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“Creation of predecessors – Our art and culture”

1

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email : [email protected]

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f k|sflzt=^^!#(%&, ^^!)#!) ˆofS; M ^^!#@)^

website : http://bhaktapurmun.gov.np

email : [email protected]

‘eQmk'/’ dfl;sdf k|sflzt n]v /rgfdf cleJoQm ljrf/x¿;“u k|sfzs / ;Dkfbs d08nsf] ;xdlt clgjfo{ 5}g .

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2

‘cGwff] cg's/0f ug]{ dflg; g}vf8ndf v:5 .’ – /jLGb|gfy 6}uf]/

o; c°dfqm=;+= zLif{s n]vs k[i7!_ e}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff{]4f/ ;DaGwL 5nkmn sfo{qmd – #@_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf¢f/f cfwf/e"t txsf] k/LIffsf] glthf k|sflztMglthf pT;fxhgs– ^#_ cfwf/e"t tx -sIff *_ pQL0f{ k/LIff @)&$ sf] === ;"rgf – &$_ la:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f{ / dof{lbt ¿kdf eJotfsf;fy ;DkGg ug{ ;+o'Qm a}7s– *%_ ;xsf/L P]g agfpg]af/] cGt/lqmof – !)^_ gu/sf] ;f}Gbo{df cfFr k'¥ofpg] tf/x¿ Jojl:yt ul/g] – !!&_ la:s]6 hfqfsf] d'Vo :yndf ;/;kmfO – !$*_ sf7df8f}+df ck/fw a9\g'df hg;ª\Vof j[l4 d'Vo sf/0f – !^(_ eQmk'/ gkfdf s[ifsx¿sf] e]nf – !(!)_ eQmk'/sf dlxnfx¿ clxn] cufl8 a9]sf 5g\ – @!!!_ ‘e]befj n}l·s geO juL{o ;d:of xf]’ ;'lgn k|hfklt @@!@_ :gftsf]Q/ txsf gjcfuGt's ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ :jfut Pj+ cled'vLs/0f ––––– @$!#_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] a}7s lg0f{o – @*!$_ ;/;kmfO cleofg k|rf/sf nflu xf]Og – $%!%_ dNnsfnLg kgf}tLsf] ck|sflzt Oltxf; cf]d wf}e8]n $*!^_ sfJo l;h{gf nf]shLjgsf] b[i6fGt / b]zsf] lrq ljuf]n %@!&_ gful/s efjgf M cfunfuL x]dGt %%!*_ g]sf, Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbLsf] lgs[i6 k"FhLjfb ¤ lbjfs/ >]i7 %^!(_ cu|>fjs–wft'ofqf /Tg;'Gb/ zfSo %*@)_ pRr cf]xf]bfdf dlxnf / dlxnf pTkL8g k|sfz / b'uf{ ^!@!_ ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s kj{ la:s]6 hfqfsf] /fhgLlts kIf ;x k|f=8f= an/fd sfo:y ^$@@_ P+u]N;sf] k'g/fudg k|f]=hf]g a]nfdL kmf]:6/ &!@#_ SKETCHES FROM NIPAL (23) Henry Ambrose Oldfield &%@$_ bf]ifefuL k/fh'nL ls ;lrj < -;Dkfbssf] k[i7_ – *)

;fydfla:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f{ tyf dof{lbt ¿kdf dgfpg 5nkmn–!!÷eQmk'/ gkfsf] cfof]hgfdf 6«flkms Joj:yfkgaf/]5nkmn–!#÷c/lgsf] /fhdfu{sf] ;le{; 6«ofsdf ;/;kmfO–!%÷Vjk ax'k|fljlwsdf e]nf–!%÷eQmk'/ gkfåf/f vfg]kfgLljt/0f–!^÷eQmk'/ gkfdf sIff * sf] k/LIff;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f–!*÷df;' k;nx¿sf] cg'udg–!*÷;a} j8fdfgl;{ª ;]jf lbg]–!(÷k|d'v k|hfklt;Fu eQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf k|ltlglw d08nsf] e]6–@)÷u?8s'08 lzjdlGb/k'gMlgdf{0fsf] lznfGof;–@%÷eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( sf] k|ultaf/] ;dLIff–@%÷vfg]kfgL ;d:ofaf/] k|d'v k|hfkltsfpvflndf–@^÷cjsfz k|fKt lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg–@&÷‘eQmk'/’ dfl;ssf] clen]vaf6–$!÷lrlgof“ gLltsyf Mjfrf–%!÷al;laofFnf]–%$÷hut;'Gb/ dNnof O{;k+ bosftu' afv“–&)÷tl:a/df s]xL ultljlw–&^÷g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg@)&@, efu–@#, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u -#)_–&&÷tkfO{+sf] efG;f M abfd–&*÷kmfu'g dlxgfsf] ko{6s tYof°–&(÷ljleGgj8fdf s[ifs ;d"xx¿ u7g–(÷ ljleGg j8fdf v]ns'b ;ldltx¿ u7g .


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eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] 6f}d9L l:yt P]ltxfl;se}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff{ ]4f/sf] nflu kmfu'g @* ut]gu/kflnsf ;ef sIfdf k'/ftŒjljb\, ;Dkbfljb\, Oltxf;tyf ;+:s[ltljb\ / k|fljlwsx¿aLr 5nkmn sfo{qmd u¥of] .@)&@ j}zfv !@ ut]sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6 Iflt k'u]sf]pQm dlGb/ gu/kflnsfn] hL0ff{]4f/sf] nflu tof/Lul//x]sf] 5 .

5nkmn sfo{qmddf g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sfs]Gb|Lo ;lrj Pjd\ eQmk'/ If]q g+ ! sf ;f+;b k|]d ;'jfnn]eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] @)%@ ;fndf hL0ff{]4f/ u/]sf]a]nf ;+nUg lj1, k|fljlwsnufot 8sdL{ / l;sdL{x¿ ;“u;Nnfx ug{' plrt x'g] atfpg'eof] .

‘;Dkbf hL0ff{]4f/sf] sfd pkef]Qmf ;ldlt /cdfgtaf6 ubf{ hg>dbfg;d]t h'6\g] / u'0f:t/Lo x'g]eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cg'ej xf]’ pxf“n] eGg'eof] .

e'sDkkl5 ;Dkbf If]qdf 8f]h/ rnfOPsf]dfhgtfsf] lj/f]w ePsf] pNn]v ub{} ;f+;b ;'jfnn] pxL;dodf hL0ff{]4f/ ePsf] b'O{ ;DkbfdWo] @)&@ j}zfvsf]e"sDkdf kf“rtNn] dlGb/ Iflt gePsf] t/ e}/jgfydlGb/ Iflt ePsf]n] o;af6 kf7 l;Sg' kg{] cfjZostfcf}+Nofpg'eof] .

pxf“n] eGg'eof] ‘e}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff{]4f/ jf

k'gM lgdf{0f s] ug{' kg{] xf], lgSof{}n ug{'k5{ . ;+/rgfalnof] agfpg] / jf:t'snf h:tfsf] t:t} sfod /fVg'cfjZos 5 .’

sfo{qmdsf ;efklt Pjd\ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsfk|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] hL0ff{]4f/ sfo{sf] nflu pkef]Qmf;ldlt u7g e};s]sf] hfgsf/L u/fp“b} sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zodflyk|sfz kfg{'eof] . k|d'v k|hfkltn] sfo{qmddf pkl:ytlj1x¿sf] /fo ;'emfjcg';f/ e}/j dlGb/sf] hL0ff{]4f/ug{] ljrf/ JoQm ug{'eof] . hL0ff{]4f/ sfo{df lj1x¿sf];Nnfxcg';f/ :yfgLo ;Lk, k|ljlw / ;fwgsf] k|of]u ug{]hfgsf/L u/fp“b} k|d'v k|hfkltn] eljiodf klg k|j'4JolQmTjx¿sf] lg/Gt/ ;xof]u kfpg] ljZjf; JoQm ug{'eof] .

k'/ftŒj ljefusf k"j{ dxflgb{]zs lji0f'/fhsfsL{n] ljutdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf / k'/ftŒj ljefuaLr ;+/If0f sfo{sf] nflu ePsf ;xsfo{x¿sf] :d/0fub{} hL0ff{]4f/ sfo{ z'? ug{' cl3 ;f] dlGb/sf] ;+/rgfutljZn]if0f (Structural Analysis) ug{'kg{] ;'emfj lbg'eof] .

;+/If0fljb k|f= ;'bz{g/fh ltjf/Ln] dlGb/sf]xfn s} ;+/rgf alnof] /x]sf]n] k'gM lgdf{0fsf] ;QfhL0ff{]4f/dfq u/] k'Ug] ljrf/ JoQm ug{'eof] . e}/jgfydlGb/h:tf cfoftfsf/ dlGb/sf] ljz]iftfnfO{ ;+/If0fub{} k/Dk/fut jf:t' cg's'n x'g] u/L ;+/If0f sfo{ cufl8

e}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff{]4f/ ;DaGwL 5nkmn sfo{qmd

P]ltxfl;s e}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff{]4f/af/] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf ;xefuLx?


4

a9fpg' kg{] pxf“sf] ;'emfj lyof] .k|f= 8f= df]xgd"lt{ kGtn] hL0ff{]4f/sf] nflu

u/]sf cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt tYo tYof+sx¿nfO{clen]lvs/0f ug{'kg{], ;DkbfnfO{ :yfgLo ;+:s[lt / hLjgz}nL;“u hf]8]/ x]g{'kg{] tyf k/Dk/fut z}nLsf] lgdf{0fsfo{df ;+nUg cg'ejL / bIf 8sdL{, l;sdL{ / nf+]xsdL{x¿sf]klg ljrf/ ;+sng ug{'kg{] ;'emfj lbg'eof] .

;+/If0fljb ;"o{eQm ;f+uf5]+n] @)%@ ;fndf ;f]xLe}/j dlGb/ lgdf{0f ubf{sf] cg'ejaf6 l;Sb} xfnsf];+/rgfdf /x]sf sdL sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Djf]wg ub{} ;+/rgftof/ kf/L hL0ff{]4f/ ubf{ pko'Qm x'g] wf/0ff /fVg'eof] .g]jf/L k/Dk/fcg';f/ ;a} ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ lgoldt / cfjlws¿kdf dd{t ;+ef/ ug{ ;s] k|fs[lts ljklQaf6 sd Ifltk'Ug] ljrf/ /fVb} pxf“n] k|To]s jif{ ;Dkbfx¿sf] ef}ltscj:yfx¿sf] cjnf]sg k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{'kg{] ;'emfjlbg'eof] .

k'/ftŒj ljefusf k"j{ dxflgb{]zs sf]ifk|;fbcfrfo{n] dlGb/ hL0ff{]4f/ ug{'eGbf cufl8 ;+/rgfutljZn]if0f ug{'kg{] ;'emfj lbg'eof] .

;+/If0fljb\ e/t zdf{n] ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdfk/Dk/fut ;Lk, z}nL / lgdf{0f ;fdu|L k|of]u u/]df ;f]lgdf{0f lbuf] / df}lns x'g] ljrf/ JoQm ug{'eof] .

k|f= 8f= k|]dgfy df:s]n] ;DkbfnfO{ k|fs[ltsljklQn] dfq geO{ dfgjLo sdL sdhf]/L / nfk/jfxLn];d]t ;Dkbfdf Iflt k'Ug] ePsf]n] ;do ;dodf k|fljlws

lg/LIf0f u/L dd{t ;+ef/ ug{ ;s] Iflt Go'lgs/0f ug{;lsg] atfpg'eof ] . k/Dk/fut ;Lk ePsf bIfhgzlQmnfO{ ;b'kof]u ug{'kg{], ;+/If0fsf] nflu l6d agfpg'kg{], k|fljlws ¿kdf a9L prfO{sf] k]6Ln] hdLgsf] sDkgnfO{Go'lgs/0f ug{] ePsf]n] e}/jgfy dlGb/sf] t'ngfdf kf“rtn]dlGb/ e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds /x]sf] lhls/ ub{} e}/jgfydlGb/ hL0ff{]4f/ ubf{ eljiodf x'g ;Sg] k|fs[lts ljklQnfO{;d]t dWo gh/ u/]/ k'gM lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ pxf“sf] syglyof] .

O{ltxf;ljb 8f= k'?iff]Qdnf]rg >]i7n] Oltxf;dfof] dlGb/ z'?df Ps tNnfdfq ePsf] / dWosfndf b'O{tNnf yk]/ tLg tNn] agfOPsf]n] ljleGg sfn v08dfuPsf] e"sDkn] o; dlGb/nfO{ Iflt k'¥ofPsf] rrf{ ub{}!$)) jif{ cufl8 g} of] dlGb/ lgdf{0f e} ;s]sf] P]ltxfl;sk|df0fx¿ e]l6Psf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . e}/jgfysf]dlGb/sf] ;DaGw eQmk'/sf] k|l;4 la:s]6 hfqf;“u hf]l8Psf]/ la:s]6 hfqfdf pEofpg] ln+uf]df em'08\ofpg] xln+kt-ljZjWjhf_ n] ljZjgfy e}/j / eb|sfnLsf] k|ltlglwTjug{] pxf“sf] ljrf/ lyof] . 8f= >]i7n] e}/jgfy dlGb/;“u}a]tfn dlGb/ klg k'gM lgdf{0f ug{'kg{] / ltndfwj gf/fo0frf]sdf cjl:yt e"uf]n dlGb/ -ef]vfo\ Bf]_ sf] klg;+/If0f ug{'kg{] ;'emfj lbg'eof] .

8f= dlGhk zfSon] g]kfndf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿sf]u'0f:t/ k/LIf0fsf] nflu cfw'lgs k|of]uzfnf / ;fwgsf]cefj /x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fp“b} e"sDk k|lt/f]wL ;+/rgf

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} k|]d ;'jfn, ;'lgn k|hfklt, /hgL hf]zL / lji0f'/fh sfsL{

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} ;'bz{g/fh ltjf/L, sf]ifk|;fb cfrfo{, df]xgd"lt{ kGt / e/t zdf{


5

tof/ kfg{ ;+/rgfut ljZn]if0f u/L k'gMlgdf{0f ug{'kg{]ljrf/ JoQm ug{'eof] . lj:t[t Iflt ljj/0f tof/ ePkl5 dfq xfnsf] ;+/rgfn] sfd ug{ ;Sg] jf g;Sg] a'lemg]x'“bf To;kl5 dfq hL0ff{]4f/ jf k'gM lgdf{0f ug{] eGg]5'6\ofpg ;lhnf] x'g] pxf“sf] wf/0ff lyof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v /hgLhf]zLn] wGojfb 1fkg ub}{ ;Dkbfsf] Jojl:yt tl/sfaf6

;+/If0f u/L gof“ k':tfnfO{ x:tfGt/0f ug{ uxlsnf] ;'emfjk|fKt ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

u'ly ;+:yfgsf s]Gb|Lo lgb{]zs ldg/fh rf}w/Ln]:yfgLo txn] ;/f]sf/jfnf;“u ;/;Nnfx u/L ;+/If0f,hL0ff] {4f/ / k'gMlgdf{0f ubf{ ;a}sf] ckgTj a9\g]atfpg'eof] .

b/af/ x]/rfx tyf :df/s ;+/If0f sfof{noeQmk'/sf k|d'v df]xgl;+x nfdfn] k|fs[lts k|sf]knfO{r'gf}lt lbg g;lsg] ctM alnof] dfq x]g{ x'Gg, e}/jdlGb/sf] /]S6f]lkml6ªn] arfpg ;lsG5 ls eGg' x'“b}k/Dk/fut k|ljlwnfO{ arfpg cfPsf] lgb]{lzsfnfO{ klgWofg lbg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

/fli6«o snf ;ª\u|xfno eQmk'/sf sfof{nok|d'v ;/:jtL l;+xn] ;Dkbf ;+/If0f / alnof] agfpg]

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} k|]dgfy df:s], k'?iff]Qdnf]rg >]i7, ;"o{eQm ;f+uf5]+ / /ljGb| HofVj

gfddf df}lnstf ljgfzlt/ uPsf]df eQmk'/ ckjfb /x]sf]atfp“b} efjLk':tfsf] nflu ;Dkbfx? df}lns z}nLdfagfpg'k5{ eGg'eof] .

j8fcWoIf /ljGb| HofVjn] ;~rfng ug'{ ePsf]5nkmn sfo{qmddf :yfgLo ;dfh ;]jL cgGt wf}e8]nn]klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

;+/If0fsf] nflu lj1x¿sf] /fo ;'emfj ;+sng

ug{' cufl8 x]l/6]h l/sG:6«S;g :68L sld6Lsf jf:t'ljb\/ljgf lzNksf/n] e}/jgfy dlGb/sf] b]lvg] Ifltx¿sf]

ljj/0f ;DaGwL k|:t'lt ug{' ePsf] lyof] .5nkmn sfo{qmd kl5 ;xefuL ;a} ljåt

JolQmTjx¿af6 e}/jgfy dlGb/sf] :ynut lg/LIf0f ul/Psf]lyof] .

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} ldg/fh rf}w/L, ;/:jtL l;+x, df]xgl;+x nfdf / dlGhk zfSo

sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} cgGt wf}e8]n / /ljgf lzNksf/


6

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ;~rfng u/]sf] cfwf/e"ttxsf] k/LIff -sIff *_ sf] kl/0ffd r}q @) ut] k|sflztu¥of] . gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v Pj+ gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf;+of]hs ;'lgn k|hfkltsf] cWoIftfdf a;]sf] a}7sn] pQmglthf k|sflzt ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] .

cIf/f°g k|0ffnLdf k|sflzt glthfcg';f/ @&!hgf ljBfyL{x¿n] #=^ eGbf a9L :t/Ls[t c° k|fKt u/]sf5g\ eg] %** hgfn] #=@ b]lv #=%( ;Dd / ^!^ hgfn]@=* b]lv #=!( ;Dd :t/Ls[t c° xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ .To:t} $(( hgf k/LIffyL{x¿n] @=$ b]lv @=&( ;Dd, #$(hgfn] @=) b]lv @=#( ;Dd, !@& hgfn] !=^ b]lv !=((;Dd / @! hgfn] !=@ b]lv !=%( ;Dd :t/Ls[t c° k|fKtu/]sf 5g\ . # hgf ljBfyL{n] eg] !=@ eGbf sddfq:t/Ls[t c° xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ .

gu/kflnsfn] klxnf] k6s ;~rfng u/]sf]cfwf/e"t txsf] k/LIffdf ljBfnosf lzIfs, ljBfyL{,cleefjs / gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cys ldlxg]tn]/fd|f] glthf k|fKt ePsf]df gu/ k|d'v k|hfkltn] v'zLJoQm ub}{ ;a}nfO{ wGojfb 1fkg ug'{eof] . k/LIff zflGtk"0f{¿kdf ;~rfng ePsf] / glthf pT;fxhgs ePsf]pxfFsf] syg lyof] .

gu/kflnsf If]qdf /x]sf s"n ^# ljBfnox¿dfcWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿dWo] @ xhf/ $*( hgf ljBfyL{x¿n]k/LIffsf] kmf/d e/]sf lyP h;dWo] @ xhf/ $&$k/LIffyL{x¿ k/LIffdf lgoldt ;xefuL ePsf] k/LIff;ldltsf ;+of]hs k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{n] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .pxfFn] !% hgf ljBfyL{x¿ k/LIffdf cg'kl:yt ePsf]atfpg'eof] .

/fli6«o kf7\oqmd ljsf; tyf d"Nof+sg kl/ifb\sf]ldlt @)&$ df3 !& ut]sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ lgoldt k/LIfflbPsf k/LIffyL{x¿dWo] &%=($ k|ltzt -!*&( hgf_sIff ( df egf{ x'g of]Uo ePsf 5g\ . kl/ifb\n] k|To]sclgjfo{ ljifodf ;}4flGts / k|of]ufTdstkm{ u/L ;dli6ut¿kdf 8L Kn; / ;f]eGbf dflysf] u|]8 k|fKt ug]{ k/LIffyL{n]

sIff ( df egf{ x'g kfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] .gu/kflnsfaf6 k|sflzt glthf ljZn]if0f ubf{

ul0ft ljifodf ;a}eGbf a9L k/LIffyL{x¿n] 8L Kn;eGbfd'lgsf] u|]8 NofPsf] k|d'v k|hfkltn] atfpg'eof] . ;a}eGbfa9L %@& hgf ljBfyL{x¿ ul0ftdf sdhf]/ b]lvP, pxfFn]eGg'eof] .

sIff * sf] glthfn] k|To]s ljBfnosf] nflulzIf0f l;sfO pknAwLsf] P]gfsf] e"ldsf v]Ng] rrf{ub}{ k|d'v k|hfkltn] gu/sf] lzIff If]qdf :t/f]GgtL ug{;a} ljBfnox¿n] cfufdL lbgdf ldlxg]t ug'{kg]{df hf]8lbg 'eof ] . ljBfno txsf ] lzIffsf ] lhDd ]jf/Lgu/kflnsfn] jxg ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf x/]s ljBfnosf]z}lIfs ;'wf/sf nflu gu/kflnsfn] k|ToIf pkl:ylthgfpg] atfpg'eof] .

gu/ lzIff clws[t ?b| zdf{n] ;fdflhs cWoogtyf hg;ª\Vof lzIff ljifodf dfq !^( hgf ljBfyL{x¿n]8L Kn;eGbf tnsf] u|]8 NofPsf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn]lj1fg tyf jftfj/0f ljifodf dfq !*! hgf ljBfyL{x¿,g]kfnL ljifodf dfq $^ hgf / c+u|]hL ljifodf dfq #(ljBfyL{x¿ 8L Kn;eGbf tnsf] u|]8 NofPsf] / tL ;a}ljBfyL{x¿ sIff ( df egf{ x'gsf nflu clgjfo{ ¿kdfu]|8 j[l4 k/LIffdf pQL0f{ x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

ljBfno lzIffdf cIf/f°g k4lt sfof{Gjogsfo{ljlw @)&@ cg';f/ Ps jf PseGbf a9L clgjfo{ljifodf ;}4flGtstkm{ ;L u|]8eGbf tnsf] u|]8 k|fKt ug]{ljBfyL{x¿ ljifout ¿kdf u|]8 j[l4 -k"/s_ k/LIffdf;xefuL x'g kfpg] 5g\ . gu/kflnsfn] u|]8 j[l4 k/LIff@)&% j}zfv ( ut]af6 z'? ug]{ tflnsf;d]t k|sflztu/]sf] 5 .

o;;“u} gu/kflnsfn] k/LIff glthfdf lrQga'emL k'gof]{u ug{ rfxg] ljBfyL{sf nflu k'gof]{u b:t'/k|lt ljifo ?= @)).– lt/]/ r}q @@ ut]b]lv r}q @*ut];Dd lgj]bg k]z ug]{ Dofb tf]s]sf] k/LIff ;ldltsf;+of]hs sdf{rfo{n] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf¢f/f cfwf/e"t txsf] k/LIffsf]glthf k|sflzt M glthf pT;fxhgs


7

gu/ lzIff ;ldlt eQmk'/ / cfwf/e"t tx-sIff *_ pQL0f{ k/LIff ;~rfng Pj+ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt,eQmk'/sf] ldlt @)&$.!@.!( ut] a;]sf] ;+o'Qm a}7ssf]lg0f{ocg';f/ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ldlt @)&$.!@.)$b]lv @)&$.!@.!$ ;Dd ;~rfng ul/Psf] cfwf/e"t tx-sIff *_ pQL0f{ k/LIff @)&$ sf] glthf b]xfoadf]lhdk|sfzg ul/Psf] 5 –

tkl;n♦ cfj]bg kmf/fd eg]{ hDdf ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof – @$*(

-;fd'bflostkm{ ^^$ / ;+:yfuttkm{ !*@%_♦ k/LIffdf ;xefuL ljBfno ;ª\Vof – ̂ # -;fd'bflostkm{

!* / ;+:yfuttkm{ $%_♦ k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof – @$&$♦ k/LIffdf cg'kl:yt ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof – !%♦ k|fKt glthfcg';f/ k/LIffyL{x¿sf] cf};t u|]8 :t/

-;a} ljifox¿df ;}4flGts / k|of]ufTds b'j}tkm{sf];dli6ut_ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf] 5 –

♦ sIff ( df egf{ x'g of]Uo ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof – !*&(-&%=($ k|ltzt_ -k|To]s clgjfo{ ljifodf ;}4flGts /k|of]ufTdstkm{ u/L ;dli6ut ¿kdf D+ / ;f]eGbfdflysf] u|]8 k|fKt ug]{_

♦ ljBfno lzIffdf cIf/f°g k4lt sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw@)&@ cg';f/ Ps jf PseGbf a9L clgjfo{ ljifodf;}4flGtstkm{ C u|]8eGbf tnsf] u|]8 k|fKt ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿ljifout ¿kdf u|]8 j[l4 -k"/s_ k/LIffdf ;xefuL x'g;Sg] 5g\ .

♦ k|fKt glthfcg';f/ D / C u|]8:t/ k|fKt ug]{ ljBfyL{

;ª\Vof ljj/0f M -sIff ( df egf{ x'g clgjfo{ ¿kdfu|]8:t/ j[l4 ug'{kg]{ ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof_

♦ k/LIff glthfdf lrQ ga'emL k'gof]{u ug{ rfxg] ljBfyL{sfnflu k'gof]{u b:t'/ k|lt ljifo ?= @)).– lgwf{/0f ug]{/ k'gof]{usf nflu lgj]bg k]z ug]{ Dofb @)&$.!@.@@ut]b]lv @)&%.!@.@* ut];Dd .

♦ u|]8 j[l4 -k""/s_ k/LIffdf clgjfo{ ljifodf ;}4flGtstkm{C u|]8eGbf tnsf] u|]8 k|fKt ug]{ tyf k/LIffdf cf+lzs¿kdf pkl:yt x'g] k/LIffyL{x¿sf nflu u|]8 j[l4-k"/s_ k/LIff b]xfoadf]lhd ;~rfng x'g]5 –

s_ cfj]bg kmf/fd eg]{ ldlt M @)&$.!@.@@ ut]b]lv @)&%.)!.)% ut];Dd v_ k/LIff z'Ns M k|lt ljBfyL{ ?= $%).– dfq u_ k/LIff ;do tflnsf M ;do laxfg &M)) ah] .

k'gZr Mk'gZr Mk'gZr Mk'gZr Mk'gZr M k/LIff glthfdf k|fljlws sf/0fj; s'g} q'l6ePsf] b]lvg cfPdf sfof{nosf] clen]vcg';f/;RofO{g] 5 .

cfwf/e"t tx -sIff *_ pQL0f{ k/LIff @)&$ sf] glthf k|sfzg tyfu|]8 j[l4 -k"/s_ k/LIff ;DaGwL eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] ;"rgf


8

k|l;4 la:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f{ / dof{lbt ¿kdfeJotfsf;fy ;DkGg ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a}kIfsf] ;+o'Qm a}7s r}q !* ut] ;DkGg eof] . lhNnfk|zf;g sfof{no, eQmk'/sf] ;dGjodf ;DkGg pQm a}7sdfeQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] hfqfnfO{Jojl:yt / dof{lbt ¿kn] ;DkGg ug{ gu/kflnsfn]cfjZos tof/L ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

la:s]6 hfqf eQmk'/jf;Lx¿sf] dfq geO{ ;Dk"0f{g]kfnLx¿sf] ;femf kj{ ePsf]n] ;a} kIfn] cf–cfÇgf]lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{'kg]{df hf]8lb+b} k|d'v k|hfkltn] r}q @& // a}zfv % ut] lbgsf] @M))ah]af6 g} e}/jsf] /y tfGg] /;f“em % ah];Dddf lgwf{l/t:yfgdf /ynfO{ Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{atfpg'eof] . /y w]/} nfdf]b"/L;Dd nfg vf]Hbf klg c;xhkl/l:ylt l;h{gf x'g] ;+efjgfnfO{Wofgdf /fv]/ pxf“n] /ynfO{tfg]/ k"j{lt/ a9Ldf ;fsf]7f /klZrdlt/ a9Ldf a'n'rf;Dddfq nfg] s'/f clxn]af6 g};j{;fwf/0fnfO{ ;"rgf lbg'kg]{atfpg'eof] .

hfqf cjlwdf zflGt;'/IffnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ gu/kflnsfn] k|d'v :ynx¿df;L=;L= Sofd]/f h8fg ug{ nfu]sf] pxf“n] hfgsf/Llbg'eof] .

k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L b|f]0f kf]v/]nn] hfqfzflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf ;DkGg ug{ k|zf;gsf]tkm{af6 ;Dk"0f{tof/L ul/;s]sf] pNn]v ug'{eof] . pxf“n] e}/jgfysf]/ydf lgwf{l/t JolQmx¿ afx]s c? s;}nfO{ klg g/fVgcfu|x ub}{ cgflws[t JolQmx¿nfO{ tTsfn sfaf{xL ul/g]atfpg'eof] .

k|x/L pk/LIfs ls/0f /f0ffn] ut ;fn pkb|f]ug]{ / hfqf ef“8\g vf]Hg]x¿nfO{ ;dod} ;r]t kfg]{ p2]Zon]

la:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f { / dof{lbt ¿kdfla:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f { / dof{lbt ¿kdfla:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f { / dof{lbt ¿kdfla:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f { / dof{lbt ¿kdfla:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f { / dof{lbt ¿kdfeJotfsf;fy ;DkGg ug{ ;+o'Qm a}7seJotfsf;fy ;DkGg ug{ ;+o'Qm a}7seJotfsf;fy ;DkGg ug{ ;+o'Qm a}7seJotfsf;fy ;DkGg ug{ ;+o'Qm a}7seJotfsf;fy ;DkGg ug{ ;+o'Qm a}7s

;L=;L= Sofd]/fsf km'6]hx¿ ;fj{hlgs :yndf k|bz{g ug]{/ hfqfnfO{ ;+oldt agfpg k|x/Lsf]tkm{af6 dfOlsª ul/g]atfpg'eof] .

u'7L ;+:yfg eQmk'/sf k|d'v xl/ ;'j]bLn] hfqfsf]nflu u'7Lsf]tkm{af6 ul/g'kg]{ ;a} sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf]hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

gu/kflnsfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿, ;'/Iff lgsfok|d'vx¿, ;/f]sf/jfnf ;/sf/L sfof{no k|d'vx¿ Pj+l6d, Snjsf k|ltlglw;d]t pkl:yt ePsf] pQm a}7sn]

r}q @& / j}zfv % ut] e}/jsf] /y lbgsf] @M)) ah]af6tfGg z'? u/]/ %M)) ah];Dd hfqf ;DkGg ug]{, /ynfO{;fsf]7f / a'n'rf;Dd dfq k'¥ofpg] tyf /ydf lgwf{l/tJolQmx¿ afx]s cGonfO{ gr9fpg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] j8fWoIf/ljGb| HofVjn] atfpg'eof] .

To:t} hfqfnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf ;DkGg ug{eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf, k|x/L k|zf;gsf]tkm{af6 krf{ ljt/0f,kDKn]l6·, dfOls· tyf ;+rf/ dfWoddfkm{t ;"rgf;Dk|]if0f ug]{ / r}q @^ ut] ljxfg *M)) ah] 6f}d9Ldfj[xb\ ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ug]{ ;d]t lg0f{o ePsf] pxf“n]atfpg'eof] .

la:s]6 hfqfaf/] ePsf] ;+o'Qm a}7s


9

j8f g+ (eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf ( g+= j8fsf ls;fgx¿sf]

r}q $ ut] ePsf] e]nfåf/f lgjf{lrt j8f ;b:o hutnfndfgGw/sf] cWoIftfdf !( ;b:oLo j8f s[ifs ;d"x u7gul/of] . j8fsf ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t u/L s[lif;DaGwLljleGg tflndx¿ ;+rfng ug{ tyf gu/kflnsfsf] gLltlgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug{ gu/kflnsfn] !) j6} j8fdf s[ifs;d"xx¿ u7g ug{ yflnPsf] xf] .

e]nfdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf s[lif ;ldltsf;+of]hs Pj+ # g+= j8fsf cWoIf /fhs[i0f uf]/fn] ;+3Lo;+/rgfdf s[lif ;DaGwL clwsf/ gu/kflnsfnfO{k|bfgul/Psf] pNn]v ub}{ sd hUufdf pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{tyf :j:ys/ vfB pTkfbg ug { gu/kflnsfn ]ls;fgx¿nfO{ pT;flxt ul//x]sf] rrf{ ug'{eof] . jxfFn]v]tdf sfd ug]{ jf:tljs ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|ToIf nfe lbg]p2]Zon] ultljlw ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lb+b} 5f8f rf}kfof /e':ofxf s's'/sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu gu/kflnsfn] ub}{cfPsf] sfo{qmdaf/] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

egkf ( g+= j8fsf cWoIf /ljGb| HofVjn]k/Dk/fut z}nLdf v]tLub}{ cfPsf ls;fgx¿nfO{ cfw'lgsk|ljlw l;sfpg] tyf /f;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]unfO{Go"gLs/0f ub}{ h}ljs k|ljlwdfkm{t s[lif pTkfbsTj j[l4ug]{ ljifodf lj1x¿dfkm{t tflnd ;+rfng ug]{ ljifodf5nkmn eO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{kflnsf ;b:o 5f]/Ld}ofF ;'hv" k|hfkltn]eQmk'/jf;Lx¿ clwsf+z ls;fg eP/ klg hUuf hldgsd x'Fb} hfFbf ;d:of b]lvPsf] rrf{ ub}{ s[ifsnfO{;Ddfg ug]{ efjgf gofF k':tfdf hfu[t u/fpg'kg]{dfhf]8 lbg'eof] .

e ]nfdf j8fsf s [ofzLn ls;fgx¿n]gu/kflnsfsf] ah]6 lgdf{0f ubf{ lglZrt k|ltzt /sds[lifsf] nflu ljlgof]hg u/]/ ls;fgsf] lxtdf Jojl:ytsfo{qmd ;+rfng ug'{kg]{, k|f·fl/s v]tLkftLsf nfluls;fgx¿nfO{ pT;flxt ug'{kg]{, ls;fgx¿nfO{ cfw'lgs v]tLk|0ffnLaf/] tflnd lbg'kg]{ nufotsf ;'emfjx¿ lbg'eof] .j8f g+ ^

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ^ sf j8f cWoIfxl//fd ;'jfnsf] cWoIftfdf @)&$ ;fn r]}q % ut]

;f]daf/ j8fdf s[ifsx¿sf] e]nf ;DkGg eof] . pQme]nfaf6 k"0o/fd ;'jfnsf] cWoIftfdf !# ;b:oLo s[ifs;d"x u7g ul/of] .

pQm e]nfdf j8f cWoIf xl//fd ;'jfnn] s[ifs;d"x u7g ug'{sf] p2]Zoaf/] :ki6 kfb}{ j8fdf eO/x]sfljsf; lgdf{0f, vf;fªv';'ª vf]nfsf] bfofFafofF/fVgnfu]sf] 9n lgsf;, 3/ b}nf] gl;{ª ;]jf, e':ofxfs's'/ lgoGq0f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf e':ofxf s's'/x¿nfO{/]lahlj?4sf] vf]k / s''s'/ aGWofs/0fsf] af/]df :ki6kfg'{eof] . ;fy} pxfFn] xfn} ;DkGg gu/kl/ifbaf6 kfl/tul/Psf] % j6f ljw]ossf]af/]df ;d]t hfgsf/Lu/fpg'eof] .

pQm e]nfdf sfo{kflnsf ;b:o /f]zgd]}of ;'jfnn]s[ifs ;d"x u7g u/L ;f]xL ;d"xaf6 j8fdf /x]sfs[ifsx¿nfO{ pT;flxt u/L s[lif pTkfbgdf j[l4 ug{;xof]u k'Ug] atfpg'eof] .

e]nfdf j8f ;b:o uf]ljGb b'jfnn] s[ifs ;d"xnfO{;do ;dodf s[lif lj1x¿ NofO{ tflndx¿ ;~rfngug'{kg]{ ;fy} ljutdf Dofb gf3]sf] wfgsf] lap k/]h:t}cGo lap lahgx¿ Nofp“bf / k|of]u ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ /o; ;d"xn] s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;r]t kfb] } { nfg'kg] { ljrf//fVg'eof] .

;d"xsf cWoIf k"0o/fd ;'jfnn] ls;fgx¿;“uhUuf 36\b} uO/x]sf] cj:yfdf gu/kflnsfn] s[lifsf]ks]6 If]q 3f]if0ff ug'{kg]{af/] ;'emfj lbg'eof] .j8f g+= %

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= % df r}t !^ ut]ePsf] s[ifsx¿sf] Ps e]nfn] k"0f{uf]kfn /fhrnsf]cWoIftfdf !& ;b:oLo s[ifs ;d"x u7g ul/Psf] 5 .

e]nfdf % j8fsf j8fcWoIf k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{n]s[lifk|wfg b]z g]kfn s[lifdf klg cfTdlge{/ gx'g' nHhf:kbePsf] atfpg'eof] .

% j8fsf ;b:o k"0f{uf]kfn /fhrnn] df]lxofgLxsnufot s[ifsx¿sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;dfg]dlskfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] :ki6 kfg'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf gkf ;b:o ;l/gf Bf]nf, gf/fo0fk|;fbTjfgfaf;', s[i0fKof/L hwf/L, gf/fo0feQm e]n] / /fd]Zj/sf]h'n] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

j8f s[ifs ;d"xx¿ u7g


10

eQmk'/ lhNnf art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;ª\3ln=sf ] cfof ]hgfdf ;xsf/L P]g, @)&$, ;Dkltz'4Ls/0f;DaGwL lgb]{zg, @)&$ / :yfgLo txn] agfpg];xsf/L P]g, ljlgod ;DaGwdf r}t # ut] cGt/lqmofsfo{qmd eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfleqsf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sfcWoIf, ;~rfns, Joj:yfks tyf k|ltlglwx¿aLr ePsf]cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfkltn] k|ToIf ¿kdf ug{ gldNg] sfd ck|ToIf ¿kdfklg ug{ ldNb}g / ;d'bfonfO{ Wofgdf /fvL P]g, lgodx¿agfpg'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

@))& ;fndf cfPsf] k|hftGq h'Dnfdf @))*;fndf k'u]sf] ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ pxfFn]

s8f sfg'g / b08, ;hfoeGbf klg dflg;nfO{ ;r]tagfpg' cfjZos 5 / ;dod} ;"rgfsf] hfgsf/L lbg;xsf/Lx¿ ;Ifd x'g'k5{ eGg'eof] .

;/sf/n] sfg'g agfpFbf cljsl;t / b'u{d:yfgnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL agfpg'kg]{df hf]8 lb+b} k|d'vk|hfkltn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfleq !%^ j6f ;xsf/L;+:yfx¿ ePsf] / tLdWo] sdhf]/ ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{Wofgdf /fvL ;xsf/L P]g, sfg'gx¿ lgd{f0f ug] {atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{;xsf/Lsf] d"No–dfGotf / b[li6sf]0fn] x]g]{ atfpFb} pxfFn];xsf/LsdL{x¿ P]g, sfg'gsf] af/]df ;r]t x'g'k5{ eGg'eof] .

;xsf/L;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ug]{nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpgeQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ;~rfng u/]sf ] hgHof ]lt

k':tsfnodf ;a} ;xsf/Lx¿sf] k|ltj]bg jf kqklqsfx¿Ps–Psk|lt /fVg ;'́ fj lb+b} pxfFn] kf7oqmddf ;xsf/Lsf]af/]df ;dfj]z u/L efjL k':tfnfO{ ;xsf/Laf/]df 1fglbg' cfjZos 5 eGg'eof] .

pxfFn] ;xsf/Ln] x:tsnf, ko{6g, cfb/ lgs]tg,;f+:s[lts k|lzIf0f, v]ns'bh:tf sfdx¿ ug{'kg]{ atfp“b}eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfleq Ps ;Dkbf Ps ljBfno u/L;/;kmfO cleofg rnfPh:t} ;xsf/Ln] klg Ps ;xsf/LPs :yfgsf] ;kmfO cleofg rnfpg'kg]{ cfjZostfcf}+Nofpg'eof] . pxfFn] 7"nf–7"nf ;kgf afF8\g'eGbf ug{;lsg] sfd s'/fdfq u/L Jojxf/df ptfg{' a'l4dfgL x'G5eGg'eof] .

rLg / g]kfndf Ps jif{sf] km/sdf k|hftGqcfPsf] / rLg clxn] ljZjsf] ;a}eGbfcfly{s:Q/ dfly p7]sf] b]z alg;s]sf] 5 .ToxL ;dolt/ hfkfg klg ljZj o'4df Wj:tePsf]nfO{ /fd|f] agfO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 t/g]kfnsf] ;/sf/df uPsf bnx¿sf] sfdug]{ OR5f zlQm sd ePsf]n] g]kfn ljsf;x'g ;s]sf] 5}g, pxfFn] yKg'eof] .

cfof ]hs ;ª \3sf cWoIf Pj +sfo{qmdsf ;efklt s[i0fuf]ljGb nfvfh"n];xsf/L P]g, @)&$ sf] af/]df k|:t'tLs/0fub}{ P]g kfng ePdf x'g] kmfObf, kfngfgePdf x'g] s;"/cg';f/sf] b08–;hfo /

P]gdf :ki6 gePsf ljifox¿df k|:6 kfg{'eof] .;ª\3sf lgjt{dfg cWoIf /fw]Zofd ;'jfnn]

;DklQ z'4Ls/0f;DaGwL lgb]{zgaf/]df k|:t'tLs/0f ub}{;a} ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿n] ;DklQ z'4Ls/0f kmf/d e/L;DalGwt lgsfodf k|ltj]bg k]z ug{'kg] { cfjZostfcf}+Nofpg'eof] .

;ª\3sf Joj:yfks afns[i0f Wjh"n] ;ª\3n]ul/cfPsf] art ;+sng, C0f k|jfx, tflnd, uf]i7L,;"rgfk|jfx / ;ª\3sf] xfn;Ddsf] ;DklQ / bfloTjsf]af/]df k|:t'tLs/0f ug{'eof] .

nf]s]Zj/ art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf ln=sfcWoIf /fd;'Gb/ ;'hv"n] ;+:yfsf] af/]df k|:t'tLs/0fug{'ePsf] pQm sfo{qmddf ;ª\3sf pkfWoIf xl/ aNn /;lrj hugfy k|hfkltn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

;xsf/L P]g agfpg]af/] cGt/lqmof

;xsf/L P]g ;DaGwL cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf k|d'v k|hfkltnufot


11

eQmk'/sf] k|l;4 la:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f{ / dof{lbt¿kdf ;DkGg ug{ eQmk'/ gkfsf] cfof]hgfdf r}t & / !$ut] ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnf, :yfgLo 6Ld Sna, jfrgfnosfk|ltlglwx¿;“u 5'§f5'§} 5nkmn sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] .

5nkmndf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfkltn] eQmk'/sf] Ps klxrfg /x]sf] la:s]6 hfqfnfO{zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf ;DkGg ug'{ ;a} gu/jf;Lx¿sf] lhDd]jf/LePsf] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] hfqfsf] ;dodf hfqf:yn tyf d'Vo

ahf/df lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / eUgfjz]if x6fpg tyf lah'nL,6]lnkmf]g / s]a'n g]6js{sf tf/x¿ Jojl:yt ug{ gkfsf]tkm{af6 ;dod} kqfrf/ u/]sf] atfp“b} ;'/Iff Joj:yfsf]nflu eQmk'/sf] ljleGg :yfgdf ;L;L Sofd]/f h8fgu/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

la:s]6 hfqf dof{lbt ¿kdf dgfpg 5nkmnsfo{qmddf gkfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] la:s]6

hfqf df}lns hfqf ePsf] x'“bf ;a}sf] ;xof]u cfjZosePsf] atfpg'eof] .

5nkmndf dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/sf k|x/Lgfoj pk/LIfs s[i0f k|;fO{n] la:s]6 hfqfnfO{ zflGtk"0f{9·af6 ;DkGg ug{ k|x/Lsf] tkm{af6 ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iff k|aGwldnfpg] tof/L ul//x]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f eQmk'/ zfvfsf k|d'vk|HHjndfg zfSon] hfqfcjlwe/ eQmk'/df nf]8;]l8ª

gug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ug'{eof] .pk/f]Qm sfo{qmddf eQmk'/

lhNnf elnan ;+3sf cWoIfljgf]br/0f /fo, egkf j8f g+= &sf j8fWoIf ps]z sjf+, eQmk'/lhNnf km"6an ;+3sf cWoIf uf}td;'hv", lhNnf Aof8ldG6g ;+3sfcWoIf /fh]Gb| k|hfklt, s[i0fuf]kfnTjfogf, lzjgf/fo0f uf]7], d'lQm;'Gb/hwf/L, u'ly ;+:yfg eQmk'/sf k|d'vxl/k|;fb ;'j]bL, dxfgu/Lo 6«flkmsk|x/L kl/;/, oftfoft Joj;foL,

s]a'n g]6js{ Joj;foL, sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8,e}/jgfy hfqf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, e}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/;ldlt, PsLs[t xfs'Hof k|hfklt ;dfhnufotsf;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yf Pjd\ ;+:s[ltljb\x¿;“u hfqf Jojl:ytagfpg ljleGg ;'emfjx¿ ;°ng ul/Psf] lyof] .

la:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f{ / dof{lbt ¿kdf ;DkGg ug{ 5nkmn sfo{qmddf k|d'v k|hfklt af]Ng'x'Fb}

eQmk'/ gu/df cJojl:yt ¿kdf /flvPsflah'nL, 6]lnkmf]g, OG6/g]6 / s]a'n tf/x¿sf sf/0fgu/sf] ;f}Gbo{df cf“r k'lu/x]sf] x'“bf la:s]6 hfqf k"j{ g}tf/x¿ Jojl:yt ul/g] ePsf] 5 .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] gu/df ;]jf k|jfxul//x]sf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f, g]kfn 6]lnsd, s]a'ng]6js{ k|fln / OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] r}q @) ut];efsIfdf a}7s u/]/ r}q @@ b]lv @^ ut];Dddf gu/sfd'Vo ahf/ / k|d'v hfqf :ynx¿df tf/x¿nfO{ Jojl:ytug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] .

