presentation on water

8/9/2019 Presentation on Water

1/38

WATERWATER


2/38

The overall volumeThe overall volumeof water on the Earthof water on the Earthis of aroundis of around

1.400.000.000 cubic1.400.000.000 cubickilometers, 97% ofkilometers, 97% ofwhich is sea orwhich is sea orbrackish water.brackish water.


3/38

Out of the remaining 39Out of the remaining 39million cubic kilometersmillion cubic kilometersof fresh water, only 10of fresh water, only 10millionmillion

are usable (the restare usable (the rest

This amounts to aThis amounts to apercentage of 1%percentage of 1%

usable to Man. Butusable to Man. Buteven this smalleven this smallamount is rapidlyamount is rapidlydecreasing...decreasing...


4/38

"All too often, water is treated as an"All too often, water is treated as aninfinite free good. Yet even whereinfinite free good. Yet even wheresupplies are sufficient or plentiful, theysupplies are sufficient or plentiful, theyare increasingly at risk from pollutionare increasingly at risk from pollution

and rising demandFierce nationaland rising demandFierce nationalcompetition over water resources hascompetition over water resources hasprompted fears that water issuesprompted fears that water issuescontain the seeds of violent conflict.contain the seeds of violent conflict.

UN Secretary-General, Kofi AnnanUN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan


5/38

WATERWATER

AS AAS A

RESOURCERESOURCE


6/38

I.1. WI.1. WATERATER

What is water? More thanWhat is water? More thanan element, it is the fonsan element, it is the fonset origo: the source andet origo: the source andorigin of all life.origin of all life.

Chemically, water is aChemically, water is acompound of hydrogen andcompound of hydrogen andoxygen, its moleculeoxygen, its moleculeconsists of two atoms ofconsists of two atoms of

hydrogen and one atom ofhydrogen and one atom ofoxygen - H2O. However, itsoxygen - H2O. However, itschemical and physicalchemical and physical

properties still remain aproperties still remain a

mystery in many ways.mystery in many ways.


7/38

I.2. WI.2. WATERATER AAROUND THEROUND THE WWORLDORLD

Despite the fact that it is an intrinsic part of the world, water isDespite the fact that it is an intrinsic part of the world, water is

actually quite ill distributed geographically.actually quite ill distributed geographically.

23 countries in the world hold 66% of all the usable23 countries in the world hold 66% of all the usablewater available. In these, 70% of all water is usedwater available. In these, 70% of all water is usedfor agriculture, 20% for industry and only 10% forfor agriculture, 20% for industry and only 10% fordomestic and public consumption.domestic and public consumption.


8/38


9/38

I.3. DI.3. DESERTIFICATIONESERTIFICATION


10/38


Arid regions account for31% of all the land on theplanet and 40% of theseregions are affected by

the process ofdesertification.Considering also the factthat the sea level is slowly

rising, it is clear that theinequitable distribution ofwater across the planet isa problem which isbecoming ever more

serious.


11/38


But water isomnipresent andeternal: Mankind is

simply spoiling


12/38

I.4. RI.4. RISKING AISKING A RRESOURCEESOURCE

Water is not an infinite resource, though we often rashlyWater is not an infinite resource, though we often rashly

consider it so.consider it so.

While the quantity of wateravailable on earth remainsconstant, demand hasbeen increasing: over thenext 20 years, needs willcontinue to rise along with

population growth andindustrial development.

Since it has already beenreduced by half over the

past 50 years through thisincreased demand,

disparities in waterresource distribution are

In parallel with theseIn parallel with thesedemographic anddemographic andeconomic trends, pollutioneconomic trends, pollution whether urban, industrial whether urban, industrialor agricultural in origin or agricultural in origin continues to have acontinues to have asustained impact on thesustained impact on thequantity and quality ofquantity and quality of

fresh water.fresh water.Oil spills andOil spills andrunoff sewerage accountrunoff sewerage accountfor the slow destruction offor the slow destruction ofthis element.this element.


13/38

I.4. RI.4. RISKING AISKING A RRESOURCEESOURCE

Water is not only the origin and motor of life: for many species,Water is not only the origin and motor of life: for many species,

it is its very environment and habitat.it is its very environment and habitat.

