradrsquos son Mehmed II or Mehmed theConqueror achieved the most dramatic feat in Ottoman history By the timeMehmed took power in 1451 the ancient city of Constantinople had shrunk froma population of a million to a mere 50000 Although it controlled no territory out-side its walls it still dominated the Bosporus Strait Controlling this waterwaymeant that it could choke off traffic between the Ottomansrsquo territories in Asia andin the Balkans

Mehmed II decided to face this situation head-on ldquoGive me Constantinoplerdquo hethundered shortly after taking power at age 21 Then in 1453 he launched his attack

40deg E

0deg

40deg N

Persian Gulf

Re d

Se a

Adriat ic Sea

Nile

R

TigrisR

Euphra tes R

Danube R

Dniester R

Me d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Ca

s pi a

nS

ea

B l a c k S e a

Bosporus

A R A B I A

A F R I C A

S P A I N

F R A N C E

E G Y P T

P E R S I A

ITALY

GREECE

ALGERIA

TRIPOLI

TUNISIA

SYRIA

PALESTINE

HUNGARY

BALKANS

CRIMEA

MESOPOTAMIA

AUSTRIA

C AU C A S USM

TS

S A H A R A

Crete Cyprus

MadridRome

Naples TarantoAdrianople

Athens

Belgrade

Vienna

AlgiersTunis

Palermo

Tripoli

Cairo

Constantinople(Istanbul)

BaghdadDamascus

Jerusalem

Medina

Tehran

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

Ottoman Empire 1451Acquisitions to 1481Acquisitions to 1521Acquisitions to 1566

Ottoman Empire 1451ndash1566

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1 Location To which waterways did the Ottoman Empire have access2 Movement In which time period did the Ottoman Empire gain the most land

508 Chapter 18

Mehmedrsquos Turkish forces began firing on the city walls with mighty cannonsOne of these was a 26-foot gun that fired 1200-pound boulders A chain across theGolden Horn between the Bosporus Strait and the Sea of Marmara kept the Turkishfleet out of the cityrsquos harbor Finally one night Mehmedrsquos army tried a daring tac-tic They dragged 70 ships over a hill on greased runners from the Bosporus to theharbor Now Mehmedrsquos army was attacking Constantinople from two sides Thecity held out for over seven weeks but the Turks finally found a break in the walland entered the city

Mehmed the Conqueror as he was now called proved to be an able ruler as wellas a magnificent warrior He opened Constantinople to new citizens of many reli-gions and backgrounds Jews Christians and Muslims Turks and non-Turksmdashallflowed in They helped rebuild the city which was now called Istanbul

Ottomans Take Islamrsquos Holy Cities Mehmedrsquos grandson Selim the Grim cameto power in 1512 He was an effective sultan and a great general In 1514 hedefeated the Safavids (suhbullFAHbullvihdz) of Persia at the Battle of Chaldiran Thenhe swept south through Syria and Palestine and into North Africa At the same timethat Cortez was toppling the Aztec Empire in the Americas Selim captured Meccaand Medina the holiest cities of Islam Finally he took Cairo the intellectual cen-ter of the Muslim world The once-great civilization of Egypt had become justanother province in the growing Ottoman Empire

P R I M A R Y S O U R C E

The Conquest of ConstantinopleKritovoulos a Greek who served in the Ottomanadministration recorded the following about the Ottomantakeover of Constantinople The second source the Frenchminiature at the right shows a view of the siege ofConstantinople

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS1 Comparing and Contrasting In what details do the

two sources agree disagree2 Making Inferences Why do you think the sultan

wept over the destruction

After this the Sultan entered the City and looked aboutto see its great size its situation its grandeur andbeauty its teeming population its loveliness and thecostliness of its churches and public buildings and ofthe private houses and community houses and those ofthe officials

When he saw what a large number had been killedand the ruin of the buildings and the wholesale ruinand destruction of the City he was filled withcompassion and repented not a little at the destructionand plundering Tears fell from his eyes as he groaneddeeply and passionately ldquoWhat a city we have givenover to plunder and destructionrdquo

KRITOVOULOS Life of Mehmed the Conqueror

The Muslim World Expands 509

Analyzing MotivesWhy was taking

Constantinople soimportant toMehmed II

510 Chapter 18

Suleyman the LawgiverThe Ottoman Empire didnrsquot reach its peak size andgrandeur until the reign of Selimrsquos son Suleyman I(SOObulllaybullmahn) Suleyman came to the throne in 1520 andruled for 46 years His own people called him Suleymanthe Lawgiver He was known in the West though asSuleyman the Magnificent This title was a tribute to thesplendor of his court and to his cultural achievements

The Empire Reaches Its Limits Suleyman was a superbmilitary leader He conquered the important European cityof Belgrade in 1521 The next year Turkish forces capturedthe island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean and now domi-nated the whole eastern Mediterranean

Applying their immense naval power the Ottomans cap-tured Tripoli on the coast of North Africa They continuedconquering peoples along the North African coastlineAlthough the Ottomans occupied only the coastal cities ofNorth Africa they managed to control trade routes to the inte-rior of the continent

In 1526 Suleyman advanced into Hungary and Austriathrowing central Europe into a panic Suleymanrsquos armiesthen pushed to the outskirts of Vienna Austria Reigningfrom Istanbul Suleyman had waged war with centralEuropeans North Africans and Central Asians He hadbecome the most powerful monarch on earth Only CharlesV head of the Hapsburg Empire in Europe came close torivaling his power

Highly Structured Social Organization Binding theOttoman Empire together in a workable social structure wasSuleymanrsquos crowning achievement The massive empirerequired an efficient government structure and social organ-ization Suleyman created a law code to handle both crimi-nal and civil actions He also simplified the system of

taxation and reduced government bureaucracy These changes bettered the dailylife of almost every citizen and helped earn Suleyman the title of Lawgiver

The sultanrsquos 20000 personal slaves staffed the palace bureaucracy The slaveswere acquired as part of a policy called devshirme (dehvbullSHEERbullmeh) Under thedevshirme system the sultanrsquos army drafted boys from the peoples of conqueredChristian territories The army educated them converted them to Islam and trainedthem as soldiers An elite force of 30000 soldiers known as janissaries wastrained to be loyal to the sultan only Their superb discipline made them the heartof the Ottoman war machine In fact Christian families sometimes bribed officialsto take their children into the sultanrsquos service because the brightest ones could riseto high government posts or military positions

As a Muslim Suleyman was required to follow Islamic law In accordance withIslamic law the Ottomans granted freedom of worship to other religious communitiesparticularly to Christians and Jews They treated these communities as millets ornations They allowed each millet to follow its own religious laws and practices Thehead of the millets reported to the sultan and his staff This system kept conflict amongpeople of the various religions to a minimum

MakingInferences

What were theadvantages of thedevshirme systemto the sultan

Suleyman the Lawgiver1494ndash1566

In the halls of the US Congress areimages of some of the greatestlawgivers of all time Included in thatgroup are such persons as ThomasJefferson Moses and Suleyman

Suleymanrsquos law code prescribedpenalties for various criminal actsand for bureaucratic and financialcorruption He also sought to reducebribes did not allow imprisonmentwithout a trial and rejected promo-tions that were not based on meritHe also introduced the idea of abalanced budget for governments

RESEARCH LINKS For more onSuleyman go to classzonecom

Timur the Lame Halts Expansion The rise of the Ottoman Empire was brieflyinterrupted in the early 1400s by a rebellious warrior and conqueror from Samark-and in Central Asia Permanently injured by an arrow in the leg he was calledTimur-i-Lang or Timur the Lame Europeans called him Tamerlane Timurburned the powerful city of Baghdad in present-day Iraq to the ground He crushedthe Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402 This defeat halted the expan-sion of their empire

Powerful Sultans Spur Dramatic ExpansionSoon Timur turned his attention to China When he did war broke out among thefour sons of the Ottoman sultan Mehmed I defeated his brothers and took thethrone His son Murad II defeated the Venetians invaded Hungary and overcamean army of Italian crusaders in the Balkans He was the first of four powerful sul-tans who led the expansion of the Ottoman Empire through 1566

Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople Muradrsquos son Mehmed II or Mehmed theConqueror achieved the most dramatic feat in Ottoman history By the timeMehmed took power in 1451 the ancient city of Constantinople had shrunk froma population of a million to a mere 50000 Although it controlled no territory out-side its walls it still dominated the Bosporus Strait Controlling this waterwaymeant that it could choke off traffic between the Ottomansrsquo territories in Asia andin the Balkans

Mehmed II decided to face this situation head-on ldquoGive me Constantinoplerdquo hethundered shortly after taking power at age 21 Then in 1453 he launched his attack

40deg E

0deg

40deg N

Persian Gulf

Re d

Se a

Adriat ic Sea

Nile

R

TigrisR

Euphra tes R

Danube R

Dniester R

Me d i t e r r a n e a n S e a

Ca

s pi a

nS

ea

B l a c k S e a

Bosporus

A R A B I A

A F R I C A

S P A I N

F R A N C E

E G Y P T

P E R S I A

ITALY

GREECE

ALGERIA

TRIPOLI

TUNISIA

SYRIA

PALESTINE

HUNGARY

BALKANS

CRIMEA

MESOPOTAMIA

AUSTRIA

C AU C A S USM

TS

S A H A R A

Crete Cyprus

MadridRome

Naples TarantoAdrianople

Athens

Belgrade

Vienna

AlgiersTunis

Palermo

Tripoli

Cairo

Constantinople(Istanbul)

BaghdadDamascus

Jerusalem

Medina

Tehran

0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

Ottoman Empire 1451Acquisitions to 1481Acquisitions to 1521Acquisitions to 1566

Ottoman Empire 1451ndash1566

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1 Location To which waterways did the Ottoman Empire have access2 Movement In which time period did the Ottoman Empire gain the most land

508 Chapter 18

Mehmedrsquos Turkish forces began firing on the city walls with mighty cannonsOne of these was a 26-foot gun that fired 1200-pound boulders A chain across theGolden Horn between the Bosporus Strait and the Sea of Marmara kept the Turkishfleet out of the cityrsquos harbor Finally one night Mehmedrsquos army tried a daring tac-tic They dragged 70 ships over a hill on greased runners from the Bosporus to theharbor Now Mehmedrsquos army was attacking Constantinople from two sides Thecity held out for over seven weeks but the Turks finally found a break in the walland entered the city

Mehmed the Conqueror as he was now called proved to be an able ruler as wellas a magnificent warrior He opened Constantinople to new citizens of many reli-gions and backgrounds Jews Christians and Muslims Turks and non-Turksmdashallflowed in They helped rebuild the city which was now called Istanbul

Ottomans Take Islamrsquos Holy Cities Mehmedrsquos grandson Selim the Grim cameto power in 1512 He was an effective sultan and a great general In 1514 hedefeated the Safavids (suhbullFAHbullvihdz) of Persia at the Battle of Chaldiran Thenhe swept south through Syria and Palestine and into North Africa At the same timethat Cortez was toppling the Aztec Empire in the Americas Selim captured Meccaand Medina the holiest cities of Islam Finally he took Cairo the intellectual cen-ter of the Muslim world The once-great civilization of Egypt had become justanother province in the growing Ottoman Empire

P R I M A R Y S O U R C E

The Conquest of ConstantinopleKritovoulos a Greek who served in the Ottomanadministration recorded the following about the Ottomantakeover of Constantinople The second source the Frenchminiature at the right shows a view of the siege ofConstantinople

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS1 Comparing and Contrasting In what details do the

two sources agree disagree2 Making Inferences Why do you think the sultan

wept over the destruction

After this the Sultan entered the City and looked aboutto see its great size its situation its grandeur andbeauty its teeming population its loveliness and thecostliness of its churches and public buildings and ofthe private houses and community houses and those ofthe officials

When he saw what a large number had been killedand the ruin of the buildings and the wholesale ruinand destruction of the City he was filled withcompassion and repented not a little at the destructionand plundering Tears fell from his eyes as he groaneddeeply and passionately ldquoWhat a city we have givenover to plunder and destructionrdquo

KRITOVOULOS Life of Mehmed the Conqueror

The Muslim World Expands 509

Analyzing MotivesWhy was taking

Constantinople soimportant toMehmed II

510 Chapter 18

Suleyman the LawgiverThe Ottoman Empire didnrsquot reach its peak size andgrandeur until the reign of Selimrsquos son Suleyman I(SOObulllaybullmahn) Suleyman came to the throne in 1520 andruled for 46 years His own people called him Suleymanthe Lawgiver He was known in the West though asSuleyman the Magnificent This title was a tribute to thesplendor of his court and to his cultural achievements

The Empire Reaches Its Limits Suleyman was a superbmilitary leader He conquered the important European cityof Belgrade in 1521 The next year Turkish forces capturedthe island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean and now domi-nated the whole eastern Mediterranean

Applying their immense naval power the Ottomans cap-tured Tripoli on the coast of North Africa They continuedconquering peoples along the North African coastlineAlthough the Ottomans occupied only the coastal cities ofNorth Africa they managed to control trade routes to the inte-rior of the continent

In 1526 Suleyman advanced into Hungary and Austriathrowing central Europe into a panic Suleymanrsquos armiesthen pushed to the outskirts of Vienna Austria Reigningfrom Istanbul Suleyman had waged war with centralEuropeans North Africans and Central Asians He hadbecome the most powerful monarch on earth Only CharlesV head of the Hapsburg Empire in Europe came close torivaling his power

Highly Structured Social Organization Binding theOttoman Empire together in a workable social structure wasSuleymanrsquos crowning achievement The massive empirerequired an efficient government structure and social organ-ization Suleyman created a law code to handle both crimi-nal and civil actions He also simplified the system of

taxation and reduced government bureaucracy These changes bettered the dailylife of almost every citizen and helped earn Suleyman the title of Lawgiver

The sultanrsquos 20000 personal slaves staffed the palace bureaucracy The slaveswere acquired as part of a policy called devshirme (dehvbullSHEERbullmeh) Under thedevshirme system the sultanrsquos army drafted boys from the peoples of conqueredChristian territories The army educated them converted them to Islam and trainedthem as soldiers An elite force of 30000 soldiers known as janissaries wastrained to be loyal to the sultan only Their superb discipline made them the heartof the Ottoman war machine In fact Christian families sometimes bribed officialsto take their children into the sultanrsquos service because the brightest ones could riseto high government posts or military positions

As a Muslim Suleyman was required to follow Islamic law In accordance withIslamic law the Ottomans granted freedom of worship to other religious communitiesparticularly to Christians and Jews They treated these communities as millets ornations They allowed each millet to follow its own religious laws and practices Thehead of the millets reported to the sultan and his staff This system kept conflict amongpeople of the various religions to a minimum

MakingInferences

What were theadvantages of thedevshirme systemto the sultan

Suleyman the Lawgiver1494ndash1566

In the halls of the US Congress areimages of some of the greatestlawgivers of all time Included in thatgroup are such persons as ThomasJefferson Moses and Suleyman

Suleymanrsquos law code prescribedpenalties for various criminal actsand for bureaucratic and financialcorruption He also sought to reducebribes did not allow imprisonmentwithout a trial and rejected promo-tions that were not based on meritHe also introduced the idea of abalanced budget for governments

RESEARCH LINKS For more onSuleyman go to classzonecom

Mehmedrsquos Turkish forces began firing on the city walls with mighty cannonsOne of these was a 26-foot gun that fired 1200-pound boulders A chain across theGolden Horn between the Bosporus Strait and the Sea of Marmara kept the Turkishfleet out of the cityrsquos harbor Finally one night Mehmedrsquos army tried a daring tac-tic They dragged 70 ships over a hill on greased runners from the Bosporus to theharbor Now Mehmedrsquos army was attacking Constantinople from two sides Thecity held out for over seven weeks but the Turks finally found a break in the walland entered the city

Mehmed the Conqueror as he was now called proved to be an able ruler as wellas a magnificent warrior He opened Constantinople to new citizens of many reli-gions and backgrounds Jews Christians and Muslims Turks and non-Turksmdashallflowed in They helped rebuild the city which was now called Istanbul

Ottomans Take Islamrsquos Holy Cities Mehmedrsquos grandson Selim the Grim cameto power in 1512 He was an effective sultan and a great general In 1514 hedefeated the Safavids (suhbullFAHbullvihdz) of Persia at the Battle of Chaldiran Thenhe swept south through Syria and Palestine and into North Africa At the same timethat Cortez was toppling the Aztec Empire in the Americas Selim captured Meccaand Medina the holiest cities of Islam Finally he took Cairo the intellectual cen-ter of the Muslim world The once-great civilization of Egypt had become justanother province in the growing Ottoman Empire

P R I M A R Y S O U R C E

The Conquest of ConstantinopleKritovoulos a Greek who served in the Ottomanadministration recorded the following about the Ottomantakeover of Constantinople The second source the Frenchminiature at the right shows a view of the siege ofConstantinople

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTIONS1 Comparing and Contrasting In what details do the

two sources agree disagree2 Making Inferences Why do you think the sultan

wept over the destruction

After this the Sultan entered the City and looked aboutto see its great size its situation its grandeur andbeauty its teeming population its loveliness and thecostliness of its churches and public buildings and ofthe private houses and community houses and those ofthe officials

When he saw what a large number had been killedand the ruin of the buildings and the wholesale ruinand destruction of the City he was filled withcompassion and repented not a little at the destructionand plundering Tears fell from his eyes as he groaneddeeply and passionately ldquoWhat a city we have givenover to plunder and destructionrdquo

KRITOVOULOS Life of Mehmed the Conqueror

The Muslim World Expands 509

Analyzing MotivesWhy was taking

Constantinople soimportant toMehmed II

510 Chapter 18

Suleyman the LawgiverThe Ottoman Empire didnrsquot reach its peak size andgrandeur until the reign of Selimrsquos son Suleyman I(SOObulllaybullmahn) Suleyman came to the throne in 1520 andruled for 46 years His own people called him Suleymanthe Lawgiver He was known in the West though asSuleyman the Magnificent This title was a tribute to thesplendor of his court and to his cultural achievements

The Empire Reaches Its Limits Suleyman was a superbmilitary leader He conquered the important European cityof Belgrade in 1521 The next year Turkish forces capturedthe island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean and now domi-nated the whole eastern Mediterranean

Applying their immense naval power the Ottomans cap-tured Tripoli on the coast of North Africa They continuedconquering peoples along the North African coastlineAlthough the Ottomans occupied only the coastal cities ofNorth Africa they managed to control trade routes to the inte-rior of the continent

In 1526 Suleyman advanced into Hungary and Austriathrowing central Europe into a panic Suleymanrsquos armiesthen pushed to the outskirts of Vienna Austria Reigningfrom Istanbul Suleyman had waged war with centralEuropeans North Africans and Central Asians He hadbecome the most powerful monarch on earth Only CharlesV head of the Hapsburg Empire in Europe came close torivaling his power