;]jf k|bfosx¿ cf–cfÇgf] Joj:yfksLo ;fdu|L/ dfgjLo hgzlQm;lxt r}q @@ ut] gu/kflnsfsfof{nodf pkl:yt eO{ gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx¿;d]t

;xefuL eO{ tf/x¿nfO{ al~rª ug]{ / r}q @^ ut];Dddfd'Vo ahf/df sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;Sg] k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] cfw'lgs hLjgz}nL;“u} gu/jf;Lx¿nfO{6]lnlehg / OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf]df ;]jfk|bfosx¿nfO{ wGojfb 1fkg ub}{ tf/x¿ hyfefjLem'08\ofO{+bf gu/sf] ;f“:s[lts ;f}Gbo{tfdf vnn k'u]sf]atfpg'eof] .

a}7sn] gu/kflnsf If]qdf 6]lnlehg tyfOG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ;]jf k|bfosn] oxL @)&% j}zfvd;fGtleq gu/kflnsfdf btf{ ug]{ tyf ;]jf k|jfxaf/]tYof° k]z ug]{ lg0f{o;d]t ePsf] k|d'v k|hfkltn]atfpg'eof] .

gu/sf] ;f}Gbo{df cfFr k'¥ofpg] tf/x¿ Jojl:yt ul/g]


12

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ! ;ldltsf]cfof]hgfdf r}t @ ut] eQmk'/ ldlga; ;]jf ;ldltsf];efsIfdf /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o v]nf8Lx¿, k|lzIfs tyfj8fjf;Lx¿sf] e]nf eof] . pQm e]nfdf eQmk'/ gkfsf]o'jf tyf v]ns'b ;ldltsf ;+of]hs tyf j8f g+= ! sfj8f cWoIf Zofds[i0f vqLn] j8f:t/Lo v]ns'b ;ldltu7g ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfaf/] rrf{ ug'{eof] .

v]ns'baf6 o'jf k':tfnfO{ s'ntaf6 arfO{Ps cg'zfl;t tyf ;xof]uL efjgf ePsf] gful/sagfpg ]d f o f ] ub fg x ' g ] ljrf/ k "j { j8 fcWoI fnIdLgf/fo0f /fhnj6n] JoQm ug'{eof] . o'jfk':tfnfO{

v]ns'bn] b]z tyf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf lrgfpg] of]Uogful/s agfpg 6]jf k'¥ofpg] ljrf/ k"j{j8f;b:os[i0faxfb'/ b'u'h'n] JoQm ug'{eof] .

;f] e]nfaf6 k"j{/fli6«o v]nf8L afa'sfhLwf}aGhf/sf] cWoIftfdf !! ;b:o /x]sf] j8f v]ns'b;ldlt u7g eof] . ;ldltn] j}zfvdf j8f:t/Lo cGt/ljBfno v]n k|ltof]lutf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .

e]nfdf j8f ;b:o ;"o{k|;fb >]i7, ;[hgf gu/6f]n ;'wf/ ;ldltsf cWoIf ljs'nfn af;'n] klg cf–cfÇgf] ljrf/ JoQm ug'{eof] . j8f ;b:o ljZj/fhlzNksf/n] :jfut dGtJo JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

j8f g+= ! df v]ns'b ;ldlt u7g

;ª\3Lo Joj:yfcg';f/ ljBfno txsf] lzIffsf]lhDd]jf/L gu/kflnsfnfO{ lbPkl5 klxnf]k6s eQmk'/gu/kflnsfcGtu{tsf] k/LIff ;ldltn] cfwf/e"t tx-sIff *_ sf] k/LIff k/LIff ;kmntf;fy ;~rfng u¥of] .

r}t $ ut]b]lv !$ ut];Dd ePsf] pQm k/LIffdf

sIff * sf] k/LIff ;DkGggu/sf ^# j6f ljBfnosf s"n @ xhf/ $ ;o *(ljBfyL{x¿ ;xefuL ePsf lyP .

‘gu/sf ^ j6f ljBfnox¿df k/LIff s]Gb|tf]lsPsf] / ;a}df ;+oldt / dof{lbt ¿kdf k/LIff

;~rfng ePsf]’ gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf ;b:o/ljGb| HofVjn] atfpg'eof] . gu/kflnsfsfk|d'v, pkk|d'vnufot k/LIff ;ldltsfkbflwsf/Lx¿n] ljleGg k/LIff s]Gb|sf] cg'udgug'{ePsf] lyof] .

gu/ k/LIff ;ldltsf ;+of ]hsk|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{n] k|Zgkqdf ;s];Dd uNtLg} gxf];\ eg]/ k|Zgkq lgdf{0fdf lgs} ldlxg]tu/]sf] / x/]s lbg ljifout Pshgf lzIfsnfO{cfjZos k/fdz{sf nflu gu/ lzIff zfvfdfv6fPsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . pQ/k'l:tsfk/LIf0f tyf glthf k|sfzg;d]t gu/kflnsfn]lhDdf lnPsf] pNn]v ub}{ pxf“n] ;dod} Jojl:ytglthf k|sfzgsf nflu tof/L eO/x]sf]

atfpg'eof] .

k|d'v k|hfklt k/LIff s]Gb|sf] cg'udg ug'{x'Fb}


13

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] gu/ If]qsf] 6«flkmsJoj:yfkgaf/] r}q @ ut] ;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx¿aLr Ps5nkmn sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u¥of] .

sfo{qmddf gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] gu/dfhg;ª\Vof j[l4;“u} 6«flkms Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of, k|b"if0f,;fdflhs ck/fw Pj+ ;fj{hlgs ;DklQdfly cltqmd0fePsf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] ;/sf/n] oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿sf]

vl/b tyf 6«flkms Joj:yfkgdf s'g} dfkb08 gagfOlbPsf]n]af6f] km/flsnf] kfb}{df ;d:of ;dfwfg gx'g] k|i6 kfg'{eof] .gofF a:tLx¿df ;fdflhs ck/fwsf 36gfx¿ a9\g yfn]sf]rrf{ ub}{ pxfFn] gu/jf;Lx¿ / ljz]iftM dlxnf lbbLalxgLx¿;'/lIft ¿kdf lx+8\8'n ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;a} kIfPsh'6 x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+Nofpg'eof] .

k|d'v k|hfkltn] !% jif{;Dd :yfgLo lgsfodfhgk|ltlglwx¿ gx'Fbf kf6L, kf}jf, 9'+u]wf/fnufotsf ;DkbfPj+ ;fj{hlgs hUufx¿ JolQmn] ha/h:tL x8Kg] sfo{u/]sf] pNn]v ub}{ tL ;DklQsf] ;+/If0fdf nfUg' ;a}sf]bfloTj ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

aL; jif{ k'/fgf] uf8LnfO{ pkTosfaf6 lj:yfkgug]{ ;/sf/L gLlt uf8L sDkgLx¿nfO{ kf]:g] pNn]v ub}{k|d'v k|hfkltn] o; lg0f{odf e|i6frf/ / sld;gsf] v]nx'g;Sg] cfz+sf JoQm ug'{eof] .

pk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] eQmk'/ gu/nfO{ ;Eo,:j:y / ;'/lIft gu/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ nIo;lxthgk|ltlglwx¿ cufl8 al9/x]sf] pNn]v ub}{ ;jf/L ;fwg

hyfefjL kfls{ª ul/+bf b'3{6gfx¿a9]sf] atfpg'eof] .

;8s k]6L a6'jf lx+8\gsfnflu agfOPsf] pNn]v ub}{ pxfFn]k]6Ldf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ /fVg],k;nsf ;fdfgx¿ y'kfg] {, uf8Lkfls{ª ug]{ h:tf s[ofsnfkx¿ gug{cfu|x ug'{eof] .

5nkmndf ;xefuLx¿n];8sdf h]a|f qml;ª tyf 6«flkmsaQLsf] Joj:yf ug'{kg]{, ;8sdfhyfefjL kfls{ª ul/Psf ;jf/L;fwg, ahf/ tyf k;n Pj+ 5f8frf}kfofx¿sf] lgoGq0fdf ;a}sf] ;fy/ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{, k'/fgf] gu/ If]qdf7"nf tyf ef/L uf8Lsf] k|j]z lgif]w

ug'{kg]{, ko{6sLo s]Gb|x¿ b/af/ If]q, 6f}d9L If]q /bQfqo If]qdf ;jf/L kfls{ª lgif]w ug'{kg]{ ;'emfjx¿lbg'eof] .

;8s lj:tf/df bL3{sfnLg of]hgfljgf uf8Lvl/b ug]{ sfo{ aGb ug'{kg]{ ;xefuLx¿sf] wf/0ff lyof] .

e]nfn] gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltsf] ;+of]hsTjdf6«flkms Joj:yfkg Pj+ ;'/Iff;“u ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfkIfx¿ ;lDdlnt Ps sfo{bn u7g u/L eQmk'/ gu/If]qdf 6«flkms Joj:yfkgsf] cg'udg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/Psf]eQmk'/ gkfsf] jftfj/0f ;ldltsf ;+of]hs /ljGb| HofVjn]atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkfsf] cfof]hgfdf 6«flkms Joj:yfkgaf/] 5nkmneQmk'/ gkfsf] cfof]hgfdf 6«flkms Joj:yfkgaf/] 5nkmneQmk'/ gkfsf] cfof]hgfdf 6«flkms Joj:yfkgaf/] 5nkmneQmk'/ gkfsf] cfof]hgfdf 6«flkms Joj:yfkgaf/] 5nkmneQmk'/ gkfsf] cfof]hgfdf 6«flkms Joj:yfkgaf/] 5nkmn

k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt 6«flkms Joj:yfkgaf/] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb}


14

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf lgoldt;/;kmfO cGtu{t r}q !% ut] r'lk+3f6, xg'dGt] vf]nf /Nof]l;+Vo kl/;/df ;/;kmfO ;DkGg eof] . gu/ k|d'v;'lgn k|hfklt, pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zL;lxt hgk|ltlglw /gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ ;lDdlnt pQm sfo{qmddfg]kfnL ;]gf, ;z:q k|x/L / hgkb k|x/Lx¿, ljleGg l6d,

Snj, ljBfno, bfkmf, ehgsf k|ltlglwx¿ Pj+ :yfgLohgtfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf gu/ k|d'v k|hfkltn] eQmk'/sf]k|d'v la:s]6 hfqf eJo / ;Eo tl/sfn] ;DkGg ug{cfÅjfg ub}{ hfqfsf] d'Vo :yndf ;/;kmfO cfof]hgful/Psf] atfpg'eof] . eQmk'/ gu/nfO{ ;kmf, :jR5 /;'Gb/ ko{6sLo uGtJo:yn agfpg gu/kflnsfsfhgk|ltlglwx¿ nfluk/]sf] pNn]v ub}{ pxfFn] eGg'eof],

la:s]6 hfqfsf] d'Vo :yndf ;/;kmfOla:s]6 hfqfsf] d'Vo :yndf ;/;kmfOla:s]6 hfqfsf] d'Vo :yndf ;/;kmfOla:s]6 hfqfsf] d'Vo :yndf ;/;kmfOla:s]6 hfqfsf] d'Vo :yndf ;/;kmfO

oxfFsf ;Dkbfx¿ eQmk'/jf;Lx¿sf] dfq ;DklQ geO{ljZjs} ;DklQ xf], o;sf] hu]gf{ ug'{ ;a}sf] ;femf bfloTjxf ] .

k|d'v k|hfkltn] gu/sf ;Dkbfx¿ ;/;kmfOug{ s'g} cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]usf]cfjZostf g/x]sf] rrf{ ub}{ cfÇgf] 7fpF ;kmf ug{ :yfgLox¿

cfkm} hfu?s ePsf]df v'zL JoQm ug'{eof] .pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] la:s]6 hfqf

zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf dgfpg cfu|x ub}{ ljleGglhNnf tyf b]zaf6 cfpg] cfGtl/s tyfjfÅo ko{6sx¿sf nflu klg cfsif{0f ug{;a } hgtf Psh "6 x 'g 'kg ] { cfjZostfcf} +Nofpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkf ( g++ j8fsfcWoIf /ljGb| HofVj / % g++= j8fsf cWoIfk|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{n] ;/;kmfO cleofgdf;xefuL ;Dk"0f{nfO{ wGojfb 1fkg ug'{eof] .

r'lk+3f6, xg'dGt] vf]nf / Nof]l;+Vo kl/;/ ;/;kmfO sfo{qmddfaf]Ng'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfklt


15

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] lgoldt ;/;kmfO cGtu{tr}q ! ut] c/lgsf] /fhdfu{ cGtu{t eQmk'/ gkfsf] j8fg+= $ e'nf+rfb]lv af/fxL d'leh;Ddsf] ;le{; 6«ofsdf;/;kmfO ;DkGg u¥of] .

gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt, pkk|d'v/hgL hf]zLnufot hgk|ltlglwx¿, sd{rf/Lx¿ / :yfgLoljBfnosf lzIfs, ljBfyL{ Pj+ :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;lqmo

;xeflutfdf pQm If]qdf ;/;kmfO ePsf] lyof] . To;qmddf ;8ssf] gfnLdf kmflnPsf, 3/ tyf k;n cufl8/flvPsf tyf hyfeflj kmflnPsf ^ 6g kmf]x/ ;+sngu/L Jojl:yt ul/of] .

sfo{qmdsf] z'?df ePsf] ;efdf gu/ k|d'v k|hfkltn]

gu/ ;kmf / ;'Gb/ /fVg' ;a}sf] bfloTj ePsf] atfpg'eof] .gu/kflnsf ;a}sf] ;femf ;+:yf ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ pxfFn]hgtfdfem r'gfjdf u/]sf] k|ltj4tfcg';f/ hgk|ltlglwx¿hgtfaLr k'lu/x]sf] / hgefjgfcg';f/ g} ljsf; lgdf{0ftyf hgtfsf ;d:of ;dfwfgdf h'l6/x]sf] k|i6 kfg'{eof] .

kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkg sfo{ lghL If]qnfO{ ;'Dkg'unt ePsf] rrf{ ub}{ pxfFn] kmf]xf]/df Jofkf/ xf]Og,

;dfh ;kmf / ;Eo /fVg] bfloTj ;Demg'kg]{dfhf]8 lbg'eof] .

pk k|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] gu/kflnsfn];fpg ! ut]b]lv g} x/]s dlxgfsf] ! / !% ut];/;kmfO sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPsf] atfpg'eof] .pxfFn] hgk|ltlglwx¿n] ;:tf] nf]slk|otfsf] nflugeO{ ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf] ¿kdf ;/;kmfOsfo{df nfUg ;a}nfO{ cfu|x ug'{eof] .

jftfj/0f tyf ko{6g ;ldltsf;+of]hs /ljGb| HofVjn] gu/kflnsfn] kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ul//x]sf] vr{ v]/guPsf] rrf{ ub}{ o; sfo{nfO{ cem Jojl:ytug{ :yfgLo hgtf klg :jo+:km"t{ ¿kdf ;/;kmfOsfo{df ;xefuL eO/x]sf]df v'zL JoQm ug'{eof] .eQmk'/ gkf # g+ j8fsf cWoIf /fhs[i0f uf]/f,

! g+= j8fsf cWoIf Zofds[i0f vqL Pj+ $ g+ j8fsf ;b:o/fh]Gb| dfsn] ;/;kmfO sfo{df ;xefuL :yfgLo hgtfPj+ :s"nsf ljBfyL{ / lzIfsx¿nfO{ gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6wGojfb 1fkg ug'{eof] .

c/lgsf] /fhdfu{sf] ;le{; 6«ofsdf ;/;kmfOc/lgsf] /fhdfu{sf] ;le{; 6«ofsdf ;/;kmfOc/lgsf] /fhdfu{sf] ;le{; 6«ofsdf ;/;kmfOc/lgsf] /fhdfu{sf] ;le{; 6«ofsdf ;/;kmfOc/lgsf] /fhdfu{sf] ;le{; 6«ofsdf ;/;kmfO

k|d'v k|hfklt ;/;kmfO sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb}

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]cg'zfl;t / ;Eo gful/s tof/ ug{ lzIfsx¿n] ljz]ifWofg lbg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkfåf/f ;~rflnt Vjk ax' k|fljlwscWoogcGtu{t l;len ljefusf ;+:yfsf lzIfs–lzlIfsftyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] r}t !% ut] ePsf] e]nfdf af]Nb} pxf“n];:tf] / u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbg] p2]Zon] gu/kflnsfn] sn]hx¿:yfkgf u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] clxn] b]zsf ;a} lgsfox¿df u}/;/sf/L/ cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 k|efljt x'“b} uO/x]sf]x'“bf To;af/] ;r]t x'g'kg]{ pNn]v ub}{ ljBfno sn]hsf]kf7\oqmd;d]t ljb]zL ;+:yfx¿sf] ;xof]udf lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{

cj:yf cfpg' uDeL/ xf] eGg'eof] .pxf“n] eGg'eof]– b]zsf] sfg'gdGqL, lgldQ

k|wfgGofofwLz h:tf JolQmTjx¿;d]t PghLcf ],cfOPghLcf]sf] k|efj cGTo u5f}{+ eg]/ nfUg'kg]{ cj:yfcfPaf6 xfdL sxf“ 5f+} / xfd|f] b]z sxf“ 5 eGg] :ki6 x'G5 .

Vjk ax'k|fljlws cWoog ;+:yfgsf k|frfo{ 8f=/Tg;'Gb/ nfl;jfn] lzIfs lzlIfsfx¿n] ;+:yfn] lbPsf]lhDd]jf/L / gu/kflnsfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] efjgfcg';f/sfd ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

e]nfdf l;len ljefusf k|d'v ;'/]Gb| Vofh'n]sn]h ljsf;sf] lglDt cf–cfÇgf] If]qaf6 ;Sbf] ;xof]u ub}{cfPsf] / lg/Gt/ ub}{ hfg] atfpg'eof] .

Vjk ax'k|fljlwsdf e]nf


16

u[xdGqfnosf] cfof]hgfdf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf;a} gu/ k|d'vx¿, ;'/Iff c·sf k|d'vx¿aLr r}q ! ut]Ps cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;DkGgeof] .

sfo{qmddf u[xdGqL /fdaxfb'/ yfkfn] ljsf; /;d[l4 ;femf nIo eP klg To;nfO{ k"/f ug{ P]g–lgodx¿afws ePsf] x'“bf P]g lgodx¿df Jofks ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] nf]stGqsf] gfp“df c/fhstf / a]lyltnfO{5'6 lbO/x]sf] sf/0f ;d:of cfPsf] atfp“b} /fhg}ltsbafa cfÇgf] lglDt s'g} dfg]df ;Åo gx'g] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] s'Voftu'08fx¿ dfl/+bf ;+;b cj/f]w ug]{ / zxLb 3f]if0ffsf]dfu ug]{x¿n] g} ck/fwnfO{ /fhgLlts/0f ul//x]sf] xf]eGg'eof] .

pxf“n] sf7df8f}+df ck/fwsf] ;ª\Vof a9\g'dfhg;ª\Vof j[l4 d'Vo sf/0f ePsf] atfp“b} sf7df8f}+pkTosf aflx/ ;–;fgf ;x/sf] ljsf; ug{ ;s] hg;ª\VoflgoGq0f / b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; x'G5 eGg'eof] .

pxf“n] 6«flkms hfdsf] ;d:ofaf/] pNn]v ub}{

eGg'eof]– clgolGqt ¿kdf uf8L vl/b ug]{ 5'6 g} o;sf]d'Vo ;d:of xf] . uf8L vl/b ug]{n] kfls{·sf] clgjfo{Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . ;8ssf] sf/0f ;jf/L b'3{6gf ePdf;8s lgdf{0f ug]{ 7]s]bf/nfO{ klg lhDd]jf/ 7x¥ofO{sf/afxL ug]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .

pxf“ eGg'eof]– Ps yf]kf klg l8hn / k]6«f]npTkfbg gx'g] b]zn] vaf}{ ¿k}of“sf] OGwg lslg/x]sf 5f}+ .hnljB'tsf] pTkfbg u/L ljB'tLo a;x¿sf] Joj:yf ug{;lsP b]zsf] w]/} k};f ljb]z hfgaf6 /f]lsg ;S5 .

sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ljBf;'Gb/zfSon] sf7df8f}+df ;–;fgf uf8Lx¿sf]plrt ljsNk lbO{ lj:yfkg ug]{ tof/Lul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

nlntk'/ dxfgu/kflnsfsf k|d'vlrl/afa' dxh{gn] 6«flkms alQsf] Joj:yfug'{kg]{, 7]s]bf/x¿sf] k5fl8 /fhg}lts bnePsf] x'“bf ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ ;f]r]cg';f/x'g g;s]sf] atfpg'eof] .

dxfnIdL gkfsf k|d'v /fd]Zj/ >]i7n]7"N7"nf a; Joj:yfsf nflu k|f]T;flxtug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

sLlt{k'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v /d]zdxh{g, blIf0fsfnL gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v df]xg a:g]t,dWok'/ gkfsf k|d'v dbg;'Gb/ >]i7, ;"o{ljgfos gkfsfjf;'b]j yfkfnufotn] ;8s Joj:yfkg ug{ P]g sfg'gdf;dofg's"n ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

;'/Iff lgsfosf ;a} k|d'vx¿sf] pkl:yltdf ePsf]sfo{qmdn] gLltut :ki6tf x'g'kg]{, gof“ gof“ k|ljlw leœofpg'kg]{/ Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ lgisif{ lgsfn]sf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf u[xdGqfnosf lgldQ ;lrj s]bf/Gof}kfg]n] ;a}nfO{ :jfut ub}{ ljifo k|j]z ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

sf7df8f}+df ck/fw a9\g'df hg;ª\Vof j[l4 d'Vo sf/0f

;'Vvfofdsf] sf/0f eQmk'/ gu/df vfg]kfgLsf];d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . gu/jf;Lx¿df b]lvPsf] vfg]kfgLsf]cefj k"lt{ ug{ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] eQmk'/ gu/sf !b]lv !) j8f;Ddsf ljleGg :yfgx¿df 6\of°/af6 vfg]kfgLljt/0f ug{ yfn]sf] 5 .

vfg]kfgL ljt/0f oxL r}t !% ut]b]lv @$ ut];Dd

eQmk'/ gu/sf ljleGg 6f]nx¿df laxfg–a]n'sL u/L b'O{;dodf ljt/0f ul/g]5 .

gu/jf;Lx¿sf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu vfg]kfgLljt/0fsf] :yfg, af/, ;do / ldlt;lxt tflnsf !^kmfu'g @)&$ sf] ‘dhb'/’ b}lgs klqsfdf k|sflzt ul/Psf]5 .

eQmk'/ gkfåf/f vfg]kfgL ljt/0f

sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf gu/ k|d'vx¿, ;'/Iff c·sf k|d'vx¿aLr cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf k|d'vk|hfklt -bfofFaf6 bf];|f]_


17

;/;kmfOdf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;xof]u ug'{x'g]x¿df

xflb{s wGojfb ¤‘k'vf{n] l;h]{sf] ;DklQ, xfd|f] snf / ;+:s[lt’ eGg] gf/f;lxt eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] gu/sf]

snf, ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f sfo{ ul//x]sf] ;a}df cjut g} 5 . gu/nfO{ ;kmf, :jR5 / ;'Gb/ agfpg]nIo;lxt gu/kflnsfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] cu'jfO{df @)&$ ;fpg ! ut]b]lv x/]s dlxgfsf] ! /!% ut] gu/sf ;Dkbf If]q, d7, dlGb/, vf]nf, kf]v/Lnufot ;/;kmfO eO/x]sf] 5 .

@)&$ r}q !% ut] lalxaf/ eQmk'/sf] k|l;4 la:s]6 hfqfsf] d'Vo :yn Nof]l;+Vo, r'lk+3f6/ xg'dGt] vf]nf ;/;kmfOdf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;xof]u ug'{x'g] hgk|ltlglwx¿, gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx¿,;'/IffsdL{x¿, :yfgLo l6d, Snj, :s"n, sn]h, bfkmf, ehgsf k|ltlglwx¿ Pj+ :yfgLo bfh'efOlbbLalxgLx¿df eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5 .

;/;kmfOdf ;xefuL x'g] ;d"xx¿♦ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿♦ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx¿♦ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt k'm6an, elnan, 6]a'n6]lg;, s/fFt] / alS;ª v]nsf k|lzIfs Pj+ k|lzIffyL{x¿♦ g]kfnL ;]gf >L jL/bn u0f, ;"o{ljgfos♦ dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/, eQmk'/♦ z;:q k|x/L u0f, b'jfsf]]6♦ Goftfkf]n sg{/ l6d♦ 6f}d9L o'jf Snj♦ ng;{ Ps]8]dL♦ ef/tL cfwf/e"t ljBfno♦ ldgjf{ O= :s"n♦ k|f]lS;df OG6/g]Zgn Ps]8]dL♦ P h] ;]s]G8/L :s"n♦ ;+ud art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yf lnld6]8♦ egkf $ / % j8fsf :yfgLo bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgLx¿

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfgu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{no, Jof;L, eQmk'/


18

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] r}t $ ut]b]lv ;~rfngul/g] cfwf/e"t tx sIff * sf] k/LIff ;~rfng ;DaGwdfs]Gb|fWoIfx¿sf] cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd kmfug' #) ut];DkGg eof] .

sfo {qmddf gkf k |d 'v ;'lgn k |hfkltn]gu/kflnsfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿n] klxnf] kN6 cfwf/e"ttx sIff * sf] k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ ;a}n] cf–cfÇgf]

lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{kg]{ atfpg'eof] .pxf“n] ljBfyL{x¿sf] lxtnfO{ s]Gb|df /fvL

s]Gb|fWoIfx¿n] k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{kg]{, k/LIff lbg cfPsfljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;d:of gx'g] u/L k/LIff ;~rfng u/L

k|fyldstf x]/]/ s]Gb|fWoIfx¿n] sfd ug'{kg]{dfhf]8 lbg'eof] . k|d'v k|hfkltn] eGg'eof], ‘gu/kflnsfn]:yfgLo kf7\oqmd tof/L ul//x]sf] 5 .’ lzIff zfvfsf clws[t ?b| zdf{n] s]Gb|fWoIfx¿n]ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ eod'Qm jftfj/0fdf k/LIff lbg;Sg]jftfj/0f ldnfpg], ckf·tf ePsf ljBfyL{sf]nflu k|s[lt x]/L s]Gb|fWoIfn] ;do yKg ;Sg],k/LIff;DaGwL sfo{ljlw / lgodx¿ cg';/0fug]{nufot lgb]{zgaf/] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

k/LIff ;ldltsf ;+of]hs Pj+ eQmk'/gkf j8f g+= % sf j8fWoIf k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{sf];efklTjdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf s]Gb|fWoIfx¿ Pe/]i6

:s"n, >Lkb\d dflj, af;' dflj, jfOhNof08 :s"n, cfbz{cfhfb dflj / jfuLZj/L dfljsf k|cx¿n] cf–cfÇgf]ljrf/ /fVg'ePsf] lyof] .

eQmk'/ gkfdf sIff * sf] k/LIff;DaGwL cled'vLs/0f

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf, e]6g/L hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|Losfof{no sf7df08f}+, cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ljefu, lhNnf kz';]jf sfof{no eQmk'/, /fli6«o pkef]Qmf d~r eQmk'/sf];+o'Qm 6f]nLn] r}q $ ut] gu/sf kfFrj6f df;' k;ncg'udg u¥of] .

df;' k;n cg'udgsf] qmddf efjf{rf] df;' k;ndfcg'udg ubf{ gfktf}n 9s t/fh' k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{, ;]tf] Pk|f]gk|of]u ug'{kg]{, 6]andf hfnL / k+vf /fVg'kg]{, k;n gjLs/0fug'{kg]{ / k;ndf hyfefjL /fv]sf] cgfjZos ;fdfg x6fpglgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] eg] Sjflnl6 sf]N8 :6f]/df d"No ;"rL /fVg'kg]{, ;]tf] Pk|f]g k|of]u ug'{kg]{, jw:yn ;kmf ;'U3/ /fVg'kg]{,leQfdf ;]tf] /+u nufpg'kg]{, k;ndf ;/;kmfOnufotcgfjZos ;fdfg x6fpg'kg]{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] 5 .

To:t} /fdaxfb'/ zfxLsf] /fFuf]sf] df;' k;ndfk;n k]6Ldf /fv]sf] x6fO{ !% lbgleq Jojl:yt ¿kdf3/leq ;+rfng ug{ / geP k;n x6fOg] lgb]{zg lbPsf]lyof] . To:t} ;fsf/ a|f]On/ xfp;df l8k lk|mh ;kmf ug]{,

df;' ePsf] l8k lk|mhdf cGo vfBj:t' g/fVg], df;' /t/sf/L Ps} 7fpFdf g/fVg], ;;kmfOdf ljz]if Wofg lbg],Pk|f]g ;]tf] k|of]u ug]{, k;ndf d"No;"rL /fVg] / k;ngjLs/0f ug'{kg]{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] .

To:t} ;'/h df5f k;n btf{ ug'{kg]{, df5f k;nleq /fv]/ Jojl:yt ug'{kg]{, Pk|f]g ;]tf] nufpg] / d'No;"rL/fVg'kg]{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] . ;ldd sf]N8 :6f]/ v;Lk;n btf{ ug'{kg]{, !% lbgleq k;n Jojl:yt gu/] aGb ug]{/ k;n ;dfGo dfkb08 k"/f gePsf] kfOPsf]n] ;dfGodfkb08 k"/f u/L ;+rfng ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+ $ sf j8fWoIfs'df/ rjfn / gu/ lg/LIfs lblnk s'df/ ;'jfn, j8flg/LIfs /fds[i0f k|hfklt, e]6g/L hg:jf:Yo sfof{nosfof]]u]Gb| k|;fb zdf{, cfk"lt{ Joj:yf ljefusf /fdsfhL>]i7, lhNnf kz' sfof{nosf pd]znfn k|wfg, /fli6«opkef]Qmf d~rsf dgf]h yfkf / dx]Zj/L b]phfsf]pkl:yltdf cg'udg ePsf] lyof] .

cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfklt

df;' k;nx¿sf] cg'udg


19

+eQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, nfoG; Snj ckmeQmk'/ ;dGjo ;ldlt / 8f= Ojfd'/f d]df]l/on c:ktfnsf];+o'Qm kxndf eQmk'/ cf}Bf]lus If]q kl/;/df r}t ! ut]lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo lzlj/sf] Ps ;df/f]xaLr eQmk'/gu/kf lnsfsf k |d 'v ; ' lgnk|hfkltn] pb\3f6g ug'{eof] .

pQm ;df/f ]xdf k|d 'vk|hfkltn] eQmk'/jf;L hgtfsf]:jf:Yo ; ' ljwfsf ] nf lugu/kflnsfn] # j6f hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|tyf # 7fpFdf cfo'j]{lbs lSnlgsx¿;+rfng ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .pxfFn] gu/kflnsfn] lgs6 eljiodf@% z}øofsf] Vjk c:ktfn ;+rfngsfnflu tof/Lx¿ eO/x]sf ] klghfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

cfw'lgs hLjgofkgsfsf/0f gofF vfnsf /f]ux¿af6 hgtfkLl8t eO/x]sf] rrf{ ub}{ k|d'v k|hfkltn] gu/kflnsfn]k|To]s j8fdf g;{ tyf :jf:Yo :j+o+;]ljsfx¿sf] aGbf]a:t u/L3/b}nf]df :jf:Yo ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

kfOn6 k|f]h]S6sf] ¿kdf xfn j8f g+= #, $ / ^ df g;{x¿sf]aGbf]a:t ul/;s]sf] / s]xL ;dokl5 g} bzj6} j8fdf g;{x¿/fv]/ cfwf/e't :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ;'ljwf hgtfsf] 3/b}nf];Ddk'¥ofpg nfluPsf] pxfFn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf nfoG; Snjsf l8kL vgfn, eQmk'/pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf cWoIf /fdk|;fb k|hfkltn] cf–cfÇgf] wf/0ff /fVg'eof] .

;a} j8fdf gl;{ª ;]jf lbg]

k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo lzlj/ pb\3f6g sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb}

eQmk ' / gu/k f lnsf s [ l i f ; ld ltsf ]cfof]hgfdf kmfu'g @* ut] ‘s[lif pTkfbg / xfd|f ]

lhDd]jf/L’ ljifos 5nkmn sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] .

eQmk'/ gkfdf s[ifsx¿sf] e]nfsfo {qmddf eQmk '/ gu/kflnsfsf k |d 'v ; ' lgnk|hfkltn] 3f]if0ffkqcg';f/ sfd ul//x]sf] atfp“b}

ls;fgx¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf] vfBfGgdf sL6gf;scf}iflwx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ gx'g], cuf{lgs v]tL ug'{kg]{,sd hUufdf w]/} pTkfbg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]af/]5nkmn ug'{kg]{ s'/f gof“ k':tfnfO{ atfpg' kg]{ ljrf/JoQm ug' {eof] .

sfo{qmddf j8f ;b:o uf]ljGb b'jfnn] ekf{O{cfGbf]ng, ;f“9] wkfO cfGbf]ngdf ls;fgx¿n] u/]sfof]ubfgaf/] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf s[lif ;ldltsf ;+of]hs/fhs[i0f uf]/fsf] ;efkltTjdf ePsf] sfo{qmddfpkk|d'v /hgL hf]zL, j8f cWoIf nIdLk|;fb Åof}ldvf/ xl//fd ;'jfnnufot ;xefuL ls;fgx¿n] klg

af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf s[lif ;ldltsf] sfo{qmddf k|d'v k|hfkltnufot


20

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltl;teQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf cWoIf /fdk|;fb k|hfkltsf]g]t[Tjdf cfPsf] k|ltlglw d08nn] kmfu'g @( ut] e]6u¥of] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] ;ef sIfdf ePsf]e]63f6df k|d'v k|hfkltn] pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf gjlgjf{lrt cWoIf Pj+ k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ awfO{ 1fkg ub{}sfo{sfnsf] ;kmntfsf] lglDt z'esfdgf lbg'eof] .

pxfFn] pBf]uL / Jofk/Lx¿n] ;dod} s/ lt/L;xof]u ug{ cfu|x ub}{ eQmk'/nfO{ ko{6sLo uGtJo :ynagfpg cf–cfÇgf] If]qaf6 ;xof]u ug{ hf]8 lbg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, ;Dkbf;+/If0f / ko{6g k|j4{gsf] nflu ub{} cfPsf ultljlwx¿sf]hfgsf/L u/fp“b} xfn gu/ If]qsf ljBfnox¿sf]Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf;d]t gu/kflnsfn] jxg u/]sf]hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . gu/kflnsfn] :yfgLo kf7\oqmdtof/L ul//x]sf] / o;df eQmk'/sf] df}lns vfB j:t',;Lk, snf, pTkfbg, Oltxf; cflb ;d]ltg] u/L agfpg

nfu]sf] hfgsf/L u/fp“b} o;n] gof“ k':tfnfO{ :yfgLoljifoaf/] hfgsf/L lbg] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf hgk|ltlglw axfnePkl5 k|To]s dlxgfsf] ! / !% ut] ;/;kmfO cleofg;~rfng ub{} cfPsf], cGt/ gu/ v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfnufotljleGg v]ns'b ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] /eQmk'/sf] ljsf;sf] nflu :yfgLo a'l4hLjL, s[ifs, ko{6gJoj;foL, lzIfsnufot ;dfhsf ljleGg If]qsf ljåtJolQmTjx¿;“u 5nkmn ub{} pxf“x¿sf] ;Nnfx / ;'emfjcg';f/ gu/kflnsf cufl8 al9/x]sf] hfgsf/L klglbg'eof] .

pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf cWoIfk|hfkltn] lgjf{lrt ePkl5 hgk | ltlglwx¿l;t e ]6 ug {kfPsf]df v'zL JoQm ub}{ pBf]ujf l0fHo ; +3 eQmk '/gu/kflnsfl;t ;xsfo{ u/Lcufl8 a9 \g tof/ /x ]sf ]atfpg'eof] . pxf“n] eQmk'/pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3, nfoG;Sna ckm eQmk'/ / O{jfd'/fc:ktfnsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdfeQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3kl/;/df r}q ! ut] lgMz'Ns

:jf:Yo lzlj/ ;~rfng ug]{ tof/Laf/] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v

/hgL hf]zL, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf lgjt{dfg cWoIfs]kL cjfn, lji0f' eQm dfl/v', /fh'd[u]Gb| hf]zL,ljhoz+s/ k|wfgfª\u, dx]zaxfb'/ wf}a~hf/, /f]zgef]oBf], /+hLt dfl/v' / cd/ eQm ;'jfnsf] klgpkl:ylt lyof] .

k|d'v k|hfklt;Fu eQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf k|ltlglw d08nsf] e]6

k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt;Fu eQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 k|ltlglw d08nsf] e]63f6

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= % df r}t !$ ut]ePsf] v]nf8L tyf v]n k| ]dLx¿sf] e]nfn] an/fdlGx;'t'sf] cWoIftfdf !# ;b:oLo v]ns'b ;ldlt u7gu¥of ] .

e]nfdf j8f g+= % sf j8fWoIf k|]duf]kfnsd{rfo{n] gkfn] v]ns'bsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df ;xof]u

ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] . s/f“t]sf cGt/f{li6«o /]k|mLk|sfzdf]xg wf}e8]nn] k|To]s j8f / 6f]ndf v]ns'b If]qcufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8lb+b} JolQmTj ljsf;ug{ / :jR5 aGg v]n v]Ng'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

e]nfdf an/fd lGx;'t', k"0f{uf]kfn /fhrn //fd]Zj/ sf]h"n] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

j8f g+= % df v]ns'b ;ldlt u7gj8f g+= % df v]ns'b ;ldlt u7gj8f g+= % df v]ns'b ;ldlt u7gj8f g+= % df v]ns'b ;ldlt u7gj8f g+= % df v]ns'b ;ldlt u7g


21

g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf sf=gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+ -/f]lxt_ sf] k|d'v cfltYodf eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf !)* cf}+ cGt/f{li6«o >ldsdlxnf lbj; kmfu'g @% ut] ;DkGg eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] ;ef sIfdf ;DkGg pQmsfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly lah'S5]+n] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfdfof]Uotfcg';f/sf] sfd / sfdcg';f/sf] Hofnfsf] aGbf]a:tx'g] x'“bf ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfdf dfq ;f“rf] cy{df dlxnfd'lQm x'g] atfpg'eof] .

;dfhdf s]xL dlxnfx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ kbdf k'Ub}dfdlxnf cufl8 a9\g ] xf ]Og, d'Vo s'/f/f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttf xf], ;+ljwfgdf/f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] Joj:yf /fVgvf]lhP klg zf;s bnx¿sf] sf/0f /fVgg;lsPsf] cWoIf lah'S5]n] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] ;dfhdf Ps} k6s cfd"nkl/jt{g gx'g] atfp“b} kfOnf kfOnf u/]/kl/jt{g x'g] :ki6 kfg' {eof] . eQmk'/sf];DaGwdf pxf“n] eGg'eof], ;/sf/sf] e/dfk/]sf] eP eQmk'/sf] s'g} ljsf; x'g] lyPg .ljutsf ;/sf/x¿n] eQmk'/sf hgtfnfO{bafpg] afx]s s]xL u/]gg\ .

lj;+ @)!% ;fnb]lv g} eQmk'/sf dhb'/x¿nfO{k9fpg z'? u/]sf] :d/0f ub}{ pxf“n] eQmk'/sf dlxnfx¿clxn] cufl8 a9]sf 5g\, casf] !) jif{df eQmk'/sf] w]/}If]qdf dlxnfx¿ g]t[Tjdf k'Ug] ljZjf; JoQm ug'{eof] .

pxf“n] k" “hLjfbL b]zx¿sfeGbf ;dfhjfbLb]zx¿sf dlxnfx¿ cufl8 /x]sf] s'/f So"jf, k|hu s]l/ofsf]pbfx/0f lbg'eof] . pxf“n] Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbL Ps} l;Ssfsfb'O{ kf6f ePsf] atfp“b} d]l8sn sn]h vf]Ng vf]Hbf klgzf;s bnx¿n] vf]Ng glbPsf] / jt{dfg ;/sf/af6 s]xLgof“ s'/fsf] cfzf ug{ g;lsg] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfkltn] ljsl;t elgPsf a]nfot / ;+/f cd]l/sfsfdlxnfx¿n];d]t ;dfhjfbL b]zsf dlxnfx¿n] h:t} ;dfgclwsf/ gkfPsf] atfp“b} dlxnf ePs} sf/0f tL b]zx¿df/f]huf/L gkfpg] / /f]huf/Laf6 xft w'g'kg]{ l:ylt/x]sf]atfpg'eof] .

clxn]sf] /fhg}lts Joj:yf k“"hLjfbL u0ftGqePsf]n] of] Joj:yfdf sfdbf/ ju{sf] lxt gx'g] :ki6 ub}{pxf“n] anfTsf/, dlxnf a]rlavg h:tf h3Go ck/fwug]{ ck/fwLx¿nfO{ d[To'b08sf] Joj:yf ug{ g]kfn dhb'/ls;fg kf6L{n] ;+;bdf k6s k6s dfu u/] klg zf;sbnx¿n] To;nfO{ a]jf:tf u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

dlxnf / k'?if Ps csf{sf zq' geO{ ;xof]uLePsf] atfp“b} n}l·seGbf klg juL{o k|Zg dxŒjk"0f{ ePsf]pxf“n] k|i6 kfg'{eof] .

sd{rf/Lx¿n] sfof{no ;doafx]s ;dflhs /

/fhg}lts ultljlwx¿df klg nfUg'kg]{ atfp“b} /fli6«o /cGt/f{li6«o ultljlwaf/] hfgsf/L /fVg' kg]{df pxf“n] hf]8lbg'eof] . pxf“n] k|hftGqsf] hggL dflgPsf] a]nfotdf klg;dfgtf / dtflwsf/ ;+3if{af6 dfq} k|fKt ePsf] / ;g\!(&) df ;dfg Hofnf ;DaGwL sfg"g agfP klg ;g\ !(&%;Dd nfu" ug{ k“"hLklt ju{n] l9nfOu/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLsf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGgePsf] pQm sfo{qmddf sfo{kflnsf ;b:ox¿ /f]zgd}of;'jfn, ;l/gf b]pnf / 5]f/Ld}of k|hfkltn] dlxnfx¿n]ub}{ cfPsf ;3if{af/] af]Ng' ePsf] lyof] eg] eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf k|zf;sLo clws[t clDasf wf}e8]n /gu/kflnsf sd{rf/L Pzf]l;ozgsf ;b:o ljBf k|hfkltn]dlxnfx¿sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ dlxnfx¿ g} cu|;/ x'g'kg]{ ljrf/ JoQm ug'{eof] .

sfo{qmdsf] z'?df Snf/f h]6\lsgsf] hLjg kl/ro/]lesf sf]h"n] :nfO8åf/f k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

eQmk'/ gkfsf] cfof]hgfdf !)* cf}+ cGt/f{li6«o gf/L lbj;

eQmk'/sf dlxnfx¿ clxn] cufl8 a9]sf 5g\

k|d'v cltly lah'S5]+ !)* cf}+ cGt/f{li6«o >lds dlxnf lbj;sf] sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb}


22

cfh;Ddsf] dfgj ;dfh ljsf;sf] Oltxf;dfsfdbf/ ju{nfO{ clwsf/ ;xh} slxNo} k|fKt ePg . hf];+3if{ u/]/ cufl8 a9] ltgLx¿n] dfq} clwsf/x¿ kfPsf5g\ . dlxnf clwsf/ klg sfdbf/ ju{sf] ;+3if{af6 dfq}k|fKt x'G5 . o;af/] xfdL :ki6 x'g' cfjZos 5 .

z'? z'?df ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zx¿df dlxnf /k'?ifaLr dtbfgd} lje]b lyof] . z'?z'?df k'?ifnfO{ dfq}dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ lyof] eg] dlxnfx¿ dtflwsf/af6j+lrt lyP . Tof] e]befjk"0f{ Joj:yfsf] lj?4 ;dfgclwsf/sf] nflu ljleGg b]zx¿df nfdf] ;+3if{ eof] .a]nfoth:tf] k“"hLjfbL b]zdf;d]t ;g\ !(@& df cfP/ dfq}dlxnfn] dtflwsf/ kfP . clk|msfsf s]xL b]zdf w]/} kl5dfq}dlxnfn] dtflwsf/ kfP .

;dfg sfdsf] nflu dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;dfgHofnf lyPg . sn, sf/vfgfdf sfd ubf{ dlxnfn] cfwfdfq}tnj kfp“y] . Snf/f h]6lsgx¿n] ;dfg sfdsf] lglDt;dfg Hofnfsf] cfjfh p7fP .

;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf a]nfotdf ‘>lds’ kf6L{n]lgjf{rg lhTof] . >lds kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/ u7geof] . >lds kf6L{sf] ;/sf/ u7gkl5 w]/}n] sfdbf/ju{sf] lxtdf P]g sfg"gx¿ lgdf{0f x'g] / tNnf] ju{sf] lxtx'g] ;f]r]sf lyP . t/ hgtfn] ;f]r]cg';f/ sfd ePg .dlxnfn] k"0f{ ;dfgtf kfpg] cfzf u/]sf lyP . lgjf{rglht]/ >lds kf6Lsf] ;/sf/n] dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;dfgHofnfsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;s]g . lsgeg] Tof] k“"hLjfbL ;/sf/lyof] . hgtfsf] c;Gtf]if a9b} uPkl5 ;g\ !(^* ;Dd klg;dfg Hofnfsf] Joj:yf gePkl5 ljleGg 36gfx¿ eP .;g\ !(&) dfdfq} a]nfotsf] ;+;bn] ;dfg Hofnf lbg] P]gkfl/t u¥of] . t/ !(&% ;Dd k"“hLklt ju{n] sfof{Gjog ug{cfgfsfgL u¥of] jf nfu" ug{ rfx]g .

;g\ !(&% df /f]huf/L ;+/If0f P]g aGof] . To;n]ue{jtL / ;'Ts]/L ePsf] sf/0f sfdaf6 x6fpg gkfpg]Joj:yf u¥of] / dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;'Ts]/L eQf lbg] Joj:yfu¥of] . clxn] klg dlxnfnfO{ sfddf nufp“bf a9L ;'ljwflbg' knf{ eg]/ sltko lghL sDkgLx¿n] aRrf ghGdfpg]zt{ /fV5g\ . Tof] u}/ sfg"gL lyof] . t/ klg gj bDklQx¿gf]s/Laf6 xft w'g' kg]{ 8/n] aRrf ghGdfOsg a:g jfWo5g\ . oxL xf] k"“hLjfb eg]sf] . k};fsf] lglDt cfÇgf] hLjgc?nfO{ ;'Dkg' kg]{ jfWotf ¤

g]kfndf klg /f0ffsfn;Dd ;ltk|yf sfod lyof] .>Ldfgsf] d[To'kZrft\ >LdtL klg ;“u} ;lt hfg'kg]{ jfWotflyof] . Tof] s'k|yf lyof] . Tolta]nf wgLn] %–^ hgf>LdtL /fVg' klg j}w dflgGYof] . w]/} >LdtL /fVg' ;fdGtju{sf] zf]vsf] ljifo lyof] . ax'ljjfx u/]df b08 ;hfosf]Jo:yf w]/}kl5 dfq} ul/Psf] xf] . /fhf dxf/fhfx¿n]bh{gf}+ >LdtL /fVg] u/]sf] Oltxf; 5 .

dlxnf clwsf/sf] lglDt cfjfh p7fpg] NGO /INGO x¿ w]/} 5g\ . t/ ltgLx¿ !÷@ hgf dlxnfx¿pRr cf]xf]bfdf k'u]sf]nfO{ g} cfkm"x¿ ;kmn ePsf] 7fG5g\ .sfd u/L vfg] ju{ dfly gp7];Dd Ps jf b'Ohgf dlxnfx¿dflyNnf] kbdf k'Ub}df ;dfh cufl8 a9\g] xf]Og . ef/tdfOlGb/f ufGwL, kfls:tfgdf a]glh/ e'§f] k|wfg dGqL eP,>Ln+sfdf s'df/ft'·f cfdf 5f]/L g} k|wfgdGqL / /fi6«klteP eg] g]kfndf klg ljBf e08f/L /fi6«klt 5g\ . cemg]kfndf k|wfg GofofwLz / ;efd'v klg dlxnf eO;s]t/ ul/a dlxnfx¿sf] hLjg :t/df s] km/s cfof] < oxLxf] dxŒjk"0f{ k|Zg eg]sf] . of] n+}lus ;d:of geO{ juL{o;d:of xf] .

ef/tdf lbgsf lbg dlxnfx¿nfO{ bfOhf]sf] sf/0fxTof ug]{, af]S;Lsf] cf/f]kdf s'6lk6 ug]{ / a]OHht ug]{36gfx¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ . kfls:tfg, >Ln+sf / g]kfndfklg l:ylt of]eGbf km/s 5}g . xfdL b}lgsh;f] o:tf36gfx¿ ;dfrf/x¿df k9\5f}+ .