Rain forests are in grave danger ofRain forests are in grave danger ofdisappearing in the next decades.disappearing in the next decades.Coral reefs are threatened byCoral reefs are threatened by

pollution and over-exposure topollution and over-exposure to

human activity. The future doeshuman activity. The future doesnot bode well for the thousands ofnot bode well for the thousands ofanimal species on water-heavyanimal species on water-heavyenvironments.environments.


14/38

WWATERATER CCONSUMPTION (per day)ONSUMPTION (per day)::. drinking water (1.5 liters). drinking water (1.5 liters)

. water in food (0.9 liters). water in food (0.9 liters)

. water produced during the. water produced during the

metabolism of food (0.6 liters)metabolism of food (0.6 liters)

WWATERATER DDISPOSAL (per day)ISPOSAL (per day)::. respiration (0.5 liters). respiration (0.5 liters)

. sweating and transpiration: 0.9. sweating and transpiration: 0.9

litersliters

. urine (1.5 liters). urine (1.5 liters)

. feces (0.1 liters). feces (0.1 liters)

WWATERATER

UUSE (per day)SE (per day)

::

. Saliva: about 1 liter. Saliva: about 1 liter

. Gastric juice: between 2 and 2.5 liters. Gastric juice: between 2 and 2.5 liters

. Bile: 0.5 liters. Bile: 0.5 liters

. Pancreatic juice: 0.7 liters. Pancreatic juice: 0.7 liters

. Intestinal secretion: about 3 liters. Intestinal secretion: about 3 liters

. Blood contains between 3 and 4 liters. Blood contains between 3 and 4 litersof water.of water.

I.5. WI.5. WATER IN OURATER IN OUR BBODYODY

70% of your body is water70% of your body is water(approx. 55 to 60 litres) - without it,(approx. 55 to 60 litres) - without it,

you would be poisoned to death byyou would be poisoned to death by

your own waste products.your own waste products.

95% of the time when you are95% of the time when you are

foggy or unclear it is due to lackfoggy or unclear it is due to lackof water.of water. Dehydration is the number oneDehydration is the number one

trigger of daytime fatigue,trigger of daytime fatigue,

nausea, headaches, lethargy andnausea, headaches, lethargy and

constipation.constipation. Thousands risk kidney damage,Thousands risk kidney damage,

impaired liver function and urinaryimpaired liver function and urinarytract infection by not drinkingtract infection by not drinking

enough plain water.enough plain water.

Just a 5% drop in body waterJust a 5% drop in body water

will cause up to a 30% loss ofwill cause up to a 30% loss of

energy in the average person.energy in the average person.


15/38

TEMPERATURE:Contrary to popularbelief, mineral water is not better whencold. Its optimum state is at roomtemperature: 15 to 18 degreesCelsius.SHELF-LIFE:Water is very susceptible tocontamination from air contact. Whenopen, drink a water bottle within a

maximum period of 48 hours. Still orsparkiling waters in plastic containersshould be consumed in 2 years time atmost.KEEP IT SAFE:Keep water away from direct sunlight (e.g. on acars dashboard) and, obviously, never put it next to cleaning

or toxic products. And NEVER freeze mineral water bottles.

I.5.1 CI.5.1 CONSUMINGONSUMING WWATERATER

Water can be tasted, just likeWater can be tasted, just likewine, and has its ownwine, and has its owncharacteristics:characteristics:


16/38

Whydowefeelsocomfortablenearwater?

Whydowefeelsocomfortablenearwater?


17/38

I.6 TI.6 THERMALHERMAL BBATHSATHS

Water is both therapeutic and comforting: our body andWater is both therapeutic and comforting: our body and

mind responds very positively to its presence and touch.mind responds very positively to its presence and touch.

Spas, with their thermal waters,Spas, with their thermal waters,enjoy tremendous success, and areenjoy tremendous success, and areoften recommended for healthoften recommended for health

purposes. The mineral substancespurposes. The mineral substances

carried by the moving, bubblingcarried by the moving, bubblingwaters are slowly absorbed by thewaters are slowly absorbed by thebathers, and water naturally relaxesbathers, and water naturally relaxesmuscles.muscles.

In Portugal, there are manyIn Portugal, there are manyfamous thermal spas,famous thermal spas,including Castelo de Vide,including Castelo de Vide,Caldas da Rainha, VidagoCaldas da Rainha, Vidago

and Gers.and Gers.


