pangasinan - philippine rice research institute · ten soil series found in the province of...
TRANSCRIPT
PANGASINAN PANGASINAN
i SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
This guidebook belongs to:
Name: _____________________________
Address: ___________________________
Contact number: ____________________
Philippine Rice Research Institute Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
Copyright © 2013
Authors
Managing Editor / Layout Artist
Rodolfo V. Bermudez, Jr
Editorial Adviser
Eufemio T. Rasco, Jr
PhilRice®
Wilfredo B. Collado Reynilda M. Monteza Rona T. Dollentas Jovino L. De Dios Judith Carla P. Dela Torre Jesiree Elena Ann D. Bibar UP Los Baños Rodrigo B. Badayos Armando E. Soliman
PANGASINAN
This guidebook was funded by the project “Identification, Biophysical Characterization and Mapping of the Rice Areas of the Philippines” of PhilRice
® (ISD -002-001).
Pangasinan ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword……………………………………….. iv
The Simplified Keys to Soil Series……………. 1
Guide to Soil Series Identification.................. 2
Color Groups.................................................. 5
Gray/Dark Gray...................................... 7
Olive Gray………..……………................ 8
Yellowish/Grayish Brown...…................. 9
Reddish Brown………………................. 11
Yellowish Red……………………………….. 12
Soil Profile & Characteristics.......................... 13
Soil Productivity …………………………......... 24
Crop Suitability Analysis..……........................ 26
Soil Management Recommendations............ 31
Appendices……………………………….……. 37
Steps to Identify Soil Series……............... 38
Soil Sampling....................................... 38
Color Determination............................. 39
Texture Determination.......................... 40
pH Determination................................. 41
The PalayCheck® System……………..…….. 42
Glossary………………………………………… 44
References…………………………………….. 45
iii SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
EUFEMIO T. RASCO, JR Executive Director
Pangasinan iv
FOREWORD
This guidebook on “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” was developed for easier field identification of soils.
Soil identification is an important component in rice farming. When the soil is properly analyzed and identified, the risks of incompatible management recommendations will be lessened and selection of knowledge and technologies to apply will be efficient.
This is a good guide for effective nutrient management, which is one of the components of the PalayCheck® System, a dynamic rice crop management system that presents easy-to-follow practices to achieve respective Key Checks and improve crop yield and input-use efficiency.
It features the different colors, textures, pH, and other observable properties of the most common soils of Pangasinan and contains four simple steps in identifying the soil series right in the field. It also includes the soil productivi-ty index, soil properties that affect crop growth, soil taxonomic classification, crop suitability analysis, and soil management recommendations. The concept of simplified keys to soil series was first used in Thailand. In the Philippines, the pro-ject “Simplification of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn” started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Sup-port System (NuMASS) to provide management recom-mendations for soils identified in the field.
We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists, and munici-pal and provincial agriculturists for helping us validate the soil series. We also acknowledge the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for providing the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.
The “Simplified Keys to Soil Series” is a tool to identify soil series in the field following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural technologists, researchers, and other stakeholders. Using this guidebook, identification of soil will be more accurate reducing the risk of incompatible management and technology recommendations. Selection of knowledge and technologies could also be easy and efficient with the identification of soil series. For instance, because some soil series behave similarly, the management practices and technology suitable in known soil names are expected to be adaptable in the same soil series of a different regions.
This guidebook is easy to use. Using only five basic soil properties (color, texture, pH, coarse fragments, and mottles) at 30-50cm soil depth and following the simple steps provided, the soil series in the field could be identified. Once the soil is known, a compilation of thematic information related to the use of soils especially in crop production such as selection of suitable crops, crop productivity ratings, soil properties that limit production, and soil management recommendations can be determined. Ten soil series found in the province of Pangasinan were included in this guidebook. These are Alaminos, Annam, Bani, Bolinao, La Paz, Pangasinan, San Fabian, San Manuel, Tarlac and Umingan series.
The Simplified Keys to Soil Series
1 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
GUIDE TO SOIL SERIES IDENTIFICATION
Pangasinan 2
2. From a vacant area of your identified site, dig a pit or use an auger to get the soil samples needed.
3. Soil samples should be taken from a recommended soil depth to make sure that the condition and structure of the soil is well preserved and free from any kind of cultivation (see page 38).
1. Conduct preliminary interview on the historical background of your sampling site. Gather information on cultivation practices, natural
occurrences such as flood, erosion, and human activities that affect the condition and structure of the soil. Check whether the soil was disturbed or scraped.
3 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
5. Identify the texture of the soil. Texture is a unique property used as qualitative classification tool to deter-mine classes of soil (see page 40).
4. Know the color of the soil. Col-or is one of the most im-portant physical properties of the soil as indicative to series recognition. Each soil series has its distinct inherent color which makes it different from the other series (see page 39).
6. Determine the soil pH. The measure of acidity or alkalinity in soils is known as soil pH. This measurement corre-sponds to specific soil series (see page 41).
7. Take note of other observable soil properties such as polished surfaces (cutans/slickensides), softness, hardness, stickiness, etc.
mottles slickenside
Lateritic nodules
Manganese concretions Quartz
9. Use the Simplified Keys to Soil Series Guidebook and com-pare all soil properties starting from the color until the soil name is identified.
Pangasinan 4
8. Take note of the presence or absence of coarse fragments such as limestone, rock fragments, lateritic nodules, black manganese (Mn) and red iron (Fe) concretions, sand materials, and other observable properties of the soil taken from surfaces up to 50 cm depth.