;dfhjfbL b]zx¿df dlxnf / k'?if egL s'g}e]befj x'“b}g . pTkfbgsf d'Vo d'Vo ;fwgx¿ ;fdflhsLs/0fx'g] ePsf]n] Tofxf“ s'g} If]qdf e]befj eGg] x“'b}g . lghLIf]qn] gfkmfsf] lglDt hyfefjL u5{g\ . To;}n] k"“hLjfbLJoj:yf sfdbf/ ju{sf] nflu gs{ ;dfg x'g] ub{5 . ;dfhjfbLJoj:yfdf lzIff / /f]huf/Ldf ;dfgtf lbOPsf] x'G5 . s]dlxnf s] k'?if ;a}n] ;dfg clwsf/ kfp“5g\ . k"“hLjfbLb]zx¿df em}}+ 5f]/L hlGdg] ;+efjgf x'g] ljlQs} ue{ktg ug]{,hlGdg] ljlQs} xTof ug]{, kl/jf/sf] nflu af]em 7fGg] k|j[lQ;dfhjfbdf x'“b}g .

;g\ !(!& sf] qmflGtkl5 ;f]leot ;+3df ue{jtL /;'Ts]/L dlxnfnfO{ !* dlxgfsf] tnaL labf, csf]{ !* dlxgfa]tnaL labfsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . 7fp“ 7fp“df lzz' :ofxf/s]Gb|x¿ vf]lnP, cg'dltljgf dlxnfx¿nfO{ sfdaf6 lgsfNggkfpg] Joj:yf ul/of] . !)) jif{kl5 g]kfndf dlxnfx¿ tLg

‘e]befj n}l·s geO juL{o ;d:of xf]’– ;'lgn k|hfklt, -k|d'v, eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf_


23dlxgf tna;lxtsf] labfsf] dfu ul//x]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf dlxnf xs lxtsf ljifodf xf]6n /ljleGg 7fp“x¿df ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿ x'G5g\ l7s ToxL a]nfb]zsf ljleGg 7fp“x¿df r]nLa]6L a]rljvg, anfTsf/ /ckx/0f eO/x]sf x'g ;S5g\ . o;af/] ;/sf/ df}g 5 .tL h3Go ck/fw ug]{x¿nfO{ d[To'b08sf] ;hfo lbg'k5{eg]/ xfdLn] lg/Gt/ cfjfh p7fO/x]sf 5f+} t/ clxn];DdTof] sfg"gL Joj:yf x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

xfn} ;DkGg :yfgLo lgsfosf lhDd]jf/kbflwsf/Lx¿ dWo]s} Ps hgfsf] ef/tdf $ j6f j]ZofnoePsf] ;'Ggdf cfof] . t:s/x¿, u'08fx¿ / 7]s]bf/x¿lgjf{lrt ePsf] klg x]b}{5f}+ . o;n] xfd|f] b]zsf] eljiosf];+s]t ul//x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]z stflt/ uO/x]sf] 5 < of]uDeL/ ljifo xf] .

k"“hLjfbL u0ftGqdf k"“hLklt ju{s} zf;g rN5 ./fhf dxf/fhfx¿n] u/]sf zf]if0f bdg lgjf {lrthgk|ltlglws} gfp“df x'g] u5{g\ . clxn];Ddsf] u0ftGqsf]cEof;n] s] of] s'/f k|i6 ePsf] 5}g < Pdfn] % k6s,dfcf]jfbL # k6s ;/sf/df k'lu;s]sf 5g\ . clxn] klg;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj ub}{5g\ . ;Lldt g]tfx¿sf] hLjgafx]s;fwf/0f hgtfsf] hLjgdf s] ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 <

sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] gfp“ /fVb}df ;f]leot ;+3, k|husf]l/of, So"jf / rLgdf h:tf] Joj:yf x'G5 eg]/ s;}n]

;f]R5 eg] Tof] ;xL x'g ;Sb}g . k“"hLjfbL Joj:yfdf sfdbf/ju{sf] lxt gx'g] ePs}n] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf :yfkgfsf] nflun8\g' k/]sf] xf] . sfdbf/ ju{sf] g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/ u7g kl5dfq} ;f/f hgtfn] ;'v ;'ljwf kfpg] 5g\ . To;sf] nflulg/Gt/ ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf :yfkgfsf] lglDt ;+3if{ ug{cfjZos 5 .

cfh}dfq eQmk'/ gkfåf/f ;+rflnt hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|dfuof}+ . Toxf“ sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ljj/0f x]¥of}+ . hDdf %^hgf sd{rf/L :jf:YosdL{ /x]5g\ . To;dWo] dlxnf #* hgfcyf{t ^* k|ltzt 5g\ . of] xfd|f] nflu v'ZfLsf] s'/f xf] .Vjk OlGhlgol/ª sn]hdf cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿ / cWofkg/tk|fWofksx¿df klg dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt g]kfnd} a9L xfd|fsn]hx¿df /x]sf] xfdLn] ;'lg;s]sf 5f}+ .

cGTodf, dlxnf / k'?if Ps csf{sf zq' geO{;xof]uL x'g\ eGg] efjgfsf ;fy sd{rf/Lx¿n] cf–cfkm'nfO{lbOPsf] lhDd]jf/L Odfgbf/Lk"j{sf ug'{ / hgtfsf] ;]jfdflg/Gt/ nfUg'df g} >lds dlxnf lbj; dgfpg'sf] ;fy{stf/xG5 .

!)* cf}+ dlxnf lbj;sf] cj;/df ;a}nfO{ xflb{sz'e sfdgf ¤

-!)* cf}+ cGt/fli6«o >lds dlxnf lbj;sf]cj;/df @)&$ kmfu'g @% ut] eQmk'/ gkfåf/f cfof]lhtk|jrg sfo{qmddf JoQm dGtJo ._

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf ( g+= j8fdf r}q @ ut]j8fsf v]nf8L, k|lzIfs tyf v]nk|]dL Pj+ l6d, Snj /;d"xsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] j[xb\ e]nf u/L /fh]z k|hfkltsf]cWoIftfdf !! ;b:oLo egkf ( g+= j8f v]ns'b ;ldltu7g ul/of] . o;;“u} s[i0fk|;fb wG5fsf] ;+of]hsTjdf %;b:oLo ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt klg u7g ul/of] .

e]nfdf j8fWoIf /ljGb| HofVjn] o'jf k':tfnfO{b]z / ;dfhk|lt pQ/bfoL Pj+ cg'zfl;t agfpggu/kflnsfn] v]ns'b ultljlwnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] rrf{ug'{eof] . pxfFn] gu/kflnsfn] v]nf8L, k|lzIfs / ;du|dfv]ns'b s[ofsnfknfO{ dof{lbt / k|f]T;flxt ug{ gu/;efn]eQmk'/ gu/ v]ns'b ;DaGwL gLlt @)&$ tof/ u/L:yfgLo /fhkqdf k|sflzt ug]{ tof/L ul//x]sf] hfgsf/Llbg'eof] .

sfo{kflnsf ;b:o 5f]/Ld}ofF ;'hv" k|hfkltn]j8fdf ljleGg v]ndf /fli6«o Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sfk|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL ePsf v]nf8Lx¿ /x]/ klg 5l/Psf]cj:yfn] ubf{ ;fdflhs k|ultdf 7f]; of]ubfg lbg g;s]sf]

pNn]v ug'{eof] . pxfFn] j8f v]ns'b ;ldlt u7g kZrfto'jf k':tfnfO{ ljs[ltx¿af6 d'Qm ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug] ljZjf;JoQm ug'{eof] .

j8f ;b:o OGb|axfb'/ Kof7n] ;fljs ! / # j8fdf/x]sf l6d, Snj / k':tsfnox¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf;+rfng ug{ j8f v]ns'b ;ldltn] k'nsf] e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{cfjZostf cf}+Nofpg'eof] .

gu/ v]ns'b ;ldltsf k"j{ pkfWoIf s[i0fk|;fbwG5fn] k+rfotsfnb]lv g} o'jfx¿nfO{ ;r]t / ;+ul7t ug]{tyf v]ns'b ultljlwdfkm{t /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o :t/sfv]nf8Lx¿ tof/ kfg{ v]ns'b ;ldltn] e"ldsf v]n]sf] rrf{ug'{eof] . pxfFn] eQmk'/sf ;fF:s[lts rf8x¿nfO{ Jojl:yt/ dof{lbt ¿kdf ;+rfng ug{ ;d]t v]ns'b ;ldltn] lhDd]jf/LlnPsf] atfpg'eof] .

e]nfdf v]nf8Lx¿ afa'sfhL dfgGw/, /fds[i0fk|hfklt, ;'o{axfb'/ dfgGw/, hugfy k|hfklt, Zofds[i0fk|hfkltnufotn] ljutdf j8f v]ns'b ;ldltdfkm{t ePsfultljlwx¿af/] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

j8f g+ ( df v]ns'b ;ldlt u7g


24

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt VjkOlGhlgol/ª sn]hsf] z}lIfs–;q @)&$÷&% df:gftsf]Q/ txdf egf{ ePsf gjcfuGt's ljBfyL{x¿nfO{:jfut Pj+ cled'vLs/0f kmfu'g @& ut] Ps sfo{qmdu/L ;DkGg eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v Pj+sn]h ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf ;'lgn k|hfkltn] ax'bncfPkl5 ;/sf/df uPsf bnx¿n] hgtfnfO{ ;]jf lbg'sf];§f ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf ;+:yfgx¿ lghLs/0f u/Lhglj/f]wL sfd u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

k|d'v k|hfkltn] ;Eo, ;';+:s[t Pj+ b]z / hgtfdf

;dlk{t z}lIfs hgzlQm tof/ ug{ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn]z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

pxfFn] sn]hsf] dof{bfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL cWoogug{, cfjZos z}lIfs ;fdu|L tof/ ug{ /rgfTds ;'́ fjlbg / hgtfsf] efjgfdf rf]6 k'Ug] sfd gug{ ;'´fjlbg'eof] . k9fOnfO{ dfq a9L dxŒj lbg] ljBfyL{ /fd|f]x'g g;Sg] atfpFb} pxfFn] ljb]zdf uP/ cfk\mgf] dft[e"ldg]kfn / kl/jf/ la;{g] k|jl[Q /fd|f] xf]Og eGg'eof] .

k|d'v k|hfkltn] leotgfd / pQ/ sf]l/ofdf

o'4 x'Fbf ToxfFsf hgtfn] lzIffnfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf] k|;·pNn]v u/L eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] klg hgtfnfO{ c;ngful/s agfpg lzIff If]qdf nufgL u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] gu/leqsf (@ j6f ljBfno dWo]^# j6f ljBfnosf] sIff * sf] k/LIff cfpFbf] r}taf6;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] / e"uf]n, Oltxf;, snf/ ;+:s[ltsf af/]df ljBfyL{nfO{ ;';"lrt kfg{ kf7\oqmdagfpg nfluk/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sn]h ;~rfns ;ldltsf pkfWoIf Pj+ eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] snf / ;+:s[lt,df}lnstf tyf kj{aLr cfk;L ;DaGw /xg] ePsf]n]

To;af/]df cg';Gwfg u/L lj1x 'g ljBfyL { x¿nfO { cfu |xug{'eof] .

Ol Ghlgol/ª cWoog;+:yfgsf k|fWofks k| ]dgfydf:s]n] ;dofg's"nsf] k|ljlw /1fgnfO { cg 'z/0f u/LljBfyL{x¿ cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ /cg';Gwfgdf hf]8 lbO{ cWoogug{ cfu|x ug{'eof] .

Vjk OlGhlgol/ª sn]hsfk|frfo{ O=;'hg dfs / Vjksn]h ckm OlGhlgol/ªsfk | frfo { O=; ' lgn b 'j fnn ]st{Jolgi7 tyf b]zeQm gful/sagfpg sn]hx¿ ;~rfng

ePsf] atfpg'eof] .cy {Sj ]s OlGhlgol/ª ljefusf k |d 'v

8f=dGhLk zfSon] e"sDkLo Iflt Go"gLs/0f x'g] u/L;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f ug{'kg] { ;DaGwdf k|:t'tLs/0f /k|fWofks 8f=df]xg d"lt{ kGtn] ;Eo / ;';+:s[t ;x/agfpg] ;DaGwdf k|:t'tLs/0f ub}{ lj1 aGg] u/L cWoogug{'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] . pQm sfo{qmddf cjf{g l8hfOgP08 sGh/e];g ljefusf k|d'v lnjf; km}h'n] klgaf]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

:gftsf]Q/ txsf gjcfuGt'sljBfyL{x¿nfO{ :jfut Pj+ cled'vLs/0f

gjcfuGt's ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ :jfut Pj+ cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmddf k|d'v k|hfklt, pkk|d'v hf]zLnufot


25

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf ( g+= j8fdf rfn" cfly{sjif{df ljlgof]lht of]hgfcg';f/sf] sfo{ k|ultaf/] kmfu'g!* ut] :yfgLo hgtfsf] Ps e]nfaLr ;dLIff ul/of] .ljleGg of]hgfx¿df pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf /x]sf sfo{ul//xg' ePsf Pj+ k"j{ hgk|ltlglwx¿;d]tsf] pkl:yltdf;DkGg pQm sfo{qmddf j8fdf rfn" /x]sf j8fut Pj+gu/:t/Lo of]hgfx¿sf] k|ultaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf]lyof ] .

sfo{qmddf j8fWoIf /ljGb| HofVjn] lgjf{rgnuQ} j8fsf u0odfGo cfb/0fLo JolQmTj Pj+ k"j{hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] e]nfaf6 cfPsf ;'emfjs} cfwf/df jflif{sof]hgfx¿ tof/ u/]sf] / ;f]xL adf]lhd :yfgLo hgtfs}

;xeflutfdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿dfkm{t sfo{ cl3 al9/x]sf]rrf{ ug'{eof] .

!% jif{kl5 :yfgLotxsf] lgjf{rg ePsf]n]hgtfsf] ck]Iff a9L x'g' :jefljs ePsf] pNn]v ub}{pxf Fn ] hgefjgf / r 'gfjL k | ltj4tfcg '?k g }hgk|ltlglwx¿ nfluk/]sf] k|i6 kfg'{eof] . pxfFn] j8fsfHo]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf Pj+ czQm ckf+utf ePsfJolQmx¿nfO{{ cfOtaf/b]lv a'waf/;Dd hgk|ltlglwx¿s}xftaf6 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0f ug{ nfluPsf]klg hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o 5f]/Ld}of ;'hv" k|hfkltn]kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkgsfnflu j8f:t/Lo tflnd

eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( sf] k|ultaf/] ;dLIff

eQmk'/sf P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfx¿ ;a} hgtf /ljZjs} ;DklQePsf] x'Fbf o;sf] ;+/If0f / k'gMlgdf{0fdf;a}sf] ;fy, ;xof]u / ckgTj cfjZos /x]sf] s'/f eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] JoQm ug'{ePsf]5 .

pQm s'/f jxf“n] eQmk'/ gkf ( l:yt u?8s'08df /x]sf] lzjdlGb/ k'gMlgdf{0fsf] kmfu'g !* ut]lznfGof; ub}{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;+nUgtfdf pkef]Qmf;ldltdfkm{t sfo{ ubf{ ckgTj a9\g'sf ;fy} cfly{skf/bzL{tf Pj+ sd nfutdf u'0f:t/Lo sfo{ x'g] atfpg'ePsf] xf] . lzIff, :jf:Yo pkrf/, cfjf; of]hgf;“u};Dkbf ;+/If0fdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] cu'jfO ul//x]sf]pNn]v ub}{ pxfFn] b]zsf cGo gu/kflnsf / ufpFkflnsfsfhgk|ltlglwx¿n] eQmk'/sf] e|d0f u/]/ oxfFsf] ultljlwsf]cg's/0f ug]{ jrg lbPsf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .

eQmk'/df vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of /x]sf] rrf{ ub}{k|d'v k|hfkltn] gu/kflnsfn] sf7df08f} pkTosf vfg]kfgLlnld6]8;“u ;xsfo{ u/]/ vfg]kfgLsf] gofF ;|f]t klxrfgug]{ Pj+ kfgL k|zf]wg tyf 6\+ofsL lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{dfljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] atfpg'eof] . gu/ eP/ aUg]xg'dGt] / sf;g vf]nf ;/;kmfOdf gu/kflnsfn]WofglbO/x]sf] ;d]t k|d'v k|hfkltn] atfpg'eof] . vf]nfsf]b'j} 5]pdf 9nsf] Joj:yf u/]/ kmf]x/ kfgLsf] k|zf]wgul/g] / b'j} vf]nfnfO{ k|fs[lts hLjGttf lbg] sfo{ wdfwd

cl3 al9/x]sf] / To;sf nflu d]nDrL cfof]hgf kl/of]hgfsfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfno / :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;fy / ;xof]ucfjZos /x]sf] rrf{ ug'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf egkf ( g+= j8fsf cWoIf /ljGb|HofVjn] j8fdf eO/x]sf] ultljlwaf/] hfgsf/L lb+b} d7,dlGb/, ;Qn, kf6L, kf]v/L, 9'+u]wf/fnufotsf ;fj{hlgs;Dklt ;+/If0fdf ;a} gu/jf;Lx¿ Psh'6 x'g'kg]{df hf]8lbg'eof] . pxfFn] r'gfjL k|ltj4tfcg';f/ hgtfsf] /fo;'emfjlnP/ hgtfs} ;fy / ;xof]udf cfof]hgfx¿ cl3a9fO/x]sf] atfpge'of] . j8fWoIf HofVjn] ( g+ j8fsfof{nodf dlxgfsf] klxnf] / t]>f] z'qmaf/ lgMz'Ns¿kdf cfo'j]{lbs lSnlgs ;+rfng ul//x]sf] hfgsf/Llbg'eof] .

:yfgLo lbk]Gb| k|hfkltn] u?8s'08sf] P]ltxfl;sdxŒjaf/] rrf{ ub}{ ;Dkbf ;+/If0fsf] nflu :yfgLo hgtfn]b]vfPsf] pT;fxk|lt wGojfb 1fkg ug'{eof] .

u?8s'08 lzjdlGb/ k'gMlgdf{0f pkef]Qmf;ldltsf cWoIf lzjhL k|hfkltsf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGgpQm sfo{qmddf ;ldltsf ;lrj afa'sfhL k|hfklt /t'N;L/fd k|hfkltn] klg af]Ng'eof] .

o;cl3 gu/ k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt / :yfgLoHo]i7 gful/s Gx'5] k|hfkltn] ljlwljwfgcg';f/ dlGb/k'gMlgdf{0fsf] lznfGof; ug'{eof] . lznfGof;sf] qmddf:yfgLohgtfsf] Jofks pkl:ylt lyof] .

u?8s'08 lzjdlGb/ k'gMlgdf{0fsf] lznfGof;


26

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltsf]g]t[Tjdf uPsf] Ps k|ltlglwd08nn] eQmk'/ gu/sf]vfg]kfgL ;d:of ;dfwfgaf/] 5nkmn ug{ sf7df08f}+pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8 -sfpvfln_ sf k|jGws dx]ze§/fO;“u kmfu'g @! ut] e]6 u¥of] .

e]6df gu/ k|d'v k|hfkltn] eQmk'/df vfg]kfgLsf];d:of a9\g yfn]sf] rrf{ ub}{ vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf /ljt/0f ug]{ lhDdf lnPsf] sfpvflnn] o; ljifodfuDeL/tfk"j{s ;f]Rg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . Psflt/ ;|f]tsf] ;d:of

5 eg] csf]{lt/ jiff}{+ k'/fgf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/gul/+bf gu/sf] ;a} If]qdf ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf kfgLsf]ljt/0f eO/x]sf] 5}g, pxfFn] eGg'eof] .

k|d'v k|hfkltn] vfg]kfgLsf] gofF gofF >f]tx¿sf]klxrfg u/L oyfzSo rfF8f] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu klgcfu|x ug'{eof] . dxfb]j vf]nfdf 8\ofd agfP/ kfgLsf]>f]t a9fpg] ;/sf/L of]hgf ;':t ePsf] u'gf;f] ub}{ k|d'vk|hfkltn] d]nDrL vfg]kfgL kl/of]hgfsf] kfOk la5\ofpg]sfo{ l56f] ug{ tyf lj:tfl/t j:tL If]qdf klg kfgL

ljt/0f ug{ ljz]if kxn ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .vfg]kfgL hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ePsf]n]

;d:of ;dfwfgdf gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 x/]s If]qdf;xof]u ug]{ jrg JoQm ub}{ k|hfkltn] tTsfnsf nflusfpvflnsf 6\of+s/x¿af6 vfg]kfgLsf] cefj em]ln/x]sfhgtfnfO{ kfgL ljt/0f ug{ ;d]t cfu|x ug'{eof] .

5nkmnsf] qmddf sfpvflnsf k|jGws e§/fO{n]vfg]kfgL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn]lnPsf] cu|;/tfk|lt wGojfb 1fkg ug'{eof] . pxfFn]

eQmk'/df ljBdfg vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:ofk|ltcfkm" ;r]t /x]sf] pNn]v ub}{ s]xL :yfgdfgofF ;|f ]tx¿ vf]Hg] k|of; eO/x]sf ]atfpg'eof] .

e]6df gu/kflnsfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿/ljGb| HofVj, ps]z sjf+ / dx]Gb|vfodnLsf ;fy} sfpvflnsf jl/i7OlGhlgo/ ltns sfoi7 / sfpvflneQmk'/ zfvfsf k|d'v ;'/]Gb| lxdfnosf]klg pkl:ylt lyof] .

To;} qmddf sfpvflnsf k|jGwse§/fO{ / cGo k|fljlwsx¿sf] 6f]nLn] ;f]xL

lbg eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ ;Nnf3f/Ll:yt l8kaf]l/· ul/Psf] :yfgsf] cjnf]sg u/L pQm kfgLsf]k|zf]wg Pj+ ljt/0f k|0ffnL agfpg]af/] :ynut lg/LIf0fug'{eof] .

6f]nLn] egkf ! l:yt ;nfFVjf, egkf & j8fsfof{no cufl8sf] l8k af]l/·:yn, egkf * l:yt y';frf/ huftLdf /x]sf] k|zf]wg s]Gb|sf] ;d]t cjnf]sg u/L;'wf/ ug]{ of]hgfaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] j8fWoIf vfodnLn]atfpg'eof] .

vfg]kfgL ;d:ofaf/] k|d'v k|hfklt sfpvflndf

k|d'v k|hfkltsf] g]t[Tjdf uPsf] k|ltlglwd08n sfpvflndf

;+rfng ug{ nfluPsf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] . pxfFn]gu/kflnsf ;a} gu/jf;Lx¿sf] ;femf ;+:yf ePsf] sf/0fgu/kflnsfn] ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f Pj+lzIff, :jf:Yo, v]ns'b / ;+:s[lt ;+/If0fsf x/]sultljlwdf hgtfsf] ;xof]usf] pRrd"Nof+sg /x]sf]atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf cfGtl/sn]vf k/LIfs ljgf]b cfuGhfn] pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t

sfo{ x'Fbf sd nfutdf k|efjsf/L sfd eO/x]sf] pNn]vub}{ ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ cfly{s lx;fj /fVg]tl/sfaf/] k|lzIf0f lbg'eof] . j8f k|fljlws cx{tah|frfo{n] j8fdf ;+rflnt of]hgfx¿sf] j:t'l:yltaf/]hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

j8f ;lrj k'0o/fd nfvfn] j8f sfof{nodfkm{t:yfgLo hgtfsf u'gf;f] ;Daf]wg, l;kmfl/; / JolQmut36gf btf{ ljj/0faf/] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .


27

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]cjsfz k|fKt lzIfsx¿n] cfÇgf] hLjgdf ef]u]sfcg'ejx¿nfO{ lnlka4 ug{ ;s] gof“ k':tfsf] nflu pkof]uLx'g] atfpg'eof] .

k|flj tyf lgdflj ;ldltsf] cfof]hgfdf r}q @ut] ;DkGg cjsfz k|fKt lzIfsx¿sf] ;Ddfg tyf k'/:sf/ljt/0f sfo{qmddf af]Nb} k|d'v k|hfkltn] cg'ej lnlka4u/] tTsfnLg lzIffsf] l:ylt a'‰g ;xh x'g] / Tof] Pp6f;flxTo klg x'g] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] lzIfsx¿n] kf7\oqmddf dfq} ;Lldt g/xL

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Jojxfl/s 1fg / cg'zf;g l;sfpg'kg]{ atfp“b}eGg'eof]– ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ b]z / ;dfhsf] lglDt k9\g pT;flxtug'{k5{ . ljutdf oxf“sf cu'jfx¿n] lzIff ljsf;sf] lglDtug'{ePsf ;ª\3if{sf] Oltxf; klg atfpg'k5{ .

jfuLZj/L cu'jf ;|f]ts]Gb|sf ;|f]tJolQms [ i0 fk |;fb sdf {rfo {n ] lzIfsx¿n ]ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljleGg kIfaf/] hfgsf/Lu/fpg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] eg] csf{ ;|f]tJolQmw|'jnfn xdfnn] sIff * sf] clGtd k/LIffsf]tof/L eO;s]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

;dfh ;'wf/ dfljsf k|c nIdLgf/fo0fb'jfnn] k|flj / lgdflj ;ldlt eQmk'/ gu/sf;a} ljBfnox¿sf] Pstfsf] k|tLs ePsf] atfp“b}ljBfyL{sf] eljio lzIfsx¿sf] xftdf x'g] x'“bflzIfsx¿ ;r]t x'g'k5{ eGg'eof] .

k|flj tyf lgdflj ;ldltsf cWoIf;"o{axfb'/ kmf]+h"sf] ;efkltTjdf ;DkGg pQm

sfo{qmddf Zofds[i0f vqL, bLks dfs, /Ltf nfv]d?n] klgaf]Ng'ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] cGTodf k|d'v k|hfkltn]cjsfz k|fKt $ hgf lzIfs lzlIfsfx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg tyfljhoL v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ k'/:sf/ ljt/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .cjsfz k|fKt lzIfsx¿df Zofds[i0f vqL, ;Ltf hf]G5],clDasf j}B / ls/0f lzNksf/ /xg'ePsf] 5 .

cjsfz k|fKt lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg

cjsfz k|fKt lzIfsx¿sf] ;Ddfg tyf k'/:sf/ ljt/0f sfo{qmd

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+ ^ sf j8f cWoIfxl//fd ;'jfnsf] cWoIftfdf @)&$ ;fn r]}q ^ ut]j8fsf l6d, Sna / ljleGg ljwfsf v]nf8Lx¿sf] e]nf;DkGgeof] . e]nfaf6 /fh' l;+ alhsf]sf] cWoIftfdf !%;b:oLo v]ns'b ;ldlt u7g ul/of] .

pQm e]nfdf j8f cWoIf xl//fd ;'jfnn] v]ns'b;ldlt u7g ug'{sf] p2]Zoaf/] :ki6 kfg'{eof] . pxfFn] vf;fªv';'ªvf]nf Hofb} b'u{lGwt ePsf]n] vf]nf ;'wf/sf] nflu 9nsf]Joa:yfsf] af/]df / c/lgsf] ;ef ejg lgdf{0fsf] k|s[ofcufl8 al9/x]sf] tyf cfjf; of]hgf ;+rfng eO/x]sf], 3/b}nf] gl;{ª ;]jf / j8fsf] ljleGg If]qdf eO/x]sf] ljsf;lgdf{0fsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

pQm e]nfdf sfo{kflnsf ;b:o /f]zgd]}of ;'jfnn]v]nf8Lx¿ /fi6«sf uxgf ePsf]n] ;dfh kl/jt{gsf] nflugofFgofF v]nf8Lx¿ tof/ ub}{ hfg'kg]{ cfjZostf cf}Nofp“b}

r'gfjL 3f]if0ff kqcg';f/ v]ns'b ljsf;sf] nflugu/kflnsfn] x/]s jif{ Ps cGt/gu/ v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfub}{ hfg]5 eGg'eof] .

e]nfdf j8f ;b:o uf]ljGb b'jfnn] o'jfx¿nfO{unt af6f]df hfgaf6 /f]Sgsf] nflu klg v]ns'b cfjZos5 eGg'eof] . pxfFn] v]nf8Lx¿ cg'zfl;t x'g] ePsf]n]/fi6«sf] OHht a9fp“5 eGg'eof] .

j8f ;b:o l;l4/fd cjfnn] eQmk'/ g=kf=/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o v]nf8L tof/ ug]{ p2]Zon] v]ns'bIf]qdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

pQm e]]nfdf gu/ v]ns'b ;ldltsf k|ltlglw Pj+j8f v]ns'b ;ldltsf cWoIf /fh' l;+ alhsf]n] hgk|ltlglwx¿gePsf] cj:yfdf v]ns'b If]qdf lg/Gt/tf lbg] ;f]r x'Fbfx'Fb}klg ljleGg jfwfJoawfgsf] sf/0fn] k"0f{ ¿kdf ;kmntfdfk'¥ofpg g;lsPsf] s'/f atfpg'eof] .

j8f g+ ^ df v]ns'b ;ldlt u7g


28

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltsf]cWoIftfdf eQmk'/ gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] af]8{ a}7s eQmk'/gkf j8f g+= @ l:yt Aof;Ldf ljleGg ldltdf a;LlnOPsf lg0f{o hfgsf/Lsf] nflu lbOPsf] 5 .

ldlt @)&$ df3 !# ut] zlgaf/pkl:ylt!= k|d'v >L ;'lgn k|hfklt pkl:yt@= pkk|d'v >L /hgL hf]zL P]#= j8fWoIf >L Zofds[i0f vqL P]$= j8fWoIf >L xl/k|;fb af;'snf P]%= j8fWoIf >L /fhs[i0f uf]/f P]^= j8fWoIf >L s'df/ rjfn P]&= j8fWoIf >L k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{ P]*= j8fWoIf >L xl//fd ;'jfn P](= j8fWoIf >L ps]z sjf+ P]!)= j8fWoIf >L dx]Gb| vfodnL P]!!= j8fWoIf >L /ljGb| HofVj P]!@= j8fWoIf >L nIdLk|;fb Åof+}ldvf P]!#= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L /f]zgd}of ;'jfn P]!$= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L 5f]/Ld}of ;'hv' -k|hfklt_ P]!%= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L ;'lgtf k|hfklt -cjfn_ P]!^= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L ;l/gf Bf]nf P]!&= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L s[i0fnIdL b'jfn P]!*= ;b:o ;lrj >L /f]lxt/fh kf]v/]n P]

lg0f{ox¿cGt/ gu/ d]o/ sk k'?if elnan k|ltof]lutf

zxLb lbj;sf] cj;/df eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf]cfof]hgfdf ldlt @)&$ kmfu'g # ut]b]lv * ut];Dd x'g]k|yd cGt/ gu/ d]o/ sk k'?if elnan k|ltof]lutfsf]nflu k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltsf] ;+of]hsTjdf lgDgfg';f/d"n ;ldlt u7g ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M;+of]hs M k|d'v >L ;'lgn k|hfklt;b:o M pkk|d'v >L /hgL hf]zL;b:o M j8fcWoIf >L Zofds[i0f vqL, j8f g+= !;b:o M j8fcWoIf >L xl/k|;fb af;'snf, j8f g+= @;b:o M j8fcWoIf >L /fhs[i0f uf]/f, j8f g+= #

;b:o M j8fcWoIf >L s'df/ rjfn, j8f g+= $;b:o M j8fcWoIf >L k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{, j8f g+= %;b:o M j8fcWoIf >L xl//fd ;'jfn, j8f g+= ^;b:o M j8fcWoIf >L ps]z sjf+, j8f g+= &;b:o M j8fcWoIf >L dx]Gb| vfodnL, j8f g+= *;b:o M j8fcWoIf >L /ljGb| HofVj, j8f g+= (;b:o M j8fcWoIf >L nIdLk|;fb Åof}+ldvf, j8f g+= !);b:o M gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L /f]zgd}of ;'jfn, e=g=kf= ^;b:o M gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L 5f]/Ld}of ;'hv' -k|hfklt_, e=g=kf= (;b:o M gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L ;'lgtf k|hfklt -cjfn_, e=g=kf= #;b:o M gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L ;l/gf Bf]nf, e=g=kf= %;b:o M gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L s[i0fnIdL b'jfn, e=g=kf= $;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L ljZj/fh lzNksf/, e=g=kf= !;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L ;"o{k|;fb >]i7, e=g=kf= !;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L u+ufnIdL jdg', e=g=kf= !;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L Zofd;'Gb/ dftf+, e=g=kf= @;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L /TgsfhL gfoef/L, e=g=kf= @;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L t'N;LnIdL b'd?, e=g=kf= @;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L d+unnIdL zfxL, e=g=kf= @;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L /fhs'df/ l;Nksf/, e=g=kf= #;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L s[i0fuf]kfn rf}u'7L, e=g=kf= #;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L kz'ktL k|hfklt , e=g=kf= $;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L /fh]Gb| dfs, e=g=kf= $;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L k"0f{uf]kfn /fhrn, e=g=kf= %;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L an/fd lGx;'t', e=g=kf= %;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L ;Demgf vfO{h' nfv], e=g=kf= %;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L uf]ljGb b'jfn, e=g=kf= ^;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L l;l4/fd cjfn, e=g=kf= ^;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L l;tfb]jL g]kfnL, e=g=kf= ^;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L x]/f Vofh", e=g=kf= &;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L xl//Tg uf]vf{nL, e=g=kf= &;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L /Ghgf TjftL, e=g=kf= &;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L l/h' skfnL, e=g=kf= &;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L s[i0fuf]kfn 5':ofjfu, e=g=kf= *;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L lzjk|;fb afnf, e=g=kf= *;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L k+rdfof b'jfn, e=g=kf= *;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L hutnfn dfgGw/, e=g=kf= (


29

;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L O{Gb|axfb'/ Kofy, e=g=kf= (;b:o M j8f ;b:o >L 1fgs'df/ duh', e=g=kf= !);b:o M j8f ;b:o >L lht]Gb| d'g+sdL{, e=g=kf= !);b:o M j8f ;b:o >L ljhonIdL zfSo, e=g=kf= !);b:o M >L ljgf]br/0f /fo, cWoIf, e=k'=lh elnjn ;+3,;b:o M >L uf}tdk|;fb nfl;jf, @;b:o M >L lzj/fd w'Vjf–#;b:o M >L /fd xf8f–#;b:o M >L ;To/fd lGx;'t' – !;b:o M >L sfG5f/fd lj/jn –%;b:o M >L k'?iff]Qd wf;b:o M >L ;/nf s;njt;b:o M >L ;/:jtL ;'n';b:o M >L cGhg lu/L;b:o M >L s]zj Tjfgfjf;', cWoIf, e=k'=lh= alS;ª ;+3;b:o M >L u0f]zeQm va'{hf, cWoIf, e=k'=lh= p;' ;+3,;b:o M >L k|]ds[i0f va'{hf, cWoIf, e=k'=lh=6]an6]lg; ;+3;b:o M >L uf}td ;'hv', e=g=kf= $;b:o M >L lg/~hg k|hfklt, e=k'=lh= a'l4rfn ;+3;b:o M >L ljgf]b k|hfklt, cWoIf, e=k'=lh= sa8\8L ;+3;b:o M >L s[i0fk|;fb sf]h', cWoIf, e=k'=lh=kf}8L ;+3;b:o M >L k|sfzdf]xg wf}e8]n, cWoIf, e=k'=lh=s/ft] ;+3;b:o M >L lbkss[i0f k|hfklt, cWoIf, e=k'=lh= lhDgfl:6s ;+3;b:o M >L u0f]zdfg Åof}+ldvf,cWoIf,e=k'=lh=t]Sjf08f] ;+3;b:o M >L t'N;L Tjfogf, cWoIf, e=k'=lh= d'cfyf ;+3;b:o M >L pk]Gb| ;'jfn, cWoIf, e=k'=lh= vf] vf] ;+3;b:o M >L /fh]Gb| k|hfklt, cWoIf, e=k'=lh= Aof8ldG6g ;+3;b:o M >L cf;/fd uf]7], ;lrj, e=k'=lh= PYn]l6S; ;+3;b:o M >L afa'sfhL wf}aGhf/, e=g=kf=!;b:o M >L s]zj sf]h', e=g=kf= !;b:o M >L u0f]zk|;fb ;'jfn, e=g=kf= @;b:o M >L an/fd l;aGhf/, e=g=kf= %;b:o M >L /fh' alhsf]+, e=g=kf= ^;b:o M >L s[i0fk|;fb ;'jfn, e=g=kf= &;b:o M >L /fwfs[i0f k|hfklt, e=g=kf= #;b:o M >L hugfy k|hfklt, e=g=kf= (;b:o M >L x/]/fd d':ofVj, e=g=kf= !);b:o M >L s[i0fuf]ljGb nfvf, e=g=kf= &;b:o M >L gf/fo0feQm ls;L, e=g=kf= &;b:o M >L /fdxl/ >]i7, e=g=kf= %

;b:o M >L k'0o/fd ;'jfn, e=g=kf= ^;b:o M >L s[i0f/fd hflsaGhf/, e=g=kf= $;b:o M >L of]u]Gb| va'{hf, e=g=kf= @;b:o M >L s[i0f;'Gb/ k|hfklt, e=g=kf= $;b:o M >L s]bf/ TjLTjL, e=g=kf= &;b:o M >L OGb|k|;fb /fhnjt vqL, e=g=kf= !;b:o M >L O{Gb|eQm k+r, e=g=kf= !;b:o M >L d'gf af;'snf, e=g=kf= @;b:o M >L /ljgf ;'jfn, e=g=kf= ^;b:o M k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t >L /f]lxt/fh kf]v/]ncg'dflgt vr{

cGt/ gu/ elnan k|ltof ]lutfsf ] nflu?=@%,)#,*)).– -cIf/]kL klRr; nfv tLg xhf/ cf7;o_ cg'dflgt vr{sf] ah]6 k]z eof] .k|ltof]lutfsf] lhDd]jf/L

cGt/ gu/ d]o/ sk elnan k|ltof]lutfsf]nflu b]xfocg';f/ lhDdf lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] Ms= ;+rfns ;ldlt;+of]hs M >L Zofds[i0f vqL;b:o M >L ps]z sjf;b:o M >L xl/k|;fb af;'snf;b:o M >L s'df/ rjfn;b:o M >L ;'lgtf cjfnv= ;df/f]x tyf k'/:sf/ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;+of]hs M >L ps]z sjf;b:o M >L dx]Gb| vfodnL;b:o M >L nIdLk|;fb Åof}+ldvf;b:o M >L uf}td ;'hv';b:o M >L u0f]zeQm va'{hf;b:o M >L OGb|eQm k+r;b:o M >L d'gf af;'snf;b:o M >L /ljgf ;'jfnu= sfo{qmd tyf ;df/f]x ;ldlt;+of]hs M >L Zofds[i0f vqL3= v]n d}bfg Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;+of]hs M >L /fhs[i0f uf]/f;b:o M >L Zofd;'Gb/ dftf+;b:o M >L /TgsfhL gfoef/L;b:o M >L s[i0fuf]kfn ru'7L;b:o M >L u0f]zk|;fb ;'jfn;b:o M >L of]u]Gb| va'{hf


30

;b:o M >L lblnks'df/ ;'jfn;b:o M >L ljho/fd sf]h';b:o M >L /fds[i0f k|hfkltª= oftfoft tyf af; Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;+of]hs M >L xl/k|;fb af;'snf;b:o M >L xl//Tg uf]vf{nL;b:o M >L ljZj/fh lzNksf/;b:o M >L ;"o{k|;fb >]i7;b:o M >L uf}tdk|;fb nfl;jf;b:o M >L s[i0fk|;fb >]i7;b:o M >L s[i0fuf]ljGb nfvf;b:o M >L s]bf/ t'O{t'O{;b:o M >L s[i0f/fd hflsaGhf/r= :jo+;]js kl/rfng ;ldlt;+of]hs M >L an/fd lGx;'t';b:o M >L /fhs'df/ l;Nksf/, e=g=kf= #;b:o M >L /fh]Gb| dfs, e=g=kf= $;b:o M >L l;l4/fd cjfn, e=g=kf= ^;b:o M >L x]/f Vofh', e=g=kf= &;b:o M >L s[i0fuf]kfn 5':ofafu, e=g=kf= *;b:o M >L lzjk|;fb afnf, e=g=kf= *;b:o M >L 1fgs'df/ duh', e=g=kf= !);b:o M >L s[i0f;'Gb/ k|hfklt, e=g=kf= $;b:o M >L k'0o/fd ;'jfn, e=g=kf= ^;b:o M >L s]bf/ t'O{t'O{, e=g=kf= &;b:o M >L O{Gb|k|;fb /fhnjt vqL, e=g=kf= !;b:o M >L x/]/fd d':ofVj, e=g=kf= !);b:o M >L of]u]Gb| va'{hf, e=g=kf= @5= k|rf/–k|;f/ ;ldlt;+of]hs M >L ;'lgtf cjfn;b:o M >L k"0f{uf]kfn /fhrn, e=g=kf= %;b:o M >L 5f]/Ld}of ;'hv' -k|hfklt_, e=g=kf= (;b:o M >L /~hgf TjftL, e=gkf= &;b:o M >L OGb|axfb'/ Kof7, e=g=kf= @;b:o M >L ljgf]br/0f /fo, e=g=kf= @;b:o M >L uf}tdk|;fb nfl;jf;b:o M >L /fh' alhsf]+, e=g=kf= ^;b:o M >L s[i0fuf]ljGb ;'jfn;b:o M >L lzj/fd w'Vjf, e=g=kf= #h= k|fylds pkrf/ ;ldlt;+of]hs M >L s'df/ rjfn

;b:o M >L dx]Gb| vfodnL;b:o M >L lzj/fd w'Vjf;b:o M >L u+uf adg';b:o M >L ;Demgf vfO{h';b:o M >L l;tfb]jL g]kfnL;b:o M >L l/h' skfnL;b:o M >L lht]Gb| d'g+sdL{;b:o M >L /Tg;'Gb/ nfl;jfem= hnkfg ;ldlt;+of]hs M >L /f]zgd}of ;'jfn;b:o M >L t'N;LnIdL b'd?;b:o M >L /~hgf TjftL;b:o M >L s[i0fnIdL b'jfn;b:o M >L k+rdfof b'jfn;b:o M >L ;l/gf Bf]nf;b:o M >L ljhonIdL zfSo`= cltly ;Tsf/ ;ldlt;+of]hs M >L /ljGb| HofVj;b:o M >L k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{;b:o M >L nIdLk|;fb Åof}+ldvf;b:o M >L xl//fd ;'jfn;b:o M >L uf]ljGb b'jfn;b:o M >L kz'klt k|hfklt;b:o M >L t'N;LnIdL b'd?6= ;lrjfno Joj:yfkg ;ldlt;+of]hs M >L Zofds[i0f vqL;b:o M >L ;'lgtf cjfn;b:o M >L ps]z sjf+;b:o M >L xl/k|;fb af;'snf;b:o M >L s'df/ rjfn;b:o M >L ljgf]br/0f /fo;b:o M >L uf}tdk|;fb nfl;jf;b:o M >L cf]dxl/ yf;b:o M >L /fduf]ljGb >]i7;b:o M >L lbneQm hogf;b:o M >L k|efifs'df/ rfln;];b:o M >L e"kfn d"n;b:o M >L u0f]znfn kmf]h';b:o M >L /]le8 s':df;b:o M >L clDasf wf}e8]n;b:o M >L /Tgdfof afnfo\ >]i7


31

;b:o M >L bfdf]b/ ;'jfn;b:o M >L sfzLnfn k|hfklt;b:o M >L ljgf]b cfuGhf;b:o M >L lblnks'df/ ;'jfn7= af; tyf oftfoft Joj:yfkg ;ldlt lj:tf/;+of]hs M >L xl/k|;fb af;'snf;b:o M >L s]bf/ TjLTjL;b:o M >L xl//Tg uf]vf{nL;b:o M >L ;"o{k|;fb >]i7;b:o M >L lzj/fd w'Vjf;b:o M >L uf}tdk|;fb nfl;jfhUuf vl/b

hUuf vl/b ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x“' +bf ;fljslrQkf]n uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ! xfn ;"o{ljgfos gu/kflnsfj8f g+= !) If]qleqdf slDtdf uf]/]6f] af6f];“u hf]l8Psf]hUuf o; g=kf=sf] nflu cfjZos ePsf]n] ldlt@)&$.*.@( ut]sf] af]8{ a}7ssf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ldlt@)&$.(.! ut] k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ Dofbleq k/]sf] #j6f l;naGbL k|:tfjx¿ ldlt @)&$.(.!! ut] vf]lnPsf]dfk|fKt k|:tfjx¿dWo] e=g=kf=j8f g+= ( a:g] afa'/fhfuf];fO{n] k]z u/]sf] ;fljs lrQkf]n uf=lj=;= j8f g+=! -v_, ls=g+= ^*$ sf] hUufsf] k|lt cfgf ?=%,)),))).–-cIf]¿kL ?=kf“r nfv_ df lbg] egL ;aeGbf sd d"Nob]lvPsf] x'“bf pQm hUuf vl/b ug{sf] nflu hUufsf]:ynut gfk hf“r u/L hUufsf] cjl:ylt, cfsf/–k|sf/ / pkof]lutf ;DaGwdf :ynut lg/LIf0f u/Lk|ltj]bg k]z ug{ of]hgf zfvfsf k|fljlws;lxtsf] sfo{6f]nLnfO{ lhDdf lbOPsf]df pQm 6f]nLn] :ynut cWoogu/L ldlt @)&$.(.@$ ut] k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgcg';f/e=g=kf=j8f g+= ( a:g] afa'/fhf uf];fO{n] k]z u/]sf]k|:tfjdf pNn]lvt ;fljs lrQkf]n uf=lj=;= j8f g+= !-v_ ls=g+= ^*$ If]=km= )–!!–)–) sf] hUuf sRrL df]6/af6f]af6 Ps lsQfleq / sRrL df]6/ af6f];“u}sf] uf]/]6f]af6f] hf]l8Psf], uf]/]6f] af6f]sf] n]anaf6 sl/a ^ lkm6d'gL ;dy/ v]tsf] ¿kdf cjl:yt /x]sf] ;fy} pQmhUufdf s'g} lgdf{0f ug'{ k/]df lgdf{0f ;fdu|L ;lhn}nfg ;lsg] cj:yf /x]sf], ;f] hUuf k|fljlwsaf6 gfkhf“r ubf{ If]=km= )–!)–!–) ePsf] egL k|ltj]bg k|fKtePsf] x'“bf h=w= k|df0f k'hf{df )–!!–)–) eP klg;aeGbf sd d"No c+lst pQm hUuf lkmN8 gfk hf“r ubf{b]lvP adf]lhdsf] If]qkmn )–!)–!–) a/fa/sf] dfq