Highly Structured Social Organization Binding theOttoman Empire together in a workable social structure wasSuleymanrsquos crowning achievement The massive empirerequired an efficient government structure and social organ-ization Suleyman created a law code to handle both crimi-nal and civil actions He also simplified the system of

taxation and reduced government bureaucracy These changes bettered the dailylife of almost every citizen and helped earn Suleyman the title of Lawgiver

The sultanrsquos 20000 personal slaves staffed the palace bureaucracy The slaveswere acquired as part of a policy called devshirme (dehvbullSHEERbullmeh) Under thedevshirme system the sultanrsquos army drafted boys from the peoples of conqueredChristian territories The army educated them converted them to Islam and trainedthem as soldiers An elite force of 30000 soldiers known as janissaries wastrained to be loyal to the sultan only Their superb discipline made them the heartof the Ottoman war machine In fact Christian families sometimes bribed officialsto take their children into the sultanrsquos service because the brightest ones could riseto high government posts or military positions

As a Muslim Suleyman was required to follow Islamic law In accordance withIslamic law the Ottomans granted freedom of worship to other religious communitiesparticularly to Christians and Jews They treated these communities as millets ornations They allowed each millet to follow its own religious laws and practices Thehead of the millets reported to the sultan and his staff This system kept conflict amongpeople of the various religions to a minimum

MakingInferences

What were theadvantages of thedevshirme systemto the sultan

Suleyman the Lawgiver1494ndash1566

In the halls of the US Congress areimages of some of the greatestlawgivers of all time Included in thatgroup are such persons as ThomasJefferson Moses and Suleyman

Suleymanrsquos law code prescribedpenalties for various criminal actsand for bureaucratic and financialcorruption He also sought to reducebribes did not allow imprisonmentwithout a trial and rejected promo-tions that were not based on meritHe also introduced the idea of abalanced budget for governments

RESEARCH LINKS For more onSuleyman go to classzonecom

510 Chapter 18

Suleyman the LawgiverThe Ottoman Empire didnrsquot reach its peak size andgrandeur until the reign of Selimrsquos son Suleyman I(SOObulllaybullmahn) Suleyman came to the throne in 1520 andruled for 46 years His own people called him Suleymanthe Lawgiver He was known in the West though asSuleyman the Magnificent This title was a tribute to thesplendor of his court and to his cultural achievements

The Empire Reaches Its Limits Suleyman was a superbmilitary leader He conquered the important European cityof Belgrade in 1521 The next year Turkish forces capturedthe island of Rhodes in the Mediterranean and now domi-nated the whole eastern Mediterranean

Applying their immense naval power the Ottomans cap-tured Tripoli on the coast of North Africa They continuedconquering peoples along the North African coastlineAlthough the Ottomans occupied only the coastal cities ofNorth Africa they managed to control trade routes to the inte-rior of the continent

In 1526 Suleyman advanced into Hungary and Austriathrowing central Europe into a panic Suleymanrsquos armiesthen pushed to the outskirts of Vienna Austria Reigningfrom Istanbul Suleyman had waged war with centralEuropeans North Africans and Central Asians He hadbecome the most powerful monarch on earth Only CharlesV head of the Hapsburg Empire in Europe came close torivaling his power

Highly Structured Social Organization Binding theOttoman Empire together in a workable social structure wasSuleymanrsquos crowning achievement The massive empirerequired an efficient government structure and social organ-ization Suleyman created a law code to handle both crimi-nal and civil actions He also simplified the system of

taxation and reduced government bureaucracy These changes bettered the dailylife of almost every citizen and helped earn Suleyman the title of Lawgiver

The sultanrsquos 20000 personal slaves staffed the palace bureaucracy The slaveswere acquired as part of a policy called devshirme (dehvbullSHEERbullmeh) Under thedevshirme system the sultanrsquos army drafted boys from the peoples of conqueredChristian territories The army educated them converted them to Islam and trainedthem as soldiers An elite force of 30000 soldiers known as janissaries wastrained to be loyal to the sultan only Their superb discipline made them the heartof the Ottoman war machine In fact Christian families sometimes bribed officialsto take their children into the sultanrsquos service because the brightest ones could riseto high government posts or military positions

As a Muslim Suleyman was required to follow Islamic law In accordance withIslamic law the Ottomans granted freedom of worship to other religious communitiesparticularly to Christians and Jews They treated these communities as millets ornations They allowed each millet to follow its own religious laws and practices Thehead of the millets reported to the sultan and his staff This system kept conflict amongpeople of the various religions to a minimum

MakingInferences

What were theadvantages of thedevshirme systemto the sultan

Suleyman the Lawgiver1494ndash1566

In the halls of the US Congress areimages of some of the greatestlawgivers of all time Included in thatgroup are such persons as ThomasJefferson Moses and Suleyman

Suleymanrsquos law code prescribedpenalties for various criminal actsand for bureaucratic and financialcorruption He also sought to reducebribes did not allow imprisonmentwithout a trial and rejected promo-tions that were not based on meritHe also introduced the idea of abalanced budget for governments

RESEARCH LINKS For more onSuleyman go to classzonecom

Cultural Flowering Suleyman hadbroad interests which contributed tothe cultural achievements of theempire He found time to study poetryhistory geography astronomy mathe-matics and architecture He employedone of the worldrsquos finest architectsSinan who was probably fromAlbania Sinanrsquos masterpiece theMosque of Suleyman is an immensecomplex topped with domes and halfdomes It includes four schools alibrary a bath and a hospital

Art and literature also flourishedunder Suleymanrsquos rule This creativeperiod was similar to the EuropeanRenaissance Painters and poets looked to Persia and Arabia for models The worksthat they produced used these foreign influences to express original Ottoman ideasin the Turkish style They are excellent examples of cultural blending

The Empire Declines SlowlyDespite Suleymanrsquos magnificent social and cultural achievements the OttomanEmpire was losing ground Suleyman killed his ablest son and drove another intoexile His third son the incompetent Selim II inherited the throne

Suleyman set the pattern for later sultans to gain and hold power It became cus-tomary for each new sultan to have his brothers strangled The sultan would thenkeep his sons prisoner in the harem cutting them off from education or contactwith the world This practice produced a long line of weak sultans who eventuallybrought ruin on the empire However the Ottoman Empire continued to influencethe world into the early 20th century

The Muslim World Expands 511

TERMS amp NAMES 1 For each term or name write a sentence explaining its significance bull ghazi bull Ottoman bull sultan bull Timur the Lame bull Mehmed II bull Suleyman the Lawgiver bull devshirme bull janissary

USING YOUR NOTES2 Which do you consider more

significant to the OttomanEmpire the accomplishmentsof Mehmed II or those of Selim the Grim Explain

MAIN IDEAS3 By what means did the early

Ottomans expand their empire

4 Why was Suleyman called theLawgiver

5 How powerful was theOttoman Empire compared toother empires of the time

SECTION ASSESSMENT1

CREATING A TIME LINE

Create a time line showing events in the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of the modern nation of Turkey

CRITICAL THINKING amp WRITING6 EVALUATING DECISIONS Do you think that the Ottomans

were wise in staffing their military and government withslaves Explain

7 EVALUATING COURSES OF ACTION How did Suleymanrsquosselection of a successor eventually spell disaster for theOttoman Empire

8 ANALYZING MOTIVES Do you think that Suleymanrsquosreligious tolerance helped or hurt the Ottoman Empire

9 WRITING ACTIVITY Using the descriptionof Mehmed IIrsquos forces taking Constantinople write anewspaper article describing the action

EMPIRE BUILDING

CONNECT TO TODAY

Rulers Successes

ComparingWhich cultural

achievements ofSuleymanrsquos reignwere similar to the EuropeanRenaissance

SinanrsquosMosque ofSuleyman inIstanbul is thelargest mosquein the OttomanEmpire

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS amp NAMES

2

Cultural BlendingCASE STUDY The Safavid Empire

Drawing ConclusionsIdentify examples of cultural blending in theSafavid Empire

TAKING NOTES

Cultural BlendingCultural Blending

SETTING THE STAGE Throughout the course of world history cultures haveinteracted with each other Often such interaction has resulted in the mixing ofdifferent cultures in new and exciting ways This process is referred to as culturalblending The Safavid Empire a Shirsquoite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persiabetween the 16th and 18th centuries provides a striking example of how inter-action among peoples can produce a blending of cultures This culturally diverseempire drew from the traditions of Persians Ottomans and Arabs

Patterns of Cultural BlendingEach time a culture interacts with another it is exposed to ideas technologiesfoods and ways of life not exactly like its own Continental crossroads traderoutes ports and the borders of countries are places where cultural blending com-monly begins Societies that are able to benefit from cultural blending are thosethat are open to new ways and are willing to adapt and change The blended ideasspread throughout the culture and produce a new pattern of behavior Culturalblending has several basic causes

Causes of Cultural Blending Cultural change is most often prompted by oneor more of the following four activities

bull migrationbull pursuit of religious freedom or conversionbull tradebull conquestThe blending that contributed to the culture of the Ottomans which you just

read about in Section 1 depended on all of these activities Surrounded by thepeoples of Christian Byzantium the Turks were motivated to win both territoryfor their empire and converts to their Muslim religion The Ottoman Empirersquoslocation on a major trading route created many opportunities for contact with dif-ferent cultures Suleymanrsquos interest in learning and culture prompted him tobring the best foreign artists and scholars to his court They brought new ideasabout art literature and learning to the empire

Results of Cultural Blending Cultural blending may lead to changes in lan-guage religion styles of government the use of technology and military tactics

CULTURAL INTERACTION TheSafavid Empire produced a richand complex blended culture inPersia

Modern Iran which plays a keyrole in global politicsdescended from the culturallydiverse Safavid Empire

512 Chapter 18

bull Safavidbull Ismarsquoilbull shah

bull Shah Abbas bull Esfahan

RecognizingEffects

Which of theeffects of culturalblending do youthink is the mostsignificant Explain

These changes often reflect unique aspects of several cultures For examplebull Language Sometimes the written characters of one language are used in

another as in the case of written Chinese characters used in the Japaneselanguage In the Safavid Empire the language spoken was Persian But afterthe area converted to Islam a significant number of Arabic words appearedin the Persian language

bull Religion and ethical systems Buddhism spread throughout Asia Yet theBuddhism practiced by Tibetans is different from Japanese Zen Buddhism

bull Styles of government The concept of a democratic government spread tomany areas of the globe Although the basic principles are similar it is notpracticed exactly the same way in each country

bull Racial or ethnic blending One example is the mestizo people of mixedEuropean and Indian ancestry who live in Mexico

bull Arts and architecture Cultural styles may be incorporated or adapted intoart or architecture For example Chinese artistic elements are found inSafavid Empire tiles and carpets as well as in European paintings

The chart above shows other examples of cultural blending that have occurred overtime in various areas of the world

CASE STUDY The Safavid Empire

The Safavids Build an EmpireConquest and ongoing cultural interaction fueled the development ofthe Safavid Empire Originally the Safavids were members of anIslamic religious brotherhood named after their founder Safi al-DinIn the 15th century the Safavids aligned themselves with the Shirsquoabranch of Islam

The Safavids were also squeezed geographically between theOttomans and Uzbek tribespeople and the Mughal Empire (See the mapon page 514) To protect themselves from these potential enemies theSafavids concentrated on building a powerful army

Ismarsquoil Conquers Persia The Safavid military became a force toreckon with In 1499 a 12-year-old named Ismarsquoil (ihsbullMAHbulleel) beganto seize most of what is now Iran Two years later he completed the task

Cultural Blending

Some Resultsof Interaction

Reason for Interaction

Interacting CulturesLocation

Indiamdash1000 BC

East AfricamdashAD 700

RussiamdashAD 1000

MexicomdashAD 1500

United StatesmdashAD 1900

Aryan and Dravidian IndianArab African Indian

Islamic Christian

Christian and Slavic

Spanish and Aztec

European Asian Caribbean

Migration

Trade religious conversion

Religious conversion

Conquest

Migration religious freedom

Vedic culture forerunner of Hinduism

New trade language Swahili

Eastern ChristianityRussian identity

Mestizo culture Mexican Catholicism

Cultural diversity

Grandson ofIsmarsquoil ShahAbbas led theSafavid Empireduring its Golden Age

SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Charts1 Determining Main Ideas What are the reasons for interaction in the Americas 2 Hypothesizing What are some aspects of cultural diversity

514 Chapter 18

To celebrate his achievement hetook the ancient Persian title ofshah or king He also establishedShirsquoa Islam as the state religion

Ismarsquoil became a religious tyrantAny citizen who did not convert toShirsquoism was put to death Ismarsquoildestroyed the Sunni population ofBaghdad in his confrontation withthe Ottomans Their leader Selimthe Grim later ordered the executionof all Shirsquoa in the Ottoman EmpireAs many as 40000 died Their finalface-off took place at the Battle ofChaldiran in 1514 Using artillerythe Ottomans pounded the Safavidsinto defeat Another outcome of thebattle was to set the border betweenthe two empires It remains the bor-der today between Iran and Iraq

Ismarsquoilrsquos son Tahmasp learnedfrom the Safavidsrsquo defeat atChaldiran He adopted the use ofartillery with his military forces Heexpanded the Safavid Empire up tothe Caucasus Mountains northeastof Turkey and brought Christiansunder Safavid rule Tahmasp laidthe groundwork for the golden ageof the Safavids

A Safavid Golden AgeShah Abbas or Abbas the Great took the throne in 1587 He helped create aSafavid culture and golden age that drew from the best of the Ottoman Persianand Arab worlds

Reforms Shah Abbas reformed aspects of both military and civilian life He lim-ited the power of the military and created two new armies that would be loyal tohim alone One of these was an army of Persians The other was a force that Abbasrecruited from the Christian north and modeled after the Ottoman janissaries Heequipped both of these armies with modern artillery

Abbas also reformed his government He punished corruption severely and pro-moted only officials who proved their competence and loyalty He hired foreigners from neighboring countries to fill positions in the government

To convince European merchants that his empire was tolerant of other religionsAbbas brought members of Christian religious orders into the empire As a resultEuropeans moved into the land Then industry trade and art exchanges grewbetween the empire and European nations

A New Capital The Shah built a new capital at Esfahan With a design that coveredfour and a half miles the city was considered one of the most beautiful in the worldIt was a showplace for the many artisans both foreign and Safavid who worked onthe buildings and the objects in them For example 300 Chinese potters produced

DrawingConclusions

How didTahmasprsquos culturalborrowing lead tothe expansion ofthe Safavid Empire

Tehran

Esfahan

Shiraz

Herat

Ormuz (Hormuz)

TabrizChaldiran

Baghdad

Mosul

Basra

Azov

Trabzon

Tig

risR

Am

uD

arya

Euphrates R

Ca sp i a

nS

ea

PersianG

ulf

AralSea

MESOPOTAMIA

P E R S I A

R U S S I A

A R A B I A

UZBEKS

C A U C A S U SM

T S

40deg E

40deg N

Tropic of Cancer0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

Ottoman EmpireSafavid EmpireMughal Empire

Safavid Empire 1683

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps 1 Movement What waterways might have enabled the Safavids to

interact with other cultures2 Location Why might the Safavids not have expanded further

glazed building tiles for the buildings in the city andArmenians wove carpets

Art Works Shah Abbas brought hundreds of Chineseartisans to Esfahan Working with Safavid artists theyproduced intricate metalwork miniature paintingscalligraphy glasswork tile work and pottery Thiscollaboration gave rise to artwork that blendedChinese and Persian ideas These decorations beauti-fied the many mosques palaces and marketplaces

Carpets The most important result of Westerninfluence on the Safavids however may have beenthe demand for Persian carpets This demand helpedchange carpet weaving from a local craft to anational industry In the beginning the carpetsreflected traditional Persian themes As the empirebecame more culturally blended the designs incorporated new themes In the 16thcentury Shah Abbas sent artists to Italy to study under the Renaissance artistRaphael Rugs then began to reflect European designs

The Dynasty Declines QuicklyIn finding a successor Shah Abbas made the same mistake the Ottoman monarchSuleyman made He killed or blinded his ablest sons His incompetent grandsonSafi succeeded Abbas This pampered young prince led the Safavids down thesame road to decline that the Ottomans had taken only more quickly

In 1736 however Nadir Shah Afshar conquered land all the way to India and cre-ated an expanded empire But Nadir Shah was so cruel that one of his own troopsassassinated him With Nadir Shahrsquos death in 1747 the Safavid Empire fell apart

At the same time that the Safavids flourished cultural blending and conquest ledto the growth of a new empire in India as you will learn in Section 3

CASE STUDY 515

TERMS amp NAMES 1 For each term or name write a sentence explaining its significance bull Safavid bull Ismarsquoil bull shah bull Shah Abbas bull Esfahan

USING YOUR NOTES2 What are some examples of

cultural blending in the Safavid Empire

MAIN IDEAS3 What are the four causes of

cultural blending

4 What reforms took place in theSafavid Empire under ShahAbbas

5 Why did the Safavid Empiredecline so quickly

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

CRITICAL THINKING amp WRITING6 FORMING OPINIONS Which of the results of cultural

blending do you think has the most lasting effect on acountry Explain

7 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS How did the location of theSafavid Empire contribute to the cultural blending in the empire

8 ANALYZING MOTIVES Why might Ismarsquoil have become sointolerant of the Sunni Muslims

9 WRITING ACTIVITY Write a letterfrom Shah Abbas to a Chinese artist persuading him tocome teach and work in the Safavid Empire

CULTURAL INTERACTION

INTERNET ACTIVITY

Use the Internet to research the charge that Persian rugs are largelymade by children under the age of 14 Write a television documentaryscript detailing your research results

ComparingIn what ways

were Shah Abbasand Suleyman theLawgiver similar

Cultural BlendingCultural Blending

The Masjid-e-Imam mosque inEsfahan is abeautiful exampleof the flowering ofthe arts in theSafavid Empire

INTERNET KEYWORDchild labor rug making

516 Chapter 18

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS amp NAMES

POWER AND AUTHORITY TheMughal Empire brought TurksPersians and Indians togetherin a vast empire

The legacy of great art and deepsocial division left by theMughal Empire still influencessouthern Asia

bull Mughalbull Baburbull Akbar

bull Sikhbull Shah Jahanbull Taj Mahalbull Aurangzeb

3

Following ChronologicalOrder Create a time lineof the Mughal emperorsand their successes

TAKING NOTES

1494

Babur

SETTING THE STAGE The Gupta Empire which you read about in Chapter 7crumbled in the late 400s First Arabs invaded Then warlike Muslim tribesfrom Central Asia carved northwestern India into many small kingdoms Leaderscalled rajputs or ldquosons of kingsrdquo ruled those kingdoms The people who invadeddescended from Muslim Turks and Afghans Their leader was a descendant ofTimur the Lame and of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan They called them-selves Mughals which means ldquoMongolsrdquo The land they invaded had beenthrough a long period of turmoil