SOIL
5 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Olive Gray (go to page 8)
Gray/Dark Gray (go to page 7)
Yellowish Red (go to page 12)
Pangasinan 6
SOIL
Yellowish/Grayish Brown (go to pages 9-10)
Reddish Brown (go to page 11)
La Paz (figure on page 18)
Coarse fragments None
pH 5.5-7.5
Other features Nodules; red and black mottles; structureless
Texture: Sand
Gray/Dark Gray
Tarlac (figure on page 22)
Coarse fragments Presence of quartz
pH 6.7-7.2
Other features Mottles
Texture: Clay loam/Silt Loam
7 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Bani (figure on page 16)
Coarse fragments None
pH 6.5-7.0
Other features
Greenish-gray and strong brown mottles; sticky and waxy when wet; cracking of the topsoil when dry
Texture: Loam/Sandy Loam
Olive Gray
Pangasinan (figure on page 19)
Coarse fragments None
pH 6.5-7.0
Other features Reddish and black mottles
Texture: Sandy loam
Pangasinan 8
Yellowish/Grayish Brown
San Fabian (figure on page 20)
Coarse fragments Gravels
pH 6.5-7.0
Other features Massive structure
Texture: Clay
San Manuel (figure on page 21)
Coarse fragments None
pH 5.2-7.5
Other features Grayish and brownish mottles; clay cutans; compact
Texture: Silty clay/Silty clay loam/Clay loam/Clay
9 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Umingan (figure on page 23)
Coarse fragments Gravels and stones; Fe and Mn concretions
pH 5.6-7.9
Other features Mottles; clay skins and gleying
Texture: Silt loam/Sandy loam/Silty clay loam/Clay loam to Loam
Yellowish/Grayish Brown
Pangasinan 10
Reddish Brown
Annam (figure on page 15)
Coarse fragments Partially and highly weathered rock fragments and gravels; Fe and Mn concretions
pH 4.0-6.5
Other features None
Texture: Silty clay Loam/Clay loam/Clay
Bolinao (figure on page 17)
Coarse fragments Limestone fragments; Fe and Mn concretions
pH 6.0-7.5
Other features Brownish mottles
Texture: Clay
11 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Alaminos (figure on page 14)
Coarse fragments Gravels; soft weathered basalt; Fe concretions
pH 4.5-5.5
Other features None
Texture: Silty clay/Clay loam
Yellowish Red
Pangasinan 12
13 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
SOIL Profile and Characteristics
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Low
Soil pH Acidic (4.5-5.5)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC) Low
Base saturation Low
Salinity hazard Low
Alaminos
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Slightly rolling to moun-tainous
Water retention Moderate
Drainage Good
Permeability Moderate to rapid
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness
Boulders of basalt, dio-rite, andesite, conglom-erates and serpetine rocks are present; grav-els and iron concretions
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Erosion Moderate to severe
Soil Type: Loam/Sandy loam Area: 86,561.4
Family: Fine-clayey, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Typic Kandiustox
This is a fine textured soil with clay content of 35-60% and has an isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Oxisol (-ox), which is an intensely weathered soil predominated by oxides from iron and aluminum due to repeated high precipitation and high temperature (-ust). It is a typical representative of the great group Kandiustox which has low base saturation (kandi-).
00 cm
26
42
70
Ap
Bw1
Bw2
BC
Pangasinan 14
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Low to moderate
Soil pH Acid (4.2-6.2)
Organic matter Low to moderate
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate
Base saturation Low to moderate
Salinity hazard Low
Annam
Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 52,051.58 ha
Family: Fine clayey, isohyperthermic, Typic Eutrustox
This soil has a fine texture and isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Oxisol (-ox), which is an intensely weathered soil predominated by oxides from iron and aluminum due to repeated high precipitation and high temperature (-ust). It is a typical representative of the great group Eutrustox which has 35% high base saturation (eutr-).
00 cm
18
52
74
Ap
94
Bw2
BC1
BC2
Bw1
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Rolling to hilly and mountainous
Water retention High
Drainage Moderate
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness Concretions and gravels scattered in the subsoil
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Erosion Severe
15 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral(5.5-7.0)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) Moderate
Potassium (K) Moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC)
Base saturation
Salinity hazard
Bani
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Rolling upland, hilly and mountainous
Water retention Moderate to high
Drainage Poor
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness None
Root depth Deep (1 m)
Erosion Moderate
Soil Type: Clay Area: 45,295.64 ha
Family: fine loamy, isohyperthermic, Aeric Endoaquert
A fine loamy-textured soil dominated by minerals with high shrink and swell capacity creating wide cracks; very sticky when wet and compacted when dry (-ert, Vertisol). It is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) but not as wet as the typical, meaning it is better aerated, usually because either groundwater is deep or the period of saturation is shorter (aeric). It has an annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
00 cm
16
Apg
34
47
63
AB
Bg1
Bg2
BCg
Pangasinan 16
Bolinao
Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 25,143.72 ha
Family: Fine clayey, mixed, isohyperthermic, Ultic Paleustalf
An old soil which has undergone extensive weathering but has re-tained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol). This is a rep-resentative of the great group Paleustalf (paleu– red soils) that has base saturation of <75% (ultic). This can be found in areas with pro-nounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). The mean annual soil tem-perature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
00 cm
13
35
Ap
C
Bt
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Highly rolling upland
Water retention High
Drainage Moderate to good
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness Gravels ; limestone ; Fe-Mn concretions
Root depth Moderate to deep (0.8->1 m)
Erosion Moderate
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5-7.2)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) Low to moderate
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC) High
Base saturation Moderate
Salinity hazard Moderate
17 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Low
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.0-7.5)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) Low
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC) Low
Base saturation Moderate
Salinity hazard Low
La Paz
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Level to slightly rolling
Water retention Low
Drainage Good
Permeability Moderate to rapid
Workability/tilth Easy to moderate
Stoniness None
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Erosion None
Flooding None to seasonal
Soil Type: Fine Sand/ Silt loam Area: 1,558.53
Family: Sandy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Psamma-
This is a sandy-textured soil (psamm-) with isohyperthermic tem-perature regime (>22°C). It is a young soil with only slight devel-opment, properties are determined largely by the parent materi-als (Entisol, -ent). It is a typical representative of the great group Psammaquent. This soil is saturated with water for repeat-ed periods (aqu-).
00 cm
16
32
107
Apg
Bwg1
Bwg2
BCg
Pangasinan 18
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Low
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.5-7.0)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) High
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC)
-
Base saturation -
Salinity hazard -
Pangasinan
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Flat
Water retention Low
Drainage Good
Permeability Rapid
Workability/tilth Easy
Stoniness None
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Flooding Seasonal
Soil Type: Fine Sand Area: 13,781
Family: Fine loamy, isohyperthermic, Aeric Endoaquept
This soil has a fine loamy texture and isohyperthermic tempera-ture regime (>22°C). It is a soil that is in the incipient develop-ment toward a mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol) that is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) but not as wet as the typical, mean-ing it is better aerated (aeric).