/sd ;DalGwt hUuf wgLnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] u/L o;eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] gfddf /lhi6«]zg kf; u/L lng]]lg0f{o ul/of] . ;fy} pQm hUuf kf; ug{ /lhi6«]zgb:t'/ 5'6 u/L lgMz'Ns kfl/t ul/lbg' x'g dfnkf]tsfof{no eQmk'/nfO{ n]vL k7fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .ljljw

ljljw ljifodf 5nkmn x'“bf lgDgfg';f/ ug]{lg0f{o ul/of] M

s= @)&$ c;f/ @@ ut]sf] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf]8{ a}7ssf] lg0f{ocg';f/ pk k|d'v /hgL hf]zL /zfvf clws[t bfdf]b/ ;'jfnnfO{ ;]K6]Da/ !) b]lv !@;Dd x'g] Plzof k|;fGt If]qLo zx/x¿sf] ;Dd]ng /d]o/x¿sf] d+rdf ;xefuL x'g ;]K6]Da/ ( b]lv !%;Dd blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] b]Ohf]g zx/df e|d0fsf] lg0f{oePsf]df pQm e|d0fsf] nflu cfof]hs zx/af6 b'O{hgfsf] nflu xjfO{ ef8f z'?df gu/kflnsfaf6 a]xf]g]{/ e|d0fkl5 cfof]hs sld6Laf6 e'QmfgL lbg] kqfrf/ePsf]df b'O{ j6f xjfO{ l6s6sf] nflu ?=!,%$,))).–-Ps nfv rjGg xhf/ ¿k}of dfq_ / ( ;]K6]Da/dfxjfO{ d}bfgdf k'u]kl5 pkk|d'v >L /hgL hf]zLsf]xjfO{ l6s6 / /fxbfgLsf] gfd y/ km/s k/]sf]n] k'gMxjfO{ l6s6 agfpg ?=(,%)).– -gf} xhf/ kf“r ;o¿k}of+ dfq_ e'QmfgL ug'{ k/]sf]n] xjfO{ l6s6sf] nfluhDdf ?=!,^#,%)).– vr{ ePsf] t/ cfof]hs b]Ohf]gzx/af6 b'O{ k6s u/L ?=&%,@!*.&% / ?=^(,%!@,%)u/L hDdf ?=!,$$,&#!.@% k|fKt ePsf]df ;DalGwta}+sn] ;]jf z'Ns jfkt ?=%!*.&% / ?=%!*.&% u/LhDdf ?=!,)#&.% s§L u/]sf]n] hDdf ?=!,$#,^(#.&%-Ps nfv lqrfln; xhf/ 5 ;o lqofgAa] ¿k}ofkrxQ/ k};fdfq_ e'QmfgL kfPsf]n] gk'u ?=!(,*)^.@%-pGgfO; xhf/ cf7 ;o 5 ¿k}of kRrL; k};f_ e'QmfgLkfpm“ egL zfvf clws[t bfdf]b/ ;'jfnaf6 lgj]bgk|fKt ePsf]n] e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

v = @)&$ c;f/ @@ ut]sf] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf]8{ a}7ssf] lg0f{ocg';f/ pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zL / zfvfclws[t bfdf]b/ ;'jfnfO{ ;]K6]Da/ !) b]lv !@ ;Dd x'g]Plzof k|zfGt If]qLo zx/x¿sf] ;Dd]ng / d]o/x¿sf]d+rdf ;xefuL x'g] ;]K6]Da/ ( b]lv !% ;Dd blIf0fsf]l/ofsf] b]Ohf]g zx/df e|d0fsf] lg0f{o ePsf]df sfo{qmdcjlw ;]K6]Da/ !) b]lv ;]K6]Da/ !@ ;Dd # lbgsf] dfqcfof]hs b]Ohf]gn] vfg a:g Joj:yf u/]sf] x'“bf e|d0fdf


32

;xefuL pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zL / zfvf clws[t bfdf]b/;'jfnfO{ hfg] lbg ( ;]K6]Da/sf] cfwf lbg a/fa/, !# /!$ yk b'O{ lbgsf] / kmls{g] lbg !% ;]K6]Da/sf] cfwf lbgu/L hDdf # lbgsf] lgodfg';f/ kfpg] b}lgs e|d0f eQfpknAw u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .pkef]Qmf ;ldlt / cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f;ldlt cg'df]bg

pkef]Qmf ;ldlt / cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0fcg'df]bg ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf b]xfocg';f/ pkef]Qmf;ldlt u7g eO{ cfPsf] cg'df]bg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M

s= of]hgfsf] gfd Ms= of]hgfsf] gfd Ms= of]hgfsf] gfd Ms= of]hgfsf] gfd Ms= of]hgfsf] gfd M e=g=kf= j8f g+= !)l:yt sdnljgfos kf]v/Lsf] k"j{ blIf0ftkm{ kfgL r'x]sf]aGb ug]{ sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd M!= cWoIf M >L s[i0fgf/fo0f b'd?@= ;lrj M >L s[i0fZj/L ;'jfn dfs#= sf]iffWoIf M >L sfl;gfy Tjfgfaf;'$= ;b:o M >L ;'/h k|hfklt%= ;b:o M >L O{Zj/L b'd?cg'udg ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L lht]Gb| d'g+sdL{@= ;b:o M >L lty{dfg b'd?#= ;b:o M >L xl/eQm duh'$= ;b:o M >L k'0o/fd b'd?%= ;b:o M >L 1fgs'df/ duh'

v = of]hgfsf] gfdMv = of]hgfsf] gfdMv = of]hgfsf] gfdMv = of]hgfsf] gfdMv = of]hgfsf] gfdM e=g=kf= j8f g+= !)l:yt nfGrf kmNrfb]lv zf/bf SofDk; hfg] af6f] aLrdfpQ/tkm{sf] af6f]df u|fe]ln· ug]{ sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]g fd Mg fd Mg fd Mg fd Mg fd M!= cWoIf M >L ch'{g Tjfgfaf;@= ;lrj M >L rGb|s'df/ v8\sf#= sf]iffWoIf M >L gf/f+ ltldlN;gf$= ;b:o M >L zf]ef rf}xfg%= ;b:o M >L s]bf/ k|;fb 9sfncg'udg ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L lht]Gb| d'g+sdL{@= ;b:o M >L uf}td eb|f#= ;b:o M >L ch'{g clwsf/L

u= of]hgfsf] gfd Mu= of]hgfsf] gfd Mu= of]hgfsf] gfd Mu= of]hgfsf] gfd Mu= of]hgfsf] gfd M e=g=kf= j8f g+= !)l:yt k ]k/ l/;fOlSn· kvf {n dd {t sfo {÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfdM!= cWoIf M >L t'N;L/fd >]i7

@= ;lrj M >L ci6nIdL b'd?#= sf]iffWoIf M >L ;'lgn /fhrn$= ;b:o M >L /fwf b'd?%= ;b:o M >L ;'Gb/ dfgGw/cg'udg ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L lht]Gb| d'g+sdL{@= ;b:o M >L lty{dfg b'd?#= ;b:o M >L xl/eQm duh'$= ;b:o M >L k'0o/fd b'd?%= ;b:o M >L 1fgs'df/ duh'3= of]hgfsf] gfd M3= of]hgfsf] gfd M3= of]hgfsf] gfd M3= of]hgfsf] gfd M3= of]hgfsf] gfd M e=g=kf= j8f g+= ! l:yt xg'dfgkf6L cufl8b]lv Orf8f]n;Ddsf] af6f] dd{t sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd M!= cWoIf M >L s[i0fuf]ljGb lzNksf/@= ;lrj M >L /fd]Zj/ lzNksf/#= sf]iffWoIf M >L sNkgf lzNksf/$= ;b:o M >L od'gf lzNksf/%= ;b:o M >L zf/bf lsnDa'^= ;b:o M >L /fWo]Zofd lzNksf/&= ;b:o M >L >Lk|;fb /fhnj6cg'udg tyf ;xhLs/0f ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L ;? /fhnjt@= ;b:o M >L zld{nf /fhnjt#= ;b:o M >L xl/;'Gb/ lzNksf/$= ;b:o M >L /fh]Gb| lzNksf/%= ;b:o M >L lji0f' r/0f e'h'

ª= of]hgfsf] gfd Mª= of]hgfsf] gfd Mª= of]hgfsf] gfd Mª= of]hgfsf] gfd Mª= of]hgfsf] gfd M e=g=kf=j8f g+= % l:ytv“nf af6f] 9'+uf 5kfO sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd M!= cWoIf M >L /fdk|;fb nf]xnf@= ;lrj M >L lg? nf]xnf#= sf]iffWoIf M >L uf]ljGb tdv'$= ;b:o M >L s[i0fuf]ljGb lsh'%= ;b:o M >L k~rdfof b'jfn^= ;b:o M >L xl/k|;fb nf]xnf&= ;b:o M >L ;+lugf b'jfncg'udg ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L an/fd lGx;'t'@= ;b:o M >L ;'j]Gb| e]n]#= ;b:o M >L r08]Zj/L e]n]$= ;b:o M >L nIdL ;'Gb/ e]n]%= ;b:o M >L /fh]nIdL tdv'


33

r= of]hgfsf] gfd Mr= of]hgfsf] gfd Mr= of]hgfsf] gfd Mr= of]hgfsf] gfd Mr= of]hgfsf] gfd M e=g=kf=j8f g+= % l:ytOv'+dnf af6f] 9' +uf 5kfO sfo{ ÷ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]g fd Mg fd Mg fd Mg fd Mg fd M!= cWoIf M >L ;Togf/fo0f sf;'nf@= ;lrj M >L l;tf/fd w's'5'#= sf]iffWoIf M >L lbndfof /fhrn$= ;b:o M >L /f];g sf;'nf%= ;b:o M >L /fHonIdL /+lhtsf/^= ;b:o M >L /fh]z sf;'nf&= ;b:o M >L /fhs'df/ dfscg'udg ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L k"0f{ uf]kfn /fhrn@= ;b:o M >L a'4s]z/L dfs#= ;b:o M >L /fdnIdL sf;'nf$= ;b:o M >L ;'/]z sf;'nf%= ;b:o M >L /fds[i0f sf;'nflgsf;f k7fpg]

o; g=kf=af6 ;+rflnt b]sf], ldjf, Otfkfs]hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgfnfO{ ?=%,)),))),)).– -cIf]¿kL?=kf“r s/f]8_ lgsf;f k7fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .k]ZsL km5\of}{6

o; g=kf= af6 hL0ff]{4f/ ul/Psf] >L tn]h'ejfgL cfud 5]+sf] Ifdf k"hfsf] nflu >L l;l4lj/sdf{rfo{af6 ?=$),))).– k]ZsL lnO{ vr{ ePsf] x'“bf vr{;dy{g u/L lghsf] gfp“sf] k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] .cfly{s ;xof]u

o; g=kf=sf ;fljs j8f g+= !# sf k"j{ g=;=;=>L s[i0fuf]kfn xf8fnfO{ 3f“6Lsf] SofG;/ eO{ cfly{s;xof]u dfu u/]sf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf o; g=kf=sf;Dk"0f{ hgk|ltlgltx¿sf] Ps lbgsf] ;]jf ;'ljwf ;xof]u:j¿k pknAw u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

ldlt @)&$ df3 !( ut] z'qmaf/

lg0f{ox¿k|ltj]bgdf 5nkmn

o; gu/fkflnsfsf] cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ sf] clGtdn]vf k/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 u/L ldlt @)&$.(.@#ut] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k]z ePsf] ;DaGwdf a'“bf g+= ! b]lv( ;Dd bkmfjf/ 5nkmn ul/of] .

ldlt @)&$ df3 @) ut] zlgaf/


o; gu/fkflnsfsf] cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ sf] clGtdn]vf k/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 u/L ldlt @)&$.(.@#ut] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k]z ePsf] ;DaGwdf a'“bf g+= !)b]lv #% ;Dd bkmfjf/ 5nkmn ul/of] .

ldlt @)&$ df3 @! ut] cfOtaf/


o; gu/fkflnsfsf] cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ sf] clGtdn]vf k/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 u/L ldlt @)&$.(.@#ut] k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg k]z ePsf] ;DaGwdf a'“bf g+= @!b]lv $( ;Dd bkmfjf/ 5nkmn u/L ;Dk/LIf0f u/Lkm5\of}{6 ug{sf] nflu dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{nodf /fok|ltlqmof k7fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .lgdf{0f ;ldltsf] lg0f{o cg'df]bg

lgdf{0f ;ldltsf] b]xfocg';f/sf] lg0f{o cg'df]bgul/of] M

s_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] ldlt @)&$ sflt{s@) ut] ;f]daf/sf] af]8{ a}7sn] o; gu/kflnsf If]qdf@)&@ j}zfv d;fGt cl3 g} (Æx(Æ, (Æx!@Æ lkn//fvL ejg lgdf{0f u/]sf gu/jf;Lx¿sf] ;DaGwdf lgdf{0f;ldltn] cfjZos :ynut lg/LIf0f u/L :jLs[lt ug]{lg0f{ocg';f/ gS;f kf; ul/Psf ejgx¿df tNnf yKgdfu ePsf] cj:yfdf lgdf{0f ;ldltsf] cfjZos :ynutlg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df (Æx(Æ lkn/ ;fOhdftLg tNnf / e¥of· v08;Dd / (Æx!@Æ lkn/ ;fOhdfrf/ tNnf;Dd -rf/ tNnfdf ;Dk"0f{ lgdf{0f 6'+Uofpg]u/L, rf/ tNnfdfly e¥ofFª v08sf] ;'ljwf gkfpg]u/L_ tNnf yksf] gS;f :jLs[lt lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

v_ o; g=kf= sfof{nodf gS;f kf; u/L lgdf{0f;DkGg k|df0fkq dfu ePsf]df ;fdfGo clgoldtb]lv7"nf] clgoldt lgdf{0f;d]t ePsf] x'“bf lgdf{0f ;DkGgk|df0fkq lbg ;d:of ePsf] x'“bf ;fdfGo clgoldt lgdf{0fsf]xsdf -;fdfGo clgoldt eGgfn] :jLs[t gS;f eGbf tNnfprfO{ a9]sf], 6k afb{nL lgsflnPsf], ‰ofn 9f]sf ;ª\Vofkm/s ePsf], :jLs[t gfkeGbf sd lgdf{0f ul/Psf],


34

‰ofn 9f]sfsf] nflu cfjZos ;]6Jofs gk'u ePsf], aflx/Le¥of· 5f]Kg kmfOa/ l;6 /flvPsf], dfkb08 gldlrg]u/L sDkfp08 nufPsf], sf}zL tNnfdf %’ ;]6Jofsdf6k aflx/ uf/f] nufO{ sf};L kvf{n agfOPsf]_ lglZrtb:t'/ lnP/ lgdf{0f ;Dkg k|df0f kq lbg l;kmfl/;eOcfPsf] x'“bf ;f] cg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

u_ k'/fgf] gu/ If]qdf ;fljs 3/df a'§]bf/‰ofn /x]sf]df ;f] ‰ofn x6fO{ gS;f k]z ePsf]df ;fljsa'§]bf/ ‰ofn /fVg gS;fjfnfnfO{ ;x'lnot lbg], ;fljsa'§]bf/ ‰ofn /fVg g;Sg] u/L lau|]df, dlSsPdf ;f] sf];§f cGo k/Dk/fut z}nLsf] ‰ofn /fVg] u/L l;kmfl/;eOcfPsf] x'“bf ;f]cg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

3_ dGh'/L af6f];“u hf]l8Psf] hUufdf 3/sf]gS;f kf; ug{ k]z ePsf] cj:yfdf ;f] dGh'/L af6f]dGh'/L lbg]n] gu/kflnsfsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf lgdf{0fdfkb08sf] ;8s nDafO{cg';f/sf] dfkb08cg';f/ dfkb085f]8\g' kg]{ . dGh'/L glbg] csf]{tkm{sf] hUufjfnfn] ‰ofn9f]sf /fVg] eP ‰ofn 9f]sfsf] nflu cfjZos ;]6Jofsdfq5f]8\g] u/L ‰ofn 9f]sf g/fVg] ePdf dGh'/L af6f]sf]l;dfgf;Dd agfpg kfpg] u/L lbg] l;kmfl/; eOcfPsf]x'“bf ;f]cg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

ldlt @)&$ df3 @# ut] d+unaf/Vjk ax'p2]ZoLo ejg lgdf{0f af/]

Vjk ax'p2]ZoLo ejg lgdf{0faf/] kl5 5nkmnug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] ./fhkq k|sflzt ug]{

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 /fhkq k|sflztug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .;ldlt lg0f{o cg'df]bg

ljleGg ;ldltx¿sf] lg0f{o cg'df]bg ;DaGwdflgDgfg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] Mjftfj/0f tyf ko{6g ;ldltldlt @)&$.(.@# ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.(.@# ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.(.@# ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.(.@# ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.(.@# ut]sf ] lg0f {o

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f cfof]lht tLg lbg]PsLs[t kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg tyf sf};L v]tL;DaGwLtflnd -kf}if !^–!*_ ;~rfngsf] nflu ;ldltsf ;b:o>L ;'lgtf cjfn -k|hfklt_ n] ?=!,)),))).– k]ZsL lng'eO{ cfjZos Joj:yf vr{ ?=^$,!%%.– x'“bf af“sL ?=#%,*$%.– ¿k}of a}+s bflvnf ug{ k]z ug'{ ePsf] x'“bf vr{cg'df]bg ug{] lg0f{o ul/of] .

ldlt @)&$.!).!) ut]sf ] lg0f {ox¿ldlt @)&$.!).!) ut]sf ] lg0f {ox¿ldlt @)&$.!).!) ut]sf ] lg0f {ox¿ldlt @)&$.!).!) ut]sf ] lg0f {ox¿ldlt @)&$.!).!) ut]sf ] lg0f {ox¿s= lgoldt ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd ldlt @)&$ df3

!% ut] ljxfg &M)) ah] j8f g++= * a|Dxfo0fL dlGb/ lk7kl/;/ / vf]nf kl/;/df ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

v= l8lehg ;8s sfof{nosf] a|'d/af6 eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf] rqmky ;8sdf ;/;kmfO ug{sf] nflucfjZos OGwg e=g=kf=af6 Joj:yf ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

u= PsLs[t kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkg tyf sf};Lv]tL ug]{af/] tflnd k|To]s j8fdf ;~rfng ug{ / # lbg]tflnd lnO;s]sfx¿nfO{ k|lzIfssf] e"ldsf lgefpg nufpg]u/L tflnd ;~rfng ug]{af/] kqfrf/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .gu/ lzIff ;ldltldlt @)&$.!).@! ut]sf ] lg0f {ox¿ldlt @)&$.!).@! ut]sf ] lg0f {ox¿ldlt @)&$.!).@! ut]sf ] lg0f {ox¿ldlt @)&$.!).@! ut]sf ] lg0f {ox¿ldlt @)&$.!).@! ut]sf ] lg0f {ox¿

s= >L kb\d df=lj= b/af/ If]q eQmk'/af6ljBfno Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ldlt @)&$.(.#) ut]sf]lg0f {o k | ltlnlk / cGo cfjZos sfuhft;lxtlgDgcg';f/sf s/f/ lzIfsx¿sf] lgo'lQm ;dy{g tyfclen]vLs/0fsf nflu lgj]bg k]z ePsf]n] lgDglzIfsx¿sf] lgo'lQm ;dy{g / clen]vLs/0f ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] Ms= k|fylds tx t[tLo >]0fL – >L 9fsfb]jL zdf{v= lgDg dfWolds tx -ul0ft_ – >L k|zfGt l;Ub]nu= dfWolds tx -låtLo >]0fL_ k|lzIfs c= l;len OlGhlgol/· – >L hulbz rGb| sfsL{ cf= ef}lts zf:q – >L cg'Q//Tg ah|frfo{

@= >L af;' df=lj=, eQmk'/af6 ljBfnoJoj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ldlt @)&$.!).!% ut]sf] lg0f{ok|ltlnkL / cGo cfjZos sfuhft;lxt lgDgcg';f/sfs/f/ lzIfsx¿sf] lgo'lQm ;dy{g tyf clen]vLs/0fsfnflu lgj]bg k]z ePsf]n] lgh lzIfsx¿sf] lgo'lQm;dy{g / clen]vLs/0f ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] Ms= lg=df=lj= t[tLo >]0fL -c+u]|hL_ – >L sNkgf ;'hv'v= k|f=lj= t[tLo >]0fL – >L od'gf >]i7 -sf;'nf_

#= /fhlif{ u'?s'n k|f=lj= tyf sDo"lgs]l6eO·ln; :s"n k|f=ln= eQmk'/nfO{ ufeL /fhifL{ u'?s'nk|f=ln= sfod ul/Psf] sDkgL /lhi6«f/sf] sfof{nolqk'/]Zj/sf] r=g+= !)@#$ ldlt @)&$.^.( sf] kq, j8f;ldltsf] l;kmfl/; tyf b'j} ljBfnosf ljBfno Joj:yfkg;ldltx¿sf] lg0f{o k|ltlnkL;d]t /fvL >L sDo'lgs]l6eO·ln; :s"n / /fhifL{ u'?s'n ljBfno eQmk'/n] gfd,7]ufgf / :jfldTj >L /fhifL{ u'?s'n k|f=ln= ljBfno


35

cGtu{t sfod /xg] u/L b'j} ljBfno ufEg lgj]bg lbg'ePsf]df ;f] ;DaGwdf o; gu/kflnsfaf6 !% lbg] ;fj{hlgs;"rgf;d]t hf/L ubf{ s'g} bfaL lj/f]w k]z x'g gcfPsf]n];Dk"0f{ :jfldTj, gfd tyf 7]ufgf >L /fhifL{ u'?s'nk|f=ln= ljBfno ;Nnf3f/L, eQmk'/ sfod /xg] u/Llgj]bs ljBfnox¿nfO{ ufEg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

$= z}lIfs ;q @)&$ sf nflu ;+:yfutljBfnox¿n] lng] z'Nssf] ;Ldf cWoog u/L @)&$ df3d;fGtleq ;Ldf k|:tfj k]z ug{ gu/ lzIff ;ldltsf;b:o Pj+ j8fcWoIf >L ps]z sjf+sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;ldlts};b:o >L of]u]Gb|dfg lah'S5]+ / ;b:o ;lrj >L ?b| zdf{/xg] u/L ‘;+:yfut ljBfno z'Ns ;Ldf cWoog ;ldlt’nfO{ lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .o'jf tyf v]ns'b ;ldltldlt @)&$.!).!& ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.!).!& ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.!).!& ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.!).!& ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.!).!& ut]sf ] lg0f {o

ldlt @)&$.!!.# ut]b]lv x'g] d]o/ sk elnank|ltof]lutfsf] nflu v]n d}bfg dd{t tyf Joj:yfkg,k|rf/ k|;f/ / eQmk'/ g=kf= l6d tof/÷h;L{÷vfhfsf]nflu j8f cWoIf s'df/ rjfnn] ?=%,)),))).– -kf“rnfv_ k]ZsL lng] lg0f{o ul/of] .afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f ;ldltldlt @)&$.!).!! ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.!).!! ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.!).!! ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.!).!! ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.!).!! ut]sf ] lg0f {o

o; ;ldltsf] cfof]hgfdf lgDg tflndx¿ lbg;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] Ms= a]l;s l;nfO – $) hgf – $ dlxgfv= P8\efG; l;nfO – @) hgf – # dlxgfu= kfs lzIff – @) hgf – # dlxgf3= rfOlgh efiff – @% hgf – $ dlxgfª= g]kfn efiff -/~hgf lnkL_– @) hgf – # dlxgfr= sfi7snf – @) hgf – ^ dlxgf5= x]o/ sl6· – @) hgf – # dlxgf

dfly pNn]lvt tflndx¿ @)&$ kmfu'g ! ut]b]lv;~rfng ug]{ .ldlt @)&$.!).!& ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.!).!& ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.!).!& ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.!).!& ut]sf ] lg0f {oldlt @)&$.!).!& ut]sf ] lg0f {o

s= cfwf/e"t l;nfO, P8\efG; l;nfO, a'l6s,rfOlgh efiff, kfs lzIffsf k|lzIffyL{x¿sf] k/LIffdf;kmn ;a}nfO{ k|df0fkq lbg] / k|yd, låtLo / t[tLonfO{k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ . k|yd k'/:sf/, låtLo k'/:sf// t[tLo k'/:sf/sf] lglDt qmdzM ?=!,))).–, ?=&,)).– /?=%,)).– a/fa/sf] ;DalGwt k':ts vl/b u/L k'/:sf/lbg] cg'df]bg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

kf7\oqmd sfo{bneQmk'/ gu/kflnsf If]qleqsf ljBfnox¿df

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd tof/ ug]{ Wo]on] b]xfPadf]lhdsfkbflwsf/Lx¿ /xg] u/L sfo{bn u7g ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of]Mtk l;ntk l;ntk l;ntk l;ntk l;n!= of]u]Gb|dfg lah'S5]+ – ;+of]hs@= p4j ;'hv' – ;b:o#= /fh]Gb| >]i7 – ;b:o$= /f]zg /fh t'O{t'O{ – ;b:o%= l;l4/Tg zfSo – ;b:oljljw

ljljw ljifodf 5nkmn x'“bf lgDgfg';f/ ug]{lg0f{o ul/of] M

s= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf, gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf]sfof{nosf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;jf/L ;fwgsf] ;fdfg /;/;kmfOsf ;fdfgx¿ vl/b ug{ ldlt @)&$.*.!# ut]‘uf]/vfkq’ b}lgs klqsfdf k|sflzt lj1fkgcg';f/Dofbleq k]z x'g cfPsf % -kf“r_ j6f l;njGbL b/efpkqldlt @)&$.*.@* ut] e=g=kf= ;ef sIfdf lbgsf] !M))ah] ljleGg sfof{nosf k|ltlglwx¿ / sd{rf/Lx¿sf]/f]xj/df vf]nL af]nkq d"Nof+sg ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'“bf;aeGbf sd b//]6 k]z ug]{ / lgodfg';f/ ePsf / af]n/sddf ;aeGbf sd pNn]v ug]{ Go" ;'of]u O{G6/k|fO{h]h\sf]Eof6jfx]s ?=!!,##,^!%.– P3f/ nfv t]QL; xhf/ 5 ;okGw|_ sf] l;njGbL b/efpkq :jLs[t ug]{ egL ldlt@)&$.(.# ut] a;]sf] af]nkq d"Nof+sg ;ldltaf6 l;kmfl/;ePcg';f/ ldlt @)&$.(.^ ut]sf] ‘dhb'/’ b}lgs klqsfdfb/efpkq÷af]nkq :jLs[ltsf] cfzo kq;d]t k|sflzteO;s]sf]df Dofbleq s'g} klg ;+3, ;+:yf jf ;Knfo;{af6bfaL lj/f]w kg{ gcfPsf] ePtf klg pQm ;fdfgx¿ ds]/hfg] / 7fp“sf] cefj ePsf] x'“bf xfnnfO{ pQm b/efpkqx¿/2 u/L w/f}6L lkmtf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

v= o; sfof{nosf] af=# r %$# g+= sf] zjjfxguf8L dd{tsf] nflu rfnsaf6 k]z ePsf] ?=&),&)).–cg'dflgt nfut :jLs[lt u/L dd{t u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

u= o; sfof{nosf] af=! s $%%$ g+= sf] h]l6·d]lzg dd{tsf] nflu rfnsaf6 k]z ePsf] ?=@^,&!*.*% sf]cg'dflgt nfut :jLs[lt u/L dd{t u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

3= o; sfof{nosf] af=! u @($! g+= sf] afsf]xf]nf]8/ km'n ;le{l;· ug{ rfnsaf6 k]z ePsf] ?=($,#$&.@)sf] cg'dflgt nfut :jLs[lt u/L dd{t u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .


36

ª Vjk OlGhlgol/· sn]h / Vjk sn]h ckmOlGhlgol/·af6 o; eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf sfof{nosf]k|fljlws sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf sfo{ u/fpg' kg]{ cj:yfdfk|lt k|fljlws k|lt lbg ?=!%)).– -cIf]¿kL ?=Ps xhf/kf“r ;o_ kfl/>lds jfkt e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .pkef]Qmf ;ldlt cg'df]bg

pkef]Qmf ;ldlt tyf cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0fcg'df]bg ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf b]xfocg';f/ pkef]Qmf;ldlt u7g e} cfPsf] cg'df]bg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M

s= of]hgfsf] gfd Ms= of]hgfsf] gfd Ms= of]hgfsf] gfd Ms= of]hgfsf] gfd Ms= of]hgfsf] gfd M eQmk'/ g=kf=j8f g+= @l:yt j8f sfof{nob]lv k'/fgf] g=kf= ejgsf] af6f]df O“6f5kfO sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd M!= cWoIf M >L xl/k|;fb ;'jfn@= ;lrj M >L s[i0f/fd ;'jfn#= sf]iffWoIf M >L ab|LnIdL sf]h'$= ;b:o M >L d}ofs]z/L sf]h'%= ;b:o M >L ;"o{nIdL sf]h'^= ;b:o M >L Gx'5]/fd sf]h'&= ;b:o M >L t'N;Lgf/fo0f zfxL*= ;b:o M >L 1fg]Gb| zfxL(= ;b:o M >L Gx'5]eQm sf]h'

v= of]hgfsf] gfdv= of]hgfsf] gfdv= of]hgfsf] gfdv= of]hgfsf] gfdv= of]hgfsf] gfd M j8f g+= ( l:yt ko{6g;"rgf s]Gb| lgdf{0f sfo{÷ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd M!= cWoIf M >L lji0f'axfb'/ dfgGw/@= ;lrj M >L ;'nf]rgf 5\jfh' -njh'_#= sf]iffWoIf M >L ;+ho dfgGw/$= ;b:o M >L gftLaxfb'/ lrqsf/%= ;b:o M >L s[i0feQm k|hfklt^= ;b:o M >L s]bf/k|;fb ag]kfnL&= ;b:o M >L ;Gt]dfof ufO{h'*= ;b:o M >L kz'kltdfg ys'(= ;b:o M >L lji0f's]z/L k|hfklt!)= ;b:o M >L ;Ltf/fd Gx]Dxfkm'sL!!= ;b:o M >L n'b|Ld}of 1fd? -k|hfklt_cg'dug tyf lg/LIf0f ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L OGb|axfb'/ Kofy@= ;b:o M >L s[i0faxfb'/ k|hfklt#= ;b:o M >L uf}td k|hfklt$= ;b:o M >L Zofds[i0f njh'%= ;b:o M >L r08]Zj/L ;f+ufdLu= of]hgfsf] gfd Mu= of]hgfsf] gfd Mu= of]hgfsf] gfd Mu= of]hgfsf] gfd Mu= of]hgfsf] gfd M j8f g+= * l:yt d]t+ kf6L dd{t

sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd M!= cWoIf M >L lzj/fd af]xh'@= ;lrj M >L b]j]Gb| b'jfn#= sf]iffWoIf M >L s[i0fZj/L af]xh'$= ;b:o M >L cfzfj]6L b'jfn -af]xh'_%= ;b:o M >L c;ndfof af]xh'^= ;b:o M >L k'Go/fd af]xh'&= ;b:o M >L s[i0fuf]kfn nfv]d?cg'dug tyf lg/LIf0f ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L t'N;Lgf/fo0f nfv]d?@= ;b:o M >L ;Ltf/fd af]xh'#= ;b:o M >L /fhf/fd af]xh'$= ;b:o M >L k+rnIdL b'jfn%= ;b:o M >L rDkf 1fd?vr{ ;dy{g

vr{ ;dy{g ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf lgDgfg';f/ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M

!= o; sfof{noåf/f ldlt @)&$.(.!^ ut]b]lv!* ut];Ddsf] kmf]x/ d}nf Joj:yfkg tyf sf};L v]tLljifodf # lbg] tflnddf cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ ;'lgtfk|hfkltaf6 ?=!,)),))).– k]ZsL lng' eO{ ?=^$,!%%.–vr{ / af“sL ?=#%,*$%.– bflvnf ug'{ ePsf] x'“bf lghsf]k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

@= o; sfof{nosf] ldlt @)&$.!).# ut]b]lv %ut];Dd bf]>f] gu/ ;ef a:bf cfjZos gf:tf vfhfJoj:yf u/]sf] ?=$,%!,!)@.– vr{ ;dy{g u/L ;"o{ljgfoskf6L{ e]Go'nfO{ / ljleGg ldltdf af]8{ a}7s a:bf ?=#(,))).–;d]t hDdf ?=$,(),!)@.– e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

#= o; eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] bf]>f] gu/ ;ef;d'b\3f6g @)&$ df3 # ut] cfjZos d+r, kfn, d]r,l8g/ 6]an / sfk]{6 Joj:yf u/]sf] ef8f ?=^!,)@*.–e'QmfgL tn]h' a}Sj]6nfO{ uPsf] .


37

n=O{= ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf lgDgfg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] Mcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0f

lgdf{0f ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t

cf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0flgdf{0f ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t

cf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$.&% df gkf÷j8f:t/Lo of ]hgfx¿sf] ljj/0flgdf{0f ;ldltaf6 :jLs[t

k]ZsL km5\of } {6 ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x' “bf lgDgfg';f/ ug] { lg0f{o ul/ofk]ZsL km5\of } {6 ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x' “bf lgDgfg';f/ ug] { lg0f{o ul/ofk]ZsL km5\of } {6 ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x' “bf lgDgfg';f/ ug] { lg0f{o ul/ofk]ZsL km5\of } {6 ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x' “bf lgDgfg';f/ ug] { lg0f{o ul/ofk]ZsL km5\of } {6 ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x' “bf lgDgfg';f/ ug] { lg0f{o ul/of

of]hgfx?sf] n=O{=


38

ldlt @)&$ kmfu'g @ ut] a'waf/

lg0f{ox¿d]o/ sk elnan k|ltof]lutf

o; gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf oxL @)&$ kmfu'g# ut]b]lv * ut];Dd x'g] cGt/ gu/ d]o/ sk k'?ifelnan k|ltof]lutfsf] pb\3f6g sfo{qmddf b]xfoadf]lhdk|d'v cltly Pj+ cltlyx¿nfO{ lgdGq0ff ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] Mk|d'v cltly M gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+ -/f]lxt_,

cWoIf, g]dlskfcltly M ;'/]Gb|/fh uf];fO{ – k|b]z ;ef ;b:ocltly M b|f]0f kf]v/]n – k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lcltly M dgf]/~hg/d0f zdf{– g]kfn elnan ;+3 cWoIfcltly M /fdk|;fb k|hfklt–cWoIf, eQmk'/ pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3cltly M slkn lszf]/ >]i7 – jl/i7 k|lzIfscltly M ;lngf >]i7 – d'Vo k|lzIfscltly M lblnk s]=;L=–eQmk'/ lhNnf elnan v]ns'b ;+3

s= cGt/ gu/ d]o/ sk k'?if elnank|ltof]lutfsf] ;dfkg ;df/f]xdf g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fgkf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;lrj tyf k|ltlglw ;ef ;b:o k|]]d;'jfnnfO{ k|d'v cltlysf] ¿kdf lgdGq0ff ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] .sfpvflnsf] z]o/

sf7df08f} pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8af6 ldlt@)&$.!).!! ut] z]o/ /sd bflvnf ug]{af/] kqfrf/ul/Pcg';f/ o; gu/kflnsfsf] nflu ljlgof]hg ul/Psf]z]o/ lsQf ;ª\Vof !*&% jfkt ?=!,*&,%)).– -cIf/]kLPs nfv ;Qf;L xhf/ kf“r ;o ¿k}of“ dfq_ tf]lsPsf]a}+s vftfdf bflvnf ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .ax'p2]ZoLo ejgsf] 7]Ssf

eQmk'/ g=kf= ( l:yt a|Dxfo0fL ax'p2]ZoLoejg lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf lgDgfg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] M7]Ssf g+= !_ jfn nufpg], Knfi6/ ug] {

>d 7]Ssf ;DaGwdf MeQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= (, l:yt a|Dxfo0fL

a;kfs{ lgdf{0ffwLg ax'p2]Zo ejgdf lkmlgl;ª bf]>f]r/0fsf] sfo{ cGtu{tsf] af]nkq -7]Ssf g+ !_ jfn nufpg],Knfi6/ ug]{ / sf7;DaGwL sfo{ >d 7]Ssfaf6 ug{ ldlt@)&$.)*.!@ ut] ‘uf]/vfkq’ b}lgsdf, ldlt @)&$÷)*÷!$

/ !% ut] ‘dhb '/’ b } lgs tyf j ]e kf ]6 {nWWW.bolpatra.gov.np dfkm{t af]nkq cfÅjfg;DaGwLk|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/ Dofbleq kg{ cfPsf] # j6faf]nkqx¿ laleGg sfof{nosf k|ltlglwx¿sf] /f]xa/dfvf]lnPsf] d'r'Nsf cg';f/ af]nkq d"Nofs+g ;ldltdf5nkmn x'“bf ;aeGbf Go"gQd d"Nof+lst ;f/e"t ¿kdfk|efjsf/L af]nkqbftf >L zflGt sG6«S;g P08 6]«8;{,afnfh' sf7df08f}sf] Oli6d]6cg';f/sf] k|ltcfO6dsf]b]xfoadf]lhdsf] b//]6n] Eof6afx]s ?=*&,@!,()#.&#-cIf/]kL ;tf;L nfv PSsfO; xhf/ gf} ;o tLg ¿k}oflqxoQ/ k};f_ dfq ePsf]df ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^#sf] bkmf @& -$_ cg';f/ af]nkqbftfn] nfut cg'dfgeGbf#(=)*#µ 36L /sd sa'n u/]sf] x'“bf nfut cg'dfgsf]!%µ ;Dd sd c+s sa'n u/]sf]df sa'n c+ssf] %µ-?=$,#^,)(%.!^_ / nfut cg'dfgsf] kGw| k|ltzteGbfa9L @$=)*#µ 36fP/ sa'n u/]sf] cj:yfdf !%µ eGbf?=$,$*,@(@.&( /sdn] 36L sa'n u/]sf] 5, ;f]sf] %)µn] x'g cfpg] /sd ?=!&,@$,!$^.#( / saf]n /sddf %µn] x'g] ?=$,#^,)(%.!^ u/L hDdf ?=@!,^),@$!.$% w/f}6L/fVg nufpg] u/L af]nkq :jLs[t ug{ l;kmfl/; eOcfPsf]x'“bf ;f]cg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .7]Ssf g+= @_ :nfj 9nfg ;DaGwL sfo{ >d

7]Ssf ;DaGwdf MeQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+ (, l:yt a|Dxfo0fL

a;kfs{df lgdf{0ffwLg ax'p2]Zo ejgdf lkmlgl;ª bf]>f]r/0fsf] sfo{cGtu{tsf] af]nkq -7]Ssf g+ @_ :nfj9nfg;DaGwL sfo{ >d 7]Ssfaf6 ug{ ldlt @)&$÷)*÷!@ut] ‘uf]/vfkq’ b}lgsdf, ldlt @)&$÷)*÷!$ / !% ut]‘dhb'/’ b}lgs tyf j]e kf]6{n WWW.bolpatra.gov.np

dfkm{t af]nkq cfÅjfg;DaGwL k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/Dofbleq kg{ cfPsf] $ j6f af]nkqx¿ ljleGg sfof{nosfk|ltlglwx¿sf] /f]xa/df vf]lnPsf] d'r'Nsfcg';f/ af]nkqd"Nofs+g ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'“bf ;aeGbf Go"gQd d"Nof+lst;f/e"t ¿kdf k|efjsf/L af]nkqbftf ;'lgn Toftsf]Oli6d]6cg';f/sf] k|ltcfO6dsf] b]xfoadf]lhdsf] b//]6n]Eof6afx]s ?=$$,@),((!.%! cIf/]kL rjfln; nfv aL;xhf/ gf} ;o PsfgAa] ¿k}of PsfpGg k};f dfq ePsf]df;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @& -$_ cg';f/af]nkqbftfn] nfut cg'dfgeGbf $!=!$#µ 36L /sdsa'n u/]sf] x'“bf nfut cg'dfgsf] !%µ ;Dd sd c+ssa'n u/]sf]df saf]n c+ssf] %µ -?=@,@!,)$(.%*_ /


39

nfut cg'dfgsf] kGw| k|ltzt eGbf a9L @^=!$#µ 36fP/saf]n u/]sf] cj:yfdf !%µ eGbf ?=!(,(*,)#$.@^ /sdn]36L saf]n u/]sf] % ;f]sf] %)µ n] x'g cfpg] /sd?=(,((,)!&.!# / saf]n /sddf %µ n] x'g] ?=@,@!,)$(.%*u/L hDdf ?=!@,@),)^^.&) w/f}6L /fVg nufpg] u/Laf]nkq :jLs[t ug{ l;kmfl/; eOcfPsf] x'“bf ;f]cg';f/ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .7]Ssf g+= #_ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ afn'jf, nf]sn

O“6f / qm;/ /f]8f vl/b ;DaGwdf MeQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+ (, l:yt a|Dxfo0fL

a;kfs{ lgdf{0ffwLg ax'p2]Zo ejgdf lkmlgl;ª bf]>f]r/0fsf] sfo{ cGtu{t sfo{ af]nkq -7]Ssf g+= #_ lgdf{0f;fdu|Lx¿ afn'jf, nf]sn O“6f / qm;/ /f]8f vl/b ug{ldlt @)&$÷)*÷!@ ut] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf, ldlt@)&$÷)*÷!$ / !% ut] ‘dhb'/’ b}lgs tyf j]e kf]6{nWWW.bolpatra.gov.np dfkm{t af]nkq cfÅjfg;DaGwLk|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ Dofbleq kg{ cfPsf] # j6f af]nkqx¿ljleGg sfof{nosf k|ltlglwx¿sf] /f]xa/df vf]lnPsf]d'r'Nsfcg';f/ af]nkq d"Nofs+g ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'“bf;aeGbf Go"gQd b//]6 saf]n ug]{ af]nkqbftf ;'nf]s6]l8· sDkgL k |f=ln=, sfnLdf6L, sf7df08f }sf ]Oli6d]6cg';f/sf] k|ltcfO6dsf] b]xfoadf]lhdsf] b/ /]6n]Eof6afx]s ?=&*,%!,((&.@% -cIf/]kL c7xQ/ nfvPsfpGg xhf/ gf} ;o ;GtfgAa] ¿k}of“ kRrL; k};f_ dfq:jLs[t u/L vl/b ug{ l;kmfl/; eOcfPsf] x'“bf ;f]cg';f/ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .7]Ssf g+= $_ l;d]G6, 808L -ljleGg ;fOhdf_

/ afOl8ª tf/ vl/b ;DaGwdfMeQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+ (, l:yt a|Dxfo0fL

a;kfs{ lgdf{0ffwLg ax'pb]Zo ejgdf lkmlgl;ª bf]>f]r/0fsf] sfo{ cGtu{t sfo{ af]nkq -7]Ssf g+ $_ l;d]G6,808L -ljleGg ;fOhdf_ / jfOl8ª tf/ vl/b ug{ ldlt@)&$÷)*÷!@ ut] ‘uf ]/vfkq’ b }lgsdf, ldlt@)&$÷)*÷!$ / !% ut] ‘dhb'/’ b}lgs tyf j]e kf]6{nWWW.bolpatra.gov.np dfkm{t af]nkq cfÅjfg;DaGwLk|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ Dofbleq kg{ cfPsf] # j6f af]nkqx¿ljleGg sfof{nosf k|ltlglwx¿sf] /f]xa/df vf]lnPsf]d'r'Nsfcg';f/ af]nkq d"Nofs+g ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'“bf;aeGbf Go"gQd b/ /]6 saf]n ug]{ af]nkqbftf l;?jfsG:6«S;g k|f=ln=, tLgs'g], sf7df08f}sf] Oli6d]6cg';f/sf]k|ltcfO6dsf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] b//]6n] Eof6 afx]s

?=!,#(,*#,)$$.&) -cIf/]kL Ps s/f]8 pGgfgrfln;nfv lqof;L xhf/ rjfln; ¿k}of“ ;Q/L k};f_ dfq:jLs[t u/L vl/b ug{ l;kmfl/; eOcfPsf] x'“bf ;f]cg';f/ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .7]Ssf g+= %_ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ ‰ofn 9f]sf

agfpg ;fn sf7 vl/b ;DaGwdfMeQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+ (, l:yt a|Dxfo0fL

a;kfs{ lgdf{0ffwLg ax'pb]Zo ejgdf lkmlgl;ª bf]>f]r/0fsf] sfo{ cGtu{t sfo{ af]nkq -7]Ssf g+ %_ lgdf{0f;fdu|Lx¿ em\ofn 9f]sf agfpg ;fn sf7 vl/b ug{ ldlt@)&$÷)*÷!@ ut] ‘uf ]/vfkq’ b }lgsdf, ldlt@)&$÷)*÷!$ / !% ut] ‘dhb'/’ b}lgs tyf j]e kf]6{nWWW.bolpatra.gov.np dfkm{t af]nkq cfÅjfg;DaGwLk|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ Dofbleq kg{ cfPsf] ! j6f af]nkqx¿cnu–cnu ¿kdf ldlt @)&$÷)(÷!# ut] ljleGgsfof{nosf k|ltlglwx¿sf] /f]xa/df vf]lnPsf] d'r'Nsfcg';f/af]nkq d"Nofs+g ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'“bf ;aeGbf Go"gQdb/ /]6 saf]n ug]{ af]nkqbftf t'N;L sG:6«S;g, eQmk'/sf]Eof6afx]s ?=&*,#&,%)).)) -cIf/]kL c7xQ/ nfv ;}lQ;xhf/ kf“r ;o ¿k}of“_ dfq :jLs[t u/L vl/b ug{ l;kmfl/;eOcfPsf] x'“bf ;f]cg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .7]Ssf g+= ^_ /+u/f]ug ;DaGwL ;fdfgx¿ vl/b ;DaGwdf M