18/38

WATERWATER AND THEAND THE ARTSARTS


19/38

II.1 WII.1 WATER ANDATER AND LLITERATUREITERATURE

It is water in the form of the seaIt is water in the form of the seathat has most captured thethat has most captured theimagination of authors. The seaimagination of authors. The sea

"keeps eternal whisperings around /"keeps eternal whisperings around /Desolate shores," the poet JohnDesolate shores," the poet JohnKeats observed, and those "eternalKeats observed, and those "eternalwhisperings" have been decipheredwhisperings" have been decipheredby writers for centuries, fromby writers for centuries, from

Homer and Daniel Defoe to WaltHomer and Daniel Defoe to WaltWhitman and Edgar Alan Poe andWhitman and Edgar Alan Poe and

Joseph Conrad, from Samuel TaylorJoseph Conrad, from Samuel TaylorColeridge's "Coleridge's "The Rime of theThe Rime of the

Ancient MarinerAncient Mariner" and Herman" and Herman'' --

"Surely the sea / is the most beautiful face in our"Surely the sea / is the most beautiful face in our

universe," the poet Mary Oliver declares. And rightly so.universe," the poet Mary Oliver declares. And rightly so.


20/38

Throughout history, composersThroughout history, composershave been asked to write musichave been asked to write music

to be "played upon the water."to be "played upon the water."

Venetian musicians composedVenetian musicians composed

brass music for barges. The mostbrass music for barges. The mostcelebrated piece of such musiccelebrated piece of such music

was composed in England, bywas composed in England, by

Handel, for a 1717 party forHandel, for a 1717 party for

George I upon the Thames.George I upon the Thames.

Musical Imagery of WaterMusical Imagery of WaterMusical Theater andMusical Theater and

OperaOpera

John Adams John Adams The Death of KlinghofferThe Death of Klinghoffer

Gillbert and Sullivan Gillbert and Sullivan GondoliersGondoliers

Pietro Mascagni Pietro Mascagni IrisIris

Cole Porter Cole Porter Anything GoesAnything Goes

Rodgers and Hammerstein Rodgers and Hammerstein SouthSouthPacificPacific

Frederic Chopin Frederic Chopin Prelude, op. 28, no.Prelude, op. 28, no.15, The Raindrop15, The Raindrop

Claude Debussy Claude Debussy La CathdralLa CathdralEnglout, La Mer, Reflets de leauEnglout, La Mer, Reflets de leau

Maurice Ravel Maurice Ravel Jeux deauJeux deau

Ludwig van Beethoven -Ludwig van Beethoven - Symphony No.Symphony No.6, movement 4 "The Thunderstorm"6, movement 4 "The Thunderstorm"

Antonio Vivaldi Antonio Vivaldi 2 concerti, RV 253 and2 concerti, RV 253 and433, La Tempesta di mare433, La Tempesta di mare

II.3.1 WII.3.1 WATER ANDATER AND MMUSICUSIC

Water has inspired countless composers and is veryWater has inspired countless composers and is very

much present in most of the music that echoes throughmuch present in most of the music that echoes through

the ages.the ages.

Throughout history, water inspired composers asThroughout history, water inspired composers asmusical inspiration: as the backdrop for opera andmusical inspiration: as the backdrop for opera andmusical theater, as an image to be represented inmusical theater, as an image to be represented inmusical sound, or a natural sound imitated in music.musical sound, or a natural sound imitated in music.

Bedrich Smetana The Moldau from MaVlast


21/38

Water Organ or HydraulisWater Organ or Hydraulis

Water DrumsWater Drums

Water GongWater Gong

Produces sound using pressureProduces sound using pressure

generated by falling water as thegenerated by falling water as the

energy source.energy source.

Modern use of traditional gongs andModern use of traditional gongs and

tam-tams. The instrument was strucktam-tams. The instrument was struck

and then lowered into a tub of waterand then lowered into a tub of water

which lowered its pitch.which lowered its pitch.

II.3.2. WII.3.2. WATERYATERY IINSTRUMENTSNSTRUMENTS

Water is not only an inspiration and an imagery resourceWater is not only an inspiration and an imagery resource

to music it can also shape its very sound.to music it can also shape its very sound.