Early History of the MughalsThe 8th century began with a long bloody clash between Hindus and Muslims inthis fragmented land For almost 300 years the Muslims were able to advance onlyas far as the Indus River valley Starting around the year 1000 however well-trainedTurkish armies swept into India Led by Sultan Mahmud (muhbullMOOD) of Ghaznithey devastated Indian cities and temples in 17 brutal campaigns These attacks leftthe region weakened and vulnerable to other conquerors Delhi eventually becamethe capital of a loose empire of Turkish warlords called the Delhi Sultanate Thesesultans treated the Hindus as conquered people

Delhi Sultanate Between the 13th and 16th centuries 33 different sultans ruledthis divided territory from their seat in Delhi In 1398 Timur the Lame destroyedDelhi The city was so completely devastated that according to one witness ldquoformonths not a bird moved in the cityrdquo Delhi eventually was rebuilt But it was notuntil the 16th century that a leader arose who would unify the empire

Babur Founds an Empire In 1494 an 11-year-old boy named Babur inheriteda kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan It was only a tinykingdom and his elders soon took it away and drove him south But Babur builtup an army In the years that followed he swept down into India and laid thefoundation for the vast Mughal Empire

Babur was a brilliant general In 1526 for example he led 12000 troops tovictory against an army of 100000 commanded by a sultan of Delhi A year laterBabur also defeated a massive rajput army After Baburrsquos death his incompetentson Humayun lost most of the territory Babur had gained Baburrsquos 13-year-oldgrandson took over the throne after Humayunrsquos death

The Mughal Empire in India

Akbarrsquos Golden Age Baburrsquos grandson was called Akbarwhich means ldquoGreatest Onerdquo Akbarcertainly lived up to his name rulingIndia with wisdom and tolerancefrom 1556 to 1605

A Military Conqueror Akbar recog-nized military power as the root of hisstrength In his opinion ldquoA monarchshould ever be intent on conquest otherwise his neighbors rise in armsagainst himrdquo

Like the Safavids and the OttomansAkbar equipped his armies with heavyartillery Cannons enabled him to breakinto walled cities and extend his ruleinto much of the Deccan plateau In abrilliant move he appointed somerajputs as officers In this way he turnedpotential enemies into allies This com-bination of military power and politicalwisdom enabled Akbar to unify a landof at least 100 million peoplemdashmorethan in all of Europe put together

A Liberal Ruler Akbar was a genius at cultural blending He was aMuslim and he firmly defended reli-gious freedom He permitted peopleof other religions to practice theirfaiths He proved his tolerance bymarrying among others two Hindusa Christian and a Muslim Heallowed his wives to practice their religious rituals in the palace He proved his tol-erance again by abolishing both the tax on Hindu pilgrims and the hated jizya ortax on non-Muslims He even appointed a Spanish Jesuit to tutor his second son

Akbar governed through a bureaucracy of officials Natives and foreignersHindus and Muslims could all rise to high office This approach contributed to thequality of his government Akbarrsquos chief finance minister Todar Mal a Hindu created a clevermdashand effectivemdashtaxation policy He levied a tax similar to the present-day US graduated income tax calculating it as a percentage of the valueof the peasantsrsquo crops Because this tax was fair and affordable the number ofpeasants who paid it increased This payment brought in much needed money forthe empire

Akbarrsquos land policies had more mixed results He gave generous land grants to hisbureaucrats After they died however he reclaimed the lands and distributed them ashe saw fit On the positive side this policy prevented the growth of feudal aristocra-cies On the other hand it did not encourage dedication and hard work by the Mughalofficials Their children would not inherit the land or benefit from their parentsrsquo workSo the officials apparently saw no point in devoting themselves to their property

The Muslim World Expands 517

ComparingIn what ways

were Akbarrsquos atti-tudes toward reli-gion similar tothose of Suleymanthe Lawgiver

Lahore

Kabul

Delhi

Agra

Surat

Benares

Patna

Dacca

Calcutta

Bombay

Calicut

Cochin

Pondicherry

Madras

80deg E

Tropic of Cancer

IndusR

Ganges R

Brahmaputra R

A r a b i a nS e a B a y

o fB e n g a l

T I B E T

BENGAL

KASHMIR

PUNJAB

CEYLON

HI M

A L A Y A S

DECCANPLATEAU

0

0

300 Miles

600 Kilometers

Mughal Empire 1526 (Babur)Added by 1605 (Akbar)Added by 1707 (Aurangzeb)

Growth of the MughalEmpire 1526ndash1707

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1 Movement During which time period was the most territory

added to the Mughal Empire2 Human-Environment Interaction What landform might have

prevented the empire from expanding farther east

518 Chapter 18

A Flowering of Culture As Akbar extended the MughalEmpire he welcomed influences from the many cultures inthe empire This cultural blending affected art educationpolitics and language Persian was the language of Akbarrsquoscourt and of high culture The common people howeverspoke Hindi a mixture of Persian and a local languageHindi remains one of the most widely spoken languages inIndia today Out of the Mughal armies where soldiers ofmany backgrounds rubbed shoulders came yet another newlanguage This language was Urdu which means ldquofrom thesoldierrsquos camprdquo A blend of Arabic Persian and Hindi Urduis today the official language of Pakistan

The Arts and Literature The arts flourished at the Mughalcourt especially in the form of book illustrations Thesesmall highly detailed and colorful paintings were calledminiatures They were brought to a peak of perfection in theSafavid Empire Baburrsquos son Humayun brought two mas-ters of this art to his court to teach it to the Mughals Someof the most famous Mughal miniatures adorned theAkbarnamah (ldquoBook of Akbarrdquo) the story of the greatemperorrsquos campaigns and deeds Indian art drew fromWestern traditions as well

Hindu literature also enjoyed a revival in Akbarrsquos time Thepoet Tulsi Das for example was a contemporary of AkbarrsquosHe retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita from the fourthcentury BC Indian poem the Ramayana (rahbullMAHbullyuhbullnuh)in Hindi This retelling the Ramcaritmanas is now even morepopular than the original

Architecture Akbar devoted himself to architecture tooThe style developed under his reign is still known as Akbarperiod architecture Its massive but graceful structures are

decorated with intricate stonework that portrays Hindu themes The capital city ofFatehpur Sikri is one of the most important examples of this type of architectureAkbar had this red-sandstone city built to thank a holy man who had predicted thebirth of his first son

Akbarrsquos SuccessorsWith Akbarrsquos death in 1605 the Mughal court changed to deal with the changingtimes The next three emperors each left his mark on the Mughal Empire

Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbarrsquos son called himself Jahangir (juhbullhahnbullGEER)mdashldquoGrasper of the Worldrdquo And he certainly did hold India in a powerful grasp Itwas not his hand in the iron glove however For most of his reign he left the affairsof state to his wife

Jahangirrsquos wife was the Persian princess Nur Jahan She was a brilliant politicianwho perfectly understood the use of power As the real ruler of India she installedher father as prime minister in the Mughal court She saw Jahangirrsquos son Khusrauas her ticket to future power But when Khusrau rebelled against his father NurJahan removed him She then shifted her favor to another son

This rejection of Khusrau affected more than the political future of the empire Itwas also the basis of a long and bitter religious conflict Jahangir tried to promoteIslam in the Mughal state but was tolerant of other religions When Khusrau

DrawingConclusions

How was Akbarable to build suchan immenseempire

Akbar1542ndash1605

Akbar was brilliant and curiousespecially about religion He eveninvented a religion of his ownmdashtheldquoDivine Faithrdquomdashwhich combinedelements of Hinduism JainismChristianity and Sufism The religionattracted few followers however andoffended Muslims so much that theyattempted a brief revolt against Akbarin 1581 When he died so did theldquoDivine Faithrdquo

Surprisingly despite his wisdomand his achievements Akbar couldnot read He hired others to read tohim from his library of 24000 books

RESEARCH LINKS For more on Akbargo to classzonecom

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS amp NAMES

2

Cultural BlendingCASE STUDY The Safavid Empire

Drawing ConclusionsIdentify examples of cultural blending in theSafavid Empire

TAKING NOTES

Cultural BlendingCultural Blending

SETTING THE STAGE Throughout the course of world history cultures haveinteracted with each other Often such interaction has resulted in the mixing ofdifferent cultures in new and exciting ways This process is referred to as culturalblending The Safavid Empire a Shirsquoite Muslim dynasty that ruled in Persiabetween the 16th and 18th centuries provides a striking example of how inter-action among peoples can produce a blending of cultures This culturally diverseempire drew from the traditions of Persians Ottomans and Arabs

Patterns of Cultural BlendingEach time a culture interacts with another it is exposed to ideas technologiesfoods and ways of life not exactly like its own Continental crossroads traderoutes ports and the borders of countries are places where cultural blending com-monly begins Societies that are able to benefit from cultural blending are thosethat are open to new ways and are willing to adapt and change The blended ideasspread throughout the culture and produce a new pattern of behavior Culturalblending has several basic causes

Causes of Cultural Blending Cultural change is most often prompted by oneor more of the following four activities

bull migrationbull pursuit of religious freedom or conversionbull tradebull conquestThe blending that contributed to the culture of the Ottomans which you just

read about in Section 1 depended on all of these activities Surrounded by thepeoples of Christian Byzantium the Turks were motivated to win both territoryfor their empire and converts to their Muslim religion The Ottoman Empirersquoslocation on a major trading route created many opportunities for contact with dif-ferent cultures Suleymanrsquos interest in learning and culture prompted him tobring the best foreign artists and scholars to his court They brought new ideasabout art literature and learning to the empire

Results of Cultural Blending Cultural blending may lead to changes in lan-guage religion styles of government the use of technology and military tactics

CULTURAL INTERACTION TheSafavid Empire produced a richand complex blended culture inPersia

Modern Iran which plays a keyrole in global politicsdescended from the culturallydiverse Safavid Empire

512 Chapter 18

bull Safavidbull Ismarsquoilbull shah

bull Shah Abbas bull Esfahan

RecognizingEffects

Which of theeffects of culturalblending do youthink is the mostsignificant Explain

These changes often reflect unique aspects of several cultures For examplebull Language Sometimes the written characters of one language are used in

another as in the case of written Chinese characters used in the Japaneselanguage In the Safavid Empire the language spoken was Persian But afterthe area converted to Islam a significant number of Arabic words appearedin the Persian language

bull Religion and ethical systems Buddhism spread throughout Asia Yet theBuddhism practiced by Tibetans is different from Japanese Zen Buddhism

bull Styles of government The concept of a democratic government spread tomany areas of the globe Although the basic principles are similar it is notpracticed exactly the same way in each country

bull Racial or ethnic blending One example is the mestizo people of mixedEuropean and Indian ancestry who live in Mexico

bull Arts and architecture Cultural styles may be incorporated or adapted intoart or architecture For example Chinese artistic elements are found inSafavid Empire tiles and carpets as well as in European paintings

The chart above shows other examples of cultural blending that have occurred overtime in various areas of the world

CASE STUDY The Safavid Empire

The Safavids Build an EmpireConquest and ongoing cultural interaction fueled the development ofthe Safavid Empire Originally the Safavids were members of anIslamic religious brotherhood named after their founder Safi al-DinIn the 15th century the Safavids aligned themselves with the Shirsquoabranch of Islam

The Safavids were also squeezed geographically between theOttomans and Uzbek tribespeople and the Mughal Empire (See the mapon page 514) To protect themselves from these potential enemies theSafavids concentrated on building a powerful army

Ismarsquoil Conquers Persia The Safavid military became a force toreckon with In 1499 a 12-year-old named Ismarsquoil (ihsbullMAHbulleel) beganto seize most of what is now Iran Two years later he completed the task

Cultural Blending

Some Resultsof Interaction

Reason for Interaction

Interacting CulturesLocation

Indiamdash1000 BC

East AfricamdashAD 700

RussiamdashAD 1000

MexicomdashAD 1500

United StatesmdashAD 1900

Aryan and Dravidian IndianArab African Indian

Islamic Christian

Christian and Slavic

Spanish and Aztec

European Asian Caribbean

Migration

Trade religious conversion

Religious conversion

Conquest

Migration religious freedom

Vedic culture forerunner of Hinduism

New trade language Swahili

Eastern ChristianityRussian identity

Mestizo culture Mexican Catholicism

Cultural diversity

Grandson ofIsmarsquoil ShahAbbas led theSafavid Empireduring its Golden Age

SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Charts1 Determining Main Ideas What are the reasons for interaction in the Americas 2 Hypothesizing What are some aspects of cultural diversity

514 Chapter 18

To celebrate his achievement hetook the ancient Persian title ofshah or king He also establishedShirsquoa Islam as the state religion

Ismarsquoil became a religious tyrantAny citizen who did not convert toShirsquoism was put to death Ismarsquoildestroyed the Sunni population ofBaghdad in his confrontation withthe Ottomans Their leader Selimthe Grim later ordered the executionof all Shirsquoa in the Ottoman EmpireAs many as 40000 died Their finalface-off took place at the Battle ofChaldiran in 1514 Using artillerythe Ottomans pounded the Safavidsinto defeat Another outcome of thebattle was to set the border betweenthe two empires It remains the bor-der today between Iran and Iraq

Ismarsquoilrsquos son Tahmasp learnedfrom the Safavidsrsquo defeat atChaldiran He adopted the use ofartillery with his military forces Heexpanded the Safavid Empire up tothe Caucasus Mountains northeastof Turkey and brought Christiansunder Safavid rule Tahmasp laidthe groundwork for the golden ageof the Safavids

A Safavid Golden AgeShah Abbas or Abbas the Great took the throne in 1587 He helped create aSafavid culture and golden age that drew from the best of the Ottoman Persianand Arab worlds

Reforms Shah Abbas reformed aspects of both military and civilian life He lim-ited the power of the military and created two new armies that would be loyal tohim alone One of these was an army of Persians The other was a force that Abbasrecruited from the Christian north and modeled after the Ottoman janissaries Heequipped both of these armies with modern artillery

Abbas also reformed his government He punished corruption severely and pro-moted only officials who proved their competence and loyalty He hired foreigners from neighboring countries to fill positions in the government

To convince European merchants that his empire was tolerant of other religionsAbbas brought members of Christian religious orders into the empire As a resultEuropeans moved into the land Then industry trade and art exchanges grewbetween the empire and European nations

A New Capital The Shah built a new capital at Esfahan With a design that coveredfour and a half miles the city was considered one of the most beautiful in the worldIt was a showplace for the many artisans both foreign and Safavid who worked onthe buildings and the objects in them For example 300 Chinese potters produced

DrawingConclusions

How didTahmasprsquos culturalborrowing lead tothe expansion ofthe Safavid Empire

Tehran

Esfahan

Shiraz

Herat

Ormuz (Hormuz)

TabrizChaldiran

Baghdad

Mosul

Basra

Azov

Trabzon

Tig

risR

Am

uD

arya

Euphrates R

Ca sp i a

nS

ea

PersianG

ulf

AralSea

MESOPOTAMIA

P E R S I A

R U S S I A

A R A B I A

UZBEKS

C A U C A S U SM

T S

40deg E

40deg N

Tropic of Cancer0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

Ottoman EmpireSafavid EmpireMughal Empire

Safavid Empire 1683

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps 1 Movement What waterways might have enabled the Safavids to

interact with other cultures2 Location Why might the Safavids not have expanded further

glazed building tiles for the buildings in the city andArmenians wove carpets

Art Works Shah Abbas brought hundreds of Chineseartisans to Esfahan Working with Safavid artists theyproduced intricate metalwork miniature paintingscalligraphy glasswork tile work and pottery Thiscollaboration gave rise to artwork that blendedChinese and Persian ideas These decorations beauti-fied the many mosques palaces and marketplaces

Carpets The most important result of Westerninfluence on the Safavids however may have beenthe demand for Persian carpets This demand helpedchange carpet weaving from a local craft to anational industry In the beginning the carpetsreflected traditional Persian themes As the empirebecame more culturally blended the designs incorporated new themes In the 16thcentury Shah Abbas sent artists to Italy to study under the Renaissance artistRaphael Rugs then began to reflect European designs

The Dynasty Declines QuicklyIn finding a successor Shah Abbas made the same mistake the Ottoman monarchSuleyman made He killed or blinded his ablest sons His incompetent grandsonSafi succeeded Abbas This pampered young prince led the Safavids down thesame road to decline that the Ottomans had taken only more quickly

In 1736 however Nadir Shah Afshar conquered land all the way to India and cre-ated an expanded empire But Nadir Shah was so cruel that one of his own troopsassassinated him With Nadir Shahrsquos death in 1747 the Safavid Empire fell apart

At the same time that the Safavids flourished cultural blending and conquest ledto the growth of a new empire in India as you will learn in Section 3

CASE STUDY 515

TERMS amp NAMES 1 For each term or name write a sentence explaining its significance bull Safavid bull Ismarsquoil bull shah bull Shah Abbas bull Esfahan

USING YOUR NOTES2 What are some examples of

cultural blending in the Safavid Empire

MAIN IDEAS3 What are the four causes of

cultural blending

4 What reforms took place in theSafavid Empire under ShahAbbas

5 Why did the Safavid Empiredecline so quickly

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

CRITICAL THINKING amp WRITING6 FORMING OPINIONS Which of the results of cultural

blending do you think has the most lasting effect on acountry Explain

7 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS How did the location of theSafavid Empire contribute to the cultural blending in the empire

8 ANALYZING MOTIVES Why might Ismarsquoil have become sointolerant of the Sunni Muslims

9 WRITING ACTIVITY Write a letterfrom Shah Abbas to a Chinese artist persuading him tocome teach and work in the Safavid Empire

CULTURAL INTERACTION

INTERNET ACTIVITY

Use the Internet to research the charge that Persian rugs are largelymade by children under the age of 14 Write a television documentaryscript detailing your research results

ComparingIn what ways

were Shah Abbasand Suleyman theLawgiver similar

Cultural BlendingCultural Blending

The Masjid-e-Imam mosque inEsfahan is abeautiful exampleof the flowering ofthe arts in theSafavid Empire

INTERNET KEYWORDchild labor rug making

516 Chapter 18

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS amp NAMES

POWER AND AUTHORITY TheMughal Empire brought TurksPersians and Indians togetherin a vast empire

The legacy of great art and deepsocial division left by theMughal Empire still influencessouthern Asia

bull Mughalbull Baburbull Akbar

bull Sikhbull Shah Jahanbull Taj Mahalbull Aurangzeb

3

Following ChronologicalOrder Create a time lineof the Mughal emperorsand their successes

TAKING NOTES

1494

Babur

SETTING THE STAGE The Gupta Empire which you read about in Chapter 7crumbled in the late 400s First Arabs invaded Then warlike Muslim tribesfrom Central Asia carved northwestern India into many small kingdoms Leaderscalled rajputs or ldquosons of kingsrdquo ruled those kingdoms The people who invadeddescended from Muslim Turks and Afghans Their leader was a descendant ofTimur the Lame and of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan They called them-selves Mughals which means ldquoMongolsrdquo The land they invaded had beenthrough a long period of turmoil

