Ural

B AY O F B E N G A L

I N D I A N O C E A N

S O U T HC H I N A

S E A

PAC I F I CO C E A N

Y E L LOWS E A

A RA B I A N S E A

M E D I T E R RA N E A N S E A

B LAC K S E A

CASP IA

N

SEA

A RA LS E A

PERSIAN GULF GULF OF OMAN

RED

SEA

Nile

Danube

Volg

a

Amu Darya (Oxus)

Aras

Syr Darya (Iaxartes)

Rhone

Seine

Tigris

Arva

ndEuphrates

Huang He

Chang

Jiang

Braham

aputraGanges

Mekong

Indu

s

PLATEAU OF TIBET

EURASIAN STEPPES

GOBI DESERT

MONGOLIAN STEPPES

ARABIANPENINSULA

BORNEO

IRANIAN PLATEAU

MESOPOTAMIA

ANATOLIA

BALKANS

INDIAN SUBCONTINENT

CENTRAL ASIA

KOREAN

PENINSULA

CAUCASUS

JAVA

CHINA

JAPA

N

Athens

Venice

Rome

Lisbon

Porto

Cordoba Granada

Fez

Tripoli

Valencia

Barcelona

GenoaLyon

Gaza

Aden

CanaSan’a

Salalah

HormuzSiraf

Karachi

Taxila

Xinjiang

Barygaza

Goa

Calicut Pondicherry

Madras

Pegu

Beijing(Khanbalik)

Loyang

HangzhouNingboWuhan

NanjingYangzhou

BusanGyengju

OsakaFukuoka

SeoulPyongyang

Penglai

Nara

Dunhuang

Turfan

Urumqi

Kuqa

Xi'an(Changan)

Chengdu

Nagasaki

Hanoi

Cattigara(Haiphong)

Hội AnBolinao

Canton(Ghuangzhou)

Macau

Zaitun(Qhuanzhou)

Foochow(Fuzhou)

Bandar Seri Begawan

Sulawesi

Singapore

Jakarta

Malacca

Sriwijaya(Palembang)

Kochi

Delhi

Rayy

Gorgan

Isfahan

NishapurMervNisa

Balkh(Bactra)

Bukhara Samarkand

Kokand

OtrarKhiva(Khwarezm)

Ferghana

Kashgar

Khotan

Muza

Jeddah

Medina

Mecca

Tyre DamascusJerusalem

AntiochAleppo

AlexandriaCairo

Zeila

Suakin

Mogadiscio

Dar es Salam

Kilwa

Zanzibar

MuscatQalhat

Qalhat

Sohar

Istanbul (Constantinople) Trebizond

Bursa

KievKrakowPrague

Paris

Crimea

Konya

Alanya

Erzurum Baku

Derbent

Shaki

Tbilisi

AstrakhanElista

Rostov On Don

Tabriz

Nisibis

Dara

Bagdad

Petra

Ctesiphon

Harappa

Barbaricon

Anuradhapura

Tamralipti

Karakorum

Oc-eo

Shanh-du(Xanadu)

Ecbatana

Leuce Come

Susa

Qusair ( Myos-Hormos)

Apologos

Palmyra

Ephesus

Sardis

The Silk RoadsThe Silk Roads are part of a vast region comprised of a network of maritime and land routes. They pass through South Asia and Southeast Asia, crossing the Central Asian subcontinent, the Russian steppes, the Iranian and Anatolian plateaus, and the Arabian Peninsula. They stretch across North Africa and North East Africa, from Tanzania to Morocco. Moreover, they extend through Eastern and Southern Europe, before linking France and Spain.

Silk Roads

Maritime Silk Roads (Spice Routes)

Eurasian Steppe Routes

Incense Roads

Other Trade and Connecting Routes

Secondary Trading Routes