Existent in many cultures and in manyExistent in many cultures and in many

forms. Basically a drum within a drum,forms. Basically a drum within a drum,

with the inner instrument being filledwith the inner instrument being filled

with various amounts of water.with various amounts of water.


22/38

II.4. WII.4. WATER ANDATER AND PPAINTINGAINTING

Water is more frequentlyWater is more frequentlyseen as a symbol of changeseen as a symbol of changeand cleansing, mainly of:and cleansing, mainly of:

TTRANSFORMATIONRANSFORMATION

PPURIFICATIONURIFICATION

LLIFE & YOUTHIFE & YOUTH

PPASSAGEASSAGE

DDESTRUCTION /ESTRUCTION / TTRANQUILITYRANQUILITY

MMOTIONOTION

Water is omnipresent in all forms of artistic expression. PaintingWater is omnipresent in all forms of artistic expression. Painting

is no exception. Water is more than a liquid: its a symbol, anis no exception. Water is more than a liquid: its a symbol, an

icon, a metaphor. It is anything that the artist desires.icon, a metaphor. It is anything that the artist desires.


23/38

II.4.1 TII.4.1 THEHE WWATERS OFATERS OFYYOUTHOUTH

A form of immortality is the chance to become youthfulA form of immortality is the chance to become youthful

again.again.

Bathing or imbibing theBathing or imbibing thewaters of the Fountain ofwaters of the Fountain ofLife conferred immortality.Life conferred immortality.It is said the Alexander theIt is said the Alexander the

Great, who travelled to theGreat, who travelled to theworld's end, was searchingworld's end, was searchingfor the fountain offor the fountain ofimmortality.immortality.

Belief in the existance of aBelief in the existance of a"Fountain of Youth" was so"Fountain of Youth" was so

strong that in 1513, thestrong that in 1513, thegovernor of Puerto Rico,governor of Puerto Rico,Ponce de Leon, set off withPonce de Leon, set off withthree ships to find it in thethree ships to find it in the

land of Bimini (instead heland of Bimini (instead hediscovered Florida).discovered Florida).Lucas Cranach The Elder,Lucas Cranach The Elder, The Fountain of YouthThe Fountain of Youth, c. 1516, c. 1516


24/38

II.4.2. WII.4.2. WATER:ATER:TTRANSFORMATIONRANSFORMATION

Water as the cause of physical transformation orWater as the cause of physical transformation or

metamorphosis.metamorphosis.

An example of water beingAn example of water beingused to transform is the Greekused to transform is the Greekmythological story, told bymythological story, told byOvid in the Metamorphoses, ofOvid in the Metamorphoses, of

the hunter goddess Artemisthe hunter goddess Artemis(Diana) and the mortal hunter(Diana) and the mortal hunter

Actaeon.Actaeon.

Artemis (Diana) has manyArtemis (Diana) has many

connections with water, beingconnections with water, beinga female goddess, having aa female goddess, having aspecial aura of mystery andspecial aura of mystery and

psychological uncertaintypsychological uncertainty

about her and controlling theabout her and controlling thetides.tides.


25/38

II.4.3. TII.4.3. THEHE WWATERS OFATERS OF PPASSAGEASSAGE

Thomas Cole,Thomas Cole, The Voyage of Life: YouthThe Voyage of Life: Youth,,18421842

Fountains and rivers share the symbolism of the originFountains and rivers share the symbolism of the origin

of life.of life.


26/38


Thomas Cole,Thomas Cole, The Voyage of Life: ManhoodThe Voyage of Life: Manhood,,18421842


of life.of life.


27/38


Thomas Cole,Thomas Cole, The Voyage of Life: Old AgeThe Voyage of Life: Old Age,,18421842


of life.of life.

A river can also symbolize abarrier separating twodifferent realms. In ancientEgypt, the dead pharaohwas carried across the Nile,from east to west, to beburied. The idea of passingfrom the side of life to theside of death, is also foundin classical belief of the

souls of the dead having tobe rowed across the riverStyx to the underworld bythe ferryman Charon.

The flow of a river to the

sea may signify the flowof life from birth todeath. A winding streamis a symbol of thetortuous course of humanlife. To descend a rivercan also be understoodas symbolic of life'sjourney down the "Riverof Life.