Early History of the MughalsThe 8th century began with a long bloody clash between Hindus and Muslims inthis fragmented land For almost 300 years the Muslims were able to advance onlyas far as the Indus River valley Starting around the year 1000 however well-trainedTurkish armies swept into India Led by Sultan Mahmud (muhbullMOOD) of Ghaznithey devastated Indian cities and temples in 17 brutal campaigns These attacks leftthe region weakened and vulnerable to other conquerors Delhi eventually becamethe capital of a loose empire of Turkish warlords called the Delhi Sultanate Thesesultans treated the Hindus as conquered people

Delhi Sultanate Between the 13th and 16th centuries 33 different sultans ruledthis divided territory from their seat in Delhi In 1398 Timur the Lame destroyedDelhi The city was so completely devastated that according to one witness ldquoformonths not a bird moved in the cityrdquo Delhi eventually was rebuilt But it was notuntil the 16th century that a leader arose who would unify the empire

Babur Founds an Empire In 1494 an 11-year-old boy named Babur inheriteda kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan It was only a tinykingdom and his elders soon took it away and drove him south But Babur builtup an army In the years that followed he swept down into India and laid thefoundation for the vast Mughal Empire

Babur was a brilliant general In 1526 for example he led 12000 troops tovictory against an army of 100000 commanded by a sultan of Delhi A year laterBabur also defeated a massive rajput army After Baburrsquos death his incompetentson Humayun lost most of the territory Babur had gained Baburrsquos 13-year-oldgrandson took over the throne after Humayunrsquos death

The Mughal Empire in India

Akbarrsquos Golden Age Baburrsquos grandson was called Akbarwhich means ldquoGreatest Onerdquo Akbarcertainly lived up to his name rulingIndia with wisdom and tolerancefrom 1556 to 1605

A Military Conqueror Akbar recog-nized military power as the root of hisstrength In his opinion ldquoA monarchshould ever be intent on conquest otherwise his neighbors rise in armsagainst himrdquo

Like the Safavids and the OttomansAkbar equipped his armies with heavyartillery Cannons enabled him to breakinto walled cities and extend his ruleinto much of the Deccan plateau In abrilliant move he appointed somerajputs as officers In this way he turnedpotential enemies into allies This com-bination of military power and politicalwisdom enabled Akbar to unify a landof at least 100 million peoplemdashmorethan in all of Europe put together

A Liberal Ruler Akbar was a genius at cultural blending He was aMuslim and he firmly defended reli-gious freedom He permitted peopleof other religions to practice theirfaiths He proved his tolerance bymarrying among others two Hindusa Christian and a Muslim Heallowed his wives to practice their religious rituals in the palace He proved his tol-erance again by abolishing both the tax on Hindu pilgrims and the hated jizya ortax on non-Muslims He even appointed a Spanish Jesuit to tutor his second son

Akbar governed through a bureaucracy of officials Natives and foreignersHindus and Muslims could all rise to high office This approach contributed to thequality of his government Akbarrsquos chief finance minister Todar Mal a Hindu created a clevermdashand effectivemdashtaxation policy He levied a tax similar to the present-day US graduated income tax calculating it as a percentage of the valueof the peasantsrsquo crops Because this tax was fair and affordable the number ofpeasants who paid it increased This payment brought in much needed money forthe empire

Akbarrsquos land policies had more mixed results He gave generous land grants to hisbureaucrats After they died however he reclaimed the lands and distributed them ashe saw fit On the positive side this policy prevented the growth of feudal aristocra-cies On the other hand it did not encourage dedication and hard work by the Mughalofficials Their children would not inherit the land or benefit from their parentsrsquo workSo the officials apparently saw no point in devoting themselves to their property

The Muslim World Expands 517

ComparingIn what ways

were Akbarrsquos atti-tudes toward reli-gion similar tothose of Suleymanthe Lawgiver

Lahore

Kabul

Delhi

Agra

Surat

Benares

Patna

Dacca

Calcutta

Bombay

Calicut

Cochin

Pondicherry

Madras

80deg E

Tropic of Cancer

IndusR

Ganges R

Brahmaputra R

A r a b i a nS e a B a y

o fB e n g a l

T I B E T

BENGAL

KASHMIR

PUNJAB

CEYLON

HI M

A L A Y A S

DECCANPLATEAU

0

0

300 Miles

600 Kilometers

Mughal Empire 1526 (Babur)Added by 1605 (Akbar)Added by 1707 (Aurangzeb)

Growth of the MughalEmpire 1526ndash1707

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1 Movement During which time period was the most territory

added to the Mughal Empire2 Human-Environment Interaction What landform might have

prevented the empire from expanding farther east

518 Chapter 18

A Flowering of Culture As Akbar extended the MughalEmpire he welcomed influences from the many cultures inthe empire This cultural blending affected art educationpolitics and language Persian was the language of Akbarrsquoscourt and of high culture The common people howeverspoke Hindi a mixture of Persian and a local languageHindi remains one of the most widely spoken languages inIndia today Out of the Mughal armies where soldiers ofmany backgrounds rubbed shoulders came yet another newlanguage This language was Urdu which means ldquofrom thesoldierrsquos camprdquo A blend of Arabic Persian and Hindi Urduis today the official language of Pakistan

The Arts and Literature The arts flourished at the Mughalcourt especially in the form of book illustrations Thesesmall highly detailed and colorful paintings were calledminiatures They were brought to a peak of perfection in theSafavid Empire Baburrsquos son Humayun brought two mas-ters of this art to his court to teach it to the Mughals Someof the most famous Mughal miniatures adorned theAkbarnamah (ldquoBook of Akbarrdquo) the story of the greatemperorrsquos campaigns and deeds Indian art drew fromWestern traditions as well

Hindu literature also enjoyed a revival in Akbarrsquos time Thepoet Tulsi Das for example was a contemporary of AkbarrsquosHe retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita from the fourthcentury BC Indian poem the Ramayana (rahbullMAHbullyuhbullnuh)in Hindi This retelling the Ramcaritmanas is now even morepopular than the original

Architecture Akbar devoted himself to architecture tooThe style developed under his reign is still known as Akbarperiod architecture Its massive but graceful structures are

decorated with intricate stonework that portrays Hindu themes The capital city ofFatehpur Sikri is one of the most important examples of this type of architectureAkbar had this red-sandstone city built to thank a holy man who had predicted thebirth of his first son

Akbarrsquos SuccessorsWith Akbarrsquos death in 1605 the Mughal court changed to deal with the changingtimes The next three emperors each left his mark on the Mughal Empire

Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbarrsquos son called himself Jahangir (juhbullhahnbullGEER)mdashldquoGrasper of the Worldrdquo And he certainly did hold India in a powerful grasp Itwas not his hand in the iron glove however For most of his reign he left the affairsof state to his wife

Jahangirrsquos wife was the Persian princess Nur Jahan She was a brilliant politicianwho perfectly understood the use of power As the real ruler of India she installedher father as prime minister in the Mughal court She saw Jahangirrsquos son Khusrauas her ticket to future power But when Khusrau rebelled against his father NurJahan removed him She then shifted her favor to another son

This rejection of Khusrau affected more than the political future of the empire Itwas also the basis of a long and bitter religious conflict Jahangir tried to promoteIslam in the Mughal state but was tolerant of other religions When Khusrau

DrawingConclusions

How was Akbarable to build suchan immenseempire

Akbar1542ndash1605

Akbar was brilliant and curiousespecially about religion He eveninvented a religion of his ownmdashtheldquoDivine Faithrdquomdashwhich combinedelements of Hinduism JainismChristianity and Sufism The religionattracted few followers however andoffended Muslims so much that theyattempted a brief revolt against Akbarin 1581 When he died so did theldquoDivine Faithrdquo

Surprisingly despite his wisdomand his achievements Akbar couldnot read He hired others to read tohim from his library of 24000 books

RESEARCH LINKS For more on Akbargo to classzonecom

RecognizingEffects

Which of theeffects of culturalblending do youthink is the mostsignificant Explain

These changes often reflect unique aspects of several cultures For examplebull Language Sometimes the written characters of one language are used in

another as in the case of written Chinese characters used in the Japaneselanguage In the Safavid Empire the language spoken was Persian But afterthe area converted to Islam a significant number of Arabic words appearedin the Persian language

bull Religion and ethical systems Buddhism spread throughout Asia Yet theBuddhism practiced by Tibetans is different from Japanese Zen Buddhism

bull Styles of government The concept of a democratic government spread tomany areas of the globe Although the basic principles are similar it is notpracticed exactly the same way in each country

bull Racial or ethnic blending One example is the mestizo people of mixedEuropean and Indian ancestry who live in Mexico

bull Arts and architecture Cultural styles may be incorporated or adapted intoart or architecture For example Chinese artistic elements are found inSafavid Empire tiles and carpets as well as in European paintings

The chart above shows other examples of cultural blending that have occurred overtime in various areas of the world

CASE STUDY The Safavid Empire

The Safavids Build an EmpireConquest and ongoing cultural interaction fueled the development ofthe Safavid Empire Originally the Safavids were members of anIslamic religious brotherhood named after their founder Safi al-DinIn the 15th century the Safavids aligned themselves with the Shirsquoabranch of Islam

The Safavids were also squeezed geographically between theOttomans and Uzbek tribespeople and the Mughal Empire (See the mapon page 514) To protect themselves from these potential enemies theSafavids concentrated on building a powerful army

Ismarsquoil Conquers Persia The Safavid military became a force toreckon with In 1499 a 12-year-old named Ismarsquoil (ihsbullMAHbulleel) beganto seize most of what is now Iran Two years later he completed the task

Cultural Blending

Some Resultsof Interaction

Reason for Interaction

Interacting CulturesLocation

Indiamdash1000 BC

East AfricamdashAD 700

RussiamdashAD 1000

MexicomdashAD 1500

United StatesmdashAD 1900

Aryan and Dravidian IndianArab African Indian

Islamic Christian

Christian and Slavic

Spanish and Aztec

European Asian Caribbean

Migration

Trade religious conversion

Religious conversion

Conquest

Migration religious freedom

Vedic culture forerunner of Hinduism

New trade language Swahili

Eastern ChristianityRussian identity

Mestizo culture Mexican Catholicism

Cultural diversity

Grandson ofIsmarsquoil ShahAbbas led theSafavid Empireduring its Golden Age

SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Charts1 Determining Main Ideas What are the reasons for interaction in the Americas 2 Hypothesizing What are some aspects of cultural diversity

514 Chapter 18

To celebrate his achievement hetook the ancient Persian title ofshah or king He also establishedShirsquoa Islam as the state religion

Ismarsquoil became a religious tyrantAny citizen who did not convert toShirsquoism was put to death Ismarsquoildestroyed the Sunni population ofBaghdad in his confrontation withthe Ottomans Their leader Selimthe Grim later ordered the executionof all Shirsquoa in the Ottoman EmpireAs many as 40000 died Their finalface-off took place at the Battle ofChaldiran in 1514 Using artillerythe Ottomans pounded the Safavidsinto defeat Another outcome of thebattle was to set the border betweenthe two empires It remains the bor-der today between Iran and Iraq

Ismarsquoilrsquos son Tahmasp learnedfrom the Safavidsrsquo defeat atChaldiran He adopted the use ofartillery with his military forces Heexpanded the Safavid Empire up tothe Caucasus Mountains northeastof Turkey and brought Christiansunder Safavid rule Tahmasp laidthe groundwork for the golden ageof the Safavids

A Safavid Golden AgeShah Abbas or Abbas the Great took the throne in 1587 He helped create aSafavid culture and golden age that drew from the best of the Ottoman Persianand Arab worlds

Reforms Shah Abbas reformed aspects of both military and civilian life He lim-ited the power of the military and created two new armies that would be loyal tohim alone One of these was an army of Persians The other was a force that Abbasrecruited from the Christian north and modeled after the Ottoman janissaries Heequipped both of these armies with modern artillery

Abbas also reformed his government He punished corruption severely and pro-moted only officials who proved their competence and loyalty He hired foreigners from neighboring countries to fill positions in the government

To convince European merchants that his empire was tolerant of other religionsAbbas brought members of Christian religious orders into the empire As a resultEuropeans moved into the land Then industry trade and art exchanges grewbetween the empire and European nations

A New Capital The Shah built a new capital at Esfahan With a design that coveredfour and a half miles the city was considered one of the most beautiful in the worldIt was a showplace for the many artisans both foreign and Safavid who worked onthe buildings and the objects in them For example 300 Chinese potters produced

DrawingConclusions

How didTahmasprsquos culturalborrowing lead tothe expansion ofthe Safavid Empire

Tehran

Esfahan

Shiraz

Herat

Ormuz (Hormuz)

TabrizChaldiran

Baghdad

Mosul

Basra

Azov

Trabzon

Tig

risR

Am

uD

arya

Euphrates R

Ca sp i a

nS

ea

PersianG

ulf

AralSea

MESOPOTAMIA

P E R S I A

R U S S I A

A R A B I A

UZBEKS

C A U C A S U SM

T S

40deg E

40deg N

Tropic of Cancer0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

Ottoman EmpireSafavid EmpireMughal Empire

Safavid Empire 1683

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps 1 Movement What waterways might have enabled the Safavids to

interact with other cultures2 Location Why might the Safavids not have expanded further

glazed building tiles for the buildings in the city andArmenians wove carpets

Art Works Shah Abbas brought hundreds of Chineseartisans to Esfahan Working with Safavid artists theyproduced intricate metalwork miniature paintingscalligraphy glasswork tile work and pottery Thiscollaboration gave rise to artwork that blendedChinese and Persian ideas These decorations beauti-fied the many mosques palaces and marketplaces

Carpets The most important result of Westerninfluence on the Safavids however may have beenthe demand for Persian carpets This demand helpedchange carpet weaving from a local craft to anational industry In the beginning the carpetsreflected traditional Persian themes As the empirebecame more culturally blended the designs incorporated new themes In the 16thcentury Shah Abbas sent artists to Italy to study under the Renaissance artistRaphael Rugs then began to reflect European designs

The Dynasty Declines QuicklyIn finding a successor Shah Abbas made the same mistake the Ottoman monarchSuleyman made He killed or blinded his ablest sons His incompetent grandsonSafi succeeded Abbas This pampered young prince led the Safavids down thesame road to decline that the Ottomans had taken only more quickly

In 1736 however Nadir Shah Afshar conquered land all the way to India and cre-ated an expanded empire But Nadir Shah was so cruel that one of his own troopsassassinated him With Nadir Shahrsquos death in 1747 the Safavid Empire fell apart

At the same time that the Safavids flourished cultural blending and conquest ledto the growth of a new empire in India as you will learn in Section 3

CASE STUDY 515

TERMS amp NAMES 1 For each term or name write a sentence explaining its significance bull Safavid bull Ismarsquoil bull shah bull Shah Abbas bull Esfahan

USING YOUR NOTES2 What are some examples of

cultural blending in the Safavid Empire

MAIN IDEAS3 What are the four causes of

cultural blending

4 What reforms took place in theSafavid Empire under ShahAbbas

5 Why did the Safavid Empiredecline so quickly

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

CRITICAL THINKING amp WRITING6 FORMING OPINIONS Which of the results of cultural

blending do you think has the most lasting effect on acountry Explain

7 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS How did the location of theSafavid Empire contribute to the cultural blending in the empire

8 ANALYZING MOTIVES Why might Ismarsquoil have become sointolerant of the Sunni Muslims

9 WRITING ACTIVITY Write a letterfrom Shah Abbas to a Chinese artist persuading him tocome teach and work in the Safavid Empire

CULTURAL INTERACTION

INTERNET ACTIVITY

Use the Internet to research the charge that Persian rugs are largelymade by children under the age of 14 Write a television documentaryscript detailing your research results

ComparingIn what ways

were Shah Abbasand Suleyman theLawgiver similar

Cultural BlendingCultural Blending

The Masjid-e-Imam mosque inEsfahan is abeautiful exampleof the flowering ofthe arts in theSafavid Empire

INTERNET KEYWORDchild labor rug making

516 Chapter 18

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS amp NAMES

POWER AND AUTHORITY TheMughal Empire brought TurksPersians and Indians togetherin a vast empire

The legacy of great art and deepsocial division left by theMughal Empire still influencessouthern Asia

bull Mughalbull Baburbull Akbar

bull Sikhbull Shah Jahanbull Taj Mahalbull Aurangzeb

3

Following ChronologicalOrder Create a time lineof the Mughal emperorsand their successes

TAKING NOTES

1494

Babur

SETTING THE STAGE The Gupta Empire which you read about in Chapter 7crumbled in the late 400s First Arabs invaded Then warlike Muslim tribesfrom Central Asia carved northwestern India into many small kingdoms Leaderscalled rajputs or ldquosons of kingsrdquo ruled those kingdoms The people who invadeddescended from Muslim Turks and Afghans Their leader was a descendant ofTimur the Lame and of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan They called them-selves Mughals which means ldquoMongolsrdquo The land they invaded had beenthrough a long period of turmoil

Early History of the MughalsThe 8th century began with a long bloody clash between Hindus and Muslims inthis fragmented land For almost 300 years the Muslims were able to advance onlyas far as the Indus River valley Starting around the year 1000 however well-trainedTurkish armies swept into India Led by Sultan Mahmud (muhbullMOOD) of Ghaznithey devastated Indian cities and temples in 17 brutal campaigns These attacks leftthe region weakened and vulnerable to other conquerors Delhi eventually becamethe capital of a loose empire of Turkish warlords called the Delhi Sultanate Thesesultans treated the Hindus as conquered people

Delhi Sultanate Between the 13th and 16th centuries 33 different sultans ruledthis divided territory from their seat in Delhi In 1398 Timur the Lame destroyedDelhi The city was so completely devastated that according to one witness ldquoformonths not a bird moved in the cityrdquo Delhi eventually was rebuilt But it was notuntil the 16th century that a leader arose who would unify the empire

Babur Founds an Empire In 1494 an 11-year-old boy named Babur inheriteda kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan It was only a tinykingdom and his elders soon took it away and drove him south But Babur builtup an army In the years that followed he swept down into India and laid thefoundation for the vast Mughal Empire

Babur was a brilliant general In 1526 for example he led 12000 troops tovictory against an army of 100000 commanded by a sultan of Delhi A year laterBabur also defeated a massive rajput army After Baburrsquos death his incompetentson Humayun lost most of the territory Babur had gained Baburrsquos 13-year-oldgrandson took over the throne after Humayunrsquos death

The Mughal Empire in India

Akbarrsquos Golden Age Baburrsquos grandson was called Akbarwhich means ldquoGreatest Onerdquo Akbarcertainly lived up to his name rulingIndia with wisdom and tolerancefrom 1556 to 1605

A Military Conqueror Akbar recog-nized military power as the root of hisstrength In his opinion ldquoA monarchshould ever be intent on conquest otherwise his neighbors rise in armsagainst himrdquo