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+ (, l:yt a|Dxfo0fLa;kfs{ lgdf{0ffwLg ax'p2]Zo ejgdf lkmlgl;ª bf]>f]r/0fsf] sfo{ cGtu{t sfo{ af]nkq -7]Ssf g+= &_/+u/f]ug;DaGwL ;fdfgx¿ vl/b ug{ ldlt @)&$÷)*÷!@ut] uf]/vfkq b}lgsdf, ldlt @)&$÷)*÷!$ / !% ut]‘dhb'/’ b}lgs tyf j]e kf]6{n WWW.bolpatra.gov.np

dfkm{t af]nkq cfÅjfg;DaGwL k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/Dofbleq kg{ cfPsf] @ j6f af]nkqx¿ ljleGg sfof{nosfk|ltlglwx¿sf] /f]xa/df vf]lnPsf] d'r'Nsfcg';f/ af]nkqd"Nofs+g ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'“bf ;aeGbf Go"gQd d"Nof+lst;f/e"t ¿kdf k|efjsf/L af]nkqbftfn] a}+s ef}r/÷a}+sUof/]G6Lsf] s'g} klg sfuhft k]z gePsf] / bf]>f] kg]{af]nkqbftf l;?jf sG:6«««S;g k|f=ln= tLgs'g], sf7df08f}sf]Oli6d]6cg';f/sf] k|ltcfO6dsf] b]xfoadf]lhdsf] b/ /]6n]Eof6afx]s ?=@@,(),@&(.)) -cIf/]kL afO; nfv gAa]xhf/ b'O{ ;o pGgfgc:;L ¿k}of“_ dfq ePsf]df ;fj{hlgsvl/b P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf @& -$_ cg';f/ af]nkqbftfn]nfut cg'dfgeGbf %)=$!µ 36L /sd saf]n u/]sf] x'“bf


40

nfut cg'dfgsf] !%µ ;Dd sd c+s saf]n u/]sf]dfsaf]n c+ssf] %µ -?=!,!$,%!#.(%_ / nfut cg'dfgsf]kGw| k|ltzteGbf a9L #%=$!µ 36fP/ saf]n u/]sf] cj:yfdf!%µ eGbf ?=!^,#^,)*$.)) /sdn] 36L saf]n u/]sf] 5;f]sf] %)µ n] x'g cfpg] /sd ?=*,!*,)$@.)^ / saf]n/sddf %µ n] x 'g ] ?=!,!$,%!#.(% u/L hDdf?=(,#@,%%^.)! w/f}6L /fVg nufpg] u/L af]nkq :jLs[tug{ l;kmfl/; eOcfPsf] x'“bf ;f]cg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .ljljw

ljljw ljifodf 5nkmn x'“bf lgDgfg';f/ ug]{lg0f{o ul/of] M5f8f s's'/ aGWofs/0f

eQmk'/ g/kflnsf If]qleq 5f8f ¿kdf 5f]l8Psfs's'/x¿sf] aGWofs/0f tyf /]ljhlj?4 vf]k cleofgldlt @)&$ kmfu'g $ ut]b]lv ;~rfng ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .pQm cleofg ;~rfngsf] nflu s[lif ;ldltsf ;+of]hs>L /fhs[i0f uf]/fsf] ;+of]hsTjdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf] sfo{bnu7g ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] Mtkl;n;+of]hs M >L /fhs[i0f uf]/f;b:o M >L pd]znfn k|wfg;b:o M >L ;'/]z sjf+;b:o M >L ;lGbk hf]zL;b:o M >L lblnk ;'jfnkbk"lt{

o; gu/kflnsfsf] nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf] cfjZos/x]sf rfnsx¿ ;]jf s/f/df kbk"lt{sf nflu k|lqmofcufl8 a9fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] Mtkl;nr]g 8f]h/sf nflu rfns – ! hgfkmf]6f]u|fkm/ – ! hgfJofsxf] nf]8/sf nflu rfns – ! hgf;'/Iff uf8{ – $ hgfnfO6 8«fOe/ – & hgf;kmfO dhb'/ – ^ hgfsfof{no ;xof]uL – $ hgfdd{t

!_ o; sfof{nosf] af # r &!$( g+= sf] PDa'n]G;dd{tsf] nflu rfnsaf6 k]z ePsf] ?=*^,@(%.– cg'dflgtnfut :jLs[t u/L dd{t u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

@_ o; sfof{nosf] af ! s #%%* g+= sf] l6«k/sf]

8fO{gfdf] dd{t ug{ rfnsaf6 k]z ePsf] ?=!!,^(%.%) sf]cg'dflgt nfut :jLs[lt u/L dd{t u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .nfO{g lgdf{0f

g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] r=g+= *#@, ldlt@)&$.!).@$ ut]sf] kqfg';f/ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf6;~rflnt t'drf] b'u'/] rf]vf hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgfdfHT/LT nfO{g lgdf{0f ug{ nfUg] n=O{ ?=@,)&,@@,)!(.(%-cIf]¿kL b'O{ s/f]8 ;ft nfv afO{; xhf/ pGgfO{; / k};fkGrfgAa] dfq_ ePsf] Joxf]/f n]vL cfPcg';f/ pQmnfut /sddWo] ^) k|ltzt eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f;~rflnt t'drf] b'u'/] rf]vf hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgfaf6/ af“sL g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0faf6 Joxf]g]{ u/L sfo{cufl8 a9fpg] egL g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fnfO{ n]vLk7fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .;]jfsf] b:t'/

eQmk '/ gu/kf lnsf If ]qdf ;~rflntljBfnox¿nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;]jf jfktb]xfocg';f/ b:t'/ z'Ns p7fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] Mtk l;ntk l;ntk l;ntk l;ntk l;n


41

>L e}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf ‘k'vf{n] l;h]{sf] ;DklQ

xfd|f] snf / ;+:s[lt’ nfO{ gf/fdf ;Lldt g/fvL Jojxf/dfptfg{ k|ltj4 5 . eQmk'/ gu/sf cgluGtL cd"No ;Dkbfsf];+/If0f, dd{t / hL0ff]{4f/ Ps}rf]l6 ug{ g;s]klg eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn] cfÇgf] >f]t / ;fwgsf] cg'kftdf y'k|} sfo{u/]sf] 5 / ub}{ hfg]5 .

eQmk'/sf] tf}d9Ll:yt >L e}/j dlGb/ P]ltxfl;s/ wfld{s b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . o; dlGb/sf] :yfkgfg]kfn ;Dat\ !@% tb\g';f/ ljqmd ;Dat\ !)^! df lnR5lj/fhf lge{o b]jsf] kfnfdf ePsf] Oltxf;sf/ >L nLnfeQmd'g+sdL{ atfpg'x'G5 . o;cl3 of] dlGb/ lnR5lj /fhfcfgGb b]jsf] kfnfdf -g]=;+=@^&–@*&_ :yfkgf ePsf]atfOPsf] lyof] . /fhf lge{o b]jsf] kfnfdf ag]sf] ;fgf]e}/j dlGb/ /fhf huHof]lt/ dNnsf] kfnfdf tLg tnfsf]aGof] eg] /fhf e"kltGb| dNnsf] kfnfdf tLg 5fgf ;ft

tNnfsf] aGof] . lj=;+= !(() ;fnsf] dxfe"sDkdf o;dlGb/ hu};Dd eTs]sf] lyof] / kl5 k'gMlgdf{0f ul/Psf]lyof ] .

o; dlGb/df e}/jsf] d"lt{ 5 h;nfO{ cBfjlwtLg ¿ksf] dfgL k"hf ug]{ rng 5 . tL tLg ¿k x'g\ –-!_ >L sfzL ljZjgfy dxfb]j-@_ >L sfzf e}/j /-#_ >L g[Togfy / j8fbz}+ gj/fqe/ gjb'uf{ u0fsf k|d'vb]jtf .

e}/j dlGb/sf 5fgfx¿ r'xL blngx¿ w]/}dlSs;s]sf] / uf/f]nfO{ ;d]t c;/ kfg]{ ;Defjgf lyof] .olb 5fgfx¿sf] dd{t sfo{ l9nfO ePdf dlGb/ g} elTsg]cfz+sf klg lyof] . t;y{ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] pQmdlGb/sf 5fgfx¿ dd{t ;'wf/ ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] .hL0ff]{4f/ ug]{ lg0f{o

wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s tyf k'/ftflŒjs b[li6sf]0faf6cTolws dxŒjsf] ;Dkbf j8f g+= !! tf}d9Ll:yt >Le}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/ hg;xof]udf ug]{ lg0f{o eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf] @)%) c;f]h !@ ut] a;]sf] a}7saf6 u¥of] .;fdfgsf] nut

e}/j dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/ sfo{ yfngL ug'{ cl3dlGb/df /x]sf ;fdfgx¿sf] nut /fVg] sfd ePsf]lyof] . ;fdfgx¿sf] nut /fVg] sfd lgDg ;+:yf /;DalGwt JolQmsf] /f]xj/df ul/Psf] lyof]–!_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf@_ eQmk'/ lhNnf sfof{no#_ eQmk'/ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no$_ :df/s ;+/If0f tyf b/af/ x]/rfx sfof{no%_ eQmk'/ u'7L txl;n tyf vr{ sfof{no^_ eQmk'/ dfnkf]t sfof[no&_ e}/jgfy dlGb/sf k"hf/L*_ e}/jgfy u'lysf gfOs]

;fdfgsf] nut tof/ ePkl5 Ps–Ps k|ltclen]v lgDg ;+:yfx¿df /flvPsf] 5–!_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf@_ eQmk'/ lhNnf sfof{no#_ eQmk'/ lhNnf k|x/L sfof{no$_ :df/s ;+/If0f tyf b/af/ x]/rfx sfof{no .hL0ff]{4f/sf] nfut Ol:6d]]6

>L e}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/ ug{ :df/s ;+/If0ftyf b/af/ x]/rfx sfof{noaf6 k|fKt ldlt @)$* r}t @^

‘eQmk'/’ dfl;ssf]clen]vaf6


42

sf] ?= %!,^#,$@!.#) a/fa/sf] nfut Ol:6d]6 cf=j=@)%@.%# sf] gD;{sf] cfwf/df ;+zf]wg cfjZos b]lvof] .;f]xLcg';f/ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsfn] nfut Ol:6d]6df@)%@.%# sf] b//]6cg';f/ ;+z+f]wg u/L :jLs[t u¥of] .nfut Ol:6d]6df cGo ;+zf]wg

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] @)%@ kf}if @^ ut] a;]sf]a}7saf6 nfut Ol:6d]6sf] cfO6d g+= !^ df dflyNnf]tnfdf ‘!M$ l;d]G6 afn'jf ===’ k|of]u ug]{ elgPtf klgl;d]G6 afn'jfsf] ;§f k/Dk/fut kx]+nf] df6f] k|of]u ug]{lg0f{o u¥of] .

To:t} dlGb/sf] dflyNnf ] 5fgfdf klZrdPsfkl§dfq tfdfsf] kftf / cGo tLglt/ lem“u6L eOef/ ;Gt'ng gePsf] x'“bf rf/} lbzfdf tfdfsf] kftfsf]5fgf 5fpg' k'/ftflŒjs / k|fljlws b[li6af6 pko'QmePsf]n] pQm tnfsf] 5fgfsf] rf/}lt/ tfdfsf] kftfn]5fpg] lg0f{o klg pQm a}7sn] u¥of] .hL0ff]{4f/ sfo{ z'ef/De

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ >L e}/jgfydlGb/sf] hL0ff]{4f/ sfo{ @)%@ dfu{ & ut]b]lv ljlwjtz'? eof] . To;lbg af“;sf] v6 af“Wg] sfo{ k|f/De ul/of] .bf]x/f] v6\ af“Wg] sfd ;DkGg ePkl5 cGo sfo{x¿ jiff{,la:s]6 hfqf cflb lbgx¿df afx]s lg/Gt/ ePsf lyP .>L e}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/ ;DkGg

eQmk'/sf] 6f}d9L rf]sl:yt >L e}/jgfy dlGb/hL0ff]{4f/ sfo{ @)%@ d+l;/ & ut] z'ef/De eO{ @)%#efb|df ljlwjt ;DkGg eof] .

eQmk'/ g=kf= of]hgf zfvfn] lbPsf] l6kf]6cg';f/pQm hL0ff]{4f/ sfo{sf] n=O{=?= &*,)(,!%^.%! d"Nof°gaf6?= $!,$@,%)#.)$ sf] sfo{ ePsf] / jf:tljs vr{ ?=@(,!*,!*(.#* ePsf] 5 . o; hL0ff]{4f/sf] hf“rkf;@)%% c;f/ #! ut] ePsf] lyof] .hL0ff]{4f/df hg;xof]u

e}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/df hg>dbfg, cfly{s/ le“mu6L ;xof]u k|z:t} k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . ljleGgbfkmf ehg, u'ly / 6f]nx¿af6 ;d"xut / ljleGgJolQmx¿n] klg hg>dbfg lbPsf lyP . To:t} ljleGgpBf]u, 6Ldnufotaf6 cfly{s ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .dlGb/sf] uh'/df ;'g hnk nufpg klg ;xof]u k|fKtePsf] lyof] .

dlGb/sf] 5fgf 5fpg ljleGg JolQmaf6 le“mu6L;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] a}7s lg0f{oaf6eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] ldlt @)%% c;f/ #!

ut] a;]sf] a}7saf6 e}/jgfy dlGb/sf] hL0ff]{4f/af/]lnOPsf] lg0f{oM

‘eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !! l:yt e}/jdlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/ sfo{sf] nflu ljleGg ldltsf] g=kf=a}7saf6 lg0f{o ePcg';f/ ?= &%,$#,&@$.@# sf] n=O{=:jLs[lt ePsf], pQm sfo{sf] l;nl;nfdf n=O{= eGbf a9Lyk sfo{;d]t x'g uPsf] ?= @,^%,$#!.(# sf] yk n=O{=;d]t :jLs[t u/L s'n n=O{= ?= &*,)(,!%^.%! -c7xQ/nfv gf} xhf/ Ps;o 5kGg ¿k}of“ / PsfpGg k};f_ePsf] ldlt @)%@ d+l;/ @& ut]sf] :jLs[t n=O{= cg';f/cfO6d g+= @# df Joj:yf ePsf] k|f]lehgn km08af6tfdf kftf, gfMuf], kmo\uf“ ;kmfu/L k'gMh8fg ug{ ?=!,*(,)#^.)^ d"Nof°g Pj+ vr{ ePsf] ;d]t ;dy{g ug]{,pQm sfo{sf] nflu vl/b ePsf] uf]lnof sf7 @#%@=*&sf] lr/fgkl5 7x/ kl/df0f @!^^=)! 3=km'=dWo] e}/jgfydlGb/sf] nflu dfq !$^%=^$ 3=km'= vr{ ePsf] of]hgfzfvfsf] ljj/0fcg';f/ k|lt 3=km'=?= *!@.#! sf b/n] ?=!!,(),%%$.– dfq vr{ ;dy{g x'g'kg]{, ;f] dlGb/s} k'/fg}sf7 &$%.*# 3=km'= k'gMk|of]u ePsf], k'/ftŒj ljefuaf6k|fKt uf]lnof sf7 !^$=$$ 3=km'= sf] 7x/ kl/df0f!!$=*# 3=km'= ;d]t s'n gof“ ;fn sf7 !%*)=$& 3=km'=vr{ ePsf] s'n lem“u6L *#,@@* yfg vr{ ePsf] dWo]#&,#)) yfg ljleGg JolQmaf6 ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] /af“sL $%,(** yfg lem“u6L ;f]xL dlGb/sf] k'/fgf] k|of]uePsf], :yfgLo JolQm, u'lyof/x¿ hDdf @&! hgf >dbfgh'6]sf], pQm sfo{sf] nflu sf7sf] ?= !!,(),%%$.– / gub?= !&,@&,^#%,#* u/L s"n vr{ ?= @(,!*,!*(.#* vr{ePsf], ;f] sfo{sf] d"Nof°g ?=$!,$@,%)#.)$ a/fa/sf]sfo{ ePsf]n] vr{ Pj+ d"Nof°g ;dy{g u/L lx;fj ldnfgul/of] .’o; cltl/Qmf°af/] -;Dkfbssf] k[i7_

lnR5lj /fhf cfgGb b]jn] eQmu|fd -eQmk'/_nfO{ /fHosf] ¿kdf :yfkgf u/]sf] tYo j+zfjnLx¿dfpNn]v 5 . /fhf cfgGb b]jsf] zf;gsfn g]=;+= @^&–@*& -lj=;+= !@)#–!@@#_ n]lvPsf] 5 . Oltxf;df log}n]cfhsf] 6f}d9Ll:yt e}/j dlGb/nfO{ cfsfz e}/jsf] gfddf:yfkgf u/]sf] pNn]v 5 . t/ Oltxf;sf/ >L nLnfeQmd'g+sdL{sf cg';f/ e}/jgfysf] d"lt{ /fhf lge{o b]jn]g]=;+= !@% df :yfkgf u/]sf] bfaL jxf“n] km]nf kfg'{ ePsf]


43

lznfkqsf] clen]vsf] cfwf/df ug'{ePsf] 5 . >Ld'g+sdL{sf] bfaLn] of] d"lt{sf] :yfkgf eQmu|fd /fHo :yfkgfx'g' cufj} ePsf] atfp“5 . gof“ bfaLn] of] d"lt{sf] :yfkgfcfh -@)%%_ eGbf (($ jif{ klxn] ePsf] b]lvG5 .

eQmk'/ ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / jf:t'snfsf cd"No;Dkbfsf] wgL 5 . eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ‘k'vf{n] l;h]{sf];DklQ – xfd|f] snf / ;+:s[lt’ eGg] gf/fnfO{ c+ufn]sf]5 . ahf/, uNnL / rf]sx¿df cjl:yt c;ª\Vo;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf s[t;+slNkt5 . P]ltxfl;s Pj+ k'/ftflŒjs ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f,dd{t / hL0ff]{4f/ ug{ 7"n} >f]t / ;fwgsf] cfjZostf5 . ;Lldt cfo>f]t ePsf] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] dd{t/ hL0ff]{4f/ ug'{kg]{ ;Dkbfx¿ dWo] k|fyldstfsf] cfwf/df;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} cfPsf] 5 .

o; }qmddf eQmk '/ gu/kflnsfn ] k | l;46f}d9Lrf]sl:yt e}/j dlGb/sf] hL0ff]{4f/ u/]sf] 5 .@)%) c;f]h @ ut] hL0ff] {4f/ ug]{ lg0f{o eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf] a}7sn] u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] lglDt nutOl:6d]6 @)$* df g} tof/ ePsf] lyof] . :df/s ;+/If0ftyf b/af/ x]/rfx sfof{no, eQmk'/af6 tof/ u/]sf]pQm nut Ol:6d]6df cf=j= @)%@.%# sf] gD;{cg';f/;+zf ]wg ul/of ] . To;cg';f/ ;+zd]lwt n=O{= ?=&#,$$,(!&.$) sfod lyof] . so{ ub}{ hf“bf cfjZostfcg';f/s]xL cfO6d / /sddf ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5 .

e}/jgfy dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/ ug{ @)%! dfu{dfsfof{Gjo ;ldlt, @)%@ sflQsdf sfof{Gjog pk–;ldltsf]u7g u/L @)%@ dfu{ & ut] hL0ff]{4f/ sfo{ ljlwjtk|f/De eof] . hL0ff]{4f/ sfo{ jiff{, la:s]6 hfqfsflbgx¿df afx]s lg/Gt/ u/L @)%# efb|df ;DkGg eof] .

e}/jgfy dlGb/sf] hL0ff]{4f/ sfo{df eQmk'/sfljleGg bfkmf, ehg, u'ly / cGo pBf]uklt Pj+ Jofkf/Lju{tyf JolQmut ¿kdf lbOPsf] >dbfg / cfly{s ;xof]ulgSs} pNn]vgLo / k|z+;gLo, pTk|]/s / pbfx/0fLolyof] . To;}sf] kl/0ffd tyf 8sdL{, l;sdL{, HofdLx¿sf];Dkbfk|]dsf] sf/0f lgSs} sd nfutdf hL0ff]{4f/ sfo{;kmntfsf ;fy ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .

t/ cfkm" klg 3/ gagfpg] / c?n] agfPsf] klgg;xg] s]xL af“b/ k|j[lQsf slyt /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n]:yfgLo r'gfjdf e}/j dlGb/sf] hL0ff] {4f/ sfo{dfclgoldttf u/]sf] xNnf km}nfP . ;To 8Ub}g e"m6f] l6Sb}geg]em}+ tL e|dfTds, lg/fwf/ / k"jf{u|xL xNnfx¿ hL0ff]{4f/sf

tYox¿ hg;dIf NofOPkl5 cfkm} k/f:t eof] . tL;Dkbflj/f]wL lgn{Hhx¿n] k|fljlwsx¿aLr unt k|rf/u/]/ cfTdt'li6 klg lng vf]h] . OlGhlgo/x¿n] agfPsf]n=O=unt lyof] lsgeg] n=O= /sdeGbf w]/} sd /sddfhL0ff]{4f/ ePsf] bfaL eQmk'/ gkfn] u/]sf] csf]{ xNnfkm}nfP . To;af/] OlGhlgo/x¿ ;xefuL ePsf] Ps 5nkmnsfo{qmddf hL0ff]{4f/ sfof{Gjog pk–;ldltsf ;+of]hspkk|d'v >L r}To/fh zfSon] To:tf] bfaL eQmk'/ gkfn]gu/]sf] :ki6 ug'{x'“b} k'/fgf pkof]uL sf7x¿sf] k'gMk|of]u,le“mu6L lgMz'Ns ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] / k|z:t >dbfgk|fKt ePaf6 sd /sddf hL0ff]{4f/ ;DkGg ePsf] xf] .olb tL ;a}nfO{ d"Nodf kl/0ft ug]{ xf] eg] n=O= / vr{ePsf] /sddf vf;} cGt/ gcfpg] hfgsf/L jxf“n] lbg'ePsf]lyof ] .

eQmk'/ gkfn] hg;xof]udf e}/j dlGb/sf]hL0ff]{4f/ ;DkGg u/]sf] w]/} ;do lalt;s]sf] 5 . To;af/]k"0f{ hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] of] cltl/Qmf° k|sflzt ul/Psf]5 . l9n} k|sflzt eP klg oL hfgsf/Ln] jt{dfg /eljiosf] nflu ;d]t ;Dkbfk|]dLx¿sf] lh1f;fnfO{ w]/yf]/zfGt kfg]{ cfzf 5 . ;fy} rf“hf]kf“hf] ldn]df ªftfkf]]+ndlGb/sf] dd{t sfo{sf] hfgsf/L lbg xfdL k|of; ug]{5f}+ .===

-lj=;+= @)%% df3df k|sflzt ‘e}/j dlGb/ hL0ff]{4f/’cltl/Qmf°af6_


44

5f8f s's'/ aGWofs/0f tyf /]ljh/f]ulj?4 vf]k cleofg;DaGwL;"rgf Û ;"rgf ÛÛ ;"rgf ÛÛÛ

cfb/0fLo gu/jf;L bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgLx¿,cfb/0fLo gu/jf;L bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgLx¿,cfb/0fLo gu/jf;L bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgLx¿,cfb/0fLo gu/jf;L bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgLx¿,cfb/0fLo gu/jf;L bfh'efO tyf lbbLalxgLx¿,s's'/ 3/kfn'jf / dfgjLo hLjgsf] nflu clt pkof]uL k|f0fL xf] . s's'/n] xfd|f] kl/jf/nfO{ dfq geO{ 6f]n

/ ;dfhnfO{ ;d]t ;Defljt b'3{6gf Pj+ ck/fwaf6 ;'/Iff k|bfg ul//x]sf] ;j{ljlbt} 5 . To;}n] w]/}n] s's'/nfO{ dfofu5{g\ / sltn] cfÇgf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:onfO{ h:t} x]/ljrf/ klg u5{g\ .

t/ hyfefjL ;8sdf 5f]l8Psf s's'/x¿ sf]xL /f]uL eP/ t sf]xL af}nfxf eP/ ;dfhdf ;d:ofsf] ¿kdfb]lvPsf 5g\ . kl5Nnf] ;dodf 5f8f s's'/x¿ lx+;|s x'gyfn]sf] hgu'gf;f] cfpgyfn]sf 5g\ . s]xL :yfgdf 5f8fs's'/x¿n] ufOj:t' / dfG5]nfO{ ;d]t ;fd"lxs cfqmd0f u/]sf] ;'lgG5 . s's'/s} sf/0f k|f0f3fts /]ljh /f]u;d]tdfG5]df ;g]{ vt/f 5 .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] gu/jf;L bfh'efO lbbLalxgLx¿sf] efjgfcg';f/ hyfefjL 5f]l8Psf s's'/x¿sf]klxrfg u/L ltgLx¿nfO{ aGWofs/0f Pj+ /]ljh /f]ulj?4 vf]k nufpg] sfo{ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] 5 . b/af/ If]q,6f}d9L, bQfqonufot ko{6sLo s]Gb|;“u} dfgj a:tL ePsf 6f]n, uNnL / lj:tfl/t cfjf; If]qx¿df hyfefjL5f]l8Psf s's'/x¿nfO{ j}1flgs ljlwaf6 ;dft]/ cfw'lgs ;'ljwf ;DkGg kz' lSnlgsdf pkrf/ u/fOG5 . o;sfo{df gu/kflnsfn] kz';DaGwL lrlsT;sx¿, tflndk|fKt k|fljlws Pj+ gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 6f]nLv6fPsf] 5 . o;n] ;dfhdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kl//x]sf] xfd|f] ljZjf; 5 .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf tkfO{+ xfd|f] ;femf ;+:yf xf] . gu/leqsf 5f8f s''s'/x¿nfO{ /]ljh /f]ulj?4 vf]knufpg] tyf aGWofs/0f ug]{ o; sfo{df ;fy / ;xof]u ug'{x'g ;Dk"0f{ gu/jf;Lx¿df eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf xflb{scg'/f]w ub{5 .

• 3/df kflnPsf s's'/x¿nfO{ hyfefjL g5f]8f}+ .• dlGb/, kf6L–kf}jf / ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df cfÇgf s's'/x¿nfO{ lbzflk;fj gu/fcf}+ .• s's'/sf] 6f]sfOaf6 arf}+ / arfcf}+ .

lsg s's'/nfO{ aGWofs/0f / /]lah /f]ulj?4sf] vf]k <lsg s's'/nfO{ aGWofs/0f / /]lah /f]ulj?4sf] vf]k <lsg s's'/nfO{ aGWofs/0f / /]lah /f]ulj?4sf] vf]k <lsg s's'/nfO{ aGWofs/0f / /]lah /f]ulj?4sf] vf]k <lsg s's'/nfO{ aGWofs/0f / /]lah /f]ulj?4sf] vf]k < !_ s's'/df ;Gtfg pTkfbg Ifdtf /xFb}g, h;n] ubf{ 5f8f s's'/sf] ;ª\Vof j[l4 x'g kfp“b}g . @_ s's'/x¿sf] aGWofs/0f ugf{n] pgLx¿ pQ]lht / l/;fxf x'Fb}gg\ / s's'/x¿n] 6f]Sg] ;d:ofdf sdL cfpF5 . #_ /]lah /f]ulj?4 vf]k nufpgfn] s's'/nfO{ /]lah /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 / s's'/n] 6f]s]/ dflg;nfO{ /]lah nfUg] ;Defjgf klg sd x'G5 .

/]lah /f]ulj?4 vf]k / aGWofs/0f cleofgsf] qmddf kz';DaGwL lrlsT;s Pj+ k|fljlwsx¿, eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ tkfO{+sf] 6f]n l5d]sdf sof}+ k6s cfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . To; ;ododf, tkfO“x¿n] cfÇgf] If]qsf5f8f s's'/x¿sf] ljifodf hfgsf/L lbg'eof] eg] xfd|f] sfddf 7"nf] d2t k'Ug]5 . eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ;a} s's'/sf]pkrf/ dfof / ;Ddfgefjn] ub{5 .

vf]knufPsf / aGWofs/0f ul/Psf s's'/x¿sf] 3fF6Ldf ;'Gtnf /+usf] k]6L nufOPsf] / bfofF sfgsf] 6'Kkf]clnslt sfl6Psf] x'G5 .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfgu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{no

Jof;L, eQmk'/


45

k|frLg ;Eotf af]s]sf] eQmk'/ gu/n] kmf]x/d}nfJoj:yfkgdf klg ulj{nf] Oltxf; af]s]sf] 5 . Ps ;dolyof], k|To]s 3/;“u}sf] hUufdf ;uM / l5+8L tNnfsf]e¥ofªd'lg gf}uM clgjfo{ x'GYof] . 3/af6 lg:sg] s'lxg]kmf]x/ ;uMdf kmflnGYof] / #÷$ dlxgfsf] cGt/fndfsDkf]i6 dn alg;SYof], h;nfO{ ToxfFaf6 lgsfn]/ cf–cfÇgf] v]t jf af/Ldf dnsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/GYof] .cfw'lgs efiffdf To;nfO{ lk6 sDkf]li6ª elgG5 . To:t}efG5fdf bfp/f jf 5\jfnL jf e'; afNbfsf] v/fgL gf}uMdfxflnGYof] . ToxL lk;fa ul/GYof] . dlxgf lbgkl5 To;nfO{dnsf] ¿kdf v]t jf af/Ldf 5l/GYof] . cfhef]ln o'l/ofdn jf l8PkL dnaf6 af]6lj?jfnfO{ k|fKt x'g] kf]ifs tŒjTolta]nfsf] gf}uMaf6 lg:s]sf] dnn] k"lt{ uYof]{ .

;do;“u} dflg;sf] hLjgz}nLdf kl/jt{g cfPsf]5 . cfw'lgstfsf] gfddf ;uM / gf}uM x/fO;s] . clxn];8s, rf]s, uNnL / vf]nfdf kmf]x/ kmflnG5 . ;kmf;'U3/sf] gfddf xfdLn] cfÇgf] 3/sf] l5+8L / 3/;“u}sf]hUufdf gf}uM / ;uM t x6fof}+, cfkm" …;kmfÚ / …;EoÚ teof}+ t/ 3/ glhs}sf] ;8s, uNnL, rf]s / vf]nfdfs;}n] b]Vg]u/L jf gb]Vg]u/L Knfli6ssf] y}nL jf af]/fdfkmf]x/ hyfefjL kmfNg yfNof}+ . htftt} b]lvg] o:tf kmf]x/n]xfd|f] ;Eotf / cfTd;DdfgnfO{ luHofO/x]sf] t 5}g <

s]xL ;do cufl8 gu/kflnsfaf6 tYof° k|:t'tul/of] . eQmk'/ gu/df dfq b}lgs #) 6g kmf]x/ ;8sdfkmflnG5 h;dWo] @* 6g kmf]x/ gu/kflnsfn] Joj:yfkgul//x]sf] 5 . k|ltJolQm #)) u|fdsf] b/n] kmf]x/ pTkfbgeO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L pTkflbt kmf]x/dWo] sl/a &) k|ltzts'lxg] / * k|ltzt Knfli6s 5g\ . l;;f, sf7sf 6'qmfx¿,kmnfd, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L cflb Hofb} sd 5g\ . o; lx;fjn]

lxhf]sf lbgdf ;uM / gf}uM dfkm{t Joj:yfkg eO/x]sf]kmf]x/ clxn] ;d:of alg/x]sf] 5 . rfn" cfly{s jif{sfnflu eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgdf ah]6ljlgof]hg u/]sf] lx;fjn] gu/sf] Ps lsnf] kmf]x/Joj:yfkgsf nflu ( ¿k}ofF *) k};f vr{ eO/x]sf] 5 .gu/jf;Lx¿af6 p7fOg] s/sf] olt 7"nf] efu kmf]x/d}nfJoj:yfkgdf dfq vr{ x'g' ;fdfGo kSs} klg xf]Og . t/o;sf] dtna b]zsf cGo gu/kflnsfn] h:t} kmf]x/Joj:yfkg ljb]zL ;+:yf, lghL If]q Pj+ u}/;/sf/L;+:yfx¿nfO{ lhDdf nufP/ kmf]x/d} gfkmf sdfpg] Jofkf/ug'{ eQmk'/jf;Lx¿nfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf :jLsfo{ x'g;Sb}g . clxn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ;/;kmfO z'Nsjfktk|lt 3/w'/L dlxgfsf] @% ¿k}ofF p7fpF5 . gu/jf;Lx¿Tolt /sd klg lgoldt ltb}{gg\ . To:t} cfjZostf kbf{jf l;kmfl/; lng'kbf{ dfq ;kmfO s/ lt5{g\ . tyflkgu/kflnsfn] cfÇgf sd{rf/Lx¿dfkm{t k'/fgf] gu/If]qdflbgsf] # k6s, gofF a:tLx¿df lbgsf] ! k6s -slx+st}lbg la/fP/_ kmf ]x/ p7fpF5 . glhs}sf l5d]sLgu/kflnsfx¿df lghL If]qn] xKtf jf b'O{ xKtfsf] Psrf]l6kmf]x/ p7fpF5, clg k|To]s 3/w'/Laf6 dlxgfdf @%) b]lv#%) ¿k}ofF;Dd z'Ns p7fpF5 . ;kmfO 7]s]bf/n] rf8jf8sf];dodf x/]s 3/w'/Laf6 …l6K;Ú lng] rng clwsf/h:t}ePsf] 5 . 7]s]bf/n] p7fPsf] /sd gu/kflnsfsf] sf]ifdft hDdf x'Fb}g g}, ltgLx¿n] kmf]x/;d]t hyfefjL vf]nfdfkmfNg] u/]sf] w]/}n] b]v]sf 5g\ . o; cy{df eQmk'/gu/kflnsf cGo gu/kflnsfeGbf hgpQ/bfoL 5 eGgs~h':ofO“ ug'{kb}{g .

/x\of] s'/f eQmk'/ gu/nfO{ 3]l/Psf b'O{ vf]nfx¿xg'dGt] / sf;fª vf]nf kmf]x/ ePsf] k|;· . lj;+ @)@&b]lv @)#! ;fn;Dd / @)#@ ;fnb]lv @)$$ ;fn;Ddhd{g ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt eQmk'/ ljsf;kl/of]hgfcGtu{t gu/df 9n–lgsf;sf] aGbf]a:t / 3/–3/df zf}rfno lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ tLa|tf lbOPsf] lyof] .kl/of]hgfn] xg'dfg3f6 glhs} vFrf / ;Nnf3f/Ldf pkrf/kf]v/L agfP/ 3/3/af6 lg:sg] kmf]x/ kfgLnfO{ z'l4s/0fug]{ / To;kl5 vf]nfdf ld;fpg] of]hgf agfPsf] lyof] .t/ pQm of]hgf k|fljlws / k|zf;lgs ¿kdf c;kmn x'Fbfclxn] gu/sf] ;a} 9nsf] kmf]x/ kfgL ;Lw} vf]nfdf ldl;P/vf]nf kmf]x/ ag]sf] 5 . of] b]zs} nflu / cGo :yfgLo;/sf/x¿sf nflu lzIff xf] . gofF a:tL ljsf; eO/x]sf]If]qdf klg k|To]s 3/n] ;]lK6s 6\ofª\sL agfpg'kg]{ lgodnfO{

;/;kmfO;/;kmfO;/;kmfO;/;kmfO;/;kmfOcleofg k|rf/sfcleofg k|rf/sfcleofg k|rf/sfcleofg k|rf/sfcleofg k|rf/sf

nflu xf]Ognflu xf]Ognflu xf]Ognflu xf]Ognflu xf]Og

/ljGb| HofVjj8fcWoIf, eQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= (


46

gu/kflnsfn] xfn;Dd u/]sf kflIfs;kmfO ultljlwx¿

qm=;+=qm=;+=qm=;+=qm=;+=qm=;+= ldltldltldltldltldlt ;/;kmfO u/]sf ] :yfg;/;kmfO u/]sf ] :yfg;/;kmfO u/]sf ] :yfg;/;kmfO u/]sf ] :yfg;/;kmfO u/]sf ] :yfg! @)&$ ;fpg ! ut] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf

kl/;/df ;/;kmfO tyfj[Iff/f]k0f

@ @)&$ ;fpg !% ut] uf]Nd9Ll:yt oftf kf]v/L,sdn kf]v/L, vFrf kf]v/L/ dx]Zj/L kL7df ;/;kmfOtyf j[Iff/f]k0f

# @)&$ ebf} ! ut] l;4 kf]v/Ldf ;/;kmfOtyf j[Iff/f]k0f

$ @)&$ ebf} !% ut] efHof kf]v/Ldf ;/;kmfO% @)&$ c;f]h ! ut] zlxb :d[lt v]n d}bfgdf

;/;kmfO^ @)&$ c;f]h !% ut] dxfsfnL kL7df ;/;kmfO& @)&$ sflt{s ! ut] l;4 kf]v/Ldf ;/;kmfO* @)&$ sflt{s !% ut] /fgL kf]v/Ldf ;/;kmfO( @)&$ d+l;/ ! ut] efHof kf]v/Ldf ;/;kmfO!) @)&$ d+l;/ !% ut] efHof kf]v/Ldf ;/;kmfO!! @)&$ k'; ! ut] xg'dfGt] vf]nf / 3f6 ;/;kmfO!@ @)&$ k'; * ut] xg'dfGt] vf]nf / 3f6 ;/;kmfO!# @)&$ k'; !% ut] ‘vf}dfb]lv efjf{rf] x'Fb} ahf/

kl/qmdf / RofDxfl;+x;Dd;/;kmfOaf/] hgr]tgfd"ns¥ofnL’ gu/sf] d'Vo ahf/df6«fO;fOsndfkm{t s'lxg] /gs'lxg] kmf]x/ ;°ng

!$ @)&$ df3 ! ut] hugfy If]q / lqk'/f;'Gb/Lkl/;/df ;/;kmfO

!% @)&$ df3 !% ut] a|Dxfo0fL dlGb/ kl/;/ /vf]nfdf ;/;kmfO

!^ @)&$ kmfu'g ! ut] zlxb :d[lt v]n d}bfgdf;/;kmfO

!& @)&$ kmfu'g !% ut] OGb|fo0fL kL7df ;/;kmfO!* @)&$ r}q ! ut] ;'o{ljgfos e'nfFrfb]lv

af/fxL d'leh;Ddsf] ;le{;6«ofsdf ;/;kmfO

!( @)&$ r}q !% ut] r'lk+3f6 / xg'dGt] vf]nfdf;/;kmfO

a]jf:tf u/L 3/sf] kmf]x/ ;Lw} vf]nfdf ld;fpg], clgKnfli6snufot ;a} k|sf/sf kmf]x/x¿ hyfefjL vf]nfdfkmfNg] xfd|f] afgLn] xg'dGt] / sf;fª vf]nf 9ndf kl/0ftePsf x'g\ .

:yfgLo txn] 8]9 bzskl5 lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwkfPsf] 5 . eQmk'/jf;L hgtfsf] cToGt ax'dtn] g]kfndhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ ljZjf; u/]/eQmk'/nfO{ ;'Gb/, ;kmf, ;Eo / ;';+:s[t gu/ agfpg]cleef/f ;'Dk]sf] 5 . hgcledtsf] sb/ ub}{ eQmk'/gu/nfO{ b]zs} gd"gf agfpg] cleofgdf hgk|ltlglwx¿h'6]sf 5g\ . To;sf] Pp6f l;nl;nf xf] ;/;kmfOcleofg .

@)&$ ;fpg ! ut]b]lv x/]s dlxgfsf] ! / !%ut] gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v, pkk|d'v, j8fWoIf, sfo{kflnsf;b:ox¿ / gu/ ;ef ;b:ox¿ dfq geO{ ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx¿tyf :yfgLo l6d, Sna, :s"n, sn]hsf lzIfs, ljBfyL{x¿/ :yfgLo hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf gu/sf ;Dkbf:yn, vf]nf, kf]v/L, v'Nnf :yfg, dlGb/ / af6f]sf];kmfO cleofgdf h'l6/x]sf 5g\ . lgZro klg ;/;kmfOk|rf/sf] nflu / km];a'sdf kf]i6 u/]/ cfTd;Gt'li6 lngsfnflu ul/Psf] xf]Og, Ps lhDd]jf/ gful/s / hgefjgfsf]sb/ ug]{ st{Jolgi7 hg;]jssf] lx;fjn] xflb{stfk"j{sul/Psf] xf] . hgk|ltlglwx¿ cfkm}+ ;fa]n, RjfkmL / uf8f;dfpF5g\, uda'6 nufP/ vf]nf / kf]v/Ldf uO{ kmf]x/l6K5g \ . sd {rf/Lx¿ / :yfgLo hgtf klghgk|ltlglwx¿sf] sfo{nfO{ ;fy lbO{ :jo+;]jL efjgfn];/;kmfOdf h'6\5g\ . ;a}hgf laxfg & ah]b]lv ( ah];Ddlglb{i6 sfddf v6\5g\ / To;kl5 cf–cfÇgf] sfo{If]qdfnfU5g\ . ;/;kmfO sfo{sf nflu zlgaf/ jf ljbfaf/s'g}{ kb}{g, x/]s dlxgfsf] ! / !% ut] ;/;kmfO ug'{ cfÇgf]bfloTj ;DemG5g\ . ;/;kmfO sfo{df eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn];/sf/ jf s'g} cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfaf6 k};flnPsf] 5}g .

oLafx]s k|To]s j8f sfof{non] ;do ;dodfcfÇgf] j8fdf /x]sf ;Dkbf If]q, kf]v/L jf v'Nnf :yfgsf];/;kmfOsf nflu :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;fy dfU5 . PsljBfno Ps ;Dkbf :yn ;kmf ug]{ lhDd]jf/L gu/sf ;a}ljBfno / sn]hn] k"/f ul//x]sf 5g\ .pknAwLx¿ M

;/;kmfO s'g} hft ljz]if jf If]q ljz]ifsfhgtfsf] sfd geO{ x/]s ;Eo gful/ssf] kl/ro ePsf]


47

k|To]s ;/;kmfO cleofgdf hgtfsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfn]k'i6L ul//x]sf] 5 . ;fd"lxs k|of;n] c;DejnfO{ klg;Dej t'NofPsf] pbfx/0f vf]Hg cGt hfg kb}{g . uPsf]bz}+cl3;Dd klg efHof kf]v/L emf/kft, l;:g' / kmf]x/n]el/Psf] 7fpF lyof] . lg/Gt/sf] ;kmfO cleofg Pj+gu/kflnsfsf] of]hgfn] clxn] ;'Gb/ kf]v/L aGb}5 .nfdf] ;dob]lv s'g} v]ns'b ultljlw gx'Fbf lxnf] el/Psf]Pj+ emf/kftn] 5f ]lkPsf] zlxb :d[lt v]n d}bfg;/;kmfOkl5 gd"gf v]nd}bfg ag]sf] 5 / ;f]xL :yfgdfcGt/ ljBfno v]n dxf]T;j Pj+ cGt/ gu/ d]o/ skelnan k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 . k"/} uGxfpg]9n au]/ cTof;nfUbf] ag]sf] xg'dfg3f6df uPsf] k';dfPs dlxgf;Dd rNg] dfwjgf/fo0fsf] a|tsf] qmddfeQmfn'x¿ vf]nfdf cf/fdn] g'xfPsf lyP . Ps ;dodf8/nfUbf] e"t kf]v/L ag]sf] ;Nnf3f/Lsf] /fgLkf]v/Lclxn] cfznfUbf ] aGg yfn]sf] 5 . gu/jf;Lx¿n]hgk|ltlglwx¿ kfO;s]kl5 cfÇg} cfFvfn] b]v]sf k|ToIfkl/jt{gsf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ oL .

clxn] gu/sf] d'Vo ahf/df b}lgs b'O{ j6fkmf]x/ ;°ng ug]{ tLgkfª\u|] ;jf/L;fwg -6«fO;fOsn_x¿ u'l8/x]sf 5g\, ahf/ j/k/sf afl;Gbfx¿n] lbgla/fP/ s'lxg] / gs'lxg] kmf]x/ tL 6«fO;fOsnx¿df/flv/x]sf 5g\ . gu/jf;Lx¿nfO{ 3/3/af6 g} s'lxg]/ gs'lxg] kmf]x/ 5'6\ofP/ s'lxg] kmf]x/af6 sDkf]i6 dnagfpg] tyf sf};L v]tL ug]{ ;DaGwdf cled'vLs/0fug]{ p2]Zo]n] gu/kflnsfn] x/]s j8fsf s]xL cu'jfdlxnf, ljBfyL{ / :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx¿nfO{ tflndlbPsf] lyof] . clxn] w]/}h;f] j8fx¿df ljleGg ;xsf/L;+:yf Pj+ l6d Snjx¿af6 :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ To; ;DaGwL

tflnd lbg] cleofg rln/x]sf] 5 . gu/kflnsfn] ;a}3/af6 s'lxg] / gs'lxg] kmf]x/ cnUofpg nufpg] tof/Lul//x]sf] 5 . s]xL gofF a:tLx¿df o;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdfklg NofPsf] 5 . lgs6 eljiodf gu/jf;Lx¿nfO{ s'lxg]/ gs'lxg] kmf]x/ /fVg] 8i6ljg / kmf]x/ s'xfpg] sDkf]i6ljg ljt/0f ug]{ tof/L klg eO/x]sf] 5 . ;/;kmfOcleofgdf o; sfo{n] 7f]; of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ljZjf; ug{;lsG5 .

xg'dGt] vf]nf / sf;fª vf]nfnfO{ k|b"if0fd'Qm Pj+k|fs[lts axfjnfO{ k'glh{ljt ug]{ k|of; :j¿k eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn] d]nDrL vfg]kfgL cfof]hgfcGtu{tsf] cfof]hgfsfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfno -kLcfO{8L_ ;“u ;dGjo ul//x]sf]5 . o;cGtu{t ;Nnf3f/L] / vFrfsf] pkrf/ kf]v/LnfO{cfw'lgs ljlw;lxt k'gM k|of]udf Nofpg] tyf b'j} vf]nfsf]b'j} lsgf/fdf 9nsf] kfOk la5\ofpg] sfo{ wdfwd cufl8al9/x]sf] 5 . o;df s]xL k|fljlws ;d:ofx¿ cjZo 5g\/ o;nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 ;a}vfn];xof]u klg eO/x]sf] 5 .cGTodf,

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf eQmk'/jf;L hgtfsf];a}eGbf glhssf] ;/sf/ xf] . hgk|ltlglwx¿ ;:tf]nf]slk|otf jf s'g} ;+sL0f{ :jfy{af6 k|]l/t geO{ hgtfsf]ljz'4 ;]jf ug]{ p2]Zon] r'gfjL k|ltj4tf k"/f ug{ nfluk/]sf5g\ . hgtfn] cfÇgf k|ltlglwx¿k|lt cfTdLo efj k|s6ul//x]sf 5g\ / kfFr jif{df gu/nfO{ ;kmf, ;'Gb/ /cfsif{s uGtJo:yn agfpg] ;a}sf] rfxgf k"/f ug{]cleofgdf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;fy lbO/x]sf 5g\ . eQmk'/sf]ljz]iftf eGg' g} j}rfl/s Pstf, ;·l7t zlQm / lg/Gt/k|oTg xf] .

eQmk'/ gkfåf/f hgr]tgfd"ns /]l8of] sfo{qmd k|;f/0f

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf ultljlwx¿af/] hfgsf/L ;lxtsf] hgr]tgfd"ns/]l8of] sfo{qmd ‘Vjk ;M’ -eQmk'/ cfjfh_ @)&$ r}q @) ut] d+unaf/b]lvk|;f/0f ePsf] 5 . x/]s d+unaf/ a]n'sf &M)) ah]b]lv *M)) ah];DdeQmk'/ Pkm=Pd=df k|;f/0f x'g] sfo{qmd ;'Gg'xf]nf .


