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PRAKTIKUM 5. POULTRY
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES IN ANIMAL SCIENCE (EAPAS)ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES IN ANIMAL SCIENCE (EAPAS)
• Diskusikan dalam kelompok bacaan dibawah ini, tandai dan catat kosa-katayang belum anda mengerti. Terjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia
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• Pelajari dengan seksama artikel dengan judul EXPLORING POULTRY INDUSTRY• Jawab pertanyaan pada halaman 3-4
1. What is a layer?2. How long does it typically take for broilers to be ready for market?3. At what age do chickens typically begin egg production?4. What are the four classes of chickens used in the United States?5. What is the most common breed of turkey in the United States?6. 6. Name at least four duck breeds used for meat.7. 7. What is the most common duck breed used for meat production?8. 8. Name two duck breeds used for egg production.
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Exploring the Poultry Industry
THE POULTRY INDUSTRY deals with domesticated birds
used for meat, eggs, and feathers. Chickens are the
most common part of the poultry industry, but turkeys,
ducks, and geese are also included. The poultry industry
consists of four main areas of production: broiler, egg,
pullet, and breeder bird.
Objectives:
� 1. Describe poultry as organisms and identifyexternal parts.
2. Define poultry terms.
3. Explain production systems and marketingof poultry.
4. List and describe kinds and breeds of poultry.
Key Terms:
�
Poultry as Organisms
Poultry is the group name for all domesticated birds used for meat, eggs, or feathers. Poul-
try are also referred to as birds and fowl. These birds have wings, backbones, and feathers;
some can even swim.
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bantam
broiler
chick
cockerel
drake
duckling
gander
goose
gosling
hen
layer
poult
poultry
pullet
rooster
tom
The main difference between poultry and other animals is that they have different digestive
and reproductive systems. The poultry digestive system includes a gizzard to make up for not
having teeth. Reproduction entails egg laying after mating. Another interesting point on poul-
try reproduction is that artificial insemination is often needed because some birds lack the agil-
ity and the desire to mate naturally. Broad-breasted turkeys are the best example.
Externally, most birds are very similar. There are features on the heads and necks of birds
that help to identify them.
Poultry Terminology
Chickens are classified as layers or broilers. A layer is a chicken used to produce large
quantities of eggs. Eggs are used for food and to produce chicks. A broiler is a young chicken
that weighs about 4 pounds, is six
to seven weeks old, and is used
for meat because of its tenderness.
Chickens are grouped by sex
and age. A baby chicken of either
sex is called a chick. A young
male chicken is called a cock-
erel. A mature male is called a
rooster. A young female chicken
is called a pullet. A mature
female is called a hen. Hen also
refers to a mature female duck,
turkey, or pheasant. A miniature
chicken is called a bantam.
Turkeys also have names for
specific types. An adult male tur-
key is called a tom or a gobbler. A
young turkey of either sex is a
poult.
Ducks have down that grows
under the feathers. A drake is a
mature male duck.
A duckling is a young duck of
either sex.
A young goose is referred to as
a gosling. A mature male is
called a gander. A mature female
is called a goose.
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FIGURE 1. Broilers are used primarily for their meat.
FIGURE 2. Chicks are baby chickens of either sex.
Poultry Production Systems and Marketing
Chickens are the main form of consumed poultry, so they will be focused on. There are
four areas of poultry production. Each has specific marketing options.
Ups and downs in supply and demand occur for all kinds of poultry production. For exam-
ple, turkeys will sell better during the Thanksgiving season. Eggs will be more in demand
around Christmas when many people are baking.
BROILER PRODUCTION
Production of broilers involves producing as much meat as possible as quickly as possible to
acquire maximum profit. Most broilers are raised in large facilities for six to seven weeks
before going to market. This time is declining, however, as producers use improved practices.
Nutrition and environment are closely monitored for ideal broiler production.