Like the Safavids and the OttomansAkbar equipped his armies with heavyartillery Cannons enabled him to breakinto walled cities and extend his ruleinto much of the Deccan plateau In abrilliant move he appointed somerajputs as officers In this way he turnedpotential enemies into allies This com-bination of military power and politicalwisdom enabled Akbar to unify a landof at least 100 million peoplemdashmorethan in all of Europe put together

A Liberal Ruler Akbar was a genius at cultural blending He was aMuslim and he firmly defended reli-gious freedom He permitted peopleof other religions to practice theirfaiths He proved his tolerance bymarrying among others two Hindusa Christian and a Muslim Heallowed his wives to practice their religious rituals in the palace He proved his tol-erance again by abolishing both the tax on Hindu pilgrims and the hated jizya ortax on non-Muslims He even appointed a Spanish Jesuit to tutor his second son

Akbar governed through a bureaucracy of officials Natives and foreignersHindus and Muslims could all rise to high office This approach contributed to thequality of his government Akbarrsquos chief finance minister Todar Mal a Hindu created a clevermdashand effectivemdashtaxation policy He levied a tax similar to the present-day US graduated income tax calculating it as a percentage of the valueof the peasantsrsquo crops Because this tax was fair and affordable the number ofpeasants who paid it increased This payment brought in much needed money forthe empire

Akbarrsquos land policies had more mixed results He gave generous land grants to hisbureaucrats After they died however he reclaimed the lands and distributed them ashe saw fit On the positive side this policy prevented the growth of feudal aristocra-cies On the other hand it did not encourage dedication and hard work by the Mughalofficials Their children would not inherit the land or benefit from their parentsrsquo workSo the officials apparently saw no point in devoting themselves to their property

The Muslim World Expands 517

ComparingIn what ways

were Akbarrsquos atti-tudes toward reli-gion similar tothose of Suleymanthe Lawgiver

Lahore

Kabul

Delhi

Agra

Surat

Benares

Patna

Dacca

Calcutta

Bombay

Calicut

Cochin

Pondicherry

Madras

80deg E

Tropic of Cancer

IndusR

Ganges R

Brahmaputra R

A r a b i a nS e a B a y

o fB e n g a l

T I B E T

BENGAL

KASHMIR

PUNJAB

CEYLON

HI M

A L A Y A S

DECCANPLATEAU

0

0

300 Miles

600 Kilometers

Mughal Empire 1526 (Babur)Added by 1605 (Akbar)Added by 1707 (Aurangzeb)

Growth of the MughalEmpire 1526ndash1707

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1 Movement During which time period was the most territory

added to the Mughal Empire2 Human-Environment Interaction What landform might have

prevented the empire from expanding farther east

518 Chapter 18

A Flowering of Culture As Akbar extended the MughalEmpire he welcomed influences from the many cultures inthe empire This cultural blending affected art educationpolitics and language Persian was the language of Akbarrsquoscourt and of high culture The common people howeverspoke Hindi a mixture of Persian and a local languageHindi remains one of the most widely spoken languages inIndia today Out of the Mughal armies where soldiers ofmany backgrounds rubbed shoulders came yet another newlanguage This language was Urdu which means ldquofrom thesoldierrsquos camprdquo A blend of Arabic Persian and Hindi Urduis today the official language of Pakistan

The Arts and Literature The arts flourished at the Mughalcourt especially in the form of book illustrations Thesesmall highly detailed and colorful paintings were calledminiatures They were brought to a peak of perfection in theSafavid Empire Baburrsquos son Humayun brought two mas-ters of this art to his court to teach it to the Mughals Someof the most famous Mughal miniatures adorned theAkbarnamah (ldquoBook of Akbarrdquo) the story of the greatemperorrsquos campaigns and deeds Indian art drew fromWestern traditions as well

Hindu literature also enjoyed a revival in Akbarrsquos time Thepoet Tulsi Das for example was a contemporary of AkbarrsquosHe retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita from the fourthcentury BC Indian poem the Ramayana (rahbullMAHbullyuhbullnuh)in Hindi This retelling the Ramcaritmanas is now even morepopular than the original

Architecture Akbar devoted himself to architecture tooThe style developed under his reign is still known as Akbarperiod architecture Its massive but graceful structures are

decorated with intricate stonework that portrays Hindu themes The capital city ofFatehpur Sikri is one of the most important examples of this type of architectureAkbar had this red-sandstone city built to thank a holy man who had predicted thebirth of his first son

Akbarrsquos SuccessorsWith Akbarrsquos death in 1605 the Mughal court changed to deal with the changingtimes The next three emperors each left his mark on the Mughal Empire

Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbarrsquos son called himself Jahangir (juhbullhahnbullGEER)mdashldquoGrasper of the Worldrdquo And he certainly did hold India in a powerful grasp Itwas not his hand in the iron glove however For most of his reign he left the affairsof state to his wife

Jahangirrsquos wife was the Persian princess Nur Jahan She was a brilliant politicianwho perfectly understood the use of power As the real ruler of India she installedher father as prime minister in the Mughal court She saw Jahangirrsquos son Khusrauas her ticket to future power But when Khusrau rebelled against his father NurJahan removed him She then shifted her favor to another son

This rejection of Khusrau affected more than the political future of the empire Itwas also the basis of a long and bitter religious conflict Jahangir tried to promoteIslam in the Mughal state but was tolerant of other religions When Khusrau

DrawingConclusions

How was Akbarable to build suchan immenseempire

Akbar1542ndash1605

Akbar was brilliant and curiousespecially about religion He eveninvented a religion of his ownmdashtheldquoDivine Faithrdquomdashwhich combinedelements of Hinduism JainismChristianity and Sufism The religionattracted few followers however andoffended Muslims so much that theyattempted a brief revolt against Akbarin 1581 When he died so did theldquoDivine Faithrdquo

Surprisingly despite his wisdomand his achievements Akbar couldnot read He hired others to read tohim from his library of 24000 books

RESEARCH LINKS For more on Akbargo to classzonecom

514 Chapter 18

To celebrate his achievement hetook the ancient Persian title ofshah or king He also establishedShirsquoa Islam as the state religion

Ismarsquoil became a religious tyrantAny citizen who did not convert toShirsquoism was put to death Ismarsquoildestroyed the Sunni population ofBaghdad in his confrontation withthe Ottomans Their leader Selimthe Grim later ordered the executionof all Shirsquoa in the Ottoman EmpireAs many as 40000 died Their finalface-off took place at the Battle ofChaldiran in 1514 Using artillerythe Ottomans pounded the Safavidsinto defeat Another outcome of thebattle was to set the border betweenthe two empires It remains the bor-der today between Iran and Iraq

Ismarsquoilrsquos son Tahmasp learnedfrom the Safavidsrsquo defeat atChaldiran He adopted the use ofartillery with his military forces Heexpanded the Safavid Empire up tothe Caucasus Mountains northeastof Turkey and brought Christiansunder Safavid rule Tahmasp laidthe groundwork for the golden ageof the Safavids

A Safavid Golden AgeShah Abbas or Abbas the Great took the throne in 1587 He helped create aSafavid culture and golden age that drew from the best of the Ottoman Persianand Arab worlds

Reforms Shah Abbas reformed aspects of both military and civilian life He lim-ited the power of the military and created two new armies that would be loyal tohim alone One of these was an army of Persians The other was a force that Abbasrecruited from the Christian north and modeled after the Ottoman janissaries Heequipped both of these armies with modern artillery

Abbas also reformed his government He punished corruption severely and pro-moted only officials who proved their competence and loyalty He hired foreigners from neighboring countries to fill positions in the government

To convince European merchants that his empire was tolerant of other religionsAbbas brought members of Christian religious orders into the empire As a resultEuropeans moved into the land Then industry trade and art exchanges grewbetween the empire and European nations

A New Capital The Shah built a new capital at Esfahan With a design that coveredfour and a half miles the city was considered one of the most beautiful in the worldIt was a showplace for the many artisans both foreign and Safavid who worked onthe buildings and the objects in them For example 300 Chinese potters produced

DrawingConclusions

How didTahmasprsquos culturalborrowing lead tothe expansion ofthe Safavid Empire

Tehran

Esfahan

Shiraz

Herat

Ormuz (Hormuz)

TabrizChaldiran

Baghdad

Mosul

Basra

Azov

Trabzon

Tig

risR

Am

uD

arya

Euphrates R

Ca sp i a

nS

ea

PersianG

ulf

AralSea

MESOPOTAMIA

P E R S I A

R U S S I A

A R A B I A

UZBEKS

C A U C A S U SM

T S

40deg E

40deg N

Tropic of Cancer0 500 Miles

0 1000 Kilometers

Ottoman EmpireSafavid EmpireMughal Empire

Safavid Empire 1683

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps 1 Movement What waterways might have enabled the Safavids to

interact with other cultures2 Location Why might the Safavids not have expanded further

glazed building tiles for the buildings in the city andArmenians wove carpets

Art Works Shah Abbas brought hundreds of Chineseartisans to Esfahan Working with Safavid artists theyproduced intricate metalwork miniature paintingscalligraphy glasswork tile work and pottery Thiscollaboration gave rise to artwork that blendedChinese and Persian ideas These decorations beauti-fied the many mosques palaces and marketplaces

Carpets The most important result of Westerninfluence on the Safavids however may have beenthe demand for Persian carpets This demand helpedchange carpet weaving from a local craft to anational industry In the beginning the carpetsreflected traditional Persian themes As the empirebecame more culturally blended the designs incorporated new themes In the 16thcentury Shah Abbas sent artists to Italy to study under the Renaissance artistRaphael Rugs then began to reflect European designs

The Dynasty Declines QuicklyIn finding a successor Shah Abbas made the same mistake the Ottoman monarchSuleyman made He killed or blinded his ablest sons His incompetent grandsonSafi succeeded Abbas This pampered young prince led the Safavids down thesame road to decline that the Ottomans had taken only more quickly

In 1736 however Nadir Shah Afshar conquered land all the way to India and cre-ated an expanded empire But Nadir Shah was so cruel that one of his own troopsassassinated him With Nadir Shahrsquos death in 1747 the Safavid Empire fell apart

At the same time that the Safavids flourished cultural blending and conquest ledto the growth of a new empire in India as you will learn in Section 3

CASE STUDY 515

TERMS amp NAMES 1 For each term or name write a sentence explaining its significance bull Safavid bull Ismarsquoil bull shah bull Shah Abbas bull Esfahan

USING YOUR NOTES2 What are some examples of

cultural blending in the Safavid Empire

MAIN IDEAS3 What are the four causes of

cultural blending

4 What reforms took place in theSafavid Empire under ShahAbbas

5 Why did the Safavid Empiredecline so quickly

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

CRITICAL THINKING amp WRITING6 FORMING OPINIONS Which of the results of cultural

blending do you think has the most lasting effect on acountry Explain

7 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS How did the location of theSafavid Empire contribute to the cultural blending in the empire

8 ANALYZING MOTIVES Why might Ismarsquoil have become sointolerant of the Sunni Muslims

9 WRITING ACTIVITY Write a letterfrom Shah Abbas to a Chinese artist persuading him tocome teach and work in the Safavid Empire

CULTURAL INTERACTION

INTERNET ACTIVITY

Use the Internet to research the charge that Persian rugs are largelymade by children under the age of 14 Write a television documentaryscript detailing your research results

ComparingIn what ways

were Shah Abbasand Suleyman theLawgiver similar

Cultural BlendingCultural Blending

The Masjid-e-Imam mosque inEsfahan is abeautiful exampleof the flowering ofthe arts in theSafavid Empire

INTERNET KEYWORDchild labor rug making

516 Chapter 18

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS amp NAMES

POWER AND AUTHORITY TheMughal Empire brought TurksPersians and Indians togetherin a vast empire

The legacy of great art and deepsocial division left by theMughal Empire still influencessouthern Asia

bull Mughalbull Baburbull Akbar

bull Sikhbull Shah Jahanbull Taj Mahalbull Aurangzeb

3

Following ChronologicalOrder Create a time lineof the Mughal emperorsand their successes

TAKING NOTES

1494

Babur

SETTING THE STAGE The Gupta Empire which you read about in Chapter 7crumbled in the late 400s First Arabs invaded Then warlike Muslim tribesfrom Central Asia carved northwestern India into many small kingdoms Leaderscalled rajputs or ldquosons of kingsrdquo ruled those kingdoms The people who invadeddescended from Muslim Turks and Afghans Their leader was a descendant ofTimur the Lame and of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan They called them-selves Mughals which means ldquoMongolsrdquo The land they invaded had beenthrough a long period of turmoil

Early History of the MughalsThe 8th century began with a long bloody clash between Hindus and Muslims inthis fragmented land For almost 300 years the Muslims were able to advance onlyas far as the Indus River valley Starting around the year 1000 however well-trainedTurkish armies swept into India Led by Sultan Mahmud (muhbullMOOD) of Ghaznithey devastated Indian cities and temples in 17 brutal campaigns These attacks leftthe region weakened and vulnerable to other conquerors Delhi eventually becamethe capital of a loose empire of Turkish warlords called the Delhi Sultanate Thesesultans treated the Hindus as conquered people

Delhi Sultanate Between the 13th and 16th centuries 33 different sultans ruledthis divided territory from their seat in Delhi In 1398 Timur the Lame destroyedDelhi The city was so completely devastated that according to one witness ldquoformonths not a bird moved in the cityrdquo Delhi eventually was rebuilt But it was notuntil the 16th century that a leader arose who would unify the empire

Babur Founds an Empire In 1494 an 11-year-old boy named Babur inheriteda kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan It was only a tinykingdom and his elders soon took it away and drove him south But Babur builtup an army In the years that followed he swept down into India and laid thefoundation for the vast Mughal Empire

Babur was a brilliant general In 1526 for example he led 12000 troops tovictory against an army of 100000 commanded by a sultan of Delhi A year laterBabur also defeated a massive rajput army After Baburrsquos death his incompetentson Humayun lost most of the territory Babur had gained Baburrsquos 13-year-oldgrandson took over the throne after Humayunrsquos death

The Mughal Empire in India

Akbarrsquos Golden Age Baburrsquos grandson was called Akbarwhich means ldquoGreatest Onerdquo Akbarcertainly lived up to his name rulingIndia with wisdom and tolerancefrom 1556 to 1605

A Military Conqueror Akbar recog-nized military power as the root of hisstrength In his opinion ldquoA monarchshould ever be intent on conquest otherwise his neighbors rise in armsagainst himrdquo

Like the Safavids and the OttomansAkbar equipped his armies with heavyartillery Cannons enabled him to breakinto walled cities and extend his ruleinto much of the Deccan plateau In abrilliant move he appointed somerajputs as officers In this way he turnedpotential enemies into allies This com-bination of military power and politicalwisdom enabled Akbar to unify a landof at least 100 million peoplemdashmorethan in all of Europe put together

A Liberal Ruler Akbar was a genius at cultural blending He was aMuslim and he firmly defended reli-gious freedom He permitted peopleof other religions to practice theirfaiths He proved his tolerance bymarrying among others two Hindusa Christian and a Muslim Heallowed his wives to practice their religious rituals in the palace He proved his tol-erance again by abolishing both the tax on Hindu pilgrims and the hated jizya ortax on non-Muslims He even appointed a Spanish Jesuit to tutor his second son

Akbar governed through a bureaucracy of officials Natives and foreignersHindus and Muslims could all rise to high office This approach contributed to thequality of his government Akbarrsquos chief finance minister Todar Mal a Hindu created a clevermdashand effectivemdashtaxation policy He levied a tax similar to the present-day US graduated income tax calculating it as a percentage of the valueof the peasantsrsquo crops Because this tax was fair and affordable the number ofpeasants who paid it increased This payment brought in much needed money forthe empire

Akbarrsquos land policies had more mixed results He gave generous land grants to hisbureaucrats After they died however he reclaimed the lands and distributed them ashe saw fit On the positive side this policy prevented the growth of feudal aristocra-cies On the other hand it did not encourage dedication and hard work by the Mughalofficials Their children would not inherit the land or benefit from their parentsrsquo workSo the officials apparently saw no point in devoting themselves to their property

The Muslim World Expands 517

ComparingIn what ways

were Akbarrsquos atti-tudes toward reli-gion similar tothose of Suleymanthe Lawgiver

Lahore

Kabul

Delhi

Agra

Surat

Benares

Patna

Dacca

Calcutta

Bombay

Calicut

Cochin

Pondicherry

Madras

80deg E

Tropic of Cancer

IndusR

Ganges R

Brahmaputra R

A r a b i a nS e a B a y

o fB e n g a l

T I B E T

BENGAL

KASHMIR

PUNJAB

CEYLON

HI M

A L A Y A S

DECCANPLATEAU

0

0

300 Miles

600 Kilometers

Mughal Empire 1526 (Babur)Added by 1605 (Akbar)Added by 1707 (Aurangzeb)

Growth of the MughalEmpire 1526ndash1707

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1 Movement During which time period was the most territory

added to the Mughal Empire2 Human-Environment Interaction What landform might have

prevented the empire from expanding farther east

518 Chapter 18

A Flowering of Culture As Akbar extended the MughalEmpire he welcomed influences from the many cultures inthe empire This cultural blending affected art educationpolitics and language Persian was the language of Akbarrsquoscourt and of high culture The common people howeverspoke Hindi a mixture of Persian and a local languageHindi remains one of the most widely spoken languages inIndia today Out of the Mughal armies where soldiers ofmany backgrounds rubbed shoulders came yet another newlanguage This language was Urdu which means ldquofrom thesoldierrsquos camprdquo A blend of Arabic Persian and Hindi Urduis today the official language of Pakistan

The Arts and Literature The arts flourished at the Mughalcourt especially in the form of book illustrations Thesesmall highly detailed and colorful paintings were calledminiatures They were brought to a peak of perfection in theSafavid Empire Baburrsquos son Humayun brought two mas-ters of this art to his court to teach it to the Mughals Someof the most famous Mughal miniatures adorned theAkbarnamah (ldquoBook of Akbarrdquo) the story of the greatemperorrsquos campaigns and deeds Indian art drew fromWestern traditions as well

Hindu literature also enjoyed a revival in Akbarrsquos time Thepoet Tulsi Das for example was a contemporary of AkbarrsquosHe retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita from the fourthcentury BC Indian poem the Ramayana (rahbullMAHbullyuhbullnuh)in Hindi This retelling the Ramcaritmanas is now even morepopular than the original

Architecture Akbar devoted himself to architecture tooThe style developed under his reign is still known as Akbarperiod architecture Its massive but graceful structures are

decorated with intricate stonework that portrays Hindu themes The capital city ofFatehpur Sikri is one of the most important examples of this type of architectureAkbar had this red-sandstone city built to thank a holy man who had predicted thebirth of his first son

