presentation work on water resourses

8/8/2019 Presentation Work on Water Resourses

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WATER

- 71% of the earth is covered with water- only 0.014% is available fresh water- needed for all life on the planet.- water sculpts the earth- moderates climate and dilutes pollutants



PHYSICAL NATURE OF WATER

- exists as a liquid over a wide ranges oftemperatures.

- can store large amounts of heat.- can dissolve a variety of compounds.- water can break down into H+ and OH-.- strong attractive forces between

molecules cause high surface tensionand high wetting ability.

- unlike most liquids, water expands whenit freezes.



E COLOGICAL EFFE C T S OF

WATER Water carries Nutrients

Provides Habitat Flood Plains provide mostproductive farmland

Hydrological cycle recycles waterto provide fresh water



FRE SH WATER

Fresh water is a renewableresource, yet the world·s supply

of clean, fresh water is steadilydecreasing.Water demandalready exceeds supply in many

parts of the world and as theworld population continuesto rise, so too does the waterdemand.



U SE S OF FRE SH WATER

Uses of fresh water can be categorized as:

1.Consumptive: A use of water isconsumptive if that water is notimmediately available for another use.Loses to sub-surface seepage andevaporation are considered consumptive,as in water incorporated into a product.



2.Non-consumptive: water that

can be treated and returned as

surface water, such as sewage,is generally considered non-

consumptive if that water can

be put to additional use.



U SE S OF WATER

1. AGRICULTURE: 69% of worldwidewater use is for irrigation, with 15-35% o

irrigation withdrawals being unsustainableThey are of two types:(a) less efficient- less expensive

- Disadvantages(i) water evaporates(ii)runs off or drainsbelow the root zone.



(b) more efficient- more expensive- advantages

(i) greater potential tominimize the run off,drainage and evaporation.



2.INDUSTRIAL: 22% worldwide wateruse is industrial. Major industrial usersinclude:

(i) Power Plants which use water forcooling.(ii) Ore and Oil refineries which use

water in chemical process.

(iii) Manufacturing plants which use wateras a solvent.



3. HOUSEHOLD: 8% of worldwide water

use is for household purposes.These include drinking water, bathing,cooking, sanitation and gardening.

4. RECREATIONAL: Recreational wateruse is usually a very small but growingpercentage of total water use.

Recreational water use is mostly tied toreservoirs. Release of water from a fewreservoirs is also timed to enhanceboating, water skeins, nature andenthusiasts and swimmer.



5.ENVIRONMETAL ACTIVITIES:Environmental water use is also very smallbut growing percentage of total water use.

Environmental water usage includesartificial lakes intended to create wildlifehabitat, fish ladders, and water releasesfrom reservoirs timed to help fish spawn.



SOUR CE SOF WATER

1. SURFACEWATER: Surface water iswater in a river, lake or fresh water

wetland.2.GROUNDWATER: Ground water, isfresh water located in the pore space ofsoil and rocks. Its also water that isflowing within aquifers below the watertable. The natural input is seepage fromsurface water the natural output is

springs and seepage to the oceans.



3. DESALINATION: It is an artificial

process by which saline water is convertedto fresh water. The most commondesalination process are distillation andreverse osmosis.

4. FROZENWATER: Several schemeshave been proposed to make use of

iceberg as a water sources. Glaciersrunoff is considered to be surface water.



WATER CR ISIS

It applies to the situation where there is

not enough water for all uses, whetheragricultural, industrial or domestic. Below1000 cubic meters, water scarcity begins

to hamper economic development andhuman health and well being.



REASONS FORWATER CRISIS

1. POPULATION GROWTH:Water

demand will increase unless there arecorresponding increases in waterconservation and recycling of this vital

resource.



2.EXPANSION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITY:Business activity ranging fromindustrialization to services such astourism and entertainment continues toexpand rapidly. This expansion requiresincreased water services including bothsupply and sanitation, which can lead to

more pressure on water resources andnatural ecosystem.



3.RAPID URBANISATION: The trendtowards urbanization is accelerating.Urbanization requires significantinvestment in water infrastructure inorder to deliver water to individuals.4. CLIMATE CHANGE: Climate changecould have significant impacts on water

resources around the world because ofthe close connections between the climateand hydrological cycle.