00 cm
15
31
56
Ap
Bwg1
Bwg2
Bwg3
19 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.0-7.0)
Organic matter Moderate
Phosphorus (P) High
Potassium (K) Moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate
Base saturation Moderate
Salinity hazard -
San Fabian
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Rolling to hilly with some level areas
Water retention High
Drainage Moderate
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness Gravels; highly weath-ered chalk-white soft rock
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Erosion Moderate
Flooding None
Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 17,063.72 ha
Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Vertic Haplus-
An old soil which has undergone extensive weathering but has retained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol), and exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). It has a fine-textured soil having 35 – 60% clay but has clays that shrink and swell producing wide cracks (vertic). This can be found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
00 cm
10
29
49
Ap
AB
Bt1
Bt2
84
BC
Pangasinan 20
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility High
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5-7.2)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) High
Potassium (K) Moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC) High
Base saturation High
Salinity hazard Low
San Manuel
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Flat areas to gently sloping
Water retention Moderate
Drainage Moderate
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Easy
Stoniness None
Root depth Deep
Erosion None
Flooding Seasonal
Soil Type: Silt loam/Silty clay loam/ Sandy loam/Sand Area: 154,862.95 ha
Family: Fine loamy, mixed, isohyperthermic, Typic Haplus-
An old soil which has undergone extensive weathering but has retained a high base status in its horizon (-alf, Alfisol), and exhibits minimum complexity in its horizonation (hapl-). This can be found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). The mean annual soil temperature is higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
00 cm 5
35
69
Ap1
Ap2
Bw1
89
Bw2
Bw3
21 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility Moderate
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (6.5-7.0)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) High
Potassium (K) Low
Nutrient retention (CEC) Moderate
Base saturation -
Salinity hazard -
Tarlac
Soil Type: Clay loam Area: 6,706.25 ha
Family: Fine loamy, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic, Vertic Epiaquept
A soil that is in the incipient development towards a mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol) formed from older alluvial deposits. It is a representative of the great group Epiaquept which has vertic properties that shrink and swell repeatedly (vertic). It is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) manifested by its gray color with or without mottles. It has an annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
00 cm
20
40
50
Apg
AB
Bg1
BCg
89
Bg2
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Roughly rolling to hilly / mountainous
Water retention Moderate
Drainage Good
Permeability Moderate
Workability/tilth Moderate
Stoniness Quartz; reddish-brown concretions
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Erosion Surface soil extremely susceptible to erosion
Pangasinan 22
Soil Fertility Indicators
Inherent fertility High
Soil pH Slightly acid to neutral (5.5-7.5)
Organic matter Low
Phosphorus (P) Moderate
Potassium (K) Low to moderate
Nutrient retention (CEC)
High
Base saturation Moderate
Salinity hazard Low
Umingan
Physical Soil Qualities
Relief Level to nearly level found along rivers
Water retention Moderate
Drainage Good
Permeability Rapid
Workability/tilth Easy
Stoniness Gravels and stones
Root depth Deep (>1 m)
Flooding Seasonal
Soil Type: Sandy loam/Silt loam/fine Sand Area: 31,586.23
Family: Loamy skeletal, mixed, isohyperthermic, Fluventic Haplustept
A loamy-textured soil with many gravels and pebbles (skeletal) occurring along the banks of rivers. Hence, it is subject to flood-ing (fluventic) receiving yearly depositions of alluvial soil materi-als from rivers. It is in the incipient development toward a mature soil (-ept, Inceptisol) but has not yet fully developed its diag-nostic horizons (Hapl-). It is found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust, Ustic Moisture Regime) and annual soil temperature higher than 22°C (isohyperthermic).
00 cm
16
27
70
Apg
ABg
Bwg1
Bwg2
99
BCg
23 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
SOIL productivity Soil productivity is the quality of a soil that summarizes its potential in producing plants or sequences of plants under defined sets of management practices. It is also a synthesis of conditions of soil fertility, water control, plant species, soil tilth, pest control and physical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Badayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of amount of inputs of production factors required to correct soil limitation(s) to attain a certain level of production. It is expressed as average crop yield under defined sets of management classes (Badayos, 1990). Soil productivity index is used for making compari-sons among soils; categorized into inherent and potential. The inherent productivity is the natural capacity of the soil to produce a given yield while the potential refers to the capacity of the soil to produce yield after correctible soil constraints had been rem-edied. In economics, the predicted inherent yield is calculated by multiplying the inherent index by the maximum potential yield of rice; predicted maximum possible yield is computed by multiplying the potential index by the maximum potential yield. For instance, the maximum potential yield in the dry sea-son is 8 tons/hectare, and the inherent and potential productivity ratings for Annam series is 0.76 and 0.90, respectively. Then, the predicted inherent and potential yields of rice in Annam soils are 6.08 and 7.2 tons/hectare, respectively.
Pangasinan 24
Soil Series Inherent
Productivity Potential
Productivity
Alaminos 0.46 0.70
Annam 0.76 0.90
Bani 0.78 0.88
Bolinao 0.62 0.72
La Paz 0.48 0.58
Pangasinan 0.77 0.87
San Fabian 0.39 0.56
San Manuel 0.65 0.75
Tarlac 0.24 0.51
Umingan 0.59 0.69
Table 1. Soil productivity index for rice.
25 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
CROP Suitability Analysis
Soil suitability classification refers to the use of a piece of land on a sustainable basis based on physical and chem-ical properties and environmental factors. It is the ultimate aim of soil survey and may come up through a good judg-ment and thorough evaluation of soil properties and quali-ties such as soil depth, soil texture, slope, soil drainage, erosion, flooding, and fertility. Based on these properties, the suitability of a certain tract of land for crop production was determined. Suitability ratings denote qualitative analysis of the potential of the soil to different crops. It implies what crop(s) would give the highest benefit in terms of produc-tivity and profitability from a given soil type, indicated by S1 as the most suitable down to S3 as marginally suitable. The symbol N implies that the crop is either currently not suitable (N1) where the effect of limitation is so severe as greatly to reduce the yield or to require costly inputs, or permanently not suitable (N2) where the limitations cannot be corrected permanently. Crop suitability analysis also provides information on soil properties that limit the production of specified crop(s). When using a parametric system, the soil index can be equated into percentages shown below. It means that you can attain 75% of the potential crop yield when the soil index is highly suitable while less than 25% of the potential yield when the soil index is not suitable. S1: soil index >75 S3: soil index 25-50 S2: soil index 50-75 N: soil index <25
Pangasinan 26
So
il S
eri
es
S
lop
e
Ric
e I
rrig
ate
d
Lo
wla
nd
R
ice R
ain
fed
U
pla
nd
R
ice R
ain
fed
L
ow
lan
d
Maiz
e
On
ion
P
ap
aya
Ala
min
os
>3
%
S3
twsfc
S
3w
sfc
N
1w
sfc
N
1fc
s
N2cf
N1fc
Ann
am
5
-10
%
N2tf
c
S3
tfc
N1tf
csw
N
1fc
t N
2ctf
S3
wtf
c
Ban
i >
2%
S
3ts
fc
S3
wfc
S
3fc
w
N1
wc
N2
cw
f N
1w
fc
Bolin
ao
8
-15
%
N2ts
fc
S3
tfc
S3
tfcsw
S
3cfs
t N
2ctf
S2
wcf
La P
az
<3
%
N1w
sfc
S
3w
sfc
N
1w
sfc
S
3scw
N
2cw
sf
N2w
fsc
Ta
ble
2a. T
he c
rop s
uitab
ility
ra
ting
s f
or
diffe
rent s
oil
se
ries o
f P
ang
asin
an
.