28/38

II.4.4. BII.4.4. BOTTICELLIS OTTICELLIS VVENUSENUS

BOTTICELLI, Sandro, The Birth of Venus (1486)BOTTICELLI, Sandro, The Birth of Venus (1486)

Aphrodite (Venus)

was the daughter ofUranus, whose sexualorgans, cut intopieces by Kronos, fellinto the oceans.Aphrodite was born

from the sprayproduced by this fall.Zephyrus, the wind ofthe west, saw thegoddess surge out ofthe waters and led

her to Cyprus on ahuge conch shell.There the Hours (theSeasons) clothed herbefore taking her toOlympus, the home of

the gods.

The winged couple,Zephyrus and hiscompanion, Chloris (orFlora), goddess of flowers

and fertility.The shell was also a Christian symbolrepresenting female sensuality andfertility. The notion of fertility is alsorepresented by the water of theoceans, the giver of life.

In the Middle Ages,certain symbols ofantique Venus, such asroses, were attributed tothe Virgin Mary.

The painting is in triptych form. Itbreaks with the classical static postureof the painted subjects, instead electing

dynamic movement.


29/38


30/38

RELIGION &RELIGION &

MYTHOLOGYMYTHOLOGY


31/38

"In the beginning, God created"In the beginning, God created

the heavens and the earth. Thethe heavens and the earth. Theearth was without form andearth was without form and

void, and darkness was uponvoid, and darkness was uponthe face of the deep; and thethe face of the deep; and theSpirit of God was moving overSpirit of God was moving over

the face of the waters" (Gen.the face of the waters" (Gen.1:1-2).1:1-2).


32/38

III.1. RIII.1. RELIGION ANDELIGION AND MMYTHOLOGYYTHOLOGY

In religion, water is used as a symbol and as a ritual object. TheIn religion, water is used as a symbol and as a ritual object. The

use of water is laden with symbolic content, as well as itsuse of water is laden with symbolic content, as well as its

function.function.

In virtually all of theIn virtually all of thereligions of the world,religions of the world,water is present in somewater is present in someform. Whether as aform. Whether as acleansing and purifyingcleansing and purifyingelement, involved in deepelement, involved in deepand mystical rituals, or asand mystical rituals, or asan anthropomorphosizedan anthropomorphosized

symbol ofsymbol ofdestruction/creation, thedestruction/creation, thewidespread appreciation ofwidespread appreciation ofwater in all religions is awater in all religions is a

credit to its inherent valuecredit to its inherent valueto Humanit .to Humanit .

2 CIII 2 C


33/38

III.2. CIII.2. CHRISTIANITYHRISTIANITY

Andrea del VerrocchioAndrea del VerrocchioBaptism of Christ,Baptism of Christ, 1472-751472-75

Baptism is one of the most important rituals of the ChristianBaptism is one of the most important rituals of the Christian

church, but water is also a major symbolic force in Christendom.church, but water is also a major symbolic force in Christendom.

Baptism is a symbol ofBaptism is a symbol ofliberation from theliberation from theoppression of sin thatoppression of sin thatseparates us fromseparates us fromGod.God. Catholics believe thatCatholics believe thatthe stain of the original sinthe stain of the original sinis actually removed uponis actually removed uponthe baptism ritual.the baptism ritual. In mostIn most

Western churches todayWestern churches todaythe rite is performed bythe rite is performed by

pouring water over thepouring water over thehead three times (affusion)head three times (affusion)

and sometimes sprinklingand sometimes sprinklingwater over the headwater over the head

Washing in waterWashing in water

could alsocould alsosymbolically removesymbolically removespiritual dirt and guilt.spiritual dirt and guilt.In the Bible, PontiusIn the Bible, PontiusPilate is famous forPilate is famous for"washing his hands" of"washing his hands" of

Holy water is water which is blessedHoly water is water which is blessedfor use in certain rites, especially atfor use in certain rites, especially atthe Easter Vigil. The custom ofthe Easter Vigil. The custom ofsprinkling people with water at masssprinkling people with water at mass

began in the 9th century.began in the 9th century.

III 3 OIII 3 O


34/38

III.3. OIII.3. OTHER RELIGIONSTHER RELIGIONS

Water plays a major role in most major religions, especially inWater plays a major role in most major religions, especially in

certain rites and celebrations.certain rites and celebrations.

