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MORAL DEVELOPMENT

&

NORMATIVE AND DISCREPTIVE CONCPET OF MD

AARISH,ANKUR,ANKIT,DEEPTI,NIKITA,PRIYANKA,RANJAIT,SHOUVICK



CONTENT

y Moral development

y Kohlbergs Six Stages

y Normative concept

y Descriptive concept

y Conclusion



Moral Development

y Moral Development - the processof acquiring a sense of right and

wrong.

y Moral development is the processthrough which human developproper attitudes and behaviorstowards other people in society,

based on social and culturalnorms, rules, and laws.



Moral development

y Moral development involves thought, feelings andbehaviors regarding standards of right and wrong.

y Moral development consists of intrapersonal andinterpersonal dimensions.



Kohlbergs Six Stages of Moral Development

y Kohlberg's Moral Ladder

y Post conventionaly Conventional

y Pre-conventional

Ideally people should progress through the 3 stagesas part of normal development



Level 1 (Pre-Conventional)

A t this level children conform to rules imposed by authority figures in order to obtain rewards and avoidpunishment. Moral decisions are based onCONSEQUENCES of an act, not intentionality

For e.g. I will do what I am supposed to do In order toavoid punishment.



PrePre--conventional Morality conventional Morality

Stage 1:Stage 1: PunishmentPunishment--Obedience OrientationObedience Orientation

yy

The person's behavior is mainly governed by deferenceThe person's behavior is mainly governed by deferenceto superior power.to superior power.

yy He doesnt question this power, his concern is to avoidHe doesnt question this power, his concern is to avoid

(physical) punishment.(physical) punishment.

yy Physical effects of an action determine whether itsPhysical effects of an action determine whether itsgood or bad act.good or bad act.



Example:E

xample:yy A child may not cheat in a game with his big brother A child may not cheat in a game with his big brother

because of what his brother may do to him if he isbecause of what his brother may do to him if he iscaught.caught.

yy He doest not avoid cheating because he values honestHe doest not avoid cheating because he values honestbehavior.behavior.

yy The person thinks its okay to cheat so long as youThe person thinks its okay to cheat so long as youdont get caughtdont get caught



Pre-conventional Morality

Stage 2: Personal Reward/Interest Orientation

y

In this stage, a person is slightly more developed. Heconsiders right action to be anything that satisfies hispersonal needs, or sometimes the needs of others.

You scratch my back, Ill scratch yours is the standardof moral practice.

He is willing to share equally with another person,but for his own sake.



Level 2 (Conventional)

At this level, the individual strives to obey the rules setforth by others in order to win praise and recognition or tomaintain social order.

e.g.:-I will do what I supposed to do as things work outbetter when everyone follows the rules.



Conventional Morality Conventional Morality

Stage 3:Stage 3: The good boy/good girl OrientationThe good boy/good girl Orientation

yy At the conventional level, the persons behavior is At the conventional level, the persons behavior isoriented toward pleasing others.oriented toward pleasing others.

yy His concern is finding acceptance.His concern is finding acceptance.

yy He seeks approval by being nice.He seeks approval by being nice.

yy The important rule of behavior for the person in thisThe important rule of behavior for the person in thislevel is his intention.level is his intention.



Conventional Morality

Stage 4: A Law and Order Orientation

y The persons behavior in this level focuses on doingones duty.

y He is loyal to existing authority.

y He obeys the laws and promotes keeping the

established order.

y He finds self-respect in fulfilling his obligations.



Level 3 (Post-Conventional)

Moral standards are internalized and become the person'sown.

e.g.:- I will do (or wont do) what I am supposed to dobecause I think ( or dont think) it is the right thing to do.



Post-conventional Morality Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation

y Finally at the Post-conventional level, we find a moredeveloped moral behavior emerge. The person beginsto describe right action in terms of what society hascritically examined and agreed to.

y The person carries with him some of his stage foursensitivities about ones duty toward the system.



Post-conventional Morality

Stage 6: Conscience Orientation

y In this stage, the person makes decisions of

conscience and is guided by self chosen ethicalprinciple.

y He holds these principles even if it means goingagainst the rule of the majority.

y

The person operates according to the universalethical principles of justice, equality of human life,and respect for the dignity of human being asindividual person.



EXA MPLE

y In Europe, a woman was near death from cancer. One drugmight save her, a form of radium that a druggist in the sametown had recently discovered. The druggist was charging$2,000, ten times what the drug cost him to make. The sick woman¶s husband, Heinz, went to everyone he knew toborrow the money, but he could get together about half of what it cost. He told the druggist that his wife was dying

and asked him to sell it cheaper or let him pay it later. Butthe druggist said, ³no.´ The husband got desperate andbroke into the man¶s store to steal the drug for his wife.



DESCRIPTIVE CONCEPT

y Its refers to personal or cultural values, code of conduct or social mores that distinguishbetween right and wrong in the human society.

y Describing morality in this way is not making aclaim about what is objectively right or wrong,but only referring to what is considered right or wrong by people.

y For the most part right and wrong acts areclassified as such because they are thought tocause benefit or harm, but it is possible thatmany moral beliefs are based on prejudice,

ignorance or even hatred.



NOR M ATIVE CONCEPTy

Its refers directly to what is right and wrong, regardless of what specific individuals think.

y It could be defined as the conduct of the ideal "moral" person

in a certain situation.

y This usage of the term is characterized by "definitivestatements such as "That act is immoral" rather thandescriptive ones such as "Many believe that act is immoral."

y It is often challenged by a moral skepticism, in which theunchanging existence of a rigid, universal, objective moral"truth" is rejected, and supported by moral realism, in which

the existence of this "truth" is accepted.



CONCLUSION

y A person become morally developed when he/she startsdifferentiating between right and wrong.

y

It is important to keep in mind that a person operates at avariety of levels.

y Equally important to remember is that a person advancesfrom one stage to another sequentially-in order. Just as achild doest not become an adult without passing through

adolescence, so must a person before reaching Stage Sixmust pass through Stage Four and Five.



THANK Y OU

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