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
ighly
suitable
t -
Topog
raph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
suitable
w
-
Dra
inag
e; floo
din
g
S3 -
M
arg
inally
suita
ble
s -
T
extu
re; coa
rse f
ragm
ents
; soil
dep
th
N1 -
C
urr
en
tly n
ot suita
ble
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot suita
ble
c -
C
limate
27 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
So
il S
eri
es
S
lop
e
Ric
e I
rrig
ate
d
Lo
wla
nd
R
ice R
ain
fed
U
pla
nd
R
ice R
ain
fed
L
ow
lan
d
Maiz
e
On
ion
P
ap
aya
Pan
gasin
an
0
-2%
N
2w
sfc
S
3w
sfc
N
1w
sfc
S
3w
sc
N2cw
sf
N2w
sfc
San F
ab
ian
8
-15
%
N2ts
c
S2
tfc
S3
tfcsw
S
2ct
N2ctf
S3
wtf
c
San M
anue
l 0
-5%
S
3ft
sc
S2
fc
S3
fwsc
S3
wc
N2w
cf
N2
wfc
Tarlac
8-1
5%
N
2tw
fc
S3
twfc
S
3tw
fcs
S3
wc
N2w
ctf
N
2w
ftc
Um
ingan
0
-2%
S
2w
sfc
S
3w
sfc
N
1w
sfc
S
3w
sc
N2w
cf
N2
wfc
Ta
ble
2a. T
he c
rop s
uitab
ility
ra
ting
s f
or
diffe
rent s
oil
se
ries o
f P
ang
asin
an
(co
ntin
ua
tion
).
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
ighly
suitable
t -
Topog
raph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
suitable
w
-
Dra
inag
e; floo
din
g
S3 -
M
arg
inally
suita
ble
s -
T
extu
re; coa
rse f
ragm
ents
; soil
dep
th
N1 -
C
urr
en
tly n
ot suita
ble
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot suita
ble
c -
C
limate
Pangasinan 28
So
il S
eri
es
S
lop
e
To
bacco
C
am
ote
T
om
ato
P
ean
ut
Cass
av
a
Man
go
Ala
min
os
>3
%
N1fs
c
S3
fsc
N1cf
N2
csf
S2
fs
N1fs
c
Ann
am
5
-10
%
S2
ctf
S3
ctf
N1tc
f N
2cw
tf
S2
fwt
N1
fct
Ban
i >
2%
N
1w
cf
N1w
cf
N1w
cf
N2
cw
f N
1w
N
1w
cf
Bolin
ao
8
-15
%
S3
cts
S
2cts
f S
2tc
s
N2
cts
f S
3tf
S3
stc
f
La P
az
<3
%
N1w
cf
S3
wcsf
S3
wscf
N2
csf
N1w
sf
S3
fscw
Ta
ble
2b. T
he c
rop s
uitab
ility
ra
ting
s f
or
diffe
rent s
oil
se
ries o
f P
ang
asin
an
.
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
ighly
suitable
t -
Topog
raph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
suitable
w
-
Dra
inag
e; floo
din
g
S3 -
M
arg
inally
suita
ble
s -
T
extu
re; coa
rse f
ragm
ents
; soil
dep
th
N1 -
C
urr
en
tly n
ot suita
ble
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot suita
ble
c -
C
limate
29 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
So
il S
eri
es
S
lop
e
To
bacco
C
am
ote
T
om
ato
P
ean
ut
Cass
av
a
Man
go
Pan
gasin
an
0
-2%
N
2w
cf
S3
wcsf
S3
wscf
N2cw
s
N2w
sf
S3
wsc
San F
ab
ian
8
-15
%
N1tc
f S
2ctf
S2
tcf
N2
cs
S2
wt
S2
ct
San M
anue
l 0
-5%
N
2w
cf
S3
wcf
S3
wcf
N2
cw
f N
2w
f S
3w
fc
Tarlac
8-1
5%
N
2w
ctf
S
3w
ctf
S
3w
tcf
N2cw
s
N2w
tf
S3
wtc
Um
ingan
0
-2%
N
2w
cf
S3
wcf
S3
wcf
N2
cw
f N
2w
f S
3w
csf
Ta
ble
2b. T
he c
rop s
uitab
ility
ra
ting
s f
or
diffe
rent s
oil
se
ries o
f P
ang
asin
an
(co
ntin
ua
tion
).
Su
itab
ilit
y R
ati
ng
s:
Lim
itati
on
s d
ue t
o:
S1 -
H
ighly
suitable
t -
Topog
raph
y;
slo
pe
S2 -
M
od
era
tely
suitable
w
-
Dra
inag
e; floo
din
g
S3 -
M
arg
inally
suita
ble
s -
T
extu
re; coa
rse f
ragm
ents
; soil
dep
th
N1 -
C
urr
en
tly n
ot suita
ble
f -
Soil
fert
ility
N2 -
P
erm
an
ently n
ot suita
ble
c -
C
limate
Pangasinan 30
SOIL Management recommendations
Soil management aims to protect soil and enhance its performance to increase farm profitably and preserve environmental quality. It is the combination of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while maintaining the soil’s productive state. It involves maintaining the soil in good physical condition and fertility status, and influencing the biological aspect of the soil to attain maximum benefits (Harpstead, et al. 1997).