Akbarrsquos SuccessorsWith Akbarrsquos death in 1605 the Mughal court changed to deal with the changingtimes The next three emperors each left his mark on the Mughal Empire

Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbarrsquos son called himself Jahangir (juhbullhahnbullGEER)mdashldquoGrasper of the Worldrdquo And he certainly did hold India in a powerful grasp Itwas not his hand in the iron glove however For most of his reign he left the affairsof state to his wife

Jahangirrsquos wife was the Persian princess Nur Jahan She was a brilliant politicianwho perfectly understood the use of power As the real ruler of India she installedher father as prime minister in the Mughal court She saw Jahangirrsquos son Khusrauas her ticket to future power But when Khusrau rebelled against his father NurJahan removed him She then shifted her favor to another son

This rejection of Khusrau affected more than the political future of the empire Itwas also the basis of a long and bitter religious conflict Jahangir tried to promoteIslam in the Mughal state but was tolerant of other religions When Khusrau

DrawingConclusions

How was Akbarable to build suchan immenseempire

Akbar1542ndash1605

Akbar was brilliant and curiousespecially about religion He eveninvented a religion of his ownmdashtheldquoDivine Faithrdquomdashwhich combinedelements of Hinduism JainismChristianity and Sufism The religionattracted few followers however andoffended Muslims so much that theyattempted a brief revolt against Akbarin 1581 When he died so did theldquoDivine Faithrdquo

Surprisingly despite his wisdomand his achievements Akbar couldnot read He hired others to read tohim from his library of 24000 books

RESEARCH LINKS For more on Akbargo to classzonecom

glazed building tiles for the buildings in the city andArmenians wove carpets

Art Works Shah Abbas brought hundreds of Chineseartisans to Esfahan Working with Safavid artists theyproduced intricate metalwork miniature paintingscalligraphy glasswork tile work and pottery Thiscollaboration gave rise to artwork that blendedChinese and Persian ideas These decorations beauti-fied the many mosques palaces and marketplaces

Carpets The most important result of Westerninfluence on the Safavids however may have beenthe demand for Persian carpets This demand helpedchange carpet weaving from a local craft to anational industry In the beginning the carpetsreflected traditional Persian themes As the empirebecame more culturally blended the designs incorporated new themes In the 16thcentury Shah Abbas sent artists to Italy to study under the Renaissance artistRaphael Rugs then began to reflect European designs

The Dynasty Declines QuicklyIn finding a successor Shah Abbas made the same mistake the Ottoman monarchSuleyman made He killed or blinded his ablest sons His incompetent grandsonSafi succeeded Abbas This pampered young prince led the Safavids down thesame road to decline that the Ottomans had taken only more quickly

In 1736 however Nadir Shah Afshar conquered land all the way to India and cre-ated an expanded empire But Nadir Shah was so cruel that one of his own troopsassassinated him With Nadir Shahrsquos death in 1747 the Safavid Empire fell apart

At the same time that the Safavids flourished cultural blending and conquest ledto the growth of a new empire in India as you will learn in Section 3

CASE STUDY 515

TERMS amp NAMES 1 For each term or name write a sentence explaining its significance bull Safavid bull Ismarsquoil bull shah bull Shah Abbas bull Esfahan

USING YOUR NOTES2 What are some examples of

cultural blending in the Safavid Empire

MAIN IDEAS3 What are the four causes of

cultural blending

4 What reforms took place in theSafavid Empire under ShahAbbas

5 Why did the Safavid Empiredecline so quickly

SECTION ASSESSMENT2

CRITICAL THINKING amp WRITING6 FORMING OPINIONS Which of the results of cultural

blending do you think has the most lasting effect on acountry Explain

7 DRAWING CONCLUSIONS How did the location of theSafavid Empire contribute to the cultural blending in the empire

8 ANALYZING MOTIVES Why might Ismarsquoil have become sointolerant of the Sunni Muslims

9 WRITING ACTIVITY Write a letterfrom Shah Abbas to a Chinese artist persuading him tocome teach and work in the Safavid Empire

CULTURAL INTERACTION

INTERNET ACTIVITY

Use the Internet to research the charge that Persian rugs are largelymade by children under the age of 14 Write a television documentaryscript detailing your research results

ComparingIn what ways

were Shah Abbasand Suleyman theLawgiver similar

Cultural BlendingCultural Blending

The Masjid-e-Imam mosque inEsfahan is abeautiful exampleof the flowering ofthe arts in theSafavid Empire

INTERNET KEYWORDchild labor rug making

516 Chapter 18

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS amp NAMES

POWER AND AUTHORITY TheMughal Empire brought TurksPersians and Indians togetherin a vast empire

The legacy of great art and deepsocial division left by theMughal Empire still influencessouthern Asia

bull Mughalbull Baburbull Akbar

bull Sikhbull Shah Jahanbull Taj Mahalbull Aurangzeb

3

Following ChronologicalOrder Create a time lineof the Mughal emperorsand their successes

TAKING NOTES

1494

Babur

SETTING THE STAGE The Gupta Empire which you read about in Chapter 7crumbled in the late 400s First Arabs invaded Then warlike Muslim tribesfrom Central Asia carved northwestern India into many small kingdoms Leaderscalled rajputs or ldquosons of kingsrdquo ruled those kingdoms The people who invadeddescended from Muslim Turks and Afghans Their leader was a descendant ofTimur the Lame and of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan They called them-selves Mughals which means ldquoMongolsrdquo The land they invaded had beenthrough a long period of turmoil

Early History of the MughalsThe 8th century began with a long bloody clash between Hindus and Muslims inthis fragmented land For almost 300 years the Muslims were able to advance onlyas far as the Indus River valley Starting around the year 1000 however well-trainedTurkish armies swept into India Led by Sultan Mahmud (muhbullMOOD) of Ghaznithey devastated Indian cities and temples in 17 brutal campaigns These attacks leftthe region weakened and vulnerable to other conquerors Delhi eventually becamethe capital of a loose empire of Turkish warlords called the Delhi Sultanate Thesesultans treated the Hindus as conquered people

Delhi Sultanate Between the 13th and 16th centuries 33 different sultans ruledthis divided territory from their seat in Delhi In 1398 Timur the Lame destroyedDelhi The city was so completely devastated that according to one witness ldquoformonths not a bird moved in the cityrdquo Delhi eventually was rebuilt But it was notuntil the 16th century that a leader arose who would unify the empire

Babur Founds an Empire In 1494 an 11-year-old boy named Babur inheriteda kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan It was only a tinykingdom and his elders soon took it away and drove him south But Babur builtup an army In the years that followed he swept down into India and laid thefoundation for the vast Mughal Empire

Babur was a brilliant general In 1526 for example he led 12000 troops tovictory against an army of 100000 commanded by a sultan of Delhi A year laterBabur also defeated a massive rajput army After Baburrsquos death his incompetentson Humayun lost most of the territory Babur had gained Baburrsquos 13-year-oldgrandson took over the throne after Humayunrsquos death

The Mughal Empire in India

Akbarrsquos Golden Age Baburrsquos grandson was called Akbarwhich means ldquoGreatest Onerdquo Akbarcertainly lived up to his name rulingIndia with wisdom and tolerancefrom 1556 to 1605

A Military Conqueror Akbar recog-nized military power as the root of hisstrength In his opinion ldquoA monarchshould ever be intent on conquest otherwise his neighbors rise in armsagainst himrdquo

Like the Safavids and the OttomansAkbar equipped his armies with heavyartillery Cannons enabled him to breakinto walled cities and extend his ruleinto much of the Deccan plateau In abrilliant move he appointed somerajputs as officers In this way he turnedpotential enemies into allies This com-bination of military power and politicalwisdom enabled Akbar to unify a landof at least 100 million peoplemdashmorethan in all of Europe put together

A Liberal Ruler Akbar was a genius at cultural blending He was aMuslim and he firmly defended reli-gious freedom He permitted peopleof other religions to practice theirfaiths He proved his tolerance bymarrying among others two Hindusa Christian and a Muslim Heallowed his wives to practice their religious rituals in the palace He proved his tol-erance again by abolishing both the tax on Hindu pilgrims and the hated jizya ortax on non-Muslims He even appointed a Spanish Jesuit to tutor his second son

Akbar governed through a bureaucracy of officials Natives and foreignersHindus and Muslims could all rise to high office This approach contributed to thequality of his government Akbarrsquos chief finance minister Todar Mal a Hindu created a clevermdashand effectivemdashtaxation policy He levied a tax similar to the present-day US graduated income tax calculating it as a percentage of the valueof the peasantsrsquo crops Because this tax was fair and affordable the number ofpeasants who paid it increased This payment brought in much needed money forthe empire

Akbarrsquos land policies had more mixed results He gave generous land grants to hisbureaucrats After they died however he reclaimed the lands and distributed them ashe saw fit On the positive side this policy prevented the growth of feudal aristocra-cies On the other hand it did not encourage dedication and hard work by the Mughalofficials Their children would not inherit the land or benefit from their parentsrsquo workSo the officials apparently saw no point in devoting themselves to their property

The Muslim World Expands 517

ComparingIn what ways

were Akbarrsquos atti-tudes toward reli-gion similar tothose of Suleymanthe Lawgiver

Lahore

Kabul

Delhi

Agra

Surat

Benares

Patna

Dacca

Calcutta

Bombay

Calicut

Cochin

Pondicherry

Madras

80deg E

Tropic of Cancer

IndusR

Ganges R

Brahmaputra R

A r a b i a nS e a B a y

o fB e n g a l

T I B E T

BENGAL

KASHMIR

PUNJAB

CEYLON

HI M

A L A Y A S

DECCANPLATEAU

0

0

300 Miles

600 Kilometers

Mughal Empire 1526 (Babur)Added by 1605 (Akbar)Added by 1707 (Aurangzeb)

Growth of the MughalEmpire 1526ndash1707

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1 Movement During which time period was the most territory

added to the Mughal Empire2 Human-Environment Interaction What landform might have

prevented the empire from expanding farther east

518 Chapter 18

A Flowering of Culture As Akbar extended the MughalEmpire he welcomed influences from the many cultures inthe empire This cultural blending affected art educationpolitics and language Persian was the language of Akbarrsquoscourt and of high culture The common people howeverspoke Hindi a mixture of Persian and a local languageHindi remains one of the most widely spoken languages inIndia today Out of the Mughal armies where soldiers ofmany backgrounds rubbed shoulders came yet another newlanguage This language was Urdu which means ldquofrom thesoldierrsquos camprdquo A blend of Arabic Persian and Hindi Urduis today the official language of Pakistan

The Arts and Literature The arts flourished at the Mughalcourt especially in the form of book illustrations Thesesmall highly detailed and colorful paintings were calledminiatures They were brought to a peak of perfection in theSafavid Empire Baburrsquos son Humayun brought two mas-ters of this art to his court to teach it to the Mughals Someof the most famous Mughal miniatures adorned theAkbarnamah (ldquoBook of Akbarrdquo) the story of the greatemperorrsquos campaigns and deeds Indian art drew fromWestern traditions as well

Hindu literature also enjoyed a revival in Akbarrsquos time Thepoet Tulsi Das for example was a contemporary of AkbarrsquosHe retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita from the fourthcentury BC Indian poem the Ramayana (rahbullMAHbullyuhbullnuh)in Hindi This retelling the Ramcaritmanas is now even morepopular than the original

Architecture Akbar devoted himself to architecture tooThe style developed under his reign is still known as Akbarperiod architecture Its massive but graceful structures are

decorated with intricate stonework that portrays Hindu themes The capital city ofFatehpur Sikri is one of the most important examples of this type of architectureAkbar had this red-sandstone city built to thank a holy man who had predicted thebirth of his first son

Akbarrsquos SuccessorsWith Akbarrsquos death in 1605 the Mughal court changed to deal with the changingtimes The next three emperors each left his mark on the Mughal Empire

Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbarrsquos son called himself Jahangir (juhbullhahnbullGEER)mdashldquoGrasper of the Worldrdquo And he certainly did hold India in a powerful grasp Itwas not his hand in the iron glove however For most of his reign he left the affairsof state to his wife

Jahangirrsquos wife was the Persian princess Nur Jahan She was a brilliant politicianwho perfectly understood the use of power As the real ruler of India she installedher father as prime minister in the Mughal court She saw Jahangirrsquos son Khusrauas her ticket to future power But when Khusrau rebelled against his father NurJahan removed him She then shifted her favor to another son

This rejection of Khusrau affected more than the political future of the empire Itwas also the basis of a long and bitter religious conflict Jahangir tried to promoteIslam in the Mughal state but was tolerant of other religions When Khusrau

DrawingConclusions

How was Akbarable to build suchan immenseempire

Akbar1542ndash1605

Akbar was brilliant and curiousespecially about religion He eveninvented a religion of his ownmdashtheldquoDivine Faithrdquomdashwhich combinedelements of Hinduism JainismChristianity and Sufism The religionattracted few followers however andoffended Muslims so much that theyattempted a brief revolt against Akbarin 1581 When he died so did theldquoDivine Faithrdquo

Surprisingly despite his wisdomand his achievements Akbar couldnot read He hired others to read tohim from his library of 24000 books

RESEARCH LINKS For more on Akbargo to classzonecom

516 Chapter 18

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS amp NAMES

POWER AND AUTHORITY TheMughal Empire brought TurksPersians and Indians togetherin a vast empire

The legacy of great art and deepsocial division left by theMughal Empire still influencessouthern Asia

bull Mughalbull Baburbull Akbar

bull Sikhbull Shah Jahanbull Taj Mahalbull Aurangzeb

3

Following ChronologicalOrder Create a time lineof the Mughal emperorsand their successes

TAKING NOTES

1494

Babur

SETTING THE STAGE The Gupta Empire which you read about in Chapter 7crumbled in the late 400s First Arabs invaded Then warlike Muslim tribesfrom Central Asia carved northwestern India into many small kingdoms Leaderscalled rajputs or ldquosons of kingsrdquo ruled those kingdoms The people who invadeddescended from Muslim Turks and Afghans Their leader was a descendant ofTimur the Lame and of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan They called them-selves Mughals which means ldquoMongolsrdquo The land they invaded had beenthrough a long period of turmoil

Early History of the MughalsThe 8th century began with a long bloody clash between Hindus and Muslims inthis fragmented land For almost 300 years the Muslims were able to advance onlyas far as the Indus River valley Starting around the year 1000 however well-trainedTurkish armies swept into India Led by Sultan Mahmud (muhbullMOOD) of Ghaznithey devastated Indian cities and temples in 17 brutal campaigns These attacks leftthe region weakened and vulnerable to other conquerors Delhi eventually becamethe capital of a loose empire of Turkish warlords called the Delhi Sultanate Thesesultans treated the Hindus as conquered people

Delhi Sultanate Between the 13th and 16th centuries 33 different sultans ruledthis divided territory from their seat in Delhi In 1398 Timur the Lame destroyedDelhi The city was so completely devastated that according to one witness ldquoformonths not a bird moved in the cityrdquo Delhi eventually was rebuilt But it was notuntil the 16th century that a leader arose who would unify the empire

Babur Founds an Empire In 1494 an 11-year-old boy named Babur inheriteda kingdom in the area that is now Uzbekistan and Tajikistan It was only a tinykingdom and his elders soon took it away and drove him south But Babur builtup an army In the years that followed he swept down into India and laid thefoundation for the vast Mughal Empire

Babur was a brilliant general In 1526 for example he led 12000 troops tovictory against an army of 100000 commanded by a sultan of Delhi A year laterBabur also defeated a massive rajput army After Baburrsquos death his incompetentson Humayun lost most of the territory Babur had gained Baburrsquos 13-year-oldgrandson took over the throne after Humayunrsquos death

The Mughal Empire in India

Akbarrsquos Golden Age Baburrsquos grandson was called Akbarwhich means ldquoGreatest Onerdquo Akbarcertainly lived up to his name rulingIndia with wisdom and tolerancefrom 1556 to 1605

A Military Conqueror Akbar recog-nized military power as the root of hisstrength In his opinion ldquoA monarchshould ever be intent on conquest otherwise his neighbors rise in armsagainst himrdquo

Like the Safavids and the OttomansAkbar equipped his armies with heavyartillery Cannons enabled him to breakinto walled cities and extend his ruleinto much of the Deccan plateau In abrilliant move he appointed somerajputs as officers In this way he turnedpotential enemies into allies This com-bination of military power and politicalwisdom enabled Akbar to unify a landof at least 100 million peoplemdashmorethan in all of Europe put together

A Liberal Ruler Akbar was a genius at cultural blending He was aMuslim and he firmly defended reli-gious freedom He permitted peopleof other religions to practice theirfaiths He proved his tolerance bymarrying among others two Hindusa Christian and a Muslim Heallowed his wives to practice their religious rituals in the palace He proved his tol-erance again by abolishing both the tax on Hindu pilgrims and the hated jizya ortax on non-Muslims He even appointed a Spanish Jesuit to tutor his second son

Akbar governed through a bureaucracy of officials Natives and foreignersHindus and Muslims could all rise to high office This approach contributed to thequality of his government Akbarrsquos chief finance minister Todar Mal a Hindu created a clevermdashand effectivemdashtaxation policy He levied a tax similar to the present-day US graduated income tax calculating it as a percentage of the valueof the peasantsrsquo crops Because this tax was fair and affordable the number ofpeasants who paid it increased This payment brought in much needed money forthe empire

Akbarrsquos land policies had more mixed results He gave generous land grants to hisbureaucrats After they died however he reclaimed the lands and distributed them ashe saw fit On the positive side this policy prevented the growth of feudal aristocra-cies On the other hand it did not encourage dedication and hard work by the Mughalofficials Their children would not inherit the land or benefit from their parentsrsquo workSo the officials apparently saw no point in devoting themselves to their property

The Muslim World Expands 517

ComparingIn what ways

were Akbarrsquos atti-tudes toward reli-gion similar tothose of Suleymanthe Lawgiver

Lahore

Kabul

Delhi

Agra

Surat

Benares

Patna

Dacca

Calcutta

Bombay

Calicut

Cochin

Pondicherry

Madras

80deg E

Tropic of Cancer

IndusR

Ganges R

Brahmaputra R

A r a b i a nS e a B a y

o fB e n g a l

T I B E T

BENGAL

KASHMIR

PUNJAB

CEYLON

HI M

A L A Y A S

DECCANPLATEAU

0

0

300 Miles

600 Kilometers

Mughal Empire 1526 (Babur)Added by 1605 (Akbar)Added by 1707 (Aurangzeb)

Growth of the MughalEmpire 1526ndash1707

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1 Movement During which time period was the most territory

added to the Mughal Empire2 Human-Environment Interaction What landform might have

prevented the empire from expanding farther east

518 Chapter 18

A Flowering of Culture As Akbar extended the MughalEmpire he welcomed influences from the many cultures inthe empire This cultural blending affected art educationpolitics and language Persian was the language of Akbarrsquoscourt and of high culture The common people howeverspoke Hindi a mixture of Persian and a local languageHindi remains one of the most widely spoken languages inIndia today Out of the Mughal armies where soldiers ofmany backgrounds rubbed shoulders came yet another newlanguage This language was Urdu which means ldquofrom thesoldierrsquos camprdquo A blend of Arabic Persian and Hindi Urduis today the official language of Pakistan