48

sfe|]knf“rf]s lhNnfsf] Ps k|frLg gu/sf] ¿kdfkgf}tL w]/} klxn]b]lv k|l;4 /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . k'0odtLgu/gfdaf6 k|l;4 of] gu/ :yfgLo g]jf/aLr knfFtLaf6lrlgG5 . P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf kgf}tLsf] pNn]v uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnLdf ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]=;+=$^^ -lj=;+= !$)@_sf] Pp6f 36gfdf ;j{k|yd ‘k'gGtL’ egL g]kfn efiffdfkgf}tLsf] pNn]v 5 .-!_-!_-!_-!_-!_ To:t} o; 7fpFnfO{ k'0odtL gu/egL ;j{k|yd pNn]v ePsf] k|df0f g]=;+= $*! -lj=;+=!$!*_ j}zfv s[i0f åfbzLsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]t km]nfk/]sf] 5 . tTsfnLg /fhf hofh'{g b]jsf] ljho /fHodfk'0odtLgu/ a:g] t]hf]gGbgfysf] nflu of] k':ts n]lvof]eGg] Joxf]/f ;'lu|azf:q gfds k':tssf] k'ikLsf jfSodfn]lvPsf] 5 .-@_-@_-@_-@_-@_ h'g k':ts /fli6«o clen]vfnodf ;'/lIft5 . o:t} P]ltxfl;s dxŒjsf] csf]{ Pp6f k|df0f uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL ag]sf] 5 . To;f] t hol:ylt dNnsf] ;dodfkgf}tLsf Ps c1ft j+zfjnLsf/n] uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLn]v]sf] dflgG5 .-#_-#_-#_-#_-#_ pQm j+zfjnL leq kgf}tLsf] gfd}pNn]v gu/L k|l;4 OGb|]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] gfd ePsf] Pp6f36gf pNn]v 5 . g]=;+= %)# df ag]kfnL ;fdGt hol;+x/fdjw{gn] OGb|]Zj/df uh'/ r9fPsf] 36gf jf:tjdf kgf}tLsf]nflu csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ 36gf xf] .-$_-$_-$_-$_-$_ oxL OGb|]Zj/ dxfb]jdlGb/sf] blIf0f 9f]sfdf /flvPsf] ;'j{0f kqdf hLj/fh/fj'tn] ‘s;f/uf/’ gfdsf] ef“8f r9fPsf] Joxf]/f k/]sf]5 .-%_-%_-%_-%_-%_ tTsfnLg k|efjzfnL ;fdGt hol;+x/fd jw{gtyf s]Gb|Lo /fhf hol:ylt dNnsf] gfd pNn]v gu/L:j0f{kq /fVg ;Sg] hLj/fh cjZo klg zlQmzfnL JolQmx'g'k5{ . cem gfd k5fl8 pNn]v ePsf] /fj'tn] pgsf]

;DaGw ;f]em} /fhf / b/af/;“u ePsf] k'li6 x'G5 . otfg]=;+= %!# h]i7 z'Sn gjdLsf] kgf}tL ofnf5] 6f]nsf]clen]v Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ k|df0f eP/ klg clen]vsf]d'Vo ljifo j:t' k|sfzdf cfpg g;Sg' kL8fsf] ljifoaG5 .-^_-^_-^_-^_-^_ o;} aLr g]=;+= %!^ -lj=;+= !$%@_ sf] Pp6fx:tlnlvt u|Gysf] k'ikLsf jfSodf kgf}tLsf] pNn]v 5 .‘bzsd{ k4tL’ gfdsf] pQm u|Gydf hol;+x/fd jw{gnfO{/fhfs} ¿kdf ;Ddfg ug'{sf] ;fy} OGb|]Zj/ dxfb]jnfO{OGb|]Zj/ e§fl/sf ;Daf]wg u/LPsf] 5 .-&_-&_-&_-&_-&_

otf g]=;+= %@! sf] OGb|]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ leqsf]:j0f{ kqdf hol;+x/fdsf] sLlt{sf] j0f{g tyf pgsf]d[To'af/] pNn]v 5 .-*_-*_-*_-*_-*_ o;kl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd kgf}tLjf OGb|]Zj/sf] ljifodf slx+ st} pNn]v ePsf] k|df0fe]l6Psf] 5}g . g]=;+= ^)@ df tTsfnLg g]kfn d08nsf]/fhwfgL eQmk'/ x'“bf kgf}tL;Fu eQmk'/sf] k|ToIf ;DaGwtTsfnLg clGtd /fhf oIf dNnsf] d[To'kl5 sfod /x]sf]dxŒjk"0f{ k|df0f oBlk afFsL g} 5 . ;Dat d]l6Psf]/fodNn / /fddNnsf] ;+o'Qm gfd k/]sf] ofnf5] OnfggLsf]r}Ton] o;sf] k'li6 u5{ .-(_-(_-(_-(_-(_ o;kl5 kgf}tLsf] ;DaGwdfeQmk'/ / kf6gaLr 6s/fjsf] cj:yfdf ef}uf]lns lx;fjn]glhs kf6gn] kgf}tLdf cfÇgf] k|efj b]vfpg] k|of; eof] .o;}aLr kf6gsf] xl/x/ d"lt{ :yfkgf tfsf kgf}tLnfO{‘k'0f{dTof k§d08k’ pNn]v x'g' csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ 36gfxf] .-!)_-!)_-!)_-!)_-!)_ o;} qmddf g]=;+= ^*( sf] Pp6f 36gfn] kgf}tLdfeQmk'/sf] k|efj /lx/x]sf] k'li6 x'G5 . eQmk'/df k|efjzfnLu+uf dxf/fgLn] tn]h'leq bLIff lnPsf] 36gfnfO{ lnP/sfGtLk'/sf /fhf g/]Gb|dNnn] eQmk'/dfly cfqmd0f ubf{ljleGg 7fpFdWo] kgf}tLdf o'4 ePsf] 36gf pNn]v 5 .-!!_-!!_-!!_-!!_-!!_ pg} u+uf dxf/fgLsf] ;dodf eQmk'/sf] la:s]6 hfqfsf]qmddf 36]sf s]xL 36gf qmddf kgf}tLsf] pNn]v ePsf]csf]{ dxŒjk'0f{ k|;· xf] .-!@_-!@_-!@_-!@_-!@_ h'g g]=;+= &@# sf] 36gfxf] . o;eGbf cufl8 g]=;+= &!( df u+uf dxf/fgLn] kgf}tLOGb|]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] k5fl8 gf/fo0fsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf u/]sf]af6kgf}tL gu/sf] ljsf;df clws Wofg lbPsf] k'li6 x'G5 .-!#_-!#_-!#_-!#_-!#_ u+uf dxf/fgLkl5 pgsf 5f]/f q}nf]So dNn hu{Hof]ltdNnsf s'g} clen]v kgf}tLdf e]l6Psf] 5}g . hu{Hof]ltdNnsf] g]=;+= &%! df Ujkfxsf Sjf5] 6f]nsf /fd]Zj/cemfn] s'g} zf;s ;fdGtsf] gfd pNn]v gu/L cfÇgf]afa'sf] zflns a|Dxfo0fL dlGb/ ;ldk /fVg nufP .-!$_-!$_-!$_-!$_-!$_

a? hu{Hof]lt dNnkl5 pgsf 5f]/f g/]z dNnsf] gfdpNn]v u/L eQmk'/sf s[i0f/fd lrqsf/n] g]=;+= &%( df

dNnsfnLgkgf}tLsf]

ck|sflzt Oltxf;

cf]d wf}e8]n


49

kgf}tL ->f]tM kmNrf Uofn/L_

OGb|]Zj/ dxfb]jdf l;+x :yfkgf u/] .-!%_-!%_-!%_-!%_-!%_

sdhf]/ k|j[lQsf g/]z dNnn] eQmk'/d} cfÇgf]k|efj a9fpg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf kgf}tLdf s'g} k|efjzfnLzf;ssf] sf/0f otf g/]z dNnkl5 hutk|sfz dNnsf]cj:yfdf klg cj:yf p:t} /Åof] . of] ;dodf kf6gsf>Llgjf; dNnsf] kgf}tLdf g]=;+= &&@ / g]=;+= &*@ sfb'O{ clen]v e]l6Psf] 5 . g]=;+= &&@ df ;]/l;+x ef/f]n]s'g} zf;s jf ;fdGtsf] gfd pNn]v gu/Lsg vf]nf kf/LeLd;]g :yfgdf 9'ªufsf] vDaf :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 .-!^_-!^_-!^_-!^_-!^_

otf g]=;+= &*@ df OGb|]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/sf] klZrdtkm{sf]l;+xdWo] pQ/lt/sf]df ;Datdfq pNn]v u/L c? s'g}Joxf]/f v'nfPsf] 5}g .-!&_-!&_-!&_-!&_-!&_ of] /fHo oL b'O6} lznfkq/fv]sf] ;dodf eQmk'/df hutk|sfz dNnn] /fHo ul//x]sf];do xf] . o;}aLr g]=;+= &*$ sf] Pp6f clen]v kgf}tLlqj]0fL -vf]¥x]_ l:yt s[i0f dlGb/df /fv]sf] kfO{G5 .kf6g lgjf;L /fd ef/f]n] cfÇgf lbj+ut bfh'sf] gfddf/fv]sf] Pp6f u'lysf] x]/rfx ug]{x¿df gfy' ef/f], df]tL/fhef/f], ;'k/L ef/f], tjWo]s ef/f] egL gfd ls6fg u/LPsf]5 .-!*_-!*_-!*_-!*_-!*_ oxfF b]lvPsf] rf/ hgf JolQmx¿dWo] df]lt/fhef/f]sf] pNn]v 7fpF 7fpFdf ePsf] e]l6G5 . otf g]=;+=&** df g/l;Fx d7 :yfkgf ubf{ :yflkt lznfkqdf;d]t hutk|sfz dNn jf c? ;fdGtsf] gfd k/]sf] 5}g .-!(_-!(_-!(_-!(_-!(_ o;}aLr g]=;+= &(# dfu{ zL/ jlb % sf] lbg hutk|sfzdNnsf] d[To' ePsf] Oltxf;af6 yfxf x'G5 .-@)_-@)_-@)_-@)_-@)_ hutk|sfzdNnsf] d[To'sf] % dlxgfkl5 kgf}tLsf df]tL/fd ef/f]n]tTsfnLg /fhf lhtfldq dNnsf] gfd pNn]v u/L ejfgLz+s/sf] d"lt{;lxt ;Qn agfof] .-@!_-@!_-@!_-@!_-@!_ o;} ;Gb{edf kgf}tLsf]Oltxf;df pg} df]tL/fh ef/f]sf] ljifodf ;j{k|yd d}n]cWoog cg';Gwfgaf6 s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ tYo km]nf kf/]sf]

5' . pgL g]=;+= &*$ df OGb|]Zj/ dxfb]jdf tLgtNn] ;'gsf]5q r9fpg] d'lQm/fh ef/f]sf 5f]/f x'g\ .-@@_-@@_-@@_-@@_-@@_ d'lQm/fh /df]tL/fhsf] jf:tljs y/ sdf{rfo{ /x]sf] tYo d]/f]cWoogaf6 kQf nfu]sf] 5 . pg} df]tL/fh sdf{rfo{n]>L # ejfgL z+s/nfO{ lk|lt u/L kb\dk'/f0f sflt{sdxfTDo ;f/]sf] 5 .-@#_-@#_-@#_-@#_-@#_ otf hutk|sfz dNnsf] d[To'sf]Ps jif{kl5 æbflsnfÆ jflif{s >f4df kgf}tLsf ef/bf/Pjd\ k|hfx¿sf] pkl:ylt x'g'df df]tL/fhsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf/Åof ] .-@$_-@$_-@$_-@$_-@$_

otf lhtfldq dNnsf] ;dodf eQmk'/ b/af/dfePsf sof}F z'e cj;/x¿df kgf}tLaf6 ;]jf s'' '' ' k7fPsf]b]lvG5 . g]=;+= &($ df lhtfldq dNnsf] efO pu|dNnsf] ljjfx, g]=;+= &(^ h]i7 z'lb !) sf] lbg l;4kf]v/LhL0ff]{4f/ ubf{, g]=;+= &(^ h]i7 s[i0f cf}+;Lsf] lbg ;"o{u|x0fsf]cj;/df ePsf] bLIff u|x0f cflb z'e sfo{x¿df o;/L;]jf s' k7fPsf] lyof] .-@%_-@%_-@%_-@%_-@%_ g]=;+= &(^ h]i7 z'lb !) sf]lbg l;4kf]v/L hL0ff]{4f/ kl5sf] ;df/f]xdf ljleGg7fpFx¿af6 gfr NofO{ k|bz{g ug]{ qmddf kgf}tLaf6 NofPsf]gfr klg b]vfPsf] lyof] h'g eQmk'/sf] OR5' jxfn -cr]nef]6\ofjxfn elgG5_ df af; a:g] Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] .-@^_-@^_-@^_-@^_-@^_ o;} ;Gbe{df eQmk'/df /fhf lhtfldq dNnn] ;+u|xug{ nufPsf] w/kf} tyf la:s]6 hfqf;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL36gfjnL b'O{ 5'§f5'§} l6kf]6sf] 7fpF 7fpFdf kgf}tLsf] gfdpNn]v 5 .-@&_-@&_-@&_-@&_-@&_ g]=;+= &(& cfiff9 z'lb & sf] lbg kgf}tLsf]>L # oftfb]j b]jtfsf] dlGb/ elTsg k'u]sf] cj:yfdflqj]0fLsf] af;'sL ktfsf ;d]t lau|g k'Uof] . To;} :yfgdf$ lbgkl5 kgf}tLsf cfrfh' -;Dejt df]tL/fh sdf{rfo{_åf/f k"hf zflGt u/Lof] . af]sf @, /fFuf] @, xf“; @, oltalnlbP/ oftfdf lbu' k'hf ul/of] . To:t} dfg]Zj/L b]jLsxfF


50

af]sf !, oftfe}/jsxfF xf“; !, sflnsf:yfgdf xf“; !,Sjfyg u0f]zdf xf“; Ps aln lbO kgf}tL b]ze/ k"hful/of] . oxfF lqj]0fLl:yt a|Dxfo0fL dlGb/ eTs]sf] x'g;S5 .-@*_-@*_-@*_-@*_-@*_ kgf}tL gu/df o; cl3 :ki6 ¿kdf eQmk'/sf]clwg gk/]sf] cj:yfdf g]=;+= &(^ sflt{s ;'lb !% sf]lbg OGb|]Zj/ dlGb/sf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ eQmk'/ h+udd7df kg]{ Joxf]/fsf] Pp6f tf8kqaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . eQmk'/sf/fhf lhtfldq dNnn] h+ud d7sf clwklt dlNnsfh'{gnfO{u/L lbPsf] pQm tf8kqdf OGb|]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] ;Dk"0f{clwsf/ h+ud d7nfO{ lbPsf] :ki6 pNn]v 5 . hxfF;fIfL a:g] dftf kbdfjtL, rf}tf/f b]j/fd tyf zLjxl/x'g\ eg] n]vs sfo:y /fdrGb| 5 . o; 36gfaf6kgf}tLdfly eQmk'/sf] k'0f{ clwsf/ ePsf] k'li6 x'G5 .-@(_-@(_-@(_-@(_-@(_ lhtfldq dNnkl5 eQmk'/df e'kltGb| dNn /fhfe};s]kl5 cyf{t g]=;+= *!^ kl5 pgn] kgf}tLdfly clwsrf;f] /fv]sf] kfOG5 . /fhf e};s]kl5 pgn] g]=;+= *@)h]i7 z'Sn qof]bzLsf] lbg kgf}tLsf] hfqfdf e}/jfUgL o1ug{ 8f8' kGo' r9fPsf] b]lvG5 .-#)_-#)_-#)_-#)_-#)_ pgn] eQmk'/sf]la:s]6 hfqfdf em}F kgf}tLsf] e}/j eb|sfnLsf] /y 7"nf]cfsf/df kl/dflh{t ug{ nufP . clg lhtfldq dNnsf]kfnfdf ag]sf] t/ k"0f{ gePsf] lqj]0fLl:yt a|Dxfo0fLdlGb/df uh'/ /fVg] sfo{ u/] . ;fy} a|Dxfo0fL b]jLsf]k"hf ljlw ;DaGwL u|Gy n]Vg nufP .-#!_-#!_-#!_-#!_-#!_

otf cfÇgf] clwgdf /x]sf ;j} If]qx¿df dha'tlsNnf agfpg] qmddf g]=;+= *@* >fj0f ;'lb PsfbzLsf]lbg kgf}tLsf] lsNnf agfpg ;DkGg ePsf] cj;/df‘:jyfg aln ljwL’ gfds u|Gy;d]t n]v] . h'g u|Gydfpgn] kgf}tLsf] vf]¥xf] -lqj]0fL_ df a;L pQm Sjfy-lsNnf_ k|lti7f u/]sf] pNn]v 5 .-#@_-#@_-#@_-#@_-#@_ e'kltGb| dNnn]kgf}tLsf] 7fpF7fpFsf] hUuf 3/ lsga]rdf :jod\ ;fIfL;d]t a;]sf] 5 . g]=;+= *@^ df eQmk'/ trkfnsf ljZj/fdef/f]n] k|rlnt d"No lt/L kgf}tL afnf5]sf wd{l;Fxa'4frfo{;“u Ps /f]kgL rf/ cfgf hUuf lsg]sf] tf8kqdfe'kltGb| dNn :jod\ ;fIfL a;]sf] 5 . pQm tf8kqcg';f/tTsfnLg ;dodf kgf}tLdf k'0f{l;x eGg] JolQm k|df0f-d'Vo dGqL_ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .-##_-##_-##_-##_-##_ To:t} g]=;+= *#! df pg}ljZj/fd ef/f]n] kgf}tL afnf5]sf ljZjgfy nufotsf]ut5]ggLsf] 3/ lsGbf e'kltGb| dNn ;fIfL a;]sf] 5 .hxfF kgf}tLsf k|df0f k"0f{l;+x ef/f]nufot kgf}tL /eQmk'/sf c? y'k|} ef/bf/ ;fIfL a;]sf 5g\ .-#$_-#$_-#$_-#$_-#$_ otfg]=;+= *#( cflZjg ;'lb åfbzLsf] lbg kgf}tLsf pbo/fd

k'/L u';foLn] ;f]xL 7fpFsf g?Gql;x / kf/f] l;x ef/f]gfds b'O{ bfh'efOsf] vf]kf;Lsf] ^ /f]kgL hUuf lsg]sf]dfe'kltGb| dNn ;fIfL a;]sf] 5 . hlta]nf kgf}tLsf k|wfgf·hLt/fh /x]sf] k|df0f pQm tf8kqaf6 ldNb5 .-#%_-#%_-#%_-#%_-#%_ otfe'kltGb| dNnn] g]=;+= *#^ c;f/ z'Sn kIf gjdLsf] lbgcfÇgL /fgL ljZjnIdL / 5f]/f /0flht dNn;d]t a|Dxfo0fLdlGb/df /fVg nufPsf] clen]v dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . pQmclen]vdf a|Dxfo0fL dlGb/df k+rf]krf/ Pjd\ jif{aw+gk"hfsf] nflu ljZjnIdLn] @) /f]kgL hUufsf] u'lysf]Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pQm u'lydf tTsfnLg kgf}tLsf rf/u'lyhg;lxt 5q/fh sdf{rfo{sf] gfd k/]sf] 5 .-#^_-#^_-#^_-#^_-#^_

To;dWo] 5q/fhsf] gfd ljz]if 9+un] p7fPsf] 5 . Ps7fpFdf t 5q/fhsf] j+z /x];Dd klg pNn]v 5 . oxfFb]lvPsf] 5q/fh sdf{rfo{ hutk|sfz dNnsf] ;dodfkf6gsf ef/bf/x¿sf] ;xfotfn] kgf}tLsf k|d'v JolQmTjag]sf df]tL/fh sdf{rfo{sf] 5f]/f g} x'g\ . h;nfO{ e'kltGb|dNnsL /fgL ljZjnIdLn] k'gM cfÇgf] kIfdf Nofpg;Dej eof] . 5q/fh g]=;+= *&^ sflt{s s[i0f;Dd hLljt/x]sf] k|df0f 5 . pQm ldltdf pgn] /3'j+z dxfsfJog]kfn efiffdf ;f/]sf] k|df0f 5 .-#&_-#&_-#&_-#&_-#&_ otf e'kltGb| dNnsf]d[To'eGbf s]xL ;do klxn] eQmk'/df /0flht dNn o'j/fh5“bf dftf ljZjnIdL;“u ldnL g]=;+= *$! h]i7 s[i0fifi7Ldf a|Dxfo0fL dlGb/df lkQnsf] kftfn] df]8]sf] 5 .Tolta]nf kgf}tLsf k|d'vdf eQmk'/sf /fd]Zj/ / kgf}tLsfljNxd ePsf] pNn]v 5 .-#*_-#*_-#*_-#*_-#*_

otf e'kltGb| dNnsf] d[To'kl5 /0flht dNn/fhf ag]kl5 g]=;+= *$@ dfu{ lz/ z'Sn åfbzLsf] Pp6ftf8kqdf eQmk'/ trkfnsf p4j ef/f]n] 6]sg ef/f]l;tPs /f]kgL hUuf lsg]sf]df /fhfsf] x}l;otn] /0flhtdNn ;fIfL a;]sf] 5 .-#(_-#(_-#(_-#(_-#(_ hxfF kgf}tLsf k|df0f k|wfgf·/fd]Zj/sf] gfd k/]sf] 5 . To:t} g]=;+= *%$ h]i7 z'SnåfbzLsf] lbg kgf}tLsf vu]Zj/ lu/L u';foLn] xl/z+s/ef/f]sf] vf]kf;Lsf] @ /f]kgL hUuf lsg]sf] tf8kqdf/0flht dNnsf] ;fydf kgf}tLsf k|df0f hofs/l;+xsf]gfd k/]sf] 5 .-$)_-$)_-$)_-$)_-$)_ otf lj=;+= !*@) df k[YjLgf/fo0fzfxn] eQmk'/ cGtu{t kg]{ ;ftufpF lhTg k|aGw ldnfpgcfÇgf ef/bf/ /fds[i0f s'j“/nfO{ ;f]xL ;fnsf] cfiff9lt/kgf}tLdf k7fPsf] lyof] . / kgf}tLsf k|d'v ef/bf/nfO{cfÇgf] xftdf lnO{ cfÇgf] kIfdf kfg]{ pBf]ult/ nflu;s]sf]lyof] . o;} qmddf g'jfsf]6af6 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]/fds[i0f s'j“/nfO{ n]vL k7fPsf] lr7Ldf kgf}tLsf] s'/f


51

k/]sf] 5 . sf7df08f}F pkTosf cfÇgf] xftdf cfpg' cl3g} k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] eQmk'/ cGtu{tsf ;ftufpF lhTg]pBf]udf nfu] . o;sf] nflu pgn] lj=;+= !*!* h]7lt/g} ;ftufpFlt/ /fds[i0f s'j“/ xl/j+z pkfWofonufotnfO{o;sf] lhDdf lbPsf] lyof] .-$!_-$!_-$!_-$!_-$!_ lj=;+= !*!( efb|lt/dsjfgk'/ ljho ul/;s]kl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx ;ftufpFlhTg emg} xtfl/P . / pgn] lj=;+= !*@) cfiff9lt//fds[i0f s'j“/nfO{ n]v]sf] lr7Laf6 o;sf] k'li6 x'G5 .-$@_-$@_-$@_-$@_-$@_ /fds[i0f s'j“/nfO{ of] lr7L k7fP nut} k[YjLgf/fo0fzfx !*@) >fj0flt/ sfe|] a:g k'u] . uf]vfnL{ kmf}hnfO{sfe|]af6 w'lnv]n, rf}sf]6, v8k', kgf}tL cfqmd0f ug{;lhnf] x'g] x]t'n] sfe|]nfO{ d'sfd agfO{ a:g nfu] . / tL7fpFx¿df n8fO“ ug{ l9nf u/]sf] ljifodf efO z'/k|tfkzfx l;t 5nkmn u/L csf]{ efO bnhLt zfxnfO{ Pp6fkq k7fP . h'g kqdf n8fO“ l9nf ug]{ /fds[i0f s'j“/,xl/j+z pkfWofonfO{ h;s0f{ vqLn] n'ufsf] ;Ksf]n] %–% k6s sf]/f xfGg] cfb]z k7fPsf] 5 .-$#_-$#_-$#_-$#_-$#_ kqcg';f/bnhLt zfxsf] kmf}hn] lj=;+= !*@) sflt{s !) sf] lbgw'lnv]n xft kfof]{ . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 rf}sf]6 lhTof] .-$$_-$$_-$$_-$$_-$$_ ToxL lbg kgf}tL / v8\k' klg uf]vf{nLn] lhTof] .o;/L dNnsfnLg kgf}tLsf] Oltxf;sf] Ps cWofo ;dfKtePsf] b]lvG5 .kfb l6kf ]6kfb l6kf ]6kfb l6kf ]6kfb l6kf ]6kfb l6kf ]6!= uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnL cltl/Qm kqaf6@= /fli6«o clen]vfno -jL/ k':tsfno_ g+= #%$#= uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnL$= wgjh|, sdnk|sfz, lb uf]kfn/fhj+zfjnL, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn l/;r{ ;]G6/ kq @( ‘v’%_ /fhj+zL, Zofd;'Gb/, ag]kf ;ftufFp :dfl/sf^_ of]u]z/fh, kGtLof clen]v k[i7 #&_ k]6]s n'l;ofgf]], lxi6«L ckm g]kfn, /f]d, k[i7 !$**_ of]u]z/fh, kGtLof clen]v(_ of]u]z/fh, kGtLof clen]v k[i7 $&–$*!)_ d]l8oen g]kfn t]>f], k[i7 #^–#(!!_ dWosfnof 5'+ 36gfjnL, k[i7 #@!@_ kf;'sf, jif{ % c+s @ k[i7 #!#_ kGtLof clen]v, k[i7 ̂!$_ P]hg, k[i7 ̂ –&!%_ clen]v, jif{ !* k[i7 @*–#@!^_ P]hg, k[i7 &!&_ P]hg, k[i7 *!*_ P]hg, k[i7 (–!) , eQmk'/ lznfn]v ;"rL!(_ P]hg, k[i7 !)–!@@)_ clen]v, kq $^–%^

@!_ P]hg, -kGtLof clen]v_ k[i7 !@–!#@@_ kGtLof clen]v, k[i7 *–( ag]kf ;ftufpF :dfl/sf Zofd;'Gb/@#_ /fli6«o clen]vfno leqsf j0f{gfTds ;"rLkq, k[i7 *#@$_ P]hg, @) af6@%_ kf;'sf, jif{ % c+s @ k[i7 #@^_ k"l0f{df, @# c+s ! jif{ $ k[i7 !!–!@@&_ P]hg, !! / !@ af6@*_ P]hg, !@ af6@(_ k'l0f{df, c+s !!), jif{ @*, c+s @, k[i7 $*–$(#)_ kGtLsf] clen]v, k[i7 !&#!_ g]kfnefiffdf n]lvPsf] x:tlnlvt clen]v ;"rL, k[i7 !)$#@_ P]hg, k[i7 !(*##_ k'l0f{df, c+s (*, k[i7 $$#$_ k'l0f{df, c+s (*, k[i7 $$–$%#%_ k'l0f{df, c+s (* k[i7 $%–$^#^_ kGtLof clen]v, k[i7 @)–@%, taf ;ftufpFsf] :dfl/sf#&_ g]kfnefiffdf n]lvPsf] x:tlnlvt j0f{gfTds ;"rLkq, k[i7 !@*–!@(#*_ kGtLof clen]v, k[i7 @#–@$#(_ k'l0f{df, c+s !)@ k[i7 P]hg k[i7 ̂ @–^#$)_ P]hg, k[i7 ̂ #$!_ uf]/vfnLx¿sf] ;}lgs Oltxf;, k[i7 ̂$@_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] pkb]z k[i7 (**–*( af6$#_ efiff j+zfjnL tyf k'l0f{df, c+s !* k[i7 !!%–!@!

$$_ P]hg, $@ af6

lrlgof“ gLltsyf

jfrfPs hgf 3':ofxf xflsd lyof] . t/ p;n] a8f]

Odfgbf/ ePsf] :jfª kfYof]{ . Ps lbg p;n] eujfgsf]gfd lnP/ ;a}sf] ;fd'Gg] o:tf] jfrf uof]{ M ‘olb d}n]bfofF xftn] 3'; lnPF eg] d]/f] bfofF xft s'lxof];\ . afofFxftn] 3'; lnPF eg] afofF xft s'lxof];\ .’

s]xL lbgkl5 Ps hgf dflg; p;nfO{ rfFbLsf]Ps ;o l;Ssf 3'; lbg cfof] . p;nfO{ Tof] l;Ssf lngdg t lyof], t/ p;n] :jfª kfb} eGof], ‘of] sfd /fd|f]xf]Og . d}n] 3'; lnGg eGg] sL/of vfPsf] 5' . h'gxftn] 3'; lnG5' Tof] xft s'lxP/ hfcf];\ eGg] jfrful/;s]sf] 5' .’

p;sf] dftxtdf sfd ug]{ Ps hgf sd{rf/Ln]p;sf] dgsf] s'/f a'´]/ eGof], ‘xh'/n] of] k};fcfÇgf] xftn] glnOsg n'ufsf] afx'nfaf6 lng' ePeOxfNof] lg . s'lxP klg ToxL afx'nf s'lxG5 . xftt s'lxGg . 3':ofxf xflsdnfO{ p;sf] s'/f lgSs}lrQ a'‰of] .


52

sfJo l;h{gfnf]shLjgsf] b[i6fGt

/ b]zsf] lrqljuf]n

;+:s[t efiff ljZjsf] Ps ;d[4 cfo{efiffdflgG5 . o; efiffnfO{ ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/sf] ;d[4dflgG5 . of] 1fg / lj1fgsf] efiff geP/ k|frLgcfo{x¿sf] af]nrfnsf] efiff klg xf] . g]kfnL, lxGbL,ef]hk'/L, d}lynL cfw'lgs cfo{efiffsf] k'Vof}{nL ;|f]tsf]¿kdf ;+:s[t efiffnfO{ lnOG5 . j}lbs ;flxTo jf j}lbs;+:s[t o'usf] klxnf] /rgf j]b xf] . j]b d"ntM dGqx¿sf];+lxtf xf] .

k"j{ j}lbs o'udf CUj]b, oh'j]{b, ;fdj]{b, cyj{j]bh:tf ;f]lxtfx¿ k5{ eg] pQ/ j}lbs o'udf a|fDx0f,cf/0os / pklgifb\x¿ k5{g\ . j]bsf k"hf cr{gfsfljlwsf] j0f{g oh'j]{bdf, o1;DaGwL k"hf of b]jL b]jtfx¿sf]v';LofnLdf ufOg] ;fdj]{b, lj£gjfwf x'“bf b]jb]jtfnfO{;Gt'li6 ug{ ul/g] dGq cyj{j]b / b]jtf;“u ;DalGwt ofj}lbs b]jtfx¿sf] :t'lt ug]{ dGq CUj]b xf] . s'g} j]bsd{sf08 t s'g} j]b 1fgsf08l;t ;DalGwt 5g\ . ;+lxtf,a|fÅd0f / cf/0os sd{sf08df / pklgifb\ 1fgsf08dfk/]sf] b]lvG5 .

CUj]bsf] ;dfhdf ul/g] dGqdf ;dk{0f, k|z+;f,clt/l~ht :t'lt, O{Zj/Lo r]tgfsf r/d cleJolQmsfkª\lQmx¿ kfOG5 . dlxnf / k'?ifaLrsf] dw'do k|]dnfO{sljTjsf] z}nLdf j0f{g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . tL dGqx¿dfcnª\sf/ / Jo~hgsf] e/k"/ k|of]u ePsf] x'G5 . To:t}OGb|, clUg / k[YjL cflb k|s[lt;Ddt b]jtfsf] k|fy{gf klgkfOG5 .

sd{sf08cGtu{t k/]sf] a|fÅ0f u|Gydf dGq /k|fy{gfsf ;fy} o1sf sfo{x¿sf] ;Dkfbg x'G5 . of] dfgjhfltsf] k|frLg wd{ u|Gy xf] . cf/0os u|Gydf jgdfk9\g] / dgg\ ug]{ ul/G5 .

pklgifb\ u|Gy cf/0os u|Gykl5 lgdf{0f ePsf]

xf] . sd{sf] JofVof a|fÅd0fdf / 1fgsf] JofVof pklgifb\dfx'G5 . o; u|Gydf cfTd1fg, df]If1fg / a|Åd1fgsf]hfgsf/L x'G5 . o;/L j}lbs ;+:s[t o'u / nf}lss ;+:s[to'udf sfJo l;h{gf ePsf] lyof] .

/fdfo0f / dxfef/t j}lbs ;+:s[t o'u / nf}lss;+:s[t o'usf ;lGwsfnLg k|ltlglwd"ns u|Gy xf] . /fdfo0fnf}lss ;+:s[tsf cflb dxfsfJo xf] . ;+:s[tsf cflbsljdxlif{ afNdLsL d'lgåf/f /lrt /fd syfdf cfwfl/t of]u|Gysf] klxnf] ;+:s/0fdf O{=k"=5}7f}+ ztfAbLeGbf cl3 g}tof/ ePsf] cledt b]lvG5 . dxfef/t nf}lss ;+:s[t;flxTosf] bf];|f] dxfsfJo xf] . j]bJof;åf/f /lrt of]sfJo ljZj ;flxTosf] sfnv08sf ;aeGbf 7"nf] dxfsfJoxf] . dxfef/tsf] ljsf;sf tLg r/0f 5g\– ho, ef/t/ dxfef/t .

Jof;n] ;j{k|yd /rgf u/]sf] dxfef/t hoxf] . kf08jn] sf}/j kIfdfly ljho u/]sf] cfVofg 5–hodf . o;df **)) Znf]s /x]sf] pNn]v 5 . hosfJokl5 csf]{ ljsl;t ;f]xL sfJosf] gfd ef/t /flvPsf]5 . o;df *$ xhf/ Znf]s /x]sf] atfOG5 . To;kl5pkVofg yk]/ dxfef/tsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] dflgG5 .To; dxfef/tdf em08} ! nfv Znf]s /x]sf] pNn]v 5 .

sf}/j / kf08jsf] eLif0f o'4sf] syf g} dxfef/txf] . dxfef/t pRrsf]l6sf] sfJo xf] . o; sfJodf jL/tyf ;fx;L rl/qsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . zfGt s?0f,jL/ / ;[·f/ cflb /;x¿sf] kl/kSs ePsf] of] dxfef/tsfJodf /f]rs ;+jfbdfkm{t cfsif{0f j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .kf08j / sf}/jaLr ePsf] !* lbgsf] o'4sf] j0f{gdfqxf]Og, o'4sf sf/0f cg]s if8\oGq, b|f}kbLsf] x/0f, b'of]{wg,b'Mzf;g, ljb'/, s0f{, s'GtL cflbsf] rl/q lrq0f / syfkfOG5 . dxfef/ts} e08f/af6 sflnbf;, df3 eje"lt/ jf0fh:tf rlr{t ;flxTosf/n] cf–cfÇgf] s[ltsf] /rgfug{ ;xof]u ldn]sf] b]lvG5 .

/fdfo0f / dxfef/tkl5 kf}/fl0fs jfª\dosf]o'u ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;+:s[t ;flxTosf kfl0flgn]hfDatjnLho dxfsfJo /rgf u/] . bfz{lgs, ;+uLt1cZj3f]ifn] a'4rl/t / ;f}b/fgGb dxfsfJo n]v] . ‘a'4rl/t’df l;4fy{ uf}td a'4sf] hGdb]lv a'4Tj k|fKt u/]kl5yfn]sf] a'4 wd{sf] pkb]zsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 eg];f}Gb/fgGbdf l;4fy{ hGdg'eGbf klxn]b]lvsf] cfVofg,slknj:t', /fhf z'4f]bg cflbsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] pNn]v5 . sfnLsf eQm, /;jfbL slj, ;+:s[t ;flxTosf ;j{>]i7


53

snfsf/ dxfslj sflnbf;sf ] klxnf ] sfJos[lt‘s'df/;Dej’ xf] . lzj / kfj{tLsf] ljjfxsf] syfgspQm sfJosf] ljz]iftf xf] . csf{ dxfslj >Lxif{ x'g\ .gLlt zf:qsf 1ftf, ts{zf:qL, kl08t >Lxif{n] g}ifwrl/qdxfsJo n]v] .

O{;fsf] k|yd ztfAbLlt/ e/tsf] gf6\ozf:qsf]/rgf ePsf] kfOG5 t/ gf6ssf/ ef;sf] ;a}eGbf klxn]gf6\ok|ltef phfu/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;nfO{ gf6\ozf:qsf/e/t / sfd;"qsf jfT:ogeGbf k"j{jtL{ dflgG5 .

slj / gf6ssf/ sflnbf; ;+:s[t ;flxTodfJof; / afNdLlskl5sf k|ltefzfnL JolQm x'g \ .cnª\sf/d"ns sfJofTds uBsf ;|i6f b08Lsf] ‘bzs'df/rl/q’ k|l;4 uB sfJo xf] .

k"jL{o ;flxTodf dxfsfJosf] l;4fGt ljqmd ;+jt\sf]5}6f}+ ztfAbLb]lv ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . efdxn] cfÇgf]sfJofnª\sf/ u|Gydf dxfsfJo zAbsf] klxnf] k|of]u u/]sf]b]lvG5 . nf}lss ;+:s[t efiffsf] k|frLg jfªdo u|GyafNdLlssf] /fdfo0f xf] . ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] ;j{k|frLgu|Gy cfrfo{ e/tsf gf6\ozf:qdf eP klg dxfsfJosf]rrf{ gePsf]n] efdxb]lv ;'? ePsf] xf] .

k"jL{o ;+:s[t ;flxTodf k|frLg sfndf sfJozAbn] Jofks cy{ hgfp“Yof] . sfJon] ;Dk"0f{ ;flxTohgfp“Yof] . rf}wf}+ ztfAbLdf hj ljZjgfyn] ;flxTo zAbsf]k|of]u u/] To;kl5 sfJo / ;flxTosf] cy{df km/s sfJodfd'Qms, sljtf, km'6s/ sljtf, v08sfJo, dxfsfJo,sf]ifsfJo, uLltsfJo h:tf sljtfTds sfJo ljwfdfb]vfk/] . kl5 ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] k"j{jtL{ k/Dk/fdf sfJozAbnfO{ klg ;flxTo dfGb} uB, kB / kB ldl>t rDk"e]bsf] ¿kdf b]vfOof] .n3'Qd ¿k -d'Qms_

of] ;aeGbf ;fgf] kBfTds cleJolQmsf] ;fgf]¿k of PsfO xf] . of] :jo+df k"0f{ x'G5 . j}lbs ;+:s[t;flxTodf b'O{ x/km] låkbL, tLg x/k]m lqkbL / rf/ x/km]rt'ikbL gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 . nf}lss ;+:s[t ;flxTodfrt'ikbL jf rf/ x/km jf rf/ kfpsf] Ps Znf]s jfl;nf]snfO{ n3'Qd ¿k dflgPsf] 5 . rf/ kfpsf] Pp6fsljtf, uhn d'Qmsdf k5{ . ‰jf/{ ;nfO{ sf]/]em}+ cg'e"ltcg'ejsf] 5f]6f] dL7f] ¿k jf k|:km'6g d'Qms sljtfdfx'G5 .n3'¿k -km'6s/ sljtf_

d'QmseGbf 7"nf] / demf}nf ¿k -v08sfJo_

eGbf ;fgf] PsfO n3'¿k of km'6s/ sljtf xf] . d'Qmsrf/ kfpsf] Ps Znf]sdf k5{ eg] km'6s/df Ps Znf]seGbfa9Lsf] x'G5 . hLjg hutsf] vf; Ps ;Gbe{, k|;· /dgf]bzfsf] ;ª\lIfKt ;+/rgf x'G5– o; km'6s/ sljtfdf .demf}nf ¿k -v08sfJo_

n3'¿k -km'6s/_ sljtfeGbf dflyNnf] / a[xt\¿k -dxfsfJo_ eGbf ;fgf] ¿ksf] sljtf demf}nf -v08sfJo_sljtf xf] . o;df hLjg hutsf] Ps kIf of ;du|hLjgsf] Ps efusf] rrf{ x'G5 . n]vgfysf] ‘Ct' ljrf/’,l;l4r/0f >]i7sf] ‘pj{zL’, b]jsf]6sf] ‘d'gfdbg’ /afns[i0f ;dsf] ‘cfuf] / kfgL’ o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .a[xt\ ¿k -dxfsfJo_

of] 7"nf] sfJo snf xf] . o;df hLjg hutsf];du| sfJo j:t'sf] rrf{ x'G5 . l;ª\uf] hflt, l;ª\uf];Eotf, l;ª\uf] ;+:s[lt Pj+ l;·f] Ps o'us} k|ltlglwTj of]sfJodf x'G5 . g]kfnL dxfsfJodf efg'eQmsf] ‘/fdfo0f’,b]jsf]6fsf] ‘zs'Gtnf’, ;f]dgfy l;UBfnsf] ‘cfbz{ /fwj’,afns[i0f ;dsf] ‘lr;f]r"nf]’ / n]vgfysf] ‘t?0ftk;L’o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] . o;/L g} l;ª\uf] hfltsf] hLjghut\sf] a[xt\ ¿ksf] sljtfTds ;+/rgfa4 ;u{aGwsf];+of]hgsf] sfJo snfnfO{ ljsl;t dxfsfJodf /flvPsf]kfOG5 . ;+:s[tsf] dxfsfJo afNdLlssf] /fdfo0f o;ljsl;t dxfsfJodf k5{ .

;flxTosf] ljwfdf nf]s;flxTo h]7f] ljwf xf] .nf]s;flxTo, nf]suLt, nf]ssfJo / nf]sufyfsf ;|i6fx¿s}of}+ 5g\ . t/ tL ;flxTox¿ slt lnlvt 5g\, sltclnlvt 5g\ . sltsf ;|i6fx¿ 5g\, sltsf 5}gg\ . Ps:yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfg, Ps JolQmaf6 csf]{ JolQmdf ;b}{nf]s;flxTo, nf]suLt, nf]ssfJon] hLjGttf kfO/x]sf]xf] . nf]s;flxTodf nf]suLt, nf]sgf6s, nf]ssyf,nf]ssljtf, nf]ssfJo, pvfg6'Ssf, ufp“vfg] syf cflbk5{g\ . n]s–a]+;L, s'gf–sGb/f, vf]nf–gfnf, kf6Lkf}jf,8f“8fsf“8f, jgkfvf kxf8, t/fO{ / lxdfndf ufOg]cg]sfg]s nf]suLtn] k|frLg sfJo l;h{gfdf ;xof]u k'u]sf]5 . v]tfnf, uf]7fnf, 3“l;of, eQmhgx¿n] ufOg] cg]sfg]suLtdf psfnL–cf]/fnL ubf{sf] cg'e"lt kfOG5, v]tLkftL,rf8kj{, /f]kfO“ / Ct'x¿sf] j0f{g oy]i7 kfOG5 . hgtfsfxif{–kL8f, ?jfO–x“;fO, b'Mv–;'v, k|]d–s?0ff, ljhof]T;j,cfzf–lg/fzf, xif{ / lj:dft\sf :j/x¿ klg tL uLtx¿df3lGsPsf] kfOG5 . eQmk'/ k|frLg ;x/, snf / ;+:s[ltsf]s]Gb|, jf:t'snfljb\ / snfx¿sf] ynf]df nf]s;+:s[lt,


54

3f]8fsf] 6fpsf] xf]Og Eofu'tf] xf] < jf:tjdf s] xf] < -pQ/– b'j} xf]_

% nfO{ % n] u'0ff ug'{xf];\, u'0fg kmnnfO{ %n] efu u/L efukmndf % 36fpg' xf];\ / z]ifnfO{ % n]u'0fg ubf{ slt x'G5 xf]nf <

nf]sgfr, nf]suLt, nf]sehg, nf]ssfJo / cGo ehgsfuLtx¿ kfOg' / ufOg' :jfefljs xf] . clxn] klg plxn]/r]sf, l;h{gf u/]sf 1ft–c1ft ;|i6fsf uLtx¿ laxfga]n'sf eQmk'/sf kf6L–kf}jf / dlGb/x¿df u'l~h/x]sf]5 . nfU5 oxf“ dlGb/ /x];Dd, rf8kj{ /x];Dd ehgsfuLtn] hLjGttf kfO/xg]5, 8fkmfehgdf ufOg] uLt klgk|frLg sfJo xf], sfJo l;h{gfsf] b[i6fGt xf] .

eQmk'/ jf:t'snf, d"lt{snf / sfi7snfsf];ª\u|xfno xf] . eQmk'/ ;ª\uLtzfnf xf] . oxf“sf k'/fgfk':tfsf gful/sx¿ Pp6f g Pp6f ljifodf lgk'0f /x]sfx'G5g\ . s'g} afhf ahfp“5g\, s'g} uLt ufp“5g\ t s'g}gfrufg u5{g\ . cgk9 / ;fdfGo ;fIf/sf] e/df tLcu|hx¿ afhf, uLt / gfr l;S5g\ . oxf“ dgfOg] la:s]6hfqf, ufO{hfqf, OGb|hfqf, kmfu' k"l0f{df, of]df/L k"0fL{,306fs0f{ kj{, ;ª\qmflGt, lzj/flq, bz}+, /f]kfO“h:tfcflb kj{ / d]nfdf o:tf uLt ufOG5g\, ufO/x]sf 5g\ .

k|frLg sfJo l;h{gf nf]shLjg klg xf] . tLuLtdf plxn]sf] hghLjg, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, j]ze"iff,Oltxf; n's]sf] x'G5 . af9L–klx/f], x'/L–atf;, e"sDkn]k'¥ofPsf] Iflt, ljsf;sf] r/0f, ljleGg zf;gsfndfkfPsf] b'Mv, ;'v, /f]uJofwL cflbsf] ememNsf] kfOG5h;/L nf]suLtdf /f]kfO“ ubf{, 3f“; uf]8d]n ubf{, skf;afTbf, sfnf] df6f] lemSbf, 3/]n' tfg a'Gbf / afx|df;]uLtx¿ kfOG5 . To:t} 8fkmf ehgdf klg cg]s b]jb]jtfsf]j0f{g ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To;df dNnsfnLg /fhf, b]zeQm/ jL/, ;fx;L / snfk|]dL /fhfx¿sf] j0f{g ul/Psf]kfOG5 . o:tf uLtx¿ cS;/ dNnsfnLg ;dodf ljsf;ePsf] kfOG5 .

ljleGg j0f{ / hfthfltsf] of] ;femf km"naf/Ldf;do–;dodf sfJo, ;flxTo, ;+:s[lt / snfsf] efjwf/fbzf{OPsf] kfOG5 . To; sfJowf/fleq j}rfl/s, bfz{lgslrGtg / cf–cfÇgf] sfnsf cleJolQm kf]lvPsf] kfOG5 .;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf] s]Gb| ag]sf] of] eQmk'/df 5'§} efiff,snfsf}zn, ;+:s[lt / wfld{s, bfz{lgs cjwf/0ffsf]5gs kfOG5 . o; sfo{df 1ft–c1ft slj–sjloqLsf]b]g kfOG5 . To;df g]kfnefiffsf] sfJosf] Oltxf;dfqxf]Og g]kfnefiffsf] k'/fgf] l;h{gf ul/Psf] ;dfh /;+:s[ltsf] Oltxf;sf] /]vfª\sg ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;a]nfsfJowf/fdf klg ;dosf] kl/36gfsf] b[Zo cyf{t\ elQmefj,;+[ufl/st b]zelQm, oyfy{tf, ;fdflhs kl/j]zdf ;'af]wtfkfOG5 . To;leq sfJosf] ;'Gb/tfdfq xf]Og Joª\Uo,

;+uLtfTdstf / ;dfhsf] s'/Lltk|lt 5]8 xflgPsf] x'G5 .;|f]t– g]kfn efiffdf k|frLg sfJo l;h{gf– 8f=hgsnfn j}B

– cfw'lgs g]kfnL v08sfJo / dxfsfJo l;4fGt ;dfnf]rgf – O{Zj/Lk|;fb u}/]

– ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] ?k/]vf–uf]kL s[i0f zdf{

– dxfef/t ;"lQm– g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fg

pQ/– )


55

cfunfuLx]dGt

cgfof; j8fjf;Lx¿sf] sf]nfxn ;'lgof] . sfnf]w'“jfsf] d':nf] cfsfzlt/ lkmlh/x]sf lyP . l5d]dsLx¿dflyNnf] 6f]n]sf] uNnLlt/ x:ofªkm:ofª ub}{ 8u'/] . x]bf{x]b}{ cfuf]sf nKsfx¿ dfly lg:s] . j8fjf;Lx¿ cflQGb}Bf}tf k'sf/]– x] OZj/ /Iff u/ ¤ gjb'uf{ ejfgL /Iffu/ ¤ ;a}n] cfkm";“u ePsf ufu|L, aflN6g / Uofn]gx¿af6kfgL cf];fb}{ cfuf] lgefpg k|oTg ul//x]sf lyP . t/cfuf]df £o" yKg' hlts} eof] . cfuf] emg blGsof] .PsIf0f kl5 6g\g\g\ 6g\g\g\ 306f ahfp“b} bdsn cfof] .kmf]xf]/faf6 kfgL 5sf{Oof] . an]sf] cfuf]df kfgL 5s{+bf5ls{b} 8dsnsf] 6\ofªsLdf kfgL lglv|of] . t}klg cfuf]lge]sf] lyPg . km]l/ kfgL eg{ 8dsn 306f ahfp“b}s'b\of] .