HINDUISMHINDUISM

All water is sacred to Hinduism. Burial grounds are alwaysAll water is sacred to Hinduism. Burial grounds are alwayslocated near rivers. Holy places are generally on the bankslocated near rivers. Holy places are generally on the banksof rivers, or other sites near water. Washing and cleansingof rivers, or other sites near water. Washing and cleansingare also extremely important for Hindus.are also extremely important for Hindus.

ISLAMISMISLAMISM

Similar to Hinduism, Islamism also ritualizes the processesSimilar to Hinduism, Islamism also ritualizes the processesof washing and cleansingof washing and cleansing (tahara(tahara), especially before), especially beforecarrying out religious duties like thecarrying out religious duties like the salatsalat (worship).(worship).Fountains are sometimes found in mosques.Fountains are sometimes found in mosques.

JUDAISMJUDAISM

Significant stories of the Great Flood and the parting of theSignificant stories of the Great Flood and the parting of theRed Sea reveal an intimate connection of Judaism withRed Sea reveal an intimate connection of Judaism withwater. There are also many rituals involving water,water. There are also many rituals involving water,including theincluding the mikvehmikveh, a ritual bath used for cleansing after, a ritual bath used for cleansing after

contact with a dead body or after menstruation.contact with a dead body or after menstruation.

III 4 1 WIII 4 1 W MM


35/38

III.4.1 WIII.4.1 WATER ANDATER AND MMYTHOLOGYYTHOLOGY

Water harbours many mysteries. What lies beneath theWater harbours many mysteries. What lies beneath the

surface of the waters? Men have speculated and wonderedsurface of the waters? Men have speculated and wondered

and told tales and told tales

Since the dawn of time,Since the dawn of time,monsters and fantasticmonsters and fantasticcreatures have beencreatures have beenassociated with water and,associated with water and,

in particular, the sea.in particular, the sea.Adamastor is a mythAdamastor is a mythdeeply enrooted indeeply enrooted inPortuguese culture, butPortuguese culture, but

there are sea monstersthere are sea monstersfar more realistic...far more realistic...

III 4 2 MIII 4 2 M S SS S


36/38

In mythology, theIn mythology, thetreacherousness of watertreacherousness of wateris personified as alluringis personified as alluringand irresistible womenand irresistible women

without souls who lurewithout souls who lureunwary men to a wateryunwary men to a waterydeath. They may appeardeath. They may appearas mermaids, sirens,as mermaids, sirens,undines, ladies of theundines, ladies of thelake, nixies, or waterlake, nixies, or waternymphs.nymphs.

III.4.2 MIII.4.2 MERMAIDS ANDERMAIDS AND SSIRENSIRENS

Almost every civilization has believed that life began in theAlmost every civilization has believed that life began in the

sea and so water has been identified as female andsea and so water has been identified as female and

associated with women.associated with women.

John William Waterhouse,John William Waterhouse, The SirenThe Siren,,

c. 1900c. 1900

John William Waterhouse,John William Waterhouse,AA

MermaidMermaid, c. 1901, c. 1901

More than just commonMore than just commondemonic entities,demonic entities,mermaids and sirensmermaids and sirensrepresent an embodimentrepresent an embodiment

of the spirit of water,of the spirit of water,wrapping it in a femininewrapping it in a femininesensuality: the mystery,sensuality: the mystery,the danger, the seductivethe danger, the seductive

allure, treading the fineallure, treading the fineline between physicalline between physicalpassion and unspeakablepassion and unspeakableperil.peril.

III 4 2 MIII 4 2 M SERMAIDS AND SS SIRENS


37/38

III.4.2 MIII.4.2 MERMAIDS ANDERMAIDS AND SSIRENSIRENS

When Hylas, a Greekprince, went to fetchwater from the sacredspring of Pegae, he waslured into the water bythe water nymphs anddrowned.

To resist the song ofTo resist the song of

the sirens, Ulyssesthe sirens, Ulyssesfilled the ears of hisfilled the ears of hiscrew members withcrew members withwax so they couldn'twax so they couldn't

hear and had himselfhear and had himselftied to the mast of his

Mermaids and sirens are omnipresent in classic mythologyMermaids and sirens are omnipresent in classic mythology

and play a significant role in more recent traditionaland play a significant role in more recent traditional

folklore, namely Celtic.folklore, namely Celtic.


38/38

THE ENDTHE END

presentation on water

Documents