The Arts and Literature The arts flourished at the Mughalcourt especially in the form of book illustrations Thesesmall highly detailed and colorful paintings were calledminiatures They were brought to a peak of perfection in theSafavid Empire Baburrsquos son Humayun brought two mas-ters of this art to his court to teach it to the Mughals Someof the most famous Mughal miniatures adorned theAkbarnamah (ldquoBook of Akbarrdquo) the story of the greatemperorrsquos campaigns and deeds Indian art drew fromWestern traditions as well

Hindu literature also enjoyed a revival in Akbarrsquos time Thepoet Tulsi Das for example was a contemporary of AkbarrsquosHe retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita from the fourthcentury BC Indian poem the Ramayana (rahbullMAHbullyuhbullnuh)in Hindi This retelling the Ramcaritmanas is now even morepopular than the original

Architecture Akbar devoted himself to architecture tooThe style developed under his reign is still known as Akbarperiod architecture Its massive but graceful structures are

decorated with intricate stonework that portrays Hindu themes The capital city ofFatehpur Sikri is one of the most important examples of this type of architectureAkbar had this red-sandstone city built to thank a holy man who had predicted thebirth of his first son

Akbarrsquos SuccessorsWith Akbarrsquos death in 1605 the Mughal court changed to deal with the changingtimes The next three emperors each left his mark on the Mughal Empire

Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbarrsquos son called himself Jahangir (juhbullhahnbullGEER)mdashldquoGrasper of the Worldrdquo And he certainly did hold India in a powerful grasp Itwas not his hand in the iron glove however For most of his reign he left the affairsof state to his wife

Jahangirrsquos wife was the Persian princess Nur Jahan She was a brilliant politicianwho perfectly understood the use of power As the real ruler of India she installedher father as prime minister in the Mughal court She saw Jahangirrsquos son Khusrauas her ticket to future power But when Khusrau rebelled against his father NurJahan removed him She then shifted her favor to another son

This rejection of Khusrau affected more than the political future of the empire Itwas also the basis of a long and bitter religious conflict Jahangir tried to promoteIslam in the Mughal state but was tolerant of other religions When Khusrau

DrawingConclusions

How was Akbarable to build suchan immenseempire

Akbar1542ndash1605

Akbar was brilliant and curiousespecially about religion He eveninvented a religion of his ownmdashtheldquoDivine Faithrdquomdashwhich combinedelements of Hinduism JainismChristianity and Sufism The religionattracted few followers however andoffended Muslims so much that theyattempted a brief revolt against Akbarin 1581 When he died so did theldquoDivine Faithrdquo

Surprisingly despite his wisdomand his achievements Akbar couldnot read He hired others to read tohim from his library of 24000 books

RESEARCH LINKS For more on Akbargo to classzonecom

Akbarrsquos Golden Age Baburrsquos grandson was called Akbarwhich means ldquoGreatest Onerdquo Akbarcertainly lived up to his name rulingIndia with wisdom and tolerancefrom 1556 to 1605

A Military Conqueror Akbar recog-nized military power as the root of hisstrength In his opinion ldquoA monarchshould ever be intent on conquest otherwise his neighbors rise in armsagainst himrdquo

Like the Safavids and the OttomansAkbar equipped his armies with heavyartillery Cannons enabled him to breakinto walled cities and extend his ruleinto much of the Deccan plateau In abrilliant move he appointed somerajputs as officers In this way he turnedpotential enemies into allies This com-bination of military power and politicalwisdom enabled Akbar to unify a landof at least 100 million peoplemdashmorethan in all of Europe put together

A Liberal Ruler Akbar was a genius at cultural blending He was aMuslim and he firmly defended reli-gious freedom He permitted peopleof other religions to practice theirfaiths He proved his tolerance bymarrying among others two Hindusa Christian and a Muslim Heallowed his wives to practice their religious rituals in the palace He proved his tol-erance again by abolishing both the tax on Hindu pilgrims and the hated jizya ortax on non-Muslims He even appointed a Spanish Jesuit to tutor his second son

Akbar governed through a bureaucracy of officials Natives and foreignersHindus and Muslims could all rise to high office This approach contributed to thequality of his government Akbarrsquos chief finance minister Todar Mal a Hindu created a clevermdashand effectivemdashtaxation policy He levied a tax similar to the present-day US graduated income tax calculating it as a percentage of the valueof the peasantsrsquo crops Because this tax was fair and affordable the number ofpeasants who paid it increased This payment brought in much needed money forthe empire

Akbarrsquos land policies had more mixed results He gave generous land grants to hisbureaucrats After they died however he reclaimed the lands and distributed them ashe saw fit On the positive side this policy prevented the growth of feudal aristocra-cies On the other hand it did not encourage dedication and hard work by the Mughalofficials Their children would not inherit the land or benefit from their parentsrsquo workSo the officials apparently saw no point in devoting themselves to their property

The Muslim World Expands 517

ComparingIn what ways

were Akbarrsquos atti-tudes toward reli-gion similar tothose of Suleymanthe Lawgiver

Lahore

Kabul

Delhi

Agra

Surat

Benares

Patna

Dacca

Calcutta

Bombay

Calicut

Cochin

Pondicherry

Madras

80deg E

Tropic of Cancer

IndusR

Ganges R

Brahmaputra R

A r a b i a nS e a B a y

o fB e n g a l

T I B E T

BENGAL

KASHMIR

PUNJAB

CEYLON

HI M

A L A Y A S

DECCANPLATEAU

0

0

300 Miles

600 Kilometers

Mughal Empire 1526 (Babur)Added by 1605 (Akbar)Added by 1707 (Aurangzeb)

Growth of the MughalEmpire 1526ndash1707

GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER Interpreting Maps1 Movement During which time period was the most territory

added to the Mughal Empire2 Human-Environment Interaction What landform might have

prevented the empire from expanding farther east

518 Chapter 18

A Flowering of Culture As Akbar extended the MughalEmpire he welcomed influences from the many cultures inthe empire This cultural blending affected art educationpolitics and language Persian was the language of Akbarrsquoscourt and of high culture The common people howeverspoke Hindi a mixture of Persian and a local languageHindi remains one of the most widely spoken languages inIndia today Out of the Mughal armies where soldiers ofmany backgrounds rubbed shoulders came yet another newlanguage This language was Urdu which means ldquofrom thesoldierrsquos camprdquo A blend of Arabic Persian and Hindi Urduis today the official language of Pakistan

The Arts and Literature The arts flourished at the Mughalcourt especially in the form of book illustrations Thesesmall highly detailed and colorful paintings were calledminiatures They were brought to a peak of perfection in theSafavid Empire Baburrsquos son Humayun brought two mas-ters of this art to his court to teach it to the Mughals Someof the most famous Mughal miniatures adorned theAkbarnamah (ldquoBook of Akbarrdquo) the story of the greatemperorrsquos campaigns and deeds Indian art drew fromWestern traditions as well

Hindu literature also enjoyed a revival in Akbarrsquos time Thepoet Tulsi Das for example was a contemporary of AkbarrsquosHe retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita from the fourthcentury BC Indian poem the Ramayana (rahbullMAHbullyuhbullnuh)in Hindi This retelling the Ramcaritmanas is now even morepopular than the original

Architecture Akbar devoted himself to architecture tooThe style developed under his reign is still known as Akbarperiod architecture Its massive but graceful structures are

decorated with intricate stonework that portrays Hindu themes The capital city ofFatehpur Sikri is one of the most important examples of this type of architectureAkbar had this red-sandstone city built to thank a holy man who had predicted thebirth of his first son

Akbarrsquos SuccessorsWith Akbarrsquos death in 1605 the Mughal court changed to deal with the changingtimes The next three emperors each left his mark on the Mughal Empire

Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbarrsquos son called himself Jahangir (juhbullhahnbullGEER)mdashldquoGrasper of the Worldrdquo And he certainly did hold India in a powerful grasp Itwas not his hand in the iron glove however For most of his reign he left the affairsof state to his wife

Jahangirrsquos wife was the Persian princess Nur Jahan She was a brilliant politicianwho perfectly understood the use of power As the real ruler of India she installedher father as prime minister in the Mughal court She saw Jahangirrsquos son Khusrauas her ticket to future power But when Khusrau rebelled against his father NurJahan removed him She then shifted her favor to another son

This rejection of Khusrau affected more than the political future of the empire Itwas also the basis of a long and bitter religious conflict Jahangir tried to promoteIslam in the Mughal state but was tolerant of other religions When Khusrau

DrawingConclusions

How was Akbarable to build suchan immenseempire

Akbar1542ndash1605

Akbar was brilliant and curiousespecially about religion He eveninvented a religion of his ownmdashtheldquoDivine Faithrdquomdashwhich combinedelements of Hinduism JainismChristianity and Sufism The religionattracted few followers however andoffended Muslims so much that theyattempted a brief revolt against Akbarin 1581 When he died so did theldquoDivine Faithrdquo

Surprisingly despite his wisdomand his achievements Akbar couldnot read He hired others to read tohim from his library of 24000 books

RESEARCH LINKS For more on Akbargo to classzonecom

518 Chapter 18

A Flowering of Culture As Akbar extended the MughalEmpire he welcomed influences from the many cultures inthe empire This cultural blending affected art educationpolitics and language Persian was the language of Akbarrsquoscourt and of high culture The common people howeverspoke Hindi a mixture of Persian and a local languageHindi remains one of the most widely spoken languages inIndia today Out of the Mughal armies where soldiers ofmany backgrounds rubbed shoulders came yet another newlanguage This language was Urdu which means ldquofrom thesoldierrsquos camprdquo A blend of Arabic Persian and Hindi Urduis today the official language of Pakistan

The Arts and Literature The arts flourished at the Mughalcourt especially in the form of book illustrations Thesesmall highly detailed and colorful paintings were calledminiatures They were brought to a peak of perfection in theSafavid Empire Baburrsquos son Humayun brought two mas-ters of this art to his court to teach it to the Mughals Someof the most famous Mughal miniatures adorned theAkbarnamah (ldquoBook of Akbarrdquo) the story of the greatemperorrsquos campaigns and deeds Indian art drew fromWestern traditions as well

Hindu literature also enjoyed a revival in Akbarrsquos time Thepoet Tulsi Das for example was a contemporary of AkbarrsquosHe retold the epic love story of Rama and Sita from the fourthcentury BC Indian poem the Ramayana (rahbullMAHbullyuhbullnuh)in Hindi This retelling the Ramcaritmanas is now even morepopular than the original

Architecture Akbar devoted himself to architecture tooThe style developed under his reign is still known as Akbarperiod architecture Its massive but graceful structures are

decorated with intricate stonework that portrays Hindu themes The capital city ofFatehpur Sikri is one of the most important examples of this type of architectureAkbar had this red-sandstone city built to thank a holy man who had predicted thebirth of his first son

Akbarrsquos SuccessorsWith Akbarrsquos death in 1605 the Mughal court changed to deal with the changingtimes The next three emperors each left his mark on the Mughal Empire

Jahangir and Nur Jahan Akbarrsquos son called himself Jahangir (juhbullhahnbullGEER)mdashldquoGrasper of the Worldrdquo And he certainly did hold India in a powerful grasp Itwas not his hand in the iron glove however For most of his reign he left the affairsof state to his wife

Jahangirrsquos wife was the Persian princess Nur Jahan She was a brilliant politicianwho perfectly understood the use of power As the real ruler of India she installedher father as prime minister in the Mughal court She saw Jahangirrsquos son Khusrauas her ticket to future power But when Khusrau rebelled against his father NurJahan removed him She then shifted her favor to another son

This rejection of Khusrau affected more than the political future of the empire Itwas also the basis of a long and bitter religious conflict Jahangir tried to promoteIslam in the Mughal state but was tolerant of other religions When Khusrau

DrawingConclusions

How was Akbarable to build suchan immenseempire

Akbar1542ndash1605

Akbar was brilliant and curiousespecially about religion He eveninvented a religion of his ownmdashtheldquoDivine Faithrdquomdashwhich combinedelements of Hinduism JainismChristianity and Sufism The religionattracted few followers however andoffended Muslims so much that theyattempted a brief revolt against Akbarin 1581 When he died so did theldquoDivine Faithrdquo

Surprisingly despite his wisdomand his achievements Akbar couldnot read He hired others to read tohim from his library of 24000 books

RESEARCH LINKS For more on Akbargo to classzonecom

rebelled he turned to the Sikhs This was a nonviolent religious group whose doc-trines blended Buddhism Hinduism and Sufism (Islamic mysticism) Their leaderGuru Arjun sheltered Khusrau and defended him In response the Mughal rulershad Arjun arrested and tortured to death The Sikhs became the target of theMughalsrsquo particular hatred

Shah Jahan Jahangirrsquos son and successor Shah Jahan could not tolerate compe-tition and secured his throne by assassinating all his possible rivals He had a greatpassion for two things beautiful buildings and his wife Mumtaz Mahal(moombullTAHZ mahbullHAHL) Nur Jahan had arranged this marriage betweenJahangirrsquos son and her niece for political reasons Shah Jahan however fell gen-uinely in love with his Persian princess

In 1631 Mumtaz Mahal died at age 39 while giving birth to her 14th child Toenshrine his wifersquos memory he ordered that a tomb be built ldquoas beautiful as she wasbeautifulrdquo Fine white marble and fabulous jewels were gathered from many partsof Asia This memorial the Taj Mahal has been called one of the most beautifulbuildings in the world Its towering marble dome and slender minaret towers looklike lace and seem to change color as the sun moves across the sky

The People Suffer But while Shah Jahan was building lovely things his countrywas suffering There was famine in the land Furthermore farmers needed tools roads and ways of irrigating their crops and dealing with Indiarsquos harsh environment What they got instead were taxes and more taxes to support the build-ing of monuments their rulersrsquo extravagant living and war

The Muslim World Expands 519

Analyzing CausesHow did the

Mughalsrsquo dislike ofthe Sikhs develop

Since World War II the subcontinent of India has seen the rise of several powerful women Unlike Nur Jahanhowever they achieved power on their ownmdashnot through their husbands

Indira Gandhi headed the Congress Party anddominated Indian politics for almost 30 years She was elected prime minister in 1966 and again in 1980Gandhi was assassinated in 1984 by Sikh separatists

Benazir Bhutto took charge of the Pakistan PeoplersquosParty after her father was executed by his politicalenemies She won election as her countryrsquos prime

minister in 1988 the first woman to run a modernMuslim state She was reelected in 1993

Khaleda Zia became Bangladeshrsquos first woman primeminister in 1991 She was reelected several times thelast time in 2001 She has made progress in empoweringwomen and girls in her nation

Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga is the presidentof Sri Lanka She was elected in 1994 with 62 percent ofthe votes cast She survived an assassination attempt in1999 and was reelected

Women Leaders of the Indian Subcontinent

Indira Gandhi Benazir Bhutto Khaleda Zia Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunga

All was not well in the royal court either When ShahJahan became ill in 1657 his four sons scrambled for thethrone The third son Aurangzeb (AWRbulluhngbullzehb)moved first and most decisively In a bitter civil war he exe-cuted his older brother who was his most serious rivalThen he arrested his father and put him in prison where hedied several years later After Shah Jahanrsquos death a mirrorwas found in his room angled so that he could look out atthe reflection of the Taj Mahal

Aurangzebrsquos Reign A master at military strategy and anaggressive empire builder Aurangzeb ruled from 1658 to1707 He expanded the Mughal holdings to their greatest sizeHowever the power of the empire weakened during his reign

This loss of power was due largely to Aurangzebrsquos oppres-sion of the people He rigidly enforced Islamic laws outlawingdrinking gambling and other activities viewed as vices Heappointed censors to police his subjectsrsquo morals and make surethey prayed at the appointed times He also tried to erase all thegains Hindus had made under Akbar For example he broughtback the hated tax on non-Muslims and dismissed Hindus fromhigh positions in his government He banned the constructionof new temples and had Hindu monuments destroyed Not surprisingly these actions outraged the Hindus

Mirrored in areflecting pool isthe Taj Mahal amonument tolove and theMughal Empire

Building the Taj MahalSome 20000 workers labored for 22years to build the famous tomb It ismade of white marble brought from250 miles away The minaret towersare about 130 feet high Thebuilding itself is 186 feet square

The design of the building is ablend of Hindu and Muslim stylesThe pointed arches are of Muslimdesign and the perforated marblewindows and doors are typical of astyle found in Hindu temples

The inside of the building is aglittering garden of thousands ofcarved marble flowers inlaid with tinyprecious stones One tiny flower oneinch square had 60 different inlays

INTERNET ACTIVITY Use the Internet totake a virtual trip to the Taj MahalCreate a brochure about the buildingGo to classzonecom for your research

520 Chapter 18

All was not well in the royal court either When ShahJahan became ill in 1657 his four sons scrambled for thethrone The third son Aurangzeb (AWRbulluhngbullzehb)moved first and most decisively In a bitter civil war he exe-cuted his older brother who was his most serious rivalThen he arrested his father and put him in prison where hedied several years later After Shah Jahanrsquos death a mirrorwas found in his room angled so that he could look out atthe reflection of the Taj Mahal

Aurangzebrsquos Reign A master at military strategy and anaggressive empire builder Aurangzeb ruled from 1658 to1707 He expanded the Mughal holdings to their greatest sizeHowever the power of the empire weakened during his reign

This loss of power was due largely to Aurangzebrsquos oppres-sion of the people He rigidly enforced Islamic laws outlawingdrinking gambling and other activities viewed as vices Heappointed censors to police his subjectsrsquo morals and make surethey prayed at the appointed times He also tried to erase all thegains Hindus had made under Akbar For example he broughtback the hated tax on non-Muslims and dismissed Hindus fromhigh positions in his government He banned the constructionof new temples and had Hindu monuments destroyed Not surprisingly these actions outraged the Hindus

Mirrored in areflecting pool isthe Taj Mahal amonument tolove and theMughal Empire

Building the Taj MahalSome 20000 workers labored for 22years to build the famous tomb It ismade of white marble brought from250 miles away The minaret towersare about 130 feet high Thebuilding itself is 186 feet square

The design of the building is ablend of Hindu and Muslim stylesThe pointed arches are of Muslimdesign and the perforated marblewindows and doors are typical of astyle found in Hindu temples

The inside of the building is aglittering garden of thousands ofcarved marble flowers inlaid with tinyprecious stones One tiny flower oneinch square had 60 different inlays

INTERNET ACTIVITY Use the Internet totake a virtual trip to the Taj MahalCreate a brochure about the buildingGo to classzonecom for your research