Soil management recommendations suitable for each soil identified were enumerated in the succeeding pages. Soil factors such as slope, texture, and climate cannot be changed. However, control tillage, crop rotations, soil amendments, and other management choices can be done. Through these choices, the structure, biological activity, and chemical content of soil can be altered and later on influence erosion rates, pest population, and nutrient availability and crop production.
31 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ta
ble
3.
Lim
ita
tion
s t
o c
rop p
rod
uctio
n a
nd r
ecom
me
nd
ed
ma
nag
em
ent s
tra
teg
ies fo
r d
iffe
rent
cro
ps w
hen
gro
wn
in a
g
ive
n s
oil
se
ries.
So
il S
eri
es
Lim
ita
tio
n
fo
r cro
p p
rod
uc
tio
n
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
eco
mm
en
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
Tre
e/F
ore
st/
Pla
nta
tio
n c
rop
s
Ala
min
os
Acid
soil;
lo
w f
ert
ility
; excessiv
e e
rosio
n
Upla
nd r
ice farm
-in
g;
limin
g; appli-
catio
n o
f fe
rtili
zers
Conto
ur
farm
ing a
nd/
or
str
ip c
roppin
g; addi-
tio
n o
f org
anic
matt
er
and a
nim
al m
anure
; applic
ation o
f phos-
phate
fert
ilizers
Suitable
for
root
cro
ps; pra
ctice
conto
ur
cro
ppin
g
Suited for
coconut
and
fruit tre
es
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: ri
ce-c
orn
/root cro
ps/v
egeta
ble
s
rice-f
allo
w
fruit t
rees/c
oconut
A
nnam
Alu
min
um
(A
l) a
nd Iro
n
(Fe
) T
oxic
ity(a
cid
ic s
oil)
; ru
n-o
ff; slo
pin
g topogra
-phy c
auses e
xcessiv
e
ero
sio
n
Poorly d
rain
ed
soils
on the a
lluvia
l basin
are
mo
der-
ate
ly s
uitable
for
paddy;
fert
ilizatio
n;
main
tain
pro
perly
the p
addy d
ikes;
suitable
for
upla
nd
rice d
urin
g w
et
season
Gre
en m
anurin
g:
lim-
ing;
larg
e in
itia
l appli-
catio
n o
f phosphate
fe
rtili
zers
; suitable
for
div
ers
ifie
d c
rops; str
ip
cro
ppin
g
Lim
ing; conto
ur
terr
acin
g; buff
er
str
ip c
roppin
g;
additio
n o
f org
anic
m
att
er
and a
nim
al
manure
to im
pro
ve
soil
fert
ility
and
wate
r hold
ing c
a-
pacity
Suited for
coconut
and
fruit tre
es
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: r
ice-m
aiz
e/s
org
hum
/vegeta
ble
s/r
oot cro
ps
Pangasinan 32
Ta
ble
3.
Lim
ita
tion
s t
o c
rop p
rod
uctio
n a
nd r
ecom
me
nd
ed
ma
nag
em
ent s
tra
teg
ies fo
r d
iffe
rent
cro
ps w
hen
gro
wn
in a
g
ive
n s
oil
se
ries (
co
ntin
ua
tion
).
So
il S
eri
es
Lim
ita
tio
n
fo
r cro
p p
rod
uc
tio
n
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
eco
mm
en
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
Tre
e/F
ore
st/
Pla
nta
tio
n c
rop
s
Ban
i
Poor
dra
inage;
rolli
ng
topogra
phy c
auses r
isk
of
ero
sio
n; surf
ace
cra
ckin
g w
hen d
ry
Constr
uctio
n o
f dik
es; fe
rtili
zers
applic
atio
n;
deep
plo
win
g d
urin
g
land p
repara
tio
n
Esta
blis
h p
roper
dra
in-
age a
nd irr
igatio
n
syste
m; conto
ur
farm
-in
g;
additio
n o
f fe
rtili
z-
ers
; suited f
or
annual
cash c
rops; applic
a-
tion o
f fe
rtili
zers
and
limin
g; conto
ur
farm
ing
and/o
r str
ip c
roppin
g
Not
suitable
due t
o
textu
re c
onstr
ain
t F
ruit tre
es lik
e c
itru
s
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: r
ice-r
ice
r
ice-d
ivers
ifie
d c
rops/v
egeta
ble
s
Bolin
ao
Rolli
ng t
opogra
phy in
som
e a
reas w
hic
h c
aus-
es r
isk o
f ero
sio
n; shal-
low
rootin
g d
epth
; lo
w
availa
ble
P
Suitable
for
rice
but
needs t
err
ac-
ing a
nd u
se o
f lim
esto
ne o
utc
rops
for
re-e
nfo
rcin
g
dik
es;
applic
ation
of
phosphate
fert
i-liz
ers
; upla
nd r
ice
Conto
ur
terr
acin
g;
pro
per
fert
ilizatio
n;
pro
per
tim
ing o
f culti-
vatio
n a
nd p
lantin
g;
additio
n o
f org
anic
m
att
er
and a
nim
al
manure
to im
pro
ve s
oil
fert
ility
and a
pplic
atio
n
of
phosphate
fert
ilizers
Conto
ur
terr
acin
g;
use o
f cover
cro
ps
like Ipil-
ipil
for
soil
rehabili
tatio
n a
nd
sourc
e o
f fire
wood
at
the s
am
e tim
e;
additio
n o
f org
anic
m
att
er
Suited for
fruit tre
es lik
e
mango, caim
ito
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: r
ice-r
ice
r
ice-d
ivers
ifie
d c
rops/v
egeta
ble
s/r
oot cro
ps
33 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ta
ble
3.
Lim
ita
tion
s t
o c
rop p
rod
uctio
n a
nd r
ecom
me
nd
ed
ma
nag
em
ent s
tra
teg
ies fo
r d
iffe
rent
cro
ps w
hen
gro
wn
in a
g
ive
n s
oil
se
ries (
co
ntin
ua
tion
).
