presenter: marcela kepicova, abd, ma, eds, lpc, ncc
DESCRIPTION
Changes in Leisure Activity Involvement in Widowed Older Adults: Revitalizing Lives through Volunteering . Presenter: Marcela Kepicova, ABD, MA, EdS, LPC, NCC. Ph.D. in Counselor Education Program Montclair State University. Objectives for Today’s Discussio n. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Presenter:Marcela Kepicova, ABD, MA, EdS, LPC, NCC
CHANGES IN LEISURE ACTIVITY INVOLVEMENT IN WIDOWED OLDER ADULTS:REVITALIZING LIVES THROUGH VOLUNTEERING
Ph.D. in Counselor Education ProgramMontclair State University
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Objectives for Today’s Discussion
• Define older adult (OA) retirees and the challenges and strengths associated with this population• Identify widowed vs non-widowed OA• Describe transition – spousal loss and grieving process• Compare widowed and non-widowed in terms of their health and functioning• Highlight gender differences • Discuss the importance of proactive intervention and effective strategies to improve life after spousal loss
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Older Adults (OA) in the US in 2010• Age 65 and older
• 13 % of the total population (40.3 million)• 20 % of the total population (88.5 million) -projected OA population in 2050• 9 % of OA lived in poverty• 9.1 million were veterans of the armed forces• 16.1 % were in labor force in 2010 • 21.3 % earned a bachelor’s degree or higher• Older Adults (85-94) fastest growing population (3.9 million to 5.1)• 18 % of OA live in Florida ( West Virginia, Maine, Pennsylvania, Iowa)
• http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p60-239.pdf>
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Diversity in AO• 80 % White• 8.3 % Black/AA• 7 % Hispanic• 3.3 % Asian• 0.5 % Native American
• 57% married• 27 % widowed• 90 males per 100 females 65 and older (in 1990: 82 males per
100 females)• 58 males per 100 females 85 and older (in 1900: 45 males per
100 females)
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Marital Status
Married Widowed Divorced/Separated Single/Never Married0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
45
37
14
4
72
12 125
Women Men
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Life-Span Developmental Gain and LossAdults aged 65 and above who identify as retired• Physical• Cognitive• Social• Emotional• Existential• Strengths
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Work and Meaning in Life• Having more meaning has been positively associated with work enjoyment (Bonebright, Clay, & Ankenmann, 2000)
• Meaning in life is also positively correlated with life satisfaction (Chamberlain & Zika, 1988)
• Establishing meaning through work or volunteer activities can• bolster self-esteem• increase self-efficacy• establish a greater sense of independence• provide opportunities for interpersonal connections
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Importance of Life Themes
Human beings spend a majority of their lives working, making meaning of their work, and establishing satisfying life through work and social connections (Blustein, 2006)
OAs that engage in post-retirement work or volunteering report more positive levels of mental well-being than those who do not work or volunteer (Schwingel, A., Niti, M.M.,& Pin Ng, T., 2009)
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Life Satisfaction: Contributing Factors
•Health (physical and/or psychological)•Marital status•Social Support•Work/Leisure activities•High Level of Life Changes•Religion/Spirituality•Hope
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Spousal Loss In Older Adulthood• The death of a spouse: one of the most common and stressful negative live event (10 million OA widowed)
• Grieving Process/Adaptation to Loss• Widowed OAs came closest to complete adaptation to their
loss and returned to pre-loss levels of happiness by the eight year of widowhood• (Lucas et al., 2003)
Bereavement has been associated with affecting widows’:- Physical health- Mental health- Social functioning - Economics
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Widowed vs Non-widowed OAs•Widowed OAs have:
• Lower levels of psychological well-being•Higher levels of depressive symptoms• Lower levels of life satisfaction•Higher level of grief and distress•More difficulties with physical abilities and socialization •More deteriorating physical health •Greater declines in social functioning
• (Arbuckle & de Vries, 1995; Chen at al., 1999; Hagedoorn et al., 2006; Wilcox et al., 2003)
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What Can Improve Life of Widowed OAs?