Tof] an]sf] 3/ vfO gvfO lgld{t a'l4axfb'/bfOsf] 3/ /x]5 . 3/ lgdf{0f u/]s} jif{ p;sf] 5f]/f]hGd]sf] x'“bf 5f]/fsf] gfd klg ‘Gx"5]+ axfb'/’ /fv]sflyP . Gx"5]+ sf] cy{ gof“ 3/ xf] . a'l4axfb'/sf] kl/jf/w'?w'? ?“b} v/fgL eO;s]sf] 3/ vf]tNb} ;fdfgx¿ vf]lh/x]sflyP . l5d]sLx¿n] To;df ;xof]u u/] .

– s] ug]{ ¤ a'l4rfsf] 3/ cufl8 klxn] 7"nf]P]ltxfl;s kf]v/L lyof] . Tof] kf]v/Ln] jftfj/0f ;kmf /:jR5 agfp“Yof] j8fjf;Lx¿n] ToxL kf]v/Ldf n'uf w'g] /g'xfpg] klg ub{y] . kfgLsf] cefj lyPg . c;f/df jiff{l9nf x'g uPdf kf]v/Ls} kfgLaf6 l;+rfO ug{ ;/sf/sf]x's'd lyof] . t/ cfh Tof] kf]v/Lsf] 7fp“df 6\ofS6/la;f}gL / a; la;f}gLdf kl/0ft eof] . Oltxf; nf]keof] . kf]v/Lsf] dtnj s;}nfO{ /x]g . To; kf]v/Lsf]dlxdf ca ls+ablGt eO;Sof] . olb Tof] kf]v/L clxn];Ddoyfjt ePsf] eP a'l4rfsf] 3/ v/fgL x'gaf6 aRYof]xf]nf . lgGofp/f] d'v nfo/ x]/dfg afh] e'ge'gfp“b}lyof ] .

– of] 7fp“df kf]v/L lyof] / afh] < Pshgfo'jfn] k|Zg u¥of] .

– lyof] af a' . of] 7fp“df ;kmf kf]v/L lyof] .x]/dfg afh]n] hjfkm lbP .

– kf]v/L lsg df;]sf] xf]nf lg afh] < o'jfn]k'gM k|Zg u¥of] .

– To;a]nfsf dfG5]x¿n] kf]v/Lsf] dxŒj a'em]g .ef]heQ]/sf] nflu 7fp“ cefj x'gfsf] sf/0f klg kf]v/Ldf;]sf x'g\ . To;a]nf d klg v'zL ePsf] lyP“ . clxn]d k|folZrt ub}{5' . x]/dfg afh]n] b'Mvk"j{s cfÇgf] sdhf]/Lkf]Vof] .

– xfn ;~rfng eO/x]sf ljleGg ljBfnox¿klg kf]v/L df;]/} lgdf{0f u/]sf x'g\ eG5g\ lg– o'jfn]lh1f;f kf]Vof] .

– xf], ltd|f] s'/f ;f“rf] xf] . c;n lrtfo/ klgTo;a]nfsf lzIff k|]dLx¿n] kf]v/L df;] . ulDe/tfk"j{sx]/dfg afh]n] cfÇgf] efjgf kf]Vof] .

– ca Tof] kf]v/L pTvgg\ ug{ ;ls+b}g / <o'jfn] hf]z lgsfNof] .

– sxf“ ;Sg' ¤ oxf“sf] kf]v/Lsf] hUuf ldr]/7"nfj8fn] 3/;d]t 78\ofO{;s]sf 5g\ . of] dfq xf]Ogrf+u'gf/fo0f gu/kflnsf leqsf] df]y' jxf/ kf]v/L /d]7Ljf/L leqsf] gf/sf kf]v/Ldf ;d]t 3/ lgdf{0f eof] .ca tL kf]v/Lx¿ sfod ug{ c;Dej 5 afa' . x]/dfgafh]n] b'Mvsf ;fy cfÇgf] ljrf/ JoQm u¥of] .

– x]/dfg afh] ¤ gu/jf;Lx¿n] k|oTg u/]dfkf]v/L sfod ug{ ;S5g\ . uf]Nd9L 6f]nsf] jxf/ kf]v/LJolQmn] nfnk"hf{ agfO{ v]tdf kl/0ft ul/;s]sf] lyof] .cfh Tof] kf]v/L g} sfod eof] . d'N9f]sfl:yt oft'jxf/ kf]v/L km6fxfx¿n] btf{ u/L nfnk"hf{ agfpgb':;fx; u/]sf lyP . t/ gu/jf;Lx¿sf] hfu?stfn]Tof] c;kmn eof] . cf“6]kl5 ;kmn x'“bf]/x]5 afh] .xfdLn] kf]v/Lx¿ hf]ufpg' k5{ . xfdL kf]v/L hf]ufp“5f}–o'jfn] .

6g\g\g\g\ 6g\g\g\g\ 306f ahfp“b} 8dsn km]l/8u'/fp“b} Nofof] . To;a]nf;Dddf a'l4axfb'/sf] 3/sf]v/fgL dfq af“sL lyof] .


56

bnLo cyf{t ax'bnLo Joj:yfdf bnx¿ w]/}ePsf]df s]xL ax'bnjfbL egfp“bf]x¿ lrGtf JoQm ug]{u5{g\ . o:tf] lrGtf / b'v];f] ;Qfdf hfg] bnx¿n] klgs';L{ u'Dbf JoQm u5{g\ . b]zsf] ljsf; / l:y/ ;/sf/gx'g'sf] d"n sf/0f sltko slyt /fhgLlts ljZn]ifsx¿n]o;}nfO{ 7x¥ofPsf 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] hgcfGbf]naf6 ax'bnLok|hftGq k'gM:yfkgf ePsf] s]xL ;dokl5b]lv g} bnlgof]hgsf] if8oGq z'? u/]sf lyP . cfZro{ / lj8Djgfs] xf] eg] lxhf] lgb{nLo Joj:yf 5“bf bndflysf] k|ltaGwx6fOg' k5{ jf vf/]h ug'{k5{ eGg]x¿ g} ax'bn cfPkl5bn lgof]hgsf] if8oGq ug]{x¿sf d'vl/t xtf{stf{ b]lvP .o; tYoaf6 tL slyt ax'bnjfbL, /fhgLlts ljZn]ifs,a'l4hLjL oyfy{df ‘gSsnL gfusf ;f}lvg’ ;fljt ePsf5g\ . lbg/ft gfusf] k|ToIf bz{gsf] nflu cf/fwgf ug]{,gfu cfp“bf Hofg kmfn]/ efu] h:t} ax'bnsf] dfu ug]{x¿ax'bn cfp“bf bn a9L eof] eGg] ¤

b]zsf] ljsf;, l:y/ ;/sf/ gx'g'sf] sf/0fbnx¿sf] ;ª\Vof w]/} x'g' sbflk xf]Og . /fhgLlts bz{g,l;4fGt / ljrf/n] u7g x'g] bnsf] ;ª\Vof b]zsf] ljsf;/ l:y/ ;/sf/sf] nflu s'g} ;d:of / jfws xf]Og . olbbnx¿ ljsf;sf] jfws xf] eg] lgb{nLo Joj:yf ljsf;sf]nflu :j0f{ o'u x'g'kYof]{ ¤ d"n ;d:of / jfws t bnsf]l;4fGt / ljrf/k|ltsf] cf:yf / lgi7fsf] ktg, rl/q /k|j[lQsf] :vng, g}ltstf / Odfgbf/Lsf] cefj xf] .l;4fGtsf] /fhgLlteGbf ;Qfsf] /fhgLltdfq ug]{ ;+:sf/xf] . olb b]zdf g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{n] h:tf] l;4fGt/ ljrf/sf] /fhgLlt ubf]{ xf], To;df b[9 c8fg /fVbf] xf],/fhgLltnfO{ b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]{ dfWod agfp“bf] xf]t b]z, /fhgLlt, ;dfh / hgtfsf] l:ylt sxfnLnfUbf]xf]Og c?sf] nflu nf]e nfUbf] x'GYof] . k"“hLjfbL Joj:yfg} eP klg olt l3gnfUbf] / lgs[i6 x'g] lyPg . lgb{nLo

k|hftGqeGbf ax'bnLo k|hftGq s'g b[li6 / sf]0faf6k|ultzLn b]lvof] egL k|Zg p7fpg' kg]{ 7fp“ / jfWotf x'g]lyPg .

;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 g]sf+ k"“hLjfbL ljrf/ c+ufNg]kf6L{ xf] . Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbL klg ljwfg / efif0fdf h]n]v]– eg] klg k"“hLjfbL Joj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 / ;d[4 kfg{k6s k6s ;Qfdf uO;s]sf]n] u}/ k"“hLjfbL kf6L{ xf]Og,x'“b} xf]Og . t/ oL tLg} kf6L{sf] zf;gdf ;fdGtL Joj:yfeGbfk"“hLjfbL Joj:yf k|ultzLn Joj:yf xf] eGg] cfwf/ /k|df0f sxf“ s] lbPsf 5g\ < lg/+s'z k~rfotL Joj:yfn]#) jif{df /fhwfgL /x]sf] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf ;kmf kfgLv'jfpg ;s]g, k|hftGq axfnL ePsf] @* jif{df oL bnx¿n]kfgL klg v'jfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;f]emf] / 3'dfp/f] h;/LePklg b]z / hgtfnfO{ n'6\g] / 7Ug] afx]s s]xL u/]sf5}gg\ . /fli6«o k"“hLklt ju{nfO{eGbf bnfn k'“hLklt ju{nfO{,cfTdlge{/tfnfO{eGbf k/lge{/tfnfO{, :jfledfgnfO{eGbfcfTd;dk{0fnfO{, zf]lift–kLl8tnfO{eGbf zf]ifs–kL8ssf];]jf u/]sf 5g\ / To:df k|lt:kwf{ u/]sf 5g\ . cfnf]kfnf];Qfdf k'Ug] oL tLg kf6L{n] b]zdf k"“hLjfbL Joj:yfsf]¿k, rl/q / cEof; cg's"n klg Jojxf/ u/]sf 5}gg\ .To;}n] g]sf, Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbLn] oyfy{df k"“hLjfbL kf6L{sf]rl/q / Jojxf/ klg k|bz{g ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\eGbfcltzof]lQm x'“b}g . ltgLx¿sf] rl/q, k|j[lQ, Jojxf/ /z}nLn] bnfn kf6L{ eGg' afx]s csf]{ gfd / ;+1f ;dLrLgx'g ;Sb}g .

clxn] Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbLsf] u7aGwgsf s'/fn]g]sf+nufotsf s]xL bnx¿ b]zdf ;j{xf/f ju{sf] clwgfosTjg} x'g], ax'bnLo k|hftGq ;dfKt g} x'g] h:tf] u/L tl;{/x]sf5g\ . tl;{g'sf] klg ef“tL x'G5 . lbp“;} b]v]sf] ;kgfn]/ft}e/ tl;{g' xb}sf] sfo/tf / s]6fs]6Lkg xf] . o;}a]nfPdfn] / dfcf]jfbLsf g]tfx¿ g]sfnufotnfO{ gtl;{g,gcflQg ;DemfO a'emfO klg ul//x]sf 5g\ . oL t;f{O /;DemfO ;'Gbf w]/}nfO{ xf“;f] nfUg yfn]sf] 5 . lsgeg]s]xL ;do cl3dfq Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbLsf] ;/sf/ lyof] .t/ s] b]zdf ;j{xf/f ju{sf] clwgfosTj nfu" eof] <To;sf] ;+s]t / emNsf]dfq klg lbof] < g]sfsf] zf;geGbfjf g]sf–dfcf]jfbLsf] zf;gdf eGbf slx+ st} gLlt /rl/qut ¿kdf sDo'lgi6 zf;gsf] emNsf] lbof] <l;+xb/af/sf] s';L{df a:g]sf] cg'xf/afx]s 7f]; / cfwf/e"t¿kdf gLlt / sfo{qmddf s]xL kl/jt{g eof] < s]xL klgePsf] lyPg eg] ca km]l/ Pdfn]–dfcf]jfbLsf] ;/sf/af6

g]sf, Pdfn] /dfcf]jfbLsf] lgs[i^

k"FhLjfb ¤lbjfs/ >]i7


57

;dfhjfb g} Nofp“5 eg]h:tf] u/L tl;{g' j:t'tM ;f]emfnfO{bRsfpg] / hgtfdf e|d km}nfpg] k|of;dfq xf] . ;f“Rr}eGg] xf] eg] ;j{xf/f ju{sf] clwgfosTj Nofpg], ;dfhjfbNofpg] h:tf xNnf u/]/ g]sfn] Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbLn]plxNo} kmfn]sf] sDo'lg:6 d's'08f]nfO{ km]l/ le/fpg]c;kmn hdsf]{ ul//x]sf] dfq xf] . g]sfsf] xNnf Pdfn]/ dfcf]jfbLnfO{ l;+ufg] { d"v{tfdfq xf] . Pdfn] /dfcf]jfbLsf] ;}4flGts, j}rfl/s ktgnfO{ psf:g] rf;f]g]sfnfO{ lsg ePsf] xf] a'‰g ;lsPg . af3 cfof] eGg]uf]7fnfsf] syfdf em}+ ;f“Rr} ;j{xf/f ju{sf] clwgfosTj/ ;dfhjfb cfof] eg] To;df g]sfsf] k/f]If ;xof]unfO{wGojfb lbg kfOGYof] . t/ To:tf] cj;/ eg] k+lQmsf/n]c;Dej b]v]sf] 5 .

oBlk a]nfavt Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbLsf s]xL g]tfx¿Pdfn]–dfcf]jfbL ;/sf/n] ;dfhjfbsf] s'/f ug]{ u/]sf5g\ . Pdfn] efO sf+u|]; plxNo} ag]sf] / ‘;j{xf/f qmflGt’‘;fDojfb’ / ‘;dfhjfb’ sf] nflu u/]sf] slyt hgo'4sf]b]vfj6L gf/f, p2]Zo / nIo s'g} gfnLdf aufP/ dfcf]jfbLklg efO sf+u|]; ag]sf] w]/} jif{ eO;s]sf] 5 . ‘afx| jif{dfvf]nf klg kmls{G5’ eGg] sygdf Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbLn];dfhjfb Nofp“5 egL g]sf t;]{sf] xf] of Pdfn] /dfcf]jfbLn] To:tf] cleJolQm lbP/ c;r]t hdftnfO{dgf]/~hg lbO/x]sf] xf] < 7Dofpg ufx|f] ePsf] 5 .

xfn} slyt hgo'4sf] lbj;df dfcf]jfbLsf cWoIfbfxfnn] ;dfhjfbL qmflGt k"/f ug{ Pdfn];“u kf6L{ Pstfug{ nfu]sf] / Pstf cfjZos ePsf] cleJolQm lbPsflyP . emG8} !) jif{ ef/tdf ;'/lIft a;]/ u/]sf] ;z:qljb|f]xn] k"/f gePsf], lxhf] Pdfn] / sf+u|];sf] ;/sf/dfa;]/ klg k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] ;dfhjfbL qmflGt ‘;+zf]wgjfbL’/ ‘;}4flGts–j}rfl/s ¿kdf kltt’ Pdfn];“u kf6L{ Pstfu/]/ s;/L k"/f x'G5 < To;dfly kmf]/d / /fhkf;“u;+o'Qm ;/sf/df uP/ ;dfhjfbL qmflGt ug]{ s'/fn] s;nfO{em'Sofpg vf]h]sf] xf] < d"n s'/f t k"“hLjfbL ;Qfsf]emG8f xNnfpg] hflu/ vfP/ ;dfhjfbL qmflGt x'G5s;/L < To;}n] ;f]Wg} kg]{ ePsf] 5– ;dfhjfb eg]sf] s]xf] < qmflGt eg]sf] s] xf] < ;f“Rr} /x]5 h;n] kfof] To;n]nufPsf] ;dfhjfb c+lst 6f]kLsf] csf/ lau|]sf] 5, s'¿kePsf] 5 ¤

j:t'tM Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbLn] k"“hLjfbL ;QfdfuP/ k"“hLjfbsf] dfq ;]jf u5{ . t/ ;f“rf] cy{df g]sf,Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbLn] /fhgLlt zf:qdf kl9g] k"“hLjfbsf

u'0f–bf]ifdf u'0f hlt vf/]h u/]/ bf]ifnfO{ dfq Jojxf/dfptf/]sf 5g\ .

ljZjsf w]/} b]zdf k" “hLjfbL Joj:yf 5 .k"“hLjfbsf v/faLx¿ ;j{q ljBdfg 5g\ . k/Gt' b]zsf]cv08tf / ;fj{ef}ldstfnfO{ olt ;/n / ;xh ¿kdfa'emfpg] / u'dfpg] ub}{gg\, cfÇgf] >f]t / ;fwgnfO{uj{;fy ck{0f ub}{gg\, cfTd;dk{0fnfO{ k/d wd{ dfGb}gg\,:jfledfgnfO{ olt ljWg nDk;f/df kl/0ft ub}{gg\ .logLx¿n] cfÇgf] ana'tfdf ;Qf/f]x0f u/]sf] k|bz{g slxNo}ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ ;w}+ ljb]zLn] af]s]/ NofO{ s';L{df a;fn]sf]dfq emNsf] / cg'ej u/fPsf] 5 . b08lxgtf r'lngaf6s'g} ;/sf/n] /f]Sg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;'g rf]g{ gkfPsf]df ;'gJofkf/Lsf], OGwg rf]g{ gkfPsf]df 6\of+s/ Joj;foLsf],s[lqd cefj / s[lqd d"Noj[l4, ld;fj6L / cvfB j:t'pTkfbs / Jofkf/Lsf] ofq' 7Ug gkfPsf]df 6\ofS;L rfnssf]/hfO“, Jofkf/Lsf] bafadf ahf/ cg'udg /f]Sg] sfdv'Nnd v'Nnf eO/x“bf ;/sf/n] cfÇgf] cl:tTj / Ifdtf7f]; ¿kdf b]vfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o;/L x]bf{ b]zdflgs[i6 k"“hLjfbL Joj:yfsf] l3gnfUbf] lrqdf b[li6 uf]r/x'G5 . To;}n] slxn] sf“xL nfU5 b]zdf ;f“rf] cy{df;/sf/ slxn] cfpg] xf]nf <

o:tf] w/ftnLo oyfy{df Pdfn] / dfcf]jfbLn];dfhjfb / qmflGtsf] pRrf/0f s]jn hgtfnfO{ e|dlbgdfq u/]sf x'g\ o;df s;}n] z+sf gu/] x'G5 eGbf s]cltzof]lQm xf]nf <


58

cu|>fjs–wft'ofqf/Tg;'Gb/ zfSo

em08} Ps ztfAbL -;g\ !*%!–!($&_ ;Ddljb]lzPsL ef/tsf dxfg\ lje"lt ;fl/k'q / df}b\uNofofgdxf:ylj/sf] cl:ywft'nfO{ cn]Sh]08/ slg+3dn] nG8gk'¥ofPsf] lyof] . To;nfO{ bf]>f] ljZjo'4 z'?x'g'cufl8;g\ !(#* df ef/tdf kmsf{pg ‘dxfaf]lw;ef’ sf k|wfgdGqLb]jlk|o aln l;Gxf -;g\ !()$–^*_ n] k|of; z'? ug'{ePsf]lyof] . t/ la|l6z ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt kSsfkSsLdfqePsf] lyof], ;g\ !(#( b]lv ljZjo'4 z'? eOxfNof] . ctMo'4sfn -;g\ !(#(–$%_ ;Dd kljq wft' ef/t kmsf{pg]s'/f afWotfjz /f]Sg'k¥of ] . ljZjo'4 ;lsgf;fy‘dxfaf]lw;ef’ sf ;+:yfks cgufl/sf wd{kfn -;g\ !*^$–!(##_ sf Ps k|d'v bof x]jfljtf/0f ;g\ !($& sf]hgj/L dlxgfdf nG8g k'Ug'eof] / @) km/j/L !($& sflbg To; cl:ywft' ef/t ;/sf/ / dxfaf]lw;efsf]tkm{af6 jxf“n] u|x0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

To; cl:ywft' lnO{ bof x]jfljtf/0f !$ dfr{!($& sf lbg sf]nDaf] ->Ln+sf_ cfOk'Ug'ePsf] lyof] .>Ln+sfdf To; cu|>fjs–wft' ^ hgj/L !($* ;Dd/x]sf] lyof] . To; ;dofjlwleqdf k|foM ;Dk"0f{ >4fjfg\l;+xnjf;Lx¿n] To; wft'sf] bz{g u/]sf lyP . wft'cfudgsf] a]nf h'g ¿kn] eJotfsf ;fy :jfut u/]sf]lyof], To:t} lsl;dn] ^ hgj/L !($* sf lbg ef/tsf]lgldQ wft'sf] ljbfO ePsf] a]nfdf klg eJo ¿kdfpT;j ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] .

!# hgj/L !($* sf lbg eujfg\ a'4sf b'O{k|wfg lzio ;fl/k'q / dxfdf}b\uNofogsf] cl:ywft'nfO{ef/te"ldn] :jfut ug{ kfof] . To;lbgb]lv !( dfr{;DdtL wft' snsQfsf] sn]h :Sjfo/l:yt dxfaf]lw;efsfk|wfg sfof{nosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ‘wd{/flhs ljxf/’ dfljz]iftM snsQfjf;L >4fjfg\x¿sf] lglDt bz{gfy{/flvPsf] lyof] . To; kljq wft'nfO{ k+= hjfxf/nfng]x¿ ToxL laxf/df cfO{ bz{g ug{ cfpg'ePsf] lyof] .

@) dfr{ !(#( b]lv To; wft' ljxf/ ;/sf/sf]cfu|xdf laxf/ k|b]zdf NofOof] . klxn] /fhu[xdf s]xLlbg /fv]kl5 ljxf/ k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL k6gfdf ePsf]:jfut ;df/f]xdf ljxf/ ;/sf/sf tTsfnLg d'Vo dGqLn]

eGg'ePsf] lyof]–‘@%)) jif{ s] afb ;fl/k'q cf}/ df}b\uNofogs]

kljq wft'cf]+sf u[x–k|Tofjt{g O; k|fGt s] lnP ljz]if¿k;] cledfg sL j:t' x}, Sof]+ls ox ljxf/ -gfnGbf_ s]xL bf] ;'k'qf]+ s] wft' x}+, lhGxf]g] ckg] ‘wd{’ s] k|sfz ;];+;f/e/sf] k|sflzt lsof .’

sfl{t{s k"l0f{dfsf] /ft ;fl/k'q dxf:ylj/sf]kl/lgjf{0fsf] /ft lyof], To:t} sflt{s k"l0f{df cfw'lgso'udf tyfutsf] k|yd wd{rqmk|jt{ge"ld Clifktg d[ubfjg-;f/gfy_ df algPsf] ‘d"nuGws'6L ljxf/’ sf] :yfkgf -pb\3f6g_ lbj;sf] lbg klg lyof] . ctM o; lbgsf]cj;/ lnO{ tyfutsf cu|>fjs åosf] cl:ywft'sf] :jfuteJo ¿kdf ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] lgldQ pQ/–k|b]z ;/sf/n] w]/} dbt u/]sf] lyof] . # gjDa/b]lv !$gjDa/ !($( ;Dd tL wft' ;f/gfydf bz{g Pj+ k"hfsf]lgldQ /Åof] .

;g\ !(%) df cu|>fjssf cl:ywft'n] k|d'vtM# /fHodf ofqf u/]sf lyP–

!= adf{ ;/sf/sf] lgdGq0ffdf $ km/j/L !(%)sf lbg adf{ nluPsf] lyof], o;sf] lgldQ :jtGq adf{ -$ hgj/L !($* sf lbg_ klxnf] k|wfgdGqL pm yfls+ g'wft' c+uLsf/ ug{ /+u"gaf6 xjfO{ hxfhåf/f snsQfcfOk'Ug' ePsf] lyof] . ‘tL/’ gfds hxfhaf6 /+u"gnluPsf] cu|>fjssf] cl:ywft'nfO{ adL{ ;/sf/ Pj+ hgtfn]zfgbf/ ¿kdf :jfut u/]sf lyP . To; cl:ywft' adf{df;f9] b'O{ dlxgf;Dd ad]{nLx¿nfO{ bz{gfy{ /flvPsf] lyof] .

@= adf{ ;/sf/kl5 bf]>f] lgdGq0f ef/tsf]cf/fd/fHo -k|b]z_ sf] af}4x¿df ljz]iftM cf;fdaf}4;ef-All Assam Buddhist Association_ sf] k"0f{ of]UoJoj:yf cGtu{t cf;fd nluPsf] lyof] .

#= t]>f] lgdGq0ff sfZdL/l:yt n2fvsfaf}4x¿sf] cfdGq0fdf @^ dO{ !(%) sf lbg n]x (Leh)df nluPsf] lyof] hxf“ To; wft' @$ cu:t !(%) ;Ddbz{gfy{ /flvPsf] lyof] . To;a]nf tL wft'nfO{ aLrdfcjl:yt >Lgu/ / lbNnLdf klg /fhsLo ¿kdf :jfutsfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] lyof] .

;g\ !(%! df ljz]iftM b'Oj6f /fHodf cu|>fjswft'sf] ofqf u/fOPsf] lyof]–

!_ ltAat / l;lSsd /fHosf k|d'v Pj+ nfdfu'?x¿sf] lgdGq0ffdf @% km/j/L !(%! df wft' To;tkm{k'¥ofPsf] lyof], @# clk|n !(%! ;Dd kljq wft' tL


59

/fHox¿df cjl:yt lyof] .@_ ^ gjDa/ !(%! -@) sflt{s @))*_ sf lbg

tyfutsf cu|>fjs ;fl/k'q / df}b\uNofog dxf:ylj/åosf] cl:ywft' sf7df08f}sf] xjfO{ c8\8fdf k'¥ofOof] .lbgsf] @ ah]lt/ cl:ywft' /x]sf] xjfO{hxfh xjfOd}bfgdfcf]Nof]{ . qmdzM wft'sf ;fy cfpg'ePsf dxfaf]lw;efsfk|ltlglw Pj+ cGo cltlyu0fx¿ klg b]vfkg{ yfn] .dxfaf]lw;efsf k|ltlglw k|d'v leIf' zLneb| dxf:ylj/sf]xftaf6 cl:ywft' /x]sf] ;'j0f{do r}To ‘;fl/k'q df]uNnfgkljq wft' :jfut ;ldlt’ g]kfnsf ;efklt x'g'ePsf >L% lqe'jg jL/ ljqmd zfxb]j -lj=;+= !(^#–@)!!_ n]>4fsf ;fy x:tut ug'{eof] . To; kljq wft'nfO{ plrt:yfgdf /fvL wft'sf] :jfut ;nfdLPj+ #! tf]ksf ;fy u/]sf] lyof] .To;kZrft\ ;';lHht df]6/df /fvLce"tk"j{ ofqfsf ;fy ;f9] # 306flatfO{ gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/dfk'¥ofOPsf] lyof], hxf“ To; wft'n] b'O{/ft lgjf; u/]sf] lyof] .

* gjDa/ !(%! sf lbg‘dxfaf ] lw;ef’ sf k |wfgdGqLa|Dxfrf/L b]jlk|o aln l;Gxfsf] tkm{af6>L % Pj+ >L % j8fdxf/fgLn] kljqwft'sf] bz{g ug'{ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5dfq kljq wft' ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf k|bz{gjf bz {g u/fpg sfl Gtk '/-sf7df08f}+_ sf] 6'“l8v]ndf lgld{tsnf k"0f{ ¿kdf agfOPsf] ljzfnd08kdf NofOPsf] lyof] .

To;lbg >L % lqe'jg jL/ljqmd zfxb]jsf] ;efkltTjd} :jfut ;df/f]x ePsf] lyof] .;+3gfos leIf' k|1fgGb dxf:ylj/ ;+d'v k~rzLn k|fy{gfu/L z'?ePsf] To; ;df/f]xdf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL >L #df]xgzDz]/, dxfaf]lw;efsf k|wfgdGqL, wdf]{bo;efk|wfgs]Gb|sf k|wfgdGqL leIf' dxfgfd, sDaf]l8of ;efsfk|ltlglw k|d'v leIf' wdf{/fd :ylj/, u|L;sf /fhs'df/k|LG; k]6/, O·n}08sf ljåfg\ leIf' ;+3 /lIft, ef/tsfljåfg ebGt cfgGb sf}zNofog, tfg;]gsf k|ltlglw k|d'vleIf' zfSofgGb, sflGtk'/sf k|ltlglw k|d'v leIf' ;'af]wfgGb/ cfzf/fd zfSo cflbn] b'O{–b'O{ zAb af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

To; ;df/f]xdf tTsfnLg u[xdGqL ljZj]Zj/k|;fb

sf]O/fnf -;g\ !(!$–*@_ n] :ki6 ¿kdf eGg'ePsf] lyof]–‘eujfg\ a'4 wd{sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 dfq xf]Og

/fhgLlts b[li6sf]0faf6 klg Ps dxfg\ k'?if x'g'x'G5 .h'g lsl;dsf] k|hftGqsf] cfzf Pj+ cfsf+Iff xfdL ub{5f}+,To; lsl;dsf] k|hftGq -u0ftGq_ /x]sf] b]z j}zfnLsfjxf“ -a'4_ ;bf k|z+;s -ljz]if kIfkftL_ x'g'x'G5 . j}zfnL-jHhL jf lnR5jL_ u0ftGqnfO{ cljlR5Gg /lx/xg h'g;ft ckl/xfgLo wd{sf] pkb]z lbg'ePsf] lyof] Tof] xfdLn]klg cWoog, dgg / kfng ug'{kg]{ cTofjZos b]lvG5 ====

cfzf 5, ;fl/k'q dxfdf}b\uNofog dxf:ylj/åosf] kljq cl:ywft'sf] k|efjaf6 xfdL ;a}df eft[efjPj+ d}qLefj j[l4 x'g]5 .’

@# sflt{sb]lv Ps xKtf;Ddkljq wft' cfgGbs'6L ljxf/df bz{gsf]lgldQ /flvPsf] lyof] . ! d+l;/@))* sf lbg cu|>fjs wft 'nlntk'/jf;L >4fjfg\x¿sf] bz{gfy{nlntk'/sf] gfujxfn -:jfut:yn_df nluof], hxf“ # lbg;Dd wft'k|bz{g sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .klxnf] lbg, tTsfnLg o'j/fh >L %dx ] Gb | jL/ ljqmd zfxb ]jsf ];efkltTjdf :jfut ;df/f]x ePsf]lyof] . To; lbg nlntk'/ :jfut;ldltsf k|d'v wdf{lbTo wdf{rfo{-g]=;+= !)@@–*#_ n] ‘dxfaf]lw;ef’sf k|wfdGqL b]jlk|o aln l;GxfnfO{:j0ff{If/df c+lst ‘Ps clegGbgkq’r9fpg'ePsf] lyof] .

$ d+l;/ @))* sf lbg kljqcl:ywft' r}To ;';lHht df]6/df /fvL kf6gaf6 eQmk'/NofOof] . To;lbg lbgsf] @ ah] gjlgo'Qm k|wfdGqLdft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] ;efkltTjdf Ps j[xt\ :jfut;df/f]x ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . eQmk'/sf] 6f}d9L 6f]n-kf“r tNn] dlGb/ cjl:yt_ df ;DkGg ePsf] To; sfo{qmddfeQmk'/sf >4fjfg dxfg'efjx¿n] % dfu{ @))* sf lbgdWofGx;Dd wft'bz{g ug]{ ;f}efUo kfPsf lyP . lbgsf] !ah] wft' ag]kf k'¥ofOof] . ag]kfdf klg eJo¿kdf :jfutPj+ bz{g u/fO;s]kl5 a]n'sL kljqwft' wdf]{bo;efsf]zfvf sfof{no >L3Mljxf/ sflGtk'/ NofOof] .

^ d+l;/ @))* sf lbg lbge/ >L3Mljxf/df

tl:a/ –n]vs


60

sflGtk'/jf;Lx¿n] k'gM wft'bz{g ug{ kfP .& d+l;/ @))* sf lbg, dWofGxsf] @ ah]

uf}r/0f xjfO{c8\8fdf cfudgsf a]nfdf h:t} >L %lqe'jg jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jn] g} kljq wft' r}To dxfaf]lw;efsf pk;efklt 8f=dfwf]/fd ;fkm6sf] xftdf ck{0f -lhDdf_ ul/lbg' eof] .

To; lbg sflGtk'/sf] ‘kljq wft' :jfut ;ldlt’sf] tkm{af6 >L % lqe'jg jL/ ljqmd zfxb]jn] ‘dxfjf]lw;ef’nfO{ s[t1tf:j¿k Ps eJo a'4d"lt{ k|bfg u/L labfOug'{ePsf] lyof] .

To; lbg wft' cfudgsf] lbgdf h:t} ;/sf/n];fj{hlgs 5'§L -labf_ lbPsf] lyof] .

o;sf] jif{lbgkl5 @( gjDa/ !(%@ sf lbg;f“rLd}, hxf“ cu|>fjs ;fl/k'q / df}b\uNofog dxf:ylj/sf]cl:ywft' pTvgaf6 cn]Sh]08/ slg+3d / jxf“sf ldqs]K6g Pkm=;L=d];Ln] e]§fpg'ePsf] lyof], Ps cGt/f{li6«o;+:s[lt ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;Dd]ngtTsfnLg ef/tsf pk–/fi6«klt 8f=;j{kNnL /fwfs[i0fg\sf];efkltTjdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . ef/tsf tTsfnLgk|wfgdGqL k+=hjfx/nfn g]x¿, adf{sf k|wfdGqL pmg'

cflb ljlzi6 JolQm Pj+ af}4ljåfg\x¿n] To; ;Dd]ngdf;f“rLsf] dxŒjaf/] af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

#) gjDa/ !(%@ sf lbg Toxf“ gjlgld{t ‘r]ltolu/L laxf/’ sf] ;d'b\3f6g k+= hjfx/nfn g]x¿sf] tkm{af6;DkGg eof] / kljq cu|>fjs wft' Toxf“ k|ltli7t ul/of] .ljz]iftM o;} -kljq wft'_ sf] lgldQ To; ljxf/sf] lgdf{0fsfo{ ePsf] lyof] .;Gbe{;Gbe{;Gbe{;Gbe{;Gbe{!= dg" Dxl;s]u' uo\ <– leIf' cZj3f]if, ;Dkfbs– /Tg;'Gb/ zfSo .

@= cu|>fjs ;fl/k'q– df}buNofog tyf ;f“rL–ebGt cfgGb sf}zNofog .

#= wdf]{bo– jif{ % c° !–@, sflt{s–d+l;/ @))* .

xflb{s ;dj]bgf

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pk k|d'v /hgL hf]zLsf >4]o lktf gf/fo0f/fh hf]zLsf]*@ jif{sf] pd]/df c;fdlos lgwg ePsf]df d[tsk|lt >4f~hnL Pj+ zf]sfs'nkl/jf/hgdf xflb{s ;dj]bgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

;'lgn k|hfklt, k|d'vtyf

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf kl/jf/

hGdMlj=;+= !((@.)!.!) ut]

lgwgMlj=;+= @)&$.!@.!% ut]

:j=gf/fo0f/fh hf]zL


61

;a} dlxnf kLl8t xf]Ogg\ . To:t} ;a} k'?ifkL8s klg xf]Ogg\ . slyt s]xL dlxnfjfbLx¿ k'?ifk|wfg ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿ 3f]/ cGofodf k/]sf 5g\ To;}n]dlxnf d'lQmsf] gf/f nufp“5g\ . To;nfO{ y'k|} /fli6«o /cGt/f{li6«o u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿n] xDs]/, prfn]/ k'?if/ dlxnfaLr å]ifsf] jftfj/0f agfOlbPsf 5g\ . ljb]zLsf]lgb]{zgdf xltof/ prfNg] / ;+3if{ ug]{x¿n] klg o;dfl3p yKg] sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿n] juL{o ;dfhnfO{xf]xNnf u/]/ ln·Lo ;dfhdf abNg] c;kmn k|of;ul//x]sf 5g\ / To;sf] nflu afn'jfdf kfgL vGofP;/xk|z:t} o'/f], 8n/, kfp08, dfs{==== vr{ ul//x]sf5g\ . t/ k[YjL r]K6f] 5, ;"o{n] k[YjLsf] kl/qmdf u5{egL hlt;'s} lrRofP klg ;To ablng g;s] em}+ juL{o;dfhsf] :j¿knfO{ ln·Lo ;dfhdf abNg ;Sb}gg\ .juL{o ;dfhdf zf]ifs ju{af6 zf]lift ju{ kLl8t g}x'G5g\ . b'j} ju{df k'?if / dlxnf 5g\ . zf]ifs ju{sfk'?ifsf] dfq lj/f]w ug]{ cyjf zf]lift ju{sf dlxnfsf]dfq d'lQm vf]Hg] eGg] s'/f cfkm}df xf:of:kb 5 .zf]ifs ju{ k'?if, dlxnf, j[4=== hf] ;'s}af6 zf]liftju{sf k'?if, dlxnf, afn–j[4=== sf] d'lQm vf]lhg'k5{,d'lQm ;+3if{ cfjZos x'G5 . To;}n] dlxnf d'lQmsf] xf]OgjuL{o d'lQmsf] ;+3if{ / cfGbf]ng ;dosf] dfu xf] .

dlxnf d'lQm jf gf/L d'lQmsf] gfddf g]kfndfcaf}{+ ca{ /sd vr{ eO/x]sf] 5, 8n/v]tL ug]{x¿n] cs't;DklQ hf]l8;s]sf 5g\ . t/ 5fpk8L, af]S;L h:tfcGwljZjf;n] cfh klg ;dfh cfqmfGt 5 . o;df kLl8tdlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof k|z:t} 5g\ eg] kL8sdf klg dlxnf s};ª\Vof pRr 5 . kLl8t dlxnf / kL8s dlxnfdWo] tL8n/v]tL ug]{ slyt dlxnfjfbLx¿n] s'grflx+ dlxnfsf]d'lQmsf] s'/f u/]sf x'g\ <

;do / ;dfhsf] dfu / cfjZostfsf] b[li6n]x]g]{ xf] eg] /fHon] dlxnfx¿nfO{ lzIff / tflndaf6;Ifd agfO{ cfÇgf] v'§fdf pleg;Sg] agfpg' k|yd sfo{

b]lvG5 . ;DklQdf xs vf]Hg] eg]sf] wgL kl/jf/sf] s'/fxf], ul/a cfdfafa'sf 5f]/Lsf] nflu Tof] ‘a]n kfs]/sfunfO{ xif{ g la:dft’ xf] . To;}n] kf“rtf/] xf]6n /l/;f]6{x¿df ul/g] dlxnf d'lQmsf ukm cr]n ufO{hfqfsf]csf]{ b[io x'g yfn]sf] 5 . To:tf ukmeGbf zf]lift–kLl8tdlxnfx¿n] 6f]n, rf]s, rf]6fdf ug]{ sfo{qmd ;fy{sb]lvgyfn]sf / ePsf 5g\ .

juL{o ;dfhnfO{ ln·Lo ;dfhdf abNg ju{;+3if{nfO{ ln·Lo ;+3if{df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ 8n/v]tL ug]{x¿n]gLlt lgdf{0f ynf]df dlxnfx¿sf] pkl:yltnfO{ hf]8lbg]u/]sf 5g\ . ;txL b[li6n] To;nfO{ cGoyf lng ldNb}g .k/Gt' /fHosf] gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ k'?ifnfO{ afx]s u/]/dlxnfx¿sf] nflu dfq 5'§} gLlt agfp“bf ;dfhdf ykef“8e}nf] dlRrg] 5 . k'?if /fHo / dlxnf /fHosf]l;h{gf x'G5 . /fHosf gLlt hft, ln·, j0f{ x]/]/agfO“b}g / agfpg' klg x'“b}g . /fHosf] gLlt ;a} hgtfsf]nflu x'g'k5{ . cGoyf Tof] ck|hftflGqs x'G5, lje]bsf/Lx 'G5 .

g]kfndf u0ftGq cfPkl5 ljZjd} rrf{ x'g]u/L dlxnfx¿ pRr cf]xf]bfdf cf;Lg ePsf 5g\ ./fi6«fWoIf cyf{t\ /fi6«klt dlxnf, /fHosf b'O{ dxŒjk"0f{c· Joj:yflksf–;+;bdf dlxnf ;efd'v / Gofokflnsfsf];jf]{Rr cf;gdf klg dlxnf . t/ pRr cf]xf]bfdf k'Ub}dfcfd dlxnfsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] ub}{g eGg] s'/flat]sf jif{n] k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsfk"j{–k|wfgGofofwLz ;'zLnf sfsL{n] /fhgLlt ug{ ldNb}g,ltgn] Gofo ;Dkfbgd} sfo{sfn latfP . oBlk, r]nLa]6La]rlavg, anfTsf/L, af]S;L egL oftgf lbg]nfO{ ;Demgnfos ;hfo tf]s]sf] eP pgsf] sfo{sfn ;bf :d/0fLox'GYof] . t/ dlxnf /fi6«klt / dlxnf ;efd'v t/fhgLlts If]qaf6} cfPsf x'g\ . ltgLx¿n] cfÇgf] pRrcf]xf]bfsf] kbsf] zlQmnfO{ dlxnf pTkL8glj?4 7f]; /cg'e"lt x'g] u/L k|of]u u/]sf] st} b[li6uf]r/ ePg .pRr cf]xf]bfdf dlxnf s]jn gfdsf] nflu eof] sfdsf]nflu ePg . o;af6 s] :ki6 eof] eg] juL{o ;dfhdfln·Lo pRrflwsf/Ln] dfq s'g} 7f]; pknlAw k|fKtx'“b}g, juL{o r]tgf ePsf] dlxnf jf k'?if g} cfjZosx'G5 .