So
il S
eri
es
Lim
ita
tio
n
fo
r cro
p p
rod
uc
tio
n
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
eco
mm
en
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
Tre
e/F
ore
st/
Pla
nta
tio
n c
rop
s
La P
az
Hig
h w
ate
r ta
ble
an
d
local floodin
g in w
et
season p
reclu
de d
ry
land c
rops,
rapid
per-
meabili
ty p
reclu
des
gra
vity irr
igation e
xce
pt
when w
ate
r ta
ble
is
seasonally
hig
h,
low
fe
rtili
ty
Suitable
for
rice
duri
ng w
et
sea-
son b
ut
nee
ds
am
ple
am
ount
of
fert
ilizers
to a
d-
dre
ss t
he f
ert
ility
pro
ble
m;
phos-
phoru
s a
pplic
a-
tion
Applic
ation o
f org
an-
ic m
att
er;
pra
ctice
tim
ing o
f pla
nting;
dee
p p
low
ing;
phos-
phoru
s a
pplic
ation
Suitable
for
root
cro
ps d
ue t
o
sandy t
extu
re
Pla
nt
locally
adapte
d
tree s
pecie
s; suitable
fo
r citru
s
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: ri
ce-r
ice
rice-d
ivers
ifie
d c
rops
Pan
gasin
an
Sand
y t
extu
re;
exces-
siv
e d
rain
age;
season-
al floodin
g
Suitable
for
rice
duri
ng t
he r
ain
y
season a
nd a
de-
quate
irr
igation
duri
ng d
ry s
ea-
son:
additio
n o
f org
anic
matt
er
Pro
per
irri
gation s
ys-
tem
; additio
n o
f or-
ganic
matt
er;
deep
plo
win
g;
pra
ctice
tim
ing
of
pla
nting;
use o
f bro
ad b
eds
and r
idges;
best
be
pla
nte
d d
uri
ng d
ry
season d
ue t
o r
iver
floodin
g
Adeq
uate
irr
iga-
tion a
nd f
lood
contr
ol syste
m;
additio
n o
f org
an-
ic m
att
er
Not
suited;
for
man-
gro
ve a
reas
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: ri
ce-r
ice
rice-v
egeta
ble
s
Pangasinan 34
Ta
ble
3.
Lim
ita
tion
s t
o c
rop p
rod
uctio
n a
nd r
ecom
me
nd
ed
ma
nag
em
ent s
tra
teg
ies fo
r d
iffe
rent
cro
ps w
hen
gro
wn
in a
g
ive
n s
oil
se
ries (
co
ntin
ua
tion
).
So
il S
eri
es
Lim
ita
tio
n
fo
r cro
p p
rod
uc
tio
n
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
eco
mm
en
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
Tre
e/F
ore
st/
Pla
nta
tio
n c
rop
s
San F
ab
ian
Durin
g d
ry s
eason, th
e
unplo
wed s
oil
is c
om
-pact
and h
ard
, and
cra
cks in
to b
ig c
lods;
slo
pin
g topogra
phy;
irrigation p
roble
ms
Not
suitable
for
irrig
ate
d lo
wla
nd
rice p
roductio
n
due t
o irr
igatio
n
pro
ble
m o
therw
ise
terr
acin
g c
ould
be
done t
o s
upport
rice farm
ing; suited
for
rain
fed r
ice
Pra
ctice c
onto
ur
farm
-in
g; conserv
atio
n till
-age s
uch a
s m
ulc
hin
g
and g
round c
over
help
conserv
e m
ois
ture
; pra
ctice g
reen m
anur-
ing t
o im
pro
ve s
oil
fert
ility
and s
tructu
re;
suited f
or
vegeta
ble
s
and o
ther
cash c
rops
Subsoili
ng;
addi-
tio
n o
f org
anic
m
att
er
and a
nim
al
manure
to im
pro
ve
soil
fert
ility
and
wate
r hold
ing c
a-
pacity
Subsoili
ng; cover
cro
p-
pin
g w
ith le
gum
es;
use
of
locally
adapte
d h
igh-
yie
ldin
g v
arie
tie
s o
f tr
ee
cro
ps
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: ri
ce-r
ice
r
ice-v
egeta
ble
s/r
ootc
rops
Um
ingan
Riv
er
flo
odin
g;
gra
velly
subsoil
layer
causes
dro
ught
Applic
atio
n o
f fe
rtili
zer;
cle
aring
of
larg
e g
ravels
and r
ock
Constr
uctio
n o
f ade-
quate
irr
igation a
nd
flood c
ontr
ol syste
m;
applic
atio
n o
f fe
rtili
zer
and o
rganic
matt
er;
suited f
or
div
ers
ifie
d
cro
ps
Gra
velly
subsoil
may c
ause low
er
yie
ld o
f ro
otc
rops
Esta
blis
hm
ent of flo
od
contr
ol a
nd irr
igation
syste
ms;
pro
per
fert
iliza-
tio
n
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: r
ice-r
ice
r
ice-d
ivers
ifie
d c
rops/v
egeta
ble
s
35 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Ta
ble
3.
Lim
ita
tion
s t
o c
rop p
rod
uctio
n a
nd r
ecom
me
nd
ed
ma
nag
em
ent s
tra
teg
ies fo
r d
iffe
rent
cro
ps w
hen
gro
wn
in a
g
ive
n s
oil
se
ries (
co
ntin
ua
tion
).