•Social support• Intimate attachment•Engaging in pleasant activities•Leisure activities (physical, formal, informal)• Modality for experiencing positive emotions • Positive context for adjustment after negative events• Association between participation in activities and stress reduction • Participation in leisure activities can have possible social and health benefits for OA
• (Janke et al., 2008; Kleiber et al., 2002; Lewinsohn, 1975; Uchino et al., 1996)
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Four Behavioral TypesPhone conversations, walking, movies, museums, exhibitions, vacations, music, restaurants, taking courses and reading books,
•Expanders•Reducers•Concentrators•Diffusers• (Nimrod, G. Janke, M.C., Kleiber, D. A. (2009). Expanding, Reducing, Concentrating and Diffusing:
Activity patterns of Recent Retirees in the United States. Leisure Sciences, 31, 37-52)
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Definitions
•Expenders: OAs who participate in a large number of activities at a higher frequency•Reducers: OAs who participate in the same or in a fewer activities at the same or lower frequency•Concentrators: OAs who participate in the same or in a fewer activities, but at the higher frequency•Diffusers: OAs who participate in a large number of activities but at the same or at a lower frequency
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Expenders
•35% of the respondents•significantly higher life satisfaction than reducers•Higher SES•Good health•Highly participating in activities
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Reducers
•43 % of the respondents•Less education•Lower SES•More health problems•Minimal participation in activities
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Concentrators
•11% of the respondents•Significantly higher life satisfaction than reducers•Higher level of education•Good health •Financially stable
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Diffusers
•11% of the respondents•Life satisfaction did not differ from the rest of the sample•Relatively high level of education•Fair financial situation•Fair health•Highly participating in activities
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Gender Differences in Widowed OAs
• Continuity Theory – OAs tend to continue some types of activities in later life or after retirement
• The pattern of participation in leisure activities might change after a spousal loss (lost partner with whom one can participate)
• Gender factor• Men and Women are often involved in different types of leisure
activities across the lifespan
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Gender Differences In Widowed OAs-cont
• participate more in social and formal leisure activities• report more barriers to leisure
participation• report more social anxiety, • have higher levels of
depressive symptoms• have lower levels of self-
efficacy,• are more likely to share their
emotions • are more confident about their
social contacts and support
• participate more in physical activities, • report high levels of
psychological disturbance and • report more depressive
symptoms which leads to failure to cope• do not share their emotions• are not very confident about
their social contacts and support
Women Men
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Changes in Leisure activities in Widowed OAs
• 40% of OAs after spousal loss continued to participate in visiting or talking with friends and family members
• 33% of OAs continued to participate in sports or exercise
• Majority of OAs continued (40%) or increased (20%) participation in religious activities, and outdoors activities
• Those who ceased participation in leisure activities reported higher levels of depressive symptoms
•Widowers report more functional impairment, less involvement in visiting and talking activities, less involvement in sports and religious activities then widows
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Interventions• Proactive Approach/Primary Prevention• Reaching out and educating health care professional ( e.g., physicians, nurse
practitioners, registered nurses, senior centers, etc.)
• Strategies when working with widowed OAs• Psychoeducation• Life Circle Activity• Then and Now Activity• Work Graph Activity • Career Diamond
• Wraparound Approach • Widowed OA• Health care professional• Family members• Community members• Religious representatives
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Then and Now Activity
• Computer/internet 5Xweek
• Hiking 2Xweek
• TV 7Xweek
• Time with children 1Xweek
• Computer/internet 7Xweek
• Hiking 4Xweek
• TV 7Xweek
• Time with children 3Xweek
• Dining out 1Xweek
• Dancing 1Xweek
PAST Present
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Life Portions: Present
10%
40%
5%20%
25%
Series1
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Life Portions: Future
60%
10%
5%
5%
20%Series1
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Career DiamondIllustrates basic movement of career develop process
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Questions?