Nearly all broilers are grown under contract between farmer and processor. About 99 per-
cent of broilers raised in the United States are marketed in this way. The contract between the
farmer and the processor defines the terms of payment. Other marketing options include sell-
ing live broilers at auctions, to dealers, or to processing plants.
EGG PRODUCTION
Egg production requires farmers to produce high-quality eggs for consumption. To be suc-
cessful, producers must provide an ideal environment for the hens. Management of hens
focuses on proper housing and nutrition. It is also very important to keep all eggs clean and to
prevent them from breaking. Marketing eggs is often done under contract, like broilers. Other
options include selling to local buyers or through cooperatives. Since eggs are very delicate,
they must be handled carefully in any marketing option to ensure profit and food quality.
PULLET PRODUCTION
Pullet production systems raise hens for laying purposes. They raise day-old female chicks
into replacement hens. Management focuses on keeping a healthy environment for chicks.
Producers raise the pullets until they are 20 weeks old. They then deliver the pullets to a laying
farm where the hens will begin egg production at about 24 weeks of age. Marketing of pullets
is done between pullet producers and egg producers.
BREEDER-BIRD PRODUCTION
Breeder-bird production systems grow pullets and cockerels for fertile egg production.
These eggs are hatched, and the birds become broilers. Marketing for breeder birds includes
selling under contract with a poultry company.
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Kinds and Breeds of Poultry
Knowing breeds of poultry is important when deciding what type of bird to raise. Four
classes of chickens are used in the United States: American, Asiatic, English, and Mediterra-
nean. They have characteristics that identify them, including color of eggs, skin, eyes, earlobes,
and plumage. American breeds raised in the United States include White Plymouth Rock,
Rhode Island Red, and New Hampshire. Asiatic breeds are not very common in America.
English breeds raised in the United States include Australorp and Cornish. The most popular
Mediterranean breed raised in the United States is the Leghorn. Breeds typically used for meat
and egg production include the White Plymouth Rock and New Hampshire. Breeds used for
egg production only include Rhode Island Red, Australorp, and Leghorn. Cornish are primar-
ily raised for meat production only.
Turkeys come in many varieties, but the Broad Breasted Large White is the most commonly
grown bird in the United States. It was developed from crosses. The males have black beards,
and all birds have white feet, beaks, and shanks.
Duck breeds used for meat include the Call, Swedish, Rouen, Pekin (commonly called
White Pekin), Aylesbury, Muscovy, and Cayuga. The White Pekin is the most commonly used
bird for meat production. The breed originated in China. White Pekins weigh 8 pounds at
maturity and are white feathered with yellow skin. They are nervous birds that have white-
tinted eggs. Egg-laying breeds include Khaki Campbell and Indian Runner.
Geese are also raised in the United States. They are used for meat, eggs, feathers, down, and
the weeding of crops. The five most common breeds of geese are Toulouse, Embden, Chinese,
Pilgrim, and African.
Summary:
� Poultry is the term used to describe all domesticated birds used for meat, eggs, andfeathers. The poultry industry consists of four main areas of production: broiler,egg, pullet, and breeder bird. Broiler production is the growing of birds for meat.Egg production involves keeping layers to produce eggs for human consumption.Pullet production is the raising of hens that will be used for laying purposes.Breeder-bird production involves growing pullets and cockerels for fertile egg pro-duction.
Checking Your Knowledge:
� 1. What is a layer?
2. How long does it typically take for broilers to be ready for market?
3. At what age do chickens typically begin egg production?
4. What are the four classes of chickens used in the United States?
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5. What is the most common breed of turkey in the United States?
6. Name at least four duck breeds used for meat.
7. What is the most common duck breed used for meat production?
8. Name two duck breeds used for egg production.
Expanding Your Knowledge:
� Interview a local chicken producer and discuss his or her preferred breed ofchicken. Determine why the producer has a preference for that breed.
Web Links:
� Chicken Production
http://www.antwifarms.com/chickenhome.shtml
The Poultry Site
http://www.thepoultrysite.com/
Poultry Extension—Penn State Department of Poultry Science
http://poultryextension.psu.edu/
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