520 Chapter 18

The Hindu rajputs whom Akbar had converted from potential enemies to alliesrebelled Aurangzeb defeated them repeatedly but never completely In the south-west militant Hindus called Marathas founded their own state Aurangzeb capturedtheir leader but could never conquer them Meanwhile the Sikhs transformedthemselves into a militant brotherhood They began building a state in the Punjaban area in northwest India

Aurangzeb levied oppressive taxes to pay for the wars against the increasingnumbers of enemies He had done away with all taxes not authorized by Islamiclaw so he doubled the taxes on Hindu merchants This increased tax burden deep-ened the Hindusrsquo bitterness and led to further rebellion As a result Aurangzebneeded to raise more money to increase his army The more territory he conqueredthe more desperate his situation became

The Empirersquos Decline and DecayBy the end of Aurangzebrsquos reign he had drained the empire of its resources Over2 million people died in a famine while Aurangzeb was away waging war Most ofhis subjects felt little or no loyalty to him

As the power of the central state weakened the power of local lords grew AfterAurangzebrsquos death his sons fought a war of succession In fact three emperorsreigned in the first 12 years after Aurangzeb died By the end of this period theMughal emperor was nothing but a wealthy figurehead He ruled not a unitedempire but a patchwork of independent states

As the Mughal Empire rose and fell Western traders slowly built their ownpower in the region The Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach India Infact they arrived just before Babur did Next came the Dutch who in turn gaveway to the French and the English However the great Mughal emperors did notfeel threatened by the European traders Shah Jahan let the English build a forti-fied trading post at Madras In 1661 Aurangzeb casually handed them the port ofBombay Aurangzeb had no idea that he had given Indiarsquos next conquerors theirfirst foothold in a future empire

The Muslim World Expands 521

RecognizingEffects

How didAurangzebrsquos per-sonal qualities andpolitical policiesaffect the MughalEmpire

TERMS amp NAMES 1 For each term or name write a sentence explaining its significance bull Mughal bull Babur bull Akbar bull Sikh bull Shah Jahan bull Taj Mahal bull Aurangzeb

USING YOUR NOTES2 Which of the Mughal emperors

on your time line had apositive effect on the empireWhich had negative effects

MAIN IDEAS3 How did Akbar demonstrate

tolerance in his empire

4 What pattern is seen in theways individuals came topower in the Mughal Empire

5 Why did the empire weakenunder the rule of Aurangzeb

SECTION ASSESSMENT3

CREATING A BIOGRAPHY

Select one of the women leaders in Connect to Today on page 519 Research her life and write a short biography of her

CRITICAL THINKING amp WRITING6 CLARIFYING Why were Akbarrsquos tax policies so successful

7 MAKING INFERENCES Why was Nur Jahan able to hold somuch power in Jahangirrsquos court

8 EVALUATING COURSES OF ACTION Why were the policiesof Aurangzeb so destructive to the Mughal Empire

9 WRITING ACTIVITY Write acompare-and-contrast essay on the policies of Akbarand Aurangzeb Use references from the text in yourresponse

POWER AND AUTHORITY

CONNECT TO TODAY

1494

Babur

Cultural Blending inMughal IndiaAs you have read Mughal India enjoyed a golden age under Akbar Partof Akbarrsquos successmdashindeed the success of the Mughalsmdashcame from hisreligious tolerance Indiarsquos population was largely Hindu and theincoming Mughal rulers were Muslim The Mughal emperors encouragedthe blending of cultures to create a united India

This cultural integration can be seen in the art of Mughal IndiaMuslim artists focused heavily on art with ornate patterns of flowers andleaves called arabesque or geometric patterns Hindu artists creatednaturalistic and often extravagant artworks These two artistic traditionscame together and created a style unique to Mughal India As you cansee the artistic collaboration covered a wide range of art forms

ArchitectureMughal emperors brought to India a strong Muslimarchitectural tradition Indian artisans were extremelytalented with local building materialsmdashspecifically marbleand sandstone Together they created some of the moststriking and enduring architecture in the world likeHumayunrsquos Tomb shown here

Decorative ArtsDecorative work on items from daggerhandles to pottery exhibits the samecultural blending as other Mughal artforms This dagger handle shows someof the floral and geometric elementscommon in Muslim art but the realisticdepiction of the horse comes out ofthe Hindu tradition

RESEARCH LINKS For more on art inMughal India go to classzonecom

Cultural Blending inMughal IndiaAs you have read Mughal India enjoyed a golden age under Akbar Partof Akbarrsquos successmdashindeed the success of the Mughalsmdashcame from hisreligious tolerance Indiarsquos population was largely Hindu and theincoming Mughal rulers were Muslim The Mughal emperors encouragedthe blending of cultures to create a united India

This cultural integration can be seen in the art of Mughal IndiaMuslim artists focused heavily on art with ornate patterns of flowers andleaves called arabesque or geometric patterns Hindu artists creatednaturalistic and often extravagant artworks These two artistic traditionscame together and created a style unique to Mughal India As you cansee the artistic collaboration covered a wide range of art forms

ArchitectureMughal emperors brought to India a strong Muslimarchitectural tradition Indian artisans were extremelytalented with local building materialsmdashspecifically marbleand sandstone Together they created some of the moststriking and enduring architecture in the world likeHumayunrsquos Tomb shown here

Decorative ArtsDecorative work on items from daggerhandles to pottery exhibits the samecultural blending as other Mughal artforms This dagger handle shows someof the floral and geometric elementscommon in Muslim art but the realisticdepiction of the horse comes out ofthe Hindu tradition

RESEARCH LINKS For more on art inMughal India go to classzonecom

PaintingMughal painting was largely a product of the royal court Persianartists brought to court by Mughal emperors had a stronginfluence but Mughal artists quickly developed their owncharacteristics The Mughal style kept aspects of the Persianinfluencemdashparticularly the flat aerial perspective But as seen inthis colorful painting the Indian artists incorporated morenaturalism and detail from the world around them

FabricsMughal fabrics included geometric patterns found inPersian designs but Mughal weavers like other Mughalartisans also produced original designs Themes thatwere common in Mughal fabrics were landscapesanimal chases floral latticeworks and central floweringplants like the one on this tent hanging

1 Clarifying What does the art suggestabout the culture of Mughal India

See Skillbuilder Handbook page R4

2 Forming and Supporting OpinionsWhat are some modern examples ofcultural blending in art Whatelements of each culture arerepresented in the artwork Considerother art forms such as music andliterature as well

523

The Muslim World Expands

bull Delhi Sultanate loosely controls Indian subcontinent

bull Babur lays groundwork for an empire

bull Akbar controls most of sub- continent in empire

bull Aurangzeb expands to largest size

bull Take old Persian Empire

bull Expand to Caucasus Mountains

bull Build a new capital

bull Use janissary-style army to control the empire

Muslims control Middle East India North Africa

and parts of Europe

bull Move into Byzantium

bull Take Constantinople

bull Add Syria and Palestine

bull Use janissaries and devshirme to control the empire

Ottoman Empire

Safavid Empire

Mughal Empire

524 Chapter 18

TERMS amp NAMESBriefly explain the importance of each of the following to theOttoman Safavid or Mughal empires

1 Suleyman 5 Shah Abbasthe Lawgiver

2 devshirme 6 Akbar

3 janissary 7 Sikh

4 shah 8 Taj Mahal

MAIN IDEASThe Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Section 1 (pages 507ndash511)

9 Why were the Ottomans such successful conquerors

10 How did Mehmed the Conqueror show his tolerance ofother cultures

11 Why was Selimrsquos capture of Mecca Medina and Cairo sosignificant

Case Study Cultural Blending Section 2 (pages 512ndash515)

12 What are some of the causes of cultural blending in theSafavid Empire

13 In what ways did the Safavids weave foreign ideas intotheir culture

The Mughal Empire in India Section 3 (pages 516ndash523)

14 In what ways did Akbar defend religious freedom duringhis reign

15 How did Akbarrsquos successors promote religious conflict inthe empire

CRITICAL THINKING1 USING YOUR NOTES

In a diagram compare andcontrast the Mughal Empireunder Akbar the Safavid Empireunder Shah Abbas and theOttoman Empire underSuleyman I

2 EVALUATING COURSES OF ACTION How did the use of artillery change

the way empires in this chapter and lands that bordered themreacted to each other

3 RECOGNIZING EFFECTSWhat impact did religion have on

governing each of the three empires in this chapter

4 EVALUATING DECISIONSWhat was the value of treating conquered

peoples in a way that did not oppress them

5 MAKING INFERENCESWhy do you think the three empires in this chapter did notunite into one huge empire Give reasons for your answer

6 MAKING INFERENCES Conquest of new territories contributed to the growth of theMuslim empires you read about in this chapter How might ithave also hindered this growth

EMPIRE BUILDING

CULTURAL INTERACTION

POWER AND AUTHORITY

Chapter18 Assessment

Government CulturalReforms Blending

Akbar

Abbas

Suleyman

The Muslim World Expands 525

1 Interact with HistoryOn page 506 you considered how you might treat the peopleyou conquered Now that you have learned more about threeMuslim empires in what ways do you think you would changeyour policies Discuss your thoughts with a small group ofclassmates

2 WRITING ABOUT HISTORY

Think about the experience of being a janissary in the court ofSuleyman the Lawgiver Write a journal entry about your dailyactivities Consider the following

bull how a janissary was recruited

bull what jobs or activities a janissary may have done

bull the grandeur of the court of Suleyman

ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT

Use the graphs and your knowledge of world history toanswer questions 1 and 2Additional Test Practice pp S1ndashS33

1 Which empire was most densely populated

A Han

B Roman

C Mughal

D Mali

2 Of the three Asian Muslim empires shown on the graphwhich one had the smallest territory

A Ottoman

B Safavid

C Mughal

D Mali

Use the quotation from Kritovoulos a Greek historian anda governor in the court of Mehmed II and your knowledgeof world history to answer question 3

When the Sultan [Mehmed] had captured the City ofConstantinople almost his very first care was to have theCity repopulated He also undertook the further care andrepairs of it He sent an order in the form of an imperialcommand to every part of his realm that as manyinhabitants as possible be transferred to the City not onlyChristians but also his own people and many of theHebrews

KRITOVOULOS History of Mehmed the Conqueror

3 What groups of people were to be sent to Constantinople

A Hebrews and Christians

B Christians and Turks

C Christians Hebrews and Turkish Muslims

D Imperial armies

TEST PRACTICE Go to classzonecom

bull Diagnostic tests bull Strategies

bull Tutorials bull Additional practice

Creating a DatabaseThe three empires discussed in this chapter governedmany religious and ethnic groups Gather information onthe religious and ethnic makeup of the modern nations ofthe former Ottoman Safavid and Mughal empiresOrganize the information in a population database

bull Create one table for each empire

bull Make row headings for each modern nation occupyingthe lands of that empire

bull Make column headings for each ethnic group and eachreligious group

bull Insert the most recent population figures or percentagesfor each group

bull Use the final column to record the population total foreach modern nation

Comparison of Empires

0

3

6

King

dom

of M

ali

Han

Dyna

sty

Rom

an

Mug

hal

Safa

vid

Otto

man

12 1 12

34

1509

0

100

200

King

dom

of M

ali

Han

Dyna

sty

Rom

an

Mug

hal

Safa

vid

Otto

man

285

125

55 603

Territory Population

Squa

re M

iles

(in

mill

ions

)

Popu

lati

on (

in m

illio

ns)

Source Atlas of World Population History

The Muslim World Expands

bull Delhi Sultanate loosely controls Indian subcontinent

bull Babur lays groundwork for an empire

bull Akbar controls most of sub- continent in empire

bull Aurangzeb expands to largest size

bull Take old Persian Empire

bull Expand to Caucasus Mountains

bull Build a new capital

bull Use janissary-style army to control the empire

Muslims control Middle East India North Africa

and parts of Europe

bull Move into Byzantium

bull Take Constantinople

bull Add Syria and Palestine

bull Use janissaries and devshirme to control the empire

Ottoman Empire

Safavid Empire

Mughal Empire

524 Chapter 18

TERMS amp NAMESBriefly explain the importance of each of the following to theOttoman Safavid or Mughal empires

1 Suleyman 5 Shah Abbasthe Lawgiver

2 devshirme 6 Akbar

3 janissary 7 Sikh

4 shah 8 Taj Mahal

MAIN IDEASThe Ottomans Build a Vast Empire Section 1 (pages 507ndash511)

9 Why were the Ottomans such successful conquerors

10 How did Mehmed the Conqueror show his tolerance ofother cultures

11 Why was Selimrsquos capture of Mecca Medina and Cairo sosignificant

Case Study Cultural Blending Section 2 (pages 512ndash515)

12 What are some of the causes of cultural blending in theSafavid Empire

13 In what ways did the Safavids weave foreign ideas intotheir culture

The Mughal Empire in India Section 3 (pages 516ndash523)

14 In what ways did Akbar defend religious freedom duringhis reign

15 How did Akbarrsquos successors promote religious conflict inthe empire

CRITICAL THINKING1 USING YOUR NOTES

In a diagram compare andcontrast the Mughal Empireunder Akbar the Safavid Empireunder Shah Abbas and theOttoman Empire underSuleyman I

2 EVALUATING COURSES OF ACTION How did the use of artillery change

the way empires in this chapter and lands that bordered themreacted to each other

3 RECOGNIZING EFFECTSWhat impact did religion have on

governing each of the three empires in this chapter

4 EVALUATING DECISIONSWhat was the value of treating conquered

peoples in a way that did not oppress them

5 MAKING INFERENCESWhy do you think the three empires in this chapter did notunite into one huge empire Give reasons for your answer

6 MAKING INFERENCES Conquest of new territories contributed to the growth of theMuslim empires you read about in this chapter How might ithave also hindered this growth

EMPIRE BUILDING

CULTURAL INTERACTION

POWER AND AUTHORITY

Chapter18 Assessment

Government CulturalReforms Blending

Akbar

Abbas

Suleyman

The Muslim World Expands 525

1 Interact with HistoryOn page 506 you considered how you might treat the peopleyou conquered Now that you have learned more about threeMuslim empires in what ways do you think you would changeyour policies Discuss your thoughts with a small group ofclassmates

2 WRITING ABOUT HISTORY

Think about the experience of being a janissary in the court ofSuleyman the Lawgiver Write a journal entry about your dailyactivities Consider the following

bull how a janissary was recruited

bull what jobs or activities a janissary may have done

bull the grandeur of the court of Suleyman

ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT

Use the graphs and your knowledge of world history toanswer questions 1 and 2Additional Test Practice pp S1ndashS33

1 Which empire was most densely populated

A Han

B Roman

C Mughal

D Mali

2 Of the three Asian Muslim empires shown on the graphwhich one had the smallest territory

A Ottoman

B Safavid

C Mughal

D Mali

Use the quotation from Kritovoulos a Greek historian anda governor in the court of Mehmed II and your knowledgeof world history to answer question 3

When the Sultan [Mehmed] had captured the City ofConstantinople almost his very first care was to have theCity repopulated He also undertook the further care andrepairs of it He sent an order in the form of an imperialcommand to every part of his realm that as manyinhabitants as possible be transferred to the City not onlyChristians but also his own people and many of theHebrews

KRITOVOULOS History of Mehmed the Conqueror

3 What groups of people were to be sent to Constantinople

A Hebrews and Christians

B Christians and Turks

C Christians Hebrews and Turkish Muslims

D Imperial armies

TEST PRACTICE Go to classzonecom

bull Diagnostic tests bull Strategies

bull Tutorials bull Additional practice

Creating a DatabaseThe three empires discussed in this chapter governedmany religious and ethnic groups Gather information onthe religious and ethnic makeup of the modern nations ofthe former Ottoman Safavid and Mughal empiresOrganize the information in a population database

bull Create one table for each empire

bull Make row headings for each modern nation occupyingthe lands of that empire

bull Make column headings for each ethnic group and eachreligious group

bull Insert the most recent population figures or percentagesfor each group

bull Use the final column to record the population total foreach modern nation

Comparison of Empires

0

3

6

King

dom

of M

ali

Han

Dyna

sty

Rom

an

Mug

hal

Safa

vid

Otto

man

12 1 12

34

1509

0

100

200

King

dom

of M

ali

Han

Dyna

sty

Rom

an

Mug

hal

Safa

vid

Otto

man

285

125

55 603

Territory Population

Squa

re M

iles

(in

mill

ions

)

Popu

lati

on (

in m

illio

ns)

Source Atlas of World Population History

The Muslim World Expands 525

1 Interact with HistoryOn page 506 you considered how you might treat the peopleyou conquered Now that you have learned more about threeMuslim empires in what ways do you think you would changeyour policies Discuss your thoughts with a small group ofclassmates

2 WRITING ABOUT HISTORY

Think about the experience of being a janissary in the court ofSuleyman the Lawgiver Write a journal entry about your dailyactivities Consider the following

bull how a janissary was recruited

bull what jobs or activities a janissary may have done

bull the grandeur of the court of Suleyman

ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT

Use the graphs and your knowledge of world history toanswer questions 1 and 2Additional Test Practice pp S1ndashS33

1 Which empire was most densely populated

A Han

B Roman

C Mughal

D Mali

2 Of the three Asian Muslim empires shown on the graphwhich one had the smallest territory

A Ottoman

B Safavid

C Mughal

D Mali

Use the quotation from Kritovoulos a Greek historian anda governor in the court of Mehmed II and your knowledgeof world history to answer question 3

When the Sultan [Mehmed] had captured the City ofConstantinople almost his very first care was to have theCity repopulated He also undertook the further care andrepairs of it He sent an order in the form of an imperialcommand to every part of his realm that as manyinhabitants as possible be transferred to the City not onlyChristians but also his own people and many of theHebrews

KRITOVOULOS History of Mehmed the Conqueror

3 What groups of people were to be sent to Constantinople

A Hebrews and Christians

B Christians and Turks

C Christians Hebrews and Turkish Muslims

D Imperial armies

TEST PRACTICE Go to classzonecom

bull Diagnostic tests bull Strategies

bull Tutorials bull Additional practice

Creating a DatabaseThe three empires discussed in this chapter governedmany religious and ethnic groups Gather information onthe religious and ethnic makeup of the modern nations ofthe former Ottoman Safavid and Mughal empiresOrganize the information in a population database

bull Create one table for each empire

bull Make row headings for each modern nation occupyingthe lands of that empire

bull Make column headings for each ethnic group and eachreligious group

bull Insert the most recent population figures or percentagesfor each group

bull Use the final column to record the population total foreach modern nation

Comparison of Empires

0

3

6

King

dom

of M

ali

Han

Dyna

sty

Rom

an

Mug

hal

Safa

vid

Otto

man

12 1 12

34

1509

0

100

200

King

dom

of M

ali

Han

Dyna

sty

Rom

an

Mug

hal

Safa

vid

Otto

man

285

125

55 603

Territory Population

Squa

re M

iles

(in

mill

ions

)

Popu

lati

on (

in m

illio

ns)

Source Atlas of World Population History