So
il S
eri
es
Lim
itati
on
fo
r cro
p p
rod
uc
tio
n
So
il M
an
ag
em
en
t R
eco
mm
en
dati
on
s
Ric
e
Div
ers
ifie
d c
rop
s
Ro
ot
cro
ps
Tre
e/F
ore
st/
Pla
nta
tio
n c
rop
s
San M
anue
l
Excessiv
ely
we
t a
nd
an
nu
al flo
odin
g f
or
sho
rt
pe
rio
ds a
nd e
xcessiv
e
dro
ug
ht d
urin
g d
ry s
ea
-so
n; lo
w O
M
Su
ite
d fo
r pa
dd
y
rice d
urin
g w
et
se
aso
n a
nd
with
a
de
qu
ate
irr
igatio
n
du
rin
g d
ry s
easo
n;
OM
add
itio
n th
ru
an
ima
l o
r g
reen
m
anu
rin
g
Co
nstr
uctio
n o
f ad
e-
qu
ate
dra
inag
e,
irrig
a-
tio
n a
nd
flo
od
con
tro
l syste
m d
ue to s
easo
na
l flo
od h
aza
rd a
nd h
igh
se
aso
na
l w
ate
r ta
ble
; u
se b
roa
d b
eds a
nd
rid
ges; su
ite
d fo
r d
ive
r-sifie
d c
rops s
uch a
s
co
rn, ve
geta
ble
s a
nd
w
ate
rme
lon d
urin
g d
ry
se
aso
n w
ith
su
pp
le-
me
nta
l irrig
atio
n
Esta
blis
hm
en
t of
ad
eq
uate
dra
ina
ge
a
nd
irr
igation
sys-
tem
; re
gu
lar
ad
di-
tio
n o
f o
rga
nic
mat-
ter
an
d a
nim
al m
a-
nu
re t
o im
pro
ve
so
il fe
rtili
ty
Ad
eq
uate
dra
ina
ge
an
d
irrig
atio
n s
yste
m; cove
r cro
pp
ing w
ith
le
gum
es;
pro
pe
r fe
rtili
za
tio
n, tim
ing
o
f cultiv
ation
an
d p
lanting
; u
se o
f lo
ca
lly a
da
pte
d
hig
h-y
ield
ing v
arieties is
recom
me
nd
ed to im
pro
ve
the g
row
th a
nd y
ield
of
tre
e c
rops
Cro
pp
ing
Pa
tte
rn:
rice-r
ice
r
ice-v
eg
eta
ble
s/r
oo
tcro
ps
Tarlac
When
dry
, h
ard
an
d c
om
-p
act a
nd fo
rms in
to b
ig
clo
ds; ro
ug
hly
rolli
ng to
h
illy to
pog
rap
hy
Tim
ing o
f p
lanting
; co
nstr
uctio
n o
f a
de
qu
ate
dra
ina
ge
, irrig
atio
n a
nd
flo
od
co
ntr
ol syste
m d
ue
to s
ea
so
na
l flo
odin
g
ha
za
rd; fe
rtili
za
tio
n
Tim
ing o
f p
lanting
; co
nstr
uctio
n o
f ad
e-
qu
ate
dra
inag
e,
irrig
a-
tio
n, a
nd flo
od c
ontr
ol
syste
m d
ue to s
easo
na
l flo
odin
g h
aza
rd; m
ulc
h-
ing
, co
nstr
uctio
n o
f b
roa
d b
eds a
nd
rid
ges
for
ve
geta
ble
s;
ap
plic
atio
n o
f fe
rtili
ze
rs
No
t su
itab
le f
or
root
cro
ps d
ue
to te
xtu
re
co
nstr
ain
ts
Use
of lo
ca
lly a
da
pte
d
hig
h-y
ield
ing v
arieties is
recom
me
nd
ed to im
pro
ve
the g
row
th a
nd y
ield
of
tre
e c
rops;
ipil-
ipil
thrives
be
st in
th
is s
oil
Cro
pp
ing
Patt
ern
: r
ice-r
ice
r
ice-d
ive
rsifie
d c
rops/v
eg
eta
ble
s
Pangasinan 36
Appendices
37 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES
1 Soil sampling
Pangasinan 38
Choose a vacant area in your field. Using a spade or soil auger to dig up to 50 centimeters from the soil surface.
The depth of the soil is important. The soil surface is not a good source of the samples since it is always disturbed and cultivated.
Get a bulk of soil (0.5 kilogram) from 30 to 50 centimeter-depth and place it in a container. This sample will be used in soil series identifica-tion.
2 Color determination
Soil color is an indirect measure of other characteristics such as drainage, aeration, and organic matter content. Black-colored soils may indicate high fertility and productivity. Gray indicates a fairly constant water-saturated condition. Bright brown and red colors are indic-ative of good aeration and drainage.
Get an ample amount of soil from the sample. Note that the soil surface should be freshly exposed and not pressed. Rec-ord the moisture condition (dry, wet, or moist). If dry, have a moist color determination by adding ample amount of water to the soil.
39 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Compare the color of the soil sample with the soil color group found in the guidebook. Take note of the classification of the color.
3 Texture determination
Pangasinan 40
N
N N
Y Y Y
N
N
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Take a half handful of the same soil sample. Add water (not too wet). Soil is at proper consistency when moldable, like moist putty.
Add dry soil to absorb water.
Does soil remain in a ball when squeezed?
Is soil too dry? Is soil too wet? Sand
Place ball of soil between thumb and forefinger, gently pushing the soil with the thumb, squeezing it upward into a ribbon. Form a ribbon of uniform thickness and width. Allow the ribbon to emerge and extend over the forefinger, breaking under its own weight.
Does soil form a ribbon? Loamy sand
Does soil make a weak ribbon less than 1 inch long before breaking?
Does soil make a medium ribbon 1 to 2 inches long before breaking?
Does soil make a strong ribbon 2 inches or longer before breaking?
Excessively wet a small pinch of soil in palm of hand and rub with forefinger.
Does soil feel very gritty?
Does soil feel very smooth?
Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates
Sandy loam
Loam
Silt loam
Does soil feel very gritty?
Does soil feel very smooth?
Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates
Clay loam
Sandy clay loam
Silty clay loam
Does soil feel very gritty?
Does soil feel very smooth?
Neither grittiness nor smoothness predominates
Sandy clay
Clay
Silty clay
Y
Y
Y
N N
4 pH determination (UPLB) procedure
Get soil sample from 30 to 50 centimeter -depth. Fill the test tube with soil sample up to the scratch mark.
Add seven drops of CPR (chloropenol red). Mix by gently swirling the test tube.
If pH is six or greater, repeat the steps using BTB (bromthymol blue). If soil pH is five or less, repeat the steps using BCG (bromcresol green).
Match the color of the solution on top of the soil with the corre-sponding color chart of the pH indicator dye used.
41 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK® SYSTEM
The PalayCheck® System is a rice integrated crop management that combines the tech-nologies and learning processes to identify strengths and weaknesses of current crop management practices, make improvements in the next sea-son to increase grain yield, input-use efficiency, and profit with environmental concerns. The PalayCheck® System describes the crop man-agement practices (input) to achieve the following Key Checks (output):
1) Used high-quality seeds of a recommended variety.
2) No high and low soil spots after final level-ing.
3) Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow period.
Pangasinan 42
4) Sufficient number of healthy seedlings.
5) Sufficient nutrients at tillering to early panicle initiation and flowering.
6) Avoided excessive wa-ter or drought stress that could affect the growth and the yield of the crop.
7) No significant yield loss
due to pests.
8) Cut and threshed the crop at the right time.