5.DEPUTATION OF AQUIFERS:D ue to theexpanding human population, competition forwater is growing such that many of the worldsmajor aquifers are becoming depleted. This isdue to both for direct human consumption as well

as agricultural irrigation by ground water.6.POPULATION AND WATER PROTECTION:water pollution is one of the main concern of the

world today. Many pollutants threatens watersupplies, sewage, sludge, garbage, chemicalwastes and even toxic pollutants are all dumpedinto water.



ISSUE S REQUIR I NG

IMMEDIATE ATTENT ION



REDUC T ION I N S TORAGE OF RE SERVOIR S

Result of survey of 114 reservoirsindicates:

More than 25% reduction in usefulcapacity in 47 reservoirs

In some cases, reduction in storagecapacity > 50%



GROUND WATER EXPLOI TAT ION

Concentration of dark &overexploited blocks in Rajasthan,Punjab, Tamilnadu, Haryana &

Gujarat



WATER QUAL I T Y

Reverie Length (km)

High Pollution 6086

Moderate Pollution 8691

Relatively clean 30242



POOR EFF ICIENCY Efficiency of irrigation systemrelatively very low

Present level of efficiency

-surface water: 35-40%

-- ground water: 65-70%

Scope for further improvement

-surface water: 60%

-- Ground water: 75%



OP T ION S FOR EFF ICIENT U SE

OF WATER To go for rain water harvestingTo introduce micro irrigation with

fertigation in a larger scaleTo introduce high tech farming withpost harvest techniquesTo ensure protection of farmproduce till it reaches the consumers.

Consumption of Water forAgriculture is 80%



This has to be reduced by adopting conveyanceefficient techniques.

Like Micro irrigation, Pressure irrigation andflow irrigation using pipes

Increase the storage condition of aquifer byproviding farm ponds and rejuvenation of wellsetc

Using cropping practices, tilling practices, toreduce water consumption

Increasing the yield per ha by using less water.



ADVANTAGE S OF MICRO IRR IGAT ION

Low application rate

Uniformity of applicationrate

Precision placement of water efficient fertilizer and che-mical application

Better control of root zoneenvironment

Crop yield enhancement quality improvement of produce improved disease control discouraged weed growth

effective saving of irrigation water lesser use of power reduce labour cost suitable for difficult land terrain ideal for marginal lands Maintains soil health

Suitable for inferior quality water



RE CHARGI NG OF WELL SIncreases ground water potentialWater available for pumping for more number of daysImproves the aquifers of near by wells alsoThe works are:

- Raising the bund height across the slope- Provide farm pit / check dam to store water near well- Allow surface run off to enter the well through fieldchannel to enter the well from the filter pit

-Renovation of side walls if they are badly damaged-Boring in wells horizontal or vertical holes to tap the water from theweathered zone to improve the water level , this ensures less pumpinghours and thus reduction in consumption in electricity-200 wells are suggested at Rs. 40 lakhs @ Rs. 20,000 / well



DA MSAND WATER RE SOUR CE S

The first known dams were constructedabout eight thousand yrs ago inMesopotamia .

Dams built in Jordan and Egypt 1100 BC

Dujiang irrigation project in China 300 BC² 800,000 hectares

Large dams in the world (>15m high )-- In 1949 some 5000 existed

-- By 2000 , there were 45,000



ROLE OF DA MS

Tailings Dam , River Rimac ,PERU

Frequently

Contains ManyToxic Materials .



ROLE OF DA MS

Cowlitz Falls Dams , LewisRiver , Washington

PowerGeneration



ROLE OF DA MS

Kariba Dam , Zimbabwe

General Purpose

Water Supply

EnergyGeneration

Large AreaInundated

Change In Fish



ROLE OF DA MS

Hollands DamsHold Back theSea

Flood Control

GreatEnvironmental

Change Acceptedas Positive



NEGAT I VE IMPAC T S OF DA MS

Inundated Lands.Displaced People.Changes in River Regime.Changes of Habitat.

Dam Safety Concerns.Predicted Benefits notAchieved.

presentation work on water resourses

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