/fHo ;+oGqdf dlxnfx¿sf] pkl:ylt :yfgLotx, k|b]z ;ef / ;+;bdf pNn]vgLo ¿kdf a9]sf] 5 .sfg'gL Joj:yf klg ePsf]n] :yfgLo txdf dlxnfx¿sf]

pRr cf]xf]bfdf dlxnfpRr cf]xf]bfdf dlxnfpRr cf]xf]bfdf dlxnfpRr cf]xf]bfdf dlxnfpRr cf]xf]bfdf dlxnf/ dlxnf pTkL8g/ dlxnf pTkL8g/ dlxnf pTkL8g/ dlxnf pTkL8g/ dlxnf pTkL8g

k|sfz / b'uf{


62

pkl:ylt $) k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . o;df gkf k|d'v / ufkfcWoIfdf !* hgf, pkk|d'v–pkfWoIfdf & ;o hgf,j8fWoIfdf ^@ hgfsf ;fy} dlxnf j8f ;b:ox¿ u/Ls"n !$ ,#%# hgf /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} ;ftj6} k|b]z ;efsf%%) ;b:odf k|ToIfaf6 !& hgf;lxt !(# hgf cyf{t #%k|ltzt dlxnf k'u]sf 5g\ . k|ltlglw ;efdf k|ToIfaf6 ^hgf;lxt () hgf / /fli6«o ;efdf @@ hgf u/L !!@hgf cyf{t ## k|ltzt dlxnf ;+3Lo ;+;bdf k'u]sf 5g\ .olb dlxnfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ xft p7fpgdf ;Lldt g/fVg]xf], ljutdf em}+ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] lgdGq0ffdf ;+;ba}7saf6 xf=6f= gug]{ xf] / s]xL ug'{k5{ eGg] c7f]6 lng]xf] eg] s]xL xf]Og w]/} sfd ug]{ cj;/ ;don] lbPsf]b]lvG5 .

pRr cf]xf]bfdf, sfg'g lgdf{0f ug]{ ynf]df /k|zf;gdf k'u]sf dlxnfx¿n] sDtLdf 5fpk8L, af]S;L,lszf]/L cfdf, afn ljjfx, 5f]/f gkfPsf] h:tf ;dfhdfljBdfg dlxnf pTkL8g / cGofosf 36gf pGd"ng jfGo"lgs/0fdf 7f]; of]ubfg lbg] ck]Iff 5 .5fpk8L

s'g} gf/L ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{ of]Uo ePsf] lrGxjf nIf0fsf] ¿kdf /h:jnf x'G5 . of] dfgj hfltsfgf/Ldf x'g] k|fs[lts k|lqmof xf], s'g} b]jL–b]jtfsf] >fk jfcfzLjf{b xf]Og .

dlxnfsf] l8Dafzodf ePsf l8Dax¿dWo]kl/kSj l8Da x/]s dlxgf kf7]3/df k'U5 / s]xL lbgkl5d5{ . d/]sf] l8Da z/L/af6 aflx/ kmfNg k|fs[lts ¿kdf/Qm;|fj x'G5 . To;}nfO{ dlxgfjf/L, /h:jnf, g5'g]elgG5 . o;nfO{ :yfgcg';f/ km/s–km/s gfd klglbOPsf 5g\– h:t} 5fpk8L, 5'O{, 5fp === cflb .

l8Dafzoaf6 lg:s]sf] kl/kSj l8Da;“u k'?ifsf]z'qmsL6sf] ldng ePdf ue{wf/0f u5{ / ;fdfGotof (dlxgfdf gjhft lzz'sf] ¿kdf hlGdG5 . ue{wf/0fePdf /h:jnf x'“b}g .

xfd|f dflj txsf ljBfyL {x¿n] /h:jnf,ue{wf/0f, 5f]/f of 5f]/L x'g] k|lqmof cflbaf/] k9]sf5g\ . t/ ;dfhdf ljz]ifu/L klZrd g]kfndf 5fpk8Laf/]unt wf/0ff cem} 8/nfUbf] ¿kdf ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 .To;n] dlxnfx¿nfO{ k|s[ltn] lbPsf] j/bfg ;dfhdf ljBdfgcGwljZjf;, s';+:sf/, Go"g r]tgf:t/sf] sf/0f clezfkalg/x]sf] 5 . ;f“Rr} eGg] xf] eg] xfd|f] /fhgLlts cfGbf]ng,;z:q ljb|f]x, ‘clåtLo’ / ‘;jf]{Ts[i6’ elgPsf ;+ljwfg /

Joj:yf c;kmn ePsf]† sfg'g cIf/dfq jf b]vfj6L tyfk|zf;g lg/Lx ePsf] b[li6uf]r/ eO/x]sf] 5 . lzIffgLltn] 1fg / r]tgf lbg / ljsf; ug{ g;s]sf], o;ljifosf 8n/v]tL ug]{x¿ c;kmn ePsf] k|df0f klglbO/x]sf] 5 . To:t} 5f]/f ghGdfPsf] eGb} dlxnfx¿dflyoftgf / cTofrf/sf 36gf t g]kfnsf oqtq ufp“ /zx/af6 cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . lj1fgn] s] k|dfl0ft ul/;s]sf]5 eg] dlxnfsf] l8Dadf 5f]/L x'g] u'0fdfq 5, 5f]/f x'g]u'0fo'Qm z'qmsL6 k'?if;“u dfq x'G5 . To;}n] 5f]/fghGdfPsf] bf]if dlxnfdfly nufpg' ;j{yf cg'lrt 5 .5f]/f ghlGdg'sf] bf]if jf sdhf]/L s]jn k'?ifsf] xf] jf;+of]u gx'g' xf] .

lzIffsf] ljsf;, o'un] sf]N6] km]l/;s]sf], r]tgfljsf;df /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿b;sf}+b]lv nfu]sf], P]g–sfg'g ljBdfg /x] klg 5fpk8L/ 5f]/f ghGdfPsf] s'/fn] ck/fwsf 36gfx¿ 36]sf5g\ . of] b'Mvb\dfq xf]Og ;Eo elgPsf dfgj hfltsf]c;Eotfsf] kl/ro klg xf] .afnljjfx / lszf]/L cfdf

‘ljx]jf/L aL; jif{ kf/L’ gf/f b]zdf 3Gs]sf] w]/}bzs eO;s]sf] 5 . t/ afnljjfxsf] ;dfrf/ cem}Jofks ¿kdf cfO/x]sf] 5 . P]g–sfg'gsf] cl:tTj /cf}lrTo ;fljt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}sf] kl/0ffd lszf]/Lcfdf cyf{t\ !% b]lv !( jif{sf dlxnfx¿ ;x/df !#k|ltzt / ufp“df @@ k|ltzt /x]sf] tYof° k|sfzdfcfPsf] 5 . ;/b/ !& k|ltzt lszf]/L cfdf /x]sf]atfOPsf] 5 . :jf:Yo lj1fgn] dlxnf @) jif{ k'u]kl5dfq k|hgg\ c· kl/kSj x'g] 7x¥ofPsf] 5 . t/ wfld{s,;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs cflb sf/0fn] lszf]/L cfdfx¿sf];ª\Vof cem} 8/nfUbf] /x]sf] 5 .af]S;L

af]S;Lsf] cf/f]kdf gf/L lbj;s} lbg s}nfnLsfPs lszf]/L /fwf rf}w/Ldfly ePsf] aa{/ oftgfsf]36gfn] g]kfnL ;dfh pb\ljUg / cfqmf]lzt ePsf] 5 .To:tf 36gf b]zsf ljleGg efudf k|z:t} ePsf 5g\ /x/]s k6s cfqmf]lzt ePsf 5g\ . t/ cGwljZjf;dfsdL cfPsf] 5}g, 9f]“uLx¿sf] Joj;fodf sdL cfPsf] 5}g,ck/fwLx¿ 8/fPsf 5}gg\ . csf]{ zAbdf sfg'g / k|zf;gn]9f]“uL 7ux¿nfO{ ;r]t kfg{, lg?T;flxt agfpg / t;f{pg;s]sf] 5}g .

olb /fwf rf}w/L ;f“Rr} af]S;L ePsf] eP, tGq–


63

dGqn] s;}nfO{ b'Mv–kL8f lbg ;Sg] eP ufp“–;dfh cufl8306f}+ aa{/ oftgf lsg ;x]/ al:yg\ < km" dGt/ u/]/ h]klg ug{ ;lSyg\ . o:tf] 36gfdf s'g} klg cf/f]lkt dlxnfn]ljjztfsf ;fy lsg u'x'–d't d'vdf sf]rfp“lyg\ < lsglgj{:q l3;fl/g, ntfl/g afWo x'lGyg\ <

To:t} r]nLa]6L a]rlavg, anfTsf/Lsf ck/fwLx¿klg pT;flxtafx]s lg?T;flxt ePsf] st} b[li6uf]r/ ePsf]5}g . oL ck/fwdf gfafnsb]lv j[4 dlxnfx¿ ;d]tlzsf/ ePsf 5g\ .

xfd|f dGqL, ;f+;b, Gofod"lt{, k|x/L–k|zf;gsfpRrflwsf/Lnufot kbcg';f/sf] ;'ljwf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] vf]H5g\ t/ ;dfhsf] cj:yf bogLo 5 . sltko;Gbe{df h+unL / c;Eo g} /x]sf] 5 . tL kbflwsf/Lx¿n]cfÇgf] kbLo x}l;ot ck/fwLx¿nfO{ arfpg / ;+/If0fug{df b'¿kof]u u/]sf 36gf klg oy]i6 b]lvPsf 5g\ .

o:tf] l:yltdf dlxnfx¿sf] bogLo cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'g]s'/f s;/L ;Dej x'G5 < ha;Dd ck/fwsf] k|s[ltcg';f/d[To'b08;Ddsf] s7f]/ ;hfosf] aGbf]a:t ul/+b}g o:tfck/fw Go"gLs/0fsf] ck]Iff s]jn d[ut[i0ffdfq xf] .k |hftGqkl5 ‘nf ]stGq’, cem u0ftGq cfP klgcGwljZjf;, c;Eotf, cdfgjLo, s';+:sf/, s'/Llthlgtck/fw lgoGq0f x'g] 5}g / To:tf] ck/fw Joxf]g'{ ;dfhsf]lgolt x'gaf6 sbflk /f ]lsg] 5}g . o; tYotkm {‘zlQmzfnL’ ;/sf/sf] uDeL/ Wofgfsif{0f x'g], /fHon]bfloTj / st{Jo a'em\g] / pRrnufot ljleGg lgsfodfk'u]sf dlxnfx¿n] lrGtg ug]{ ck]Iff 5 . xfd|f r]nLx¿af]S;Lsf] gfddf aa{/ oftgf ef]Ug, 5fpk8Lsf] gfddf;'+u'/ gc6\g] uf]7df sf]lRrg, b]zL–ljb]zL sf]7Ldf a]lrg,anfTs[t x'g, afnljjfx / lszf]/L cfdf x'g hlGdPsfxf]Ogg\ .


64

;f+:s[lts / wfld{skj{ la:s]6 hfqfsf]

/fhgLlts kIf

;x k|f=8f= an/fd sfo:y

;f/la:s]6 hfqf k|To]s jif{ d]if ;qmflGtnfO{ s]Gb|laGb'

agfO{ dgfO“b} cfO/x]sf] eQmk'/ e]ssf] Pp6f k|Voft hfqfxf] . o; hfqf ;DaGwdf dflg;x¿df cg]sy/Lsf lsDabGtLklg k|rlnt 5g\ . t/ sltko To:tf lsDabGtLdf s'g};Totf g/x]sf] tYo xfn;Dsf] cWoogx¿af6 :ki6 eO;s]sf]5 . oyfy{df la:s]6 hfqf s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf o;nfO{Pp6} sf]0faf6 dfq x]/]/ ;xL cy{df o;sf] JofVof ljZn]if0fx'g ufx|f] 5 . o;sf nflu ljleGg kIfx¿ h:tf] wfld{s,;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts cflb kIfaf6 klg cWoog,ljZn]if0f x'g' h?/L 5 . wfld{s b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ of]hfqf eQmk'/ gu/sf k|d'v b]jtf e}/j / pgsf] zlQme}/jLsf] hfqf /x]sf] s'/f b[li6ut x'G5 . To:t} tflGqs:t/df x]bf{ of] hfqf b'j} aLrsf] cfk;L;dfudsf ] k |tLs cy {df lng;lsG5 . cfd hg;d 'b fosf ]dgf]/~hgsf nflu of] hfqfsf] e"ldsf/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;} u/]/ /fhgLlts:t/df ;'?b]lv g} of] hfqf /fhfk|hfaLrsf] ;'dw'/ ;DaGwsf] Bf]tssf]¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . oBlk hgtfsf]Wofg /fhgLlts ljifoj:t 'af6df]8\gsf nflu wd{sf gfddf o:tfhfqf pT;jx¿ k|rngdf NofOPsfx'g\ eGg] egfOx¿ klg obfsbfb]lvG5 . t/ eQmk'/sf] ;Gbe{df oxf“/fhf / k|hfaLrsf] ;DaGw ;b}j;'dw'/ / cfTdLo /x]sf] s'/f cg]s

P]ltxfl;s k|;ª\un] :ki6 kfb{5 . la:s]6 hfqfdf ToxLcfTdLo ;DaGw klg phfu/ x'g] ub{Yof] . hfqf kj{sf]wfld{s jf ;f+:s[lts dxŒjdfq k|d'v geO{ To;sf]/fhgLlts kIf klg plQs} x'g] x'“bf la:s]6 hfqfsf]/fhgLlts ljZn]if0f k|:t't n]vdf ul/Psf] 5 .dNnsfnsf] ;Gbe{

la:s]6 hfqf / o;;“u ;DalGwt ljljw ;f+:s[ltslqmofsnfk eg]sf P]ltxfl;s ljz]iftfsf k|tLs x'g\ .o;k|sf/sf k'/fgf ;f+:s[lts pT;jdf dNnsfnLg ;+:s[ltsf]lj:t[t ;+/rgf / ¿k kfOG5 . oBlk la:s]6dfq geP/eQmk'/sf k|foMh;f] rf8kj{ hfqfx¿ dNnsfnLg ;+:s[ltsfpkh x'g\, h;sf] pTyfg, ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g cflbdf tfTsfnLg;dosf zf;sx¿sf] 7"nf] b]g /x]sf] kfOG5 . la:s]6hfqfnfO{ klg b'O{ lbgaf6 la:tf/ u/L gf} lbg;Dd dgfpg]lj:tfl/t ;+:s[ltsf] ¿k lbg' dNn /fhfx¿sf] sfo{ lyof] .o;df ljz]if u/]/ ljZj dNn, huHof]lt{dNn, hutk|sfzdNn, lhtfldq dNn, e"ktLGb| dNn cflb dNn /fhfx¿sf]gfd pNn]vgLo 5 . ltgn] of] hfqf ;~rfngfy{ ljljwk|sf/sf Joj:yf af“w]/ uPsf lyP . xfn;Dd klg of]hfqf /fHo:t/df ;+/lIft /x]sf] 5 .

j:t'tM :yfgLo ;dfhsf a|fDx0fb]lv z'b|ju{;Ddsfdflg;x¿sf] ;lqmo ;xof]u / ;xeflutfn] dfq of] hfqfrn]sf] h:tf] b]lvP klg oyfy{df o;df zf;sju{sf] klgcxd\ e"ldsf /x]sf] tYo hfqfsf ljlwljwfgx¿sf]cWoogaf6 yfxf x'G5 . o;sf;fy} csf]{ b[li6sf]0faf6x]bf{ o;nfO{ /fhf / k|hfaLrsf] ;'dw'/ ;DaGwsf] k|tLssf]

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¿kdf klg lng ;lsG5 . jf:tjdf eQmk'/df /fhf /k|hfaLr dNn /fHosfnel/ g} ;'dw'/ / ;f}xfb{k"0f{ ;DaGw/x]sf] lyof] eGg] s'/f cg]s k|;ª\un] k'li6 ub{5 . h:t}–/fhf hutk|sfz dNn -lj=;+= !&))–!&@(_ n] ‘d /rGb|z]v/ -dGqL_ aLr s'g} e]b 5}g’-!_-!_-!_-!_-!_ egL n]v]sf lyP .clg hutrGb|sf] gfdaf6 /fhf / dGqLn] ;+o'Qm¿kdf/fv]/ uPsf cg]sf}+ sLlt{x¿ cfh klg oqtq e]l6G5g\ .-@_-@_-@_-@_-@_ Tolta]nf wd{ / k'0osf] sfd xf];\ jf ljsf; lgdf{0f;DaGwL sfd jf /fHodfly cfOk/]sf] ;+s6 lgjf/0fug'{k¥of] eg] /fhfx¿n] :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;Nnfx, ;'emfj/ ;xof]u lng] ub{y] . o:tf] ;'dw'/ ;DaGw dNnsfnsf]clGtd ;do;Dd klg sfod /x]sf] lyof] eGg] s'/f lgDgk|;ª\un] cem :ki6 kfb{5 . h:tf]–

uf]vf{nL kmf}hsf] cfqmd0fn] ubf{ z/0ffut x'gcfPsf l5d]sL /fHo sflGtk'/ / nlntk'/sf /fhfx¿nfO{z/0f lbg] ls glbg] eGg] af/]df :yfgLo hgtfsf] /fodfluPsf] / cGTodf hgtfs} ;Nnfx, ;'emfjadf]lhd tL/fhfx¿nfO{ z/0f lbOPsf] tYo P]ltxfl;s k|df0fx¿af6yfxf x'G5 .-#_-#_-#_-#_-#_ o;/L /fhfn] hgtfsf] efjgfnfO{ sb/ug]{ clg hgtfn] klg /fhfsf] x/]s sbddf sbd ldnfP/;fy lb+b} cfPsf]n] eQmk'/df hglk|o zf;g rn]sf] lyof] .oxL ;'dw'/ ;DaGwsf] k|tLs cy{df o; hfqfnfO{ lng]ul/G5 . hfqfsf] a]nf cfh klg /fhfsf] k|tLs v8\u-t/jf/_ / hgk|ltlglw -dGqL_ sf] k|tLs Ps a|fDx0f/ydf g/fvL /yhfqf cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;~rfng gx'g]k/Dk/f b[li6ut ePaf6 o; tYosf] k'li6 x'G5 .-$_-$_-$_-$_-$_ o;/L/fhf / k|hf b'j}sf] ;xof]u / ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf of]hfqf rNbYof] .

dNnsfndf la:s]6 hfqfdf b]zjf;Lx¿nfO{ ;l/sx'g /fHosf] tkm{af6 hfqf ;'? x'g'eGbf s]xL lbg cl3af6}cfÅjfg u/]/ hfqfnfO{ ;s];Dd /f]df~rsf/L, pT;fxk"0f{agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] x'GYof] .-%_-%_-%_-%_-%_ o;af6 hfqfdf a9LeGbfa9L hg;xeflutf h'6f];\, hfqf ;dodf g} ;DkGg xf];\eGg] dg;fo /fHo jf tfTsfnLg zf;s ju{sf] /x]sf]a'lemG5 . dgf]/~hgsf cGo ;fwgx¿ pknAw gePsf]tfTsfnLg ;dfhdf o:tf hfqf pT;jx¿df a9L ;ª\Vofdf:yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fP/ hfqf ;dodf g};DkGg u/fO{ dgf]/~hg lbg' / lbnfpg vf]Hg' c:jfefljst nfUb}g t/ To;eGbf klg dxŒjk"0f{ / uDeL/ s'/f s]cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] To;a]nf oxf“sf] 7"nf] hgzlQmeg]sf] ls;fg ;d'bfo g} lyof], cem} 5 . ltgLx¿ ;b}j

v]tLls;fgL d} Jo:t x'g] uy]{ . v]tLkftLsf] sfd ;lsPkl5ltgLx¿ cGo s'/fx¿df gnfuf];\ vf; u/]/ /fhgLltss'/fx¿df gnfu"g, ;xh lsl;dn] zf;g -/fHo_ rnfpg;lsof];\ egL ;dfhsf] 7"nf] hgzlQmsf] ¿kdf /x]sf]ls;fg ;d'bfonfO{ wd{sf] cf8 lnO{ o:tf ;f+:s[ltslqmofsnfkdf Jo:t /fVg' kg]{ h?/t /fHo jf zf;sju{df /x]sf] ;xh cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}sf/0f hfqfsflglDt /fHodf /xg] x/]s ju{nfO{ Pp6f–Pp6f lhDd]jf/L;'lDkPsf] x'GYof] . hxf“;Dd l5d]sL /fHosf hgtfsf] o;hfqfdf ;xeflutfsf] k|Zg 5, To;df s] b]lvG5 eg]cfÇgf cfkmGt, gft]bf/ sxf“ la:s]6 rf8 dfGg jf hfqfx]g{ o; cj;/df j/k/sf /fHo jf g]jf/ a:tLsf afl;Gbfx¿eQmk'/ cfpg] ub{y] / /dfOnf];“u hfqf dfg]/ kms{g]ub{y] . t/ slxn]sfxL+ s] x'GYof] eg] olb /fhgLltsdfdnfdf Pp6f /fHo / csf]{ /fHoaLr cyf{t\ dNn/fhfx¿aLr k/:k/df j}dg:otf / zq'tf rn]sf] 5 eg]To;a]nf cK7]/f] l:ylt klg cfOkg]{ ub{Yof] . cfkmGt sxf“la:s]6 rf8 dfGg cfpg] jf hfqf x]g{ cfpg] l5d]sL/fHosf hgtfnfO{ eQmk'/ k|j]zdf s'g} k|sf/sf] /f]s6f]st ul/+b}gYof] t/ zq' /fHosf dflg; eGg] yfxf kfPkl5y'g]/ /fvL b'Mv lbg] ul/GYof] eGg] s'/f P]ltxfl;s;fdu|Lx¿af6 yfxf x'gcfp“5 .-^_-^_-^_-^_-^_ o;;Gbe{df dNnsfnsf]clGtd ;dolt/ 36]sf] Pp6f 36gf oxf“ pNn]v ug'{k|f;f+lus x'g]5–

PskN6 sflGtk'/sf s]xL o'jfx¿ gjjif{sf]cj;/df eQmk'/sf] la:s]6 hfqf x]g{ eQmk'/ cfP5g\ .t/ /fhf /0flht dNnn] ltgnfO{ cfkm"n] nufPsf] n'uf/ uxgfsf] ;fx|} cledfg ePsf] bf]if nufO{ kqm]/ y'gfdf/fv] . t/ kl5af6 hok|sfz dNnn] l/;fP/ eQmk'/dflycfqmd0f ug]{ wDsL lbPkl5 tL s]6fx¿ y'gfd'Qm ul/P .o;36gfsf] abnf :j¿k & dlxgfkl5 hok|sfz dNnn]klg afnfrt'b{zL kj{sf a]nf ;b\aLh 5g{ kz'klt cfPsfs]xL eQmk'/]nfO{ kqm]/ y'lg/fv]sf lyP . kl5 eQmk'/n]Ifltk"lt{ lt/]kl5 ltgnfO{ y'gfd'Qm ul/of] .-&_-&_-&_-&_-&_ o;/LdNn /fhfx¿sf] cfk;L j}dg:otfn] ubf{ tfTsfnLgkl/l:yltdf hfqf kj{ dfGg cfpg]÷hfg] ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfn];d]t b'Mv kfpg] ub{y] eGg]s'/f yfxf kfOG5 .

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d"n gu/eGbf aflx/ vf]nfjf/L r'kL+3f6 -Nof];L+v]n_ dfx'g] uYof]{ . t/ Tolta]nf gu/aflx/ cyf{t\ vf]nfkf/LsflGtk'/ / kf6gsf /fhfx¿ k|tfk dNn / >Llgjf;dNn cfÇgf kmf}h lnP/ a;]sf lyP . pgLx¿n] cfÇgf]cf1f geP;Dd hfqf ug{ kfO“b}g eg]/ afwf k'¥ofP .o;}n] lnª\uf] pEofpg ;lsPg . e}/jsf] /y klg lnª\uf]hfqf:yn k'¥ofpg ;lsPg . ufMlx6L -hfqfdfu{_ d} b]jtfnfO{tn lems]/ JolQm ljz]ifsf] 3/sf] k]6Ldf /fv]/ k"hful/of] . km]l/ sflGtk'/ / kf6gsf] kmf}hsf] 3]/fjGbLn]ubf{ aflx/ hfg g;lsPsf] / b]zleq -gu/leq_ /f“uf]pknAw gePsf]n] af]sf alnlbO{ u'lyof/x¿nfO{ ;Dx]o\ahL VjfP/ -hfqf x'g g;s] klg_ la:s]6 ;DkGg ul/Psf]s'/f yfxf x'g cfPsf] 5 .-*_-*_-*_-*_-*_ otfaf6 dNnsfndf Psk6sl5d]sL /fHox¿sf] cfqmd0fn] ubf{ eQmk'/df la:s]6hfqf x'g g;s]sf] tYo yfxf x'g cfp“5 .zfxsfndf hfqfsf] ;Gbe{

dNnsfnkZrft\ la:s]6 hfqfdf dxŒjk"0f{kl/jt{gx¿ b]vfk¥of] . klxn] dNn /fhfx¿ cfkm} hfqfdf;l/s eO{ hfqf ;~rfng ug{ lgb]{zg lbO{ hfqfnfO{Jojl:yt / dof{lbt 9ª\uaf6 ;DkGg ug{] ul/GYof] t/ caeQmk'/ :jtGq /fHo g/x]kl5 o; hfqfsf] ;~rfng s]Gb|-/fhwfgL sf7df8f}+_ af6 x'g yfNof] . uf]/vfsf /fhfk'YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] pkTosf ljhokZrft\ ;du| g]kfnsf]/fhwfgL sf7df8f}+ / /fhb/af/ xg'dfg9f]sf aGg k'Uof] .o;kl5 eQmk'/df jif]{gL x'g] o; hfqfdf /fhfsf] k|tLs:j¿k dfGo v8\unfO{ xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/af6 eQmk'/k7fpg yflnof] . ToxL /fhsLo v8\un] hfqfsf k|d'vljlwljwfgx¿df /fhfsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k/Dk/f k|rngdfcfpg yfNof ] . -(_-(_-(_-(_-(_ o;sf;fy}o;hfqf;“u ;DalGwt b]jb]jLsfk"hfcfhfdf klxn] dNn /fhfx¿:jo+ ;xefuL x'g] ub{y] .-!)_-!)_-!)_-!)_-!)_ caTof] k/Dk/f klg /f]lsof] . d'VodxŒjk"0f{ s'/f dNnsfndf of]hfqf h;/L / h'g ljlwn];~rfng x'g] u/]sf] xf] ;f]xLd'tfljsdfq ug]{ u/fpg] lgb]{zglbOof] . o;af6 s] s'/f :ki6x'G5 eg] pkTosfsf] g]jf/ snf;+:s[lt cfÇgf] gePsf]n] To;sf]k|j4{g / ;d'Ggltdf klg zfx

/fhfx¿n] vf;} lbnr:kL b]vfPsf] kfO“b}g .-!!_-!!_-!!_-!!_-!!_ o;}cg'¿ko; hfqfk|lt ltgsf] ljz]if rfv klg lyPg, lj/f]w klglyPg eGg] s'/f yfxf nfUb5 . t/ To;f] ePklg pkTosfsfcGo k|d'v hfqfx¿df h:t} eQmk'/df jif]{gL x'g] la:s]6hfqfsf] ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fnfO{ yfd]/ /fVg] s'/fdfzfxj+zLo /fhfx¿n] klg s]xL of]ubfg lbPsf lyP eGg]s'/f P]ltxfl;s k|df0fx¿n] :ki6 kfb{5 . pbfx/0ffy{la:s]6 hfqfdf kmx/fOg] ljZjWjhf jf jL/Wjhf k'/fgf]eP/ hL0f{ x'“bf gof“ Wjhf km]g]{ sfo{, e}/j–eb|sfnLsf]/y lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sf7kft pknAw u/fpg],e"sDknufotsf sf/0faf6 hfqfsf k|d'v b]jtf e}/jgfysf]dlGb/ k'/fgf] eO{ elTs+bf To;sf] dd{t ;Def/, hL0ff]{4f/,k'gMlgdf{0f cflb sfo{x¿ ug]{, ;du| la:s]6 hfqfsf];~rfng u'ly Joj:yfdfkm{t ug]{ h:tf sfdx¿ zfxsfn-/f0ffsfn_ df klg ePsf lyP eGg] tYox¿ e}/jgfydlGb/df /x]sf zfx /fhfx¿sf :j0f{ kq, tfd|dkq,Wjhf clen]vx¿af6 yfxf x'g cfp“5 .-!@_-!@_-!@_-!@_-!@_ ljqmd ;+jt\!*@$ sf] OGb|hfqfsf] lbg sflGtk'/ ljho u/L Toxf“sf]u2L cf/f]x0f ul/;s]kl5 uf]/vfsf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0fzfxn] ;f] hfqf pT;j g/f]sL k"j{jt\ ¿kdf g} rnfpglbP/ k/flht g]jf/ hgtfsf] ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/fnfO{lg/Gt/tf lbP .-!#_-!#_-!#_-!#_-!#_ o;af6 pgdf /x]sf] j[xt\ /fli6«oPstfsf] efjgf k|blz{t x'G5 . pgLkl5sf /fhfx¿n] klg:yfgLo g]jf/ hgtfsf] wd{, snf ;+:s[ltk|lt j}/efjg/fvL ;b\efj g} sfod /fv]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g} cfh;DdpkTosfsf] dNnsfnLg snf, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh, k/Dk/fcflb s'/fx¿ hLljt /xg ;s]sf x'g\ .

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dNnsfnkZrft\ la:s]6hfqfdf b]vfk/]sf] csf]{dxŒjk"0f{ kIf u'?h'sf] kN6g xf] . ljz]if u/]/ la:s]6sf]lnª\uf] pl7;s]kl5 u'?h'sf] kN6gn] rf/ k6s aGb'sk8\sfpg] gof“ rng b]vfk¥of] .-!$_-!$_-!$_-!$_-!$_ of] kN6g sfnf] /+usf]bf}/f ;'?jfn, sk8fsf] h'Qf, sfn} /+usf] las]{ 6f]kLdf;lhP/ hfqf:yndf pkl:yt x'g] uYof]{ . of] kN6g g]jf/u'?h' -jh|frfo{_ sf] kN6g geP/ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx;“u;“u}k|rngdf cfPsf] Pp6f gof“ k/Dk/f lyof] . Psy/Lcfnf]rsx¿sf] egfO{ s] klg 5 eg] pkTosf ljhokZrft\uf]/vfsf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] oxf“sf :yfgLo g]jf/afl;GbfnfO{ cfÇgf] lgoGq0fdf /fvL /fVg cyjfg]jf/x¿nfO{ ;f+:s[lts / dgf]j}1flgs ¿kdf k/flht /k/flwgtfsf] efjgf hufO/fVgsf] lglDt pkTosfleqk|rlnt ljljw gfdsf hfqf, kj{, k/Dk/f, ;+:s[ltlequ'?h'sf] kN6gnfO{ klg ;xefuL agfOPsf] xf] .-!%_-!%_-!%_-!%_-!%_

o;}sf/0f eQmk'/sf] la:s]6 hfqfdf dfq geP/ sf7df8f}+sf]OGb|hfqfsf] a]nf s'df/Lsf] /yhfqfdf ;d]t k[YjLgf/fo0fzfxsf] ;]gfsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf u'?h'sf] kN6gnfO{ s'df/Lsf]/y ;“u;“u} cBfjlw 3'dfpg] ul/G5 .

t/ oyfy{df la:s]6sf] Wjhf/f]k0f -lnª\uf]pEofpg]_ sfo{nfO{ zf:qLo dfGotf cg'¿k ;'vb\ /;f}efUosf] k|tLs cy{df lng ;lsG5 / To; v';LofnLdfaGb's k8\sfpg' :jfefljs} nfUb5 . o;df cGoyf ;f]Rg'kg]{ cfjZostf b]lv+b}g . lsgls r}q d;fGtsf lbg ;f“emkvha d'Vo hfqf:yn -Nof];L+v]n_ df ljZjWjhf;lxtsf]lnª\uf] pleG5, ta To; v';LofnLdf eQmk'/ gu/el/sf6f]n–6f]nsf u0f]z, e}/j, ci6dft[sf cflb b]jb]jLx¿nfO{d"n b]ju[xaf6 aflx/ NofP/ ljlwk"j{s v6hfqf ug]{ k/Dk/feQmk'/df cfh klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . h] xf];\ hfqfsf]cj;/df u'?h'sf] kN6gn] aGb's k8\sfpg] gof“ rngb]vfkg{yfNof] .

r}q d;fGtsf lbg lnª\uf] pEofpg' tGqsf]b[li6sf]0fn] cToGt} dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] ePsf]n] cl3–cl3 r}qd;fGtsf] lbg /f0ff k|wfgdGqL / d]if ;+qmflGtsf lbg/fhf la:s]6 hfqf x]g{ eQmk'/ hfg] rng lyof] . ;/sf/k|d'v / /fHo k|d'v pkl:yt x'g] ePkl5 hfqfsfljlwljwfgx¿ rf“8} ;DkGg ug{ :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿n]lgb]{zg lbg] ub{y] .-!^_-!^_-!^_-!^_-!^_ kmn:j¿k lgwf{l/t ;doleq} hfqfsf

;a} ljlwljwfgx¿ ;DkGg eO;Sy] . hfqf ;DkGg geP;Ddhfqf:ynaf6 s;}nfO{ st} hfg lbO“b}gYof] . hfqf:ynjl/kl/ l;kfxLx¿ 3]/f lbP/ a:y] . s;}nfO{ zf}r nfUof]jf aflx/ hfg'k¥of] eg] cfkm"n] nufPsf] 6f]kLrflx+ ToxL+/fv]/ hfg'kYof]{ . t/ o:tf] aGb]h hfqf;“u ;DalGwtu'lysf u'lyof/x¿nfO{ lyPg . pgLx¿ leq–aflx/ ug{:jtGq x'Gy] .-!&_-!&_-!&_-!&_-!&_

la:s]6 hfqf ;dodf g} ;DkGg gxf]nf, hfqfdfhg;xeflutf gh'6\nf eGg] ;f]r]/ :yfgLo k|zf;gn] To;a]nfhfqf z'? x'g'eGbf %,& lbg cl3af6} eQmk'/sf :yfgLoafl;Gbfsf 3/–3/df cfP/ hfqfdf ;lqmo ¿kdf ;xefuLx'gsf] lglDt l6s6 lbg Nofpg] rng klg k|rlnt lyof] .-----!*_!*_!*_!*_!*_ olb hfqfsf] a]nf s;}n] s'g} lsl;dsf] lgis[otfb]vfof] jf hfqfk|lt a]jf:tf jf a]vj/ eof] eg] To;n]hfqfsf k|d'v b]jb]jLsf] ckdfg u/]sf] 7fg]/ To;nfO{ wd{/ k/Dk/fsf] lj/f]wL, gfl:ts cflbsf] ;+1f lbOGYof] . of]eGbf klg dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f s] lyof] eg] To;a]nfsf] s7f]//fHo k|zf;gsf] cfb]z ljk/Lt hfg] lxDdt s;}sf] klgx'“b}gYof] . o;/L /f0ffsfnsf] clGtd ;do;Dd klg of]hfqf :yfgLo hg;xof]u / ;xeflutf clg s]Gb|sf] -/fHo;+oGqsf]_ plrt /]vb]vdf ;DkGg x'“b} cfPsf] lyof] eGg]s'/f yfxf x'g cfp“5 .k|hftGqsfnb]lv u0ftGqsfn;Ddsf];Gbe{

@))& ;fndf k|hftGq :yfkgf ePb]lv cfh;Ddklg of] hfqf /fHo / hgtf b'j}sf] ;xof]u / ;dGjodf;DkGg eO/x]sf] 5 cyf{t\ Psflt/ o;df :yfgLo hgtfsf]k|ToIf ;xeflutf kfOG5 eg] csf]{lt/ /fHo k|zf;gsf]e"ldsf klg lgSs} dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljz]if u/]//fHo ;+oGqs} lgoGq0f / lgu/fgLdf of] hfqf ;~rfngeO/x]sf] 5 eGg'df cTo'lQm gxf]nf .-!(_-!(_-!(_-!(_-!(_ o; hfqfnfO{zflGtk"0f{ / Jojl:yt 9ª\uaf6 ;+rfng ug{sf] lglDtx/]s jif{ hfqf z'? x'g'eGbf !%,@) lbg cl3af6} k|d'vlhNnf clwsf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf Pp6f ;ldlt u7g ug]{ul/G5 . h'g ;ldltdf gu/sf k|j'4 ju{, u0odfGoJolQmx¿, ;+:s[ltljb\x¿, hfqf;“u ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lx¿,k'hf/Lju{, ;'/Iff clwsf/Lx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . o;} ;ldltsf]/]vb]v / Joj:yfkgdf hfqfsf] k|f/Deb]lv cGTo;Ddsfk|d'v ljlwljwfgx¿ ;DkGg x'g] ub{5 .-@)_-@)_-@)_-@)_-@)_ o; cltl/Qmhg;xof]u / ;xeflutf x'“bfx'“b} klg x/]s jif{ hfqf;~rfngsf] lglDt cfjZos kg]{ k|foM ;a} cfly{s vr{sf]


68

Joj:yfkg /fHo ;+oGq cyf{t\ u'ly ;+:yfg eQmk'/n] g}ub{5 . hfqfdf ;/sf/L kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] pkl:yltn]hfqfsf] zf]ef a9fpg] ub{5 . d'Vo dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f /fHo;+k|e'sf] k|tLs jf /fhf -/fi6«fWoIf_ sf] pkl:yltsf]k |tLs /fhsLo v8 \u -t/jf/_ hfqfsf k |d 'vljlwljwfgx¿df cfjZos kb{5 . o;}n] hfqf k|f/Dex'g'eGbf Pslbg cl3 of] v8\u /fhwfgL sf7df8f}+af6cfPsf] ;Dem]/ gu/aflx/sf] ;Nnf3f/L -k'isl/0fL kf]v/Lsf]blIf0f klZrdL s'gfsf] l8n_ ;Dd lng hfg] / To;kl5Toxf“af6 /ftf] sk8fdf a]l/Psf] pQm v8\unfO{ ljlwadf ] lhd x:tfGt/0f u/ ]/ lnPkl5 afhfufhf,nfjfn:s/;lxt gu/ leœofpg] ul/G5 .-@!_-@!_-@!_-@!_-@!_ o;/L /fhfsf]k|tLs v8\u /ydf ;jf/ ug'{kg]{ k/Dk/fn] ubf{ o; hfqfdf/fhfsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] lyof] eGg] yfxf x'G5 .

o; cltl/Qm Hof]ltifLn] h'/fPsf] lglZrt\ ;fOtdf/yhfqf ;'? ug'{ k"j{ hfqfsf k|d'v b]jb]jL e}/j /eb|sfnLsf] dlGb/df b/af/af6 cfPsf] k"hfsf] ¿kdf‘BM lnou' k'hf’ / ‘nfos" k"hf’ gfds k"hf r9fpg] sfo{xfn klg ul/G5 .-@@_-@@_-@@_-@@_-@@_ oL k"hfnfO{ hfqf ;~rfngsflglDt /fhfsf] cfb]z cfPsf] k|tLs cy{df lnOg] ul/G5 .To;kl5 dfq ljlwjt\ ¿kdf hfqf ;'? ul/G5 . gf}lbg;Dd v8\usf] ;jf/L rnfpg] a|fDx0fx¿n] hfqfsf] ;a}36gfqmd tn]h' d"nrf]sdf /fhb/af/ kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{;lj:tf/ ljlGt r9fpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .-@#_-@#_-@#_-@#_-@#_

csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f s] b]lvG5 eg] Wjhfclen]vx¿sf] cWoog ubf{v]l/ Pp6f Wjhf hL0f{ eO{csf]{ gof“ Wjhf km]g'{ k¥of] eg] To:tf] z'esfo{ u2Lgf;Lg/fhfx¿af6 x'g] k/Dk/f /xL cfPsf]5 . o;df ljz]if

u/]/ dNn / zfxj+zLo /fhfx¿sf] gfd pNn]v kfOG5 .-@$_-@$_-@$_-@$_-@$_ t/ ckjfbsf] ¿kdf jt{dfg ;dosf] ljZjWjhfdfpTsL0f{ clen]vdf eg] tfTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fbsf]O/fnfsf] gfd pNn]lvt 5 . zfob d'n'sdf u0ftGq:yfkgf ePkl5 km]l/Psf] Wjhf ePsf]n] To;a]nf/fi6«fWoIfsf] sfo{ef/ klg k|wfgdGqLn] g} ;Dxfn]sf] x'gfn]k|wfgdGqLsf] gfd Wjhf clen]vdf pTsL0f{ x'g k'Uof] .To;df n]lvPsf] 5– >L >L >L cfsf; e}/j lk|to ul/g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hfkk|;fb sf]O/fnfaf6 gof“ ljZjWjhf -xlnkQf_ agfO{ r9fpg'ePsf] 5 . ;Djt\ @)^$ ;fn r}q !^ ut] /f]h &z'Ed\ .... of] ljZjWjhf @)^$ ;fn r}q !^ ut] zlgaf/sf]lbg !! ah]/ #$ ldg]6sf] z'e;fOtdf ;+sNk ul/Psf] ...h]xf];\ la:s]6sf] gof“ Wjhf km]g]{ sfo{ /fHo;Qfsf] ;jf]{RrJolQmn] dfq ug{ ;Sg] /x]5 eGg] s'/f o;af6 klg :ki6x'G5 . o;/L /fhf / k|hfsf] ;xeflutfdf ;~rfng x'“b}cfPsf] o;hfqfdf /fhf jf /fHo;Qfsf] cToGt uf9f;DaGw ePsf] s'/f k|dfl0ft x'G5 .

olb :yfgLo hg;xof]u / ;xeflutfaf6 klgljZjWjh lnª\uf] pEofpg ;lsPg eg] -ljz]if u/]/lnª\uf]sf] cfsf/ 7"nf] ePsf] cj:yfdf_ To; kl/l:yltdf:yfgLo k|zf;gåf/f ;/sf/L ;]gfsf] ;xof]usf nflucg'/f]w ul/GYof] . tt\kZrft eQmk'/ ;}lgs Jof/]saf6;/sf/L ;]gfsf] 6f]nL hfqf:yn uP/ lnª\uf] pEofpg]sfo{df :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ ;fy / ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] u/]sf]Oltxf; klg kfOG5 . of] l;nl;nf k+rfotsfnsf] kl5Nnf];do;Dd rn]sf] lyof] t/ lj=;+= @)$^ ;fnsf] /fhgLltskl/jt{g kZrft\ eg] o; hfqfsf] nflu g]kfnL ;]gfsf];xof]u lnOPsf] b]lvb}g .-@%_-@%_-@%_-@%_-@%_

o;} ;Gbe{df csf]{ s'/f oxf“g]/ s] pNn]v ug'{k|f;+lus b]lvG5 eg] la:s]6 hfqf ;+rfngsf nflu cfjZoskg]{ ;Nnfsf] ?v, cGo sf7kft, 8f]/L, gLnf] hLg sk8f,Wjhfktfsf, k"hf;fdu|Lnufot kz' rf}kfof cflb ;Dk"0f{j:t'x¿sf] rf“hf]kf“hf] ;/sf/L lgsfoaf6 x'“b} cfO/x]sf]5 . o; ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sf] /]vb]v ;fljsdf 5]e8]nc8\8fdfkm{t x'g] ub{Yof] . t/ lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf u'ly;+:yfg :yfkgf ePkl5 o; hfqfdf ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{sf];f]wegf{ >L % sf] ;/sf/af6 lbg] u/L ;+:yfgn] cfjZosvr{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . t/ s]xL jif{ cl3;Dd g]kfn ;/sf/af6o;/L ePsf] vr{sf] ;f]wegf{ lbPsf] ePklg d'n'sdfu0ftGq :yfkgf ePkl5 eg] xfn k"0f{ ¿kdf /f]Ssf

k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] gfd pb\w[t ePsf] jL/ Wjhf jfljZjWjhf


69

ul/Psf] 5 . t/ k'vf{sf] sLlt{, ;+:s[ltsf] w/f]x/, wd{ /k'0osf] s'/f ePsf]n] o; hfqfnfO{ nf]k x'g glbO{ ;+/If0f/ ;Da4{g ug]{ bfloTj af]s]sf] cflwsfl/s lgsfo eg]sf]Ps dfq u'ly ;+:yfg xf] . o;}sf/0f u'ly ;+:yfgn]jflif{s ¿kdf ljlgof]lht ug]{ /sd g} xfn o;hfqf;~rfngsf] d'Vo cfwf/ ;|f]t /x]sf] 5 . o;} cg'¿klj=;+= @)^% ;fnsf] la:s]6 hfqfsf] nflu ?=* nfv,lj=;+= @)^^ ;fnsf] nflu ?=* nfv %) xhf/ / lj=;+=@)^& ;fnsf] la:s]6 hfqfsf] nflu ?=!) nfv ¿k}ofvr{ ePsf] hfgsf/L u'ly ;+:yfg eQmk'/sf sfof{nok|d'v cRo'tfgGb kf]v/]nn] u/fpg' ePsf] 5 .-@^_-@^_-@^_-@^_-@^_ otfaf6s] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 eg] d'n'ssf] ;f+:s[lts w/f]x/sf] ¿kdf/x]sf] la:s]6 hfqf ;~rfng ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ cfly{sJooef/ u'ly ;+:yfgn] axg ub}{ cfPsf] kl/k|]Ifdf of]hfqf /fHo;+oGqs} plrt b]v/]vdf ;~rfng x'“b} cfPsf]b]lvG5 .lgisif{

o;k|sf/ k|frLgsfnb]lv xfn;Dd klg eQmk'/sf]la:s]6 hfqf :yfgLo hg;xof]u / ;xeflutfaf6 rNb}cfPsf] hfqf ePklg To;df /fhf jf /fHo;Qfsf] klgplQs} dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] tYo dfly pNn]lvtb[i6fGtx¿af6 :ki6 x'g cfp“5 . jf:tjdf /fHo k|zf;gs}lgoGq0f, lgu/fgL / /]vb]vdf o; hfqfsf z'?b]lvclGtd;Ddsf ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx¿ cfh klg ;~rfng x“'b}cfPsf 5g\ . csf]{ cy{df, ;dfhdf /x]sf cg]s y/Lsfdflg;x¿aLr k/:k/df d]nldnfk, ;fdflhs ;b\efj,cfk;L Pstfsf] efjgf hufO{ /fhgLlts ¿kdf zflGt,l:y/tf / cdgr}g sfod /fVg' o; hfqfsf] Pp6f k|d'vp2]Zo /x]sf] lyof] eGg'df cTo'lQm gxf]nf .kfb l6kf]6!= xfn eQmk'/ lrq ;ª\u|xfnodf /fhf hutk|sfz dNnn] g]=;+= &*(

-lj=;+= !&@^_ df /fv]sf] bz cjtf/sf] j0f{g ;DaGwL uLt k/]sf]lznfn]vsf] kl5Nnf] efu /x]sf] 5 . To;df hutrGb|sf] pNn]v o;/LcfPsf] 5–

‘hutr+b b'x' Ps lxlhj b'o k/dkb b'x'kfj]===

cfzf:t] >L hurGb| a}s'07 kbk°h] =====’

-hutrGb| b'O k|f0fL ePtf klg Ps} x'g'x'G5 . b'j}nfO{ k/dkb ldnf];\===_ – ef]nfgfy kf}8]n, eQmk'/sf] /fhs'nfeQmk'/sf] /fhs'nfeQmk'/sf] /fhs'nfeQmk'/sf] /fhs'nfeQmk'/sf] /fhs'nf] sf7df8f}+M cfud k|sfzg,lj=;+= @)^%, k[=$! .

@= P]hg, k[= #* .

#= s_ l6=cf/=j}B, hok|sfz dNn, lb a| ]e dNn ls· ckmhok|sfz dNn, lb a| ]e dNn ls· ckmhok|sfz dNn, lb a| ]e dNn ls· ckmhok|sfz dNn, lb a| ]e dNn ls· ckmhok|sfz dNn, lb a| ]e dNn ls· ckmsflGtk'/,sflGtk'/,sflGtk'/,sflGtk'/,sflGtk'/, Go" lbNnLM cgdf]n klAns];g k|f=ln=, O{=;+= !((^, k[=@$ .

v_ tLy{k|;fb ld>, ‘eQmk'/ /fHodf hg;xeflutfM Ps P]ltxfl;s‘eQmk'/ /fHodf hg;xeflutfM Ps P]ltxfl;s‘eQmk'/ /fHodf hg;xeflutfM Ps P]ltxfl;s‘eQmk'/ /fHodf hg;xeflutfM Ps P]ltxfl;s‘eQmk'/ /fHodf hg;xeflutfM Ps P]ltxfl;srrf{’,rrf{’,rrf{’,rrf{’,rrf{’, vf]k