43 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Glossary
Pangasinan 44
Base saturation – the amount of positively charged ions (Ca, Mg, K, and Na), excluding hydrogen and aluminum ions, that are ab-sorbed on the surface of soil particles, and measured and reported as a percentage.
Boulder – rocks with grain size of usually no less than 256 mm (10 inches) diameter.
Clay skins – clay coatings on ped or pore surfaces. Coarse fragments – significant proportions of fragments coarser than
very coarse sand and less than 10 inches, if rounded, or 15 inches along the longer axis, if flat. It influences the nutrient status, water movement, use and management of the soil. It also reflects the origin and stage of development of the soil.
Cobblestone – naturally rounded stones larger than a pebble and small-er than a boulder.
Concretions – cemented bodies similar to nodules, except for the pres-ence of visible, concentric layers of material around a point, line, or plane.
Cutans – modification of the soil texture, or soil structure, at natural surfaces (particle, pore, or ped) in soil materials due to illuviation. Cutans are oriented deposits which can be composed of any of the component substances of the soil material.
Gravels – composed of unconsolidated rock fragments that have a general particle size range and include size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments.
Inherent fertility – the natural ability of the soil to supply plant nutrients. Mottles– appearance of uneven spots with spherical or irregular shape.
The color differs from the soil matrix color. Nodules – cemented bodies of various shapes that can be removed as
discrete units from soil. Nutrient retention – referred to as Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) or
the maximum quantity of total cations, of any class, that a soil is capable of holding, at a given pH value, available for exchange with the soil solution.
Pebble – small usually rounded stones especially when worn by the action of water.
Permeability – property of the soil to transmit water and air. It affects irrigation, and leaching of salts and fertilizers.
Quartz – a mineral consisting of silicon dioxide occurring in colorless and transparent or colored hexagonal crystals or in crystalline masses.
Relief – refers to the elevation or inequality of the land surface consid-ered collectively.
Rock – naturally occurring solid aggregates of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
Rooting depth – the ability of plant’s roots to penetrate through the soil. It can be limited by soil compaction, absence of nutrients, waterlogged layer or cemented layers.
45 SIMPLIFIED KEYS TO SOIL SERIES
Salinity – the saltiness or dissolved salt content (such as sodium chlo-ride, magnesium and calcium sulfates, and bicarbonates) in soil.
Slickenside – polished and grooved surface produced by one mass sliding past another.
Soil compaction – described according to its nature, continuity, struc-ture, agent, and degree. Compacted material has a firm or stronger consistence when moist and a close packing of parti-cles.
Soil drainage –refers to the frequency and duration of periods of satura-tion in the soil.
Soil family – a group of soils within a subgroup having similar physical and chemical properties that affect their responses to manage-ment and manipulation for use.
Soil pH –measure of acidity and basicity of soils. It affects availability or release of soil nutrients.
Soil profile – includes the collection of all the genetic horizons, the natu-ral organic layers on the surface, and the parent material or other layers beneath the solum that influence the genesis and behavior of the soil.
Soil series – a group of soils with similar profiles developed from similar parent materials under comparable climatic and vegetational conditions.
Soil taxonomy – hierarchies of classes that permits one to understand the relationships between soils and also between soils and the factors responsible for their character. A systematic distinguish-ing, ordering, and naming of type groups within a subject field.
Soil texture- refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups of individual soil grains in a mass of soil. Specifically, it refers to the proportions of clay, silt, and sand below 2 millimeters in diameter.
Soil type – the lowest category in classification systems. It is distin-guished within series on the basis of texture, a single character-istic.
Soil water retention – the ability of soil to retain water to provide an ongoing supply of water to plants between periods of replenish-ment (infiltration) to allow their continued growth and survival.
Stoniness – the relative proportion of stones over 10 inches in diameter or on the soil.
Surface cracking – develops in shrink–swell clay-rich soils after they dry out. The width (average, or average width and maximum width) of the cracks at the surface is indicated in centimeters. The average distance between cracks may also be indicated in cen-timeters.
Tuff – a rock composed of the finer kinds of volcanic detritus usually
fused together by heat.
Workability/tilth – the ease of cultivating the soil with regards to its struc-ture, texture, presence of coarse fragments, and relief.
References
Pangasinan 46
Badayos, R.B. 1990. Lowland rice soils in the Philippines, their characteristics and classification in relation to productivity. Inaugural Professorial Lecture. SEARCA, UPLB.
Beinroth, F.H. 1978. Some fundamentals of soil classification. In: Soil-resource data for agricultural development. Ed. Leslie D. Swindale. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sra., College of Trop. Agric., University of Hawaii. p. 12-19. Hampstead, M.I., TJ Sauer, and WF Bennet. 1997. Soil Science
Simplified. 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa 500014.
“Simplified Keys to Soil Series (29 Soil Series for Maize
Production), Lop Buri Province” The International Training Workshop on “Applying Information Technology for Site-Specific Agriculture in Small Farms of Tropics.” August 4-10, 2003. Bangkok, Thailand.
Soil Survey of Pangasinan Province. Department of Agriculture
and Natural Resources, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philip-pines. Bureau of Printing Manila.
Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agricultural Handbook
No. 18. August 1951. Soil Survey Staff, Bureau of Plant and Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. Agricultural Research Administration, US Department of Agriculture.
Keys to Soil Taxonomy. US Department of Agriculture 10th
Edition. 2006. Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resource Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.
Soil Taxonomy: A Basic System of Soil Classification for Making
and Interpreting Soil Surveys. Soil Survey Staff, Soil Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture.
Sys, I.C., et al. Land Evaluation Part III: Crop Requirements.
Agricultural Publications. N°7, 1993.
For more information
write, visit, or call:
Agronomy, Soils, and Plant Physiology Division or
Information Systems Division
Philippine Rice Research Institute
Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija
Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 217,
215, 212, 233
or text:
The PhilRice Text Center - (0920) 911-1398
For published material:
contact:
Development Communication Division or
Business Development Division
Philippine Rice Research Institute
Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3119
Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 511,
509, 520
Readers are encouraged to quote the content of this
guidebook with acknowledgement. Suggested citation:
PhilRice, “Simplified Keys to Soil Series of Pangasinan”.
Soil Series Guidebook ISBN 978-971-9081-81-4 :46p.,
August 2013.
We thank the Bureau of Soils and Water Manage-ment (BSWM) for the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.
ISBN 978-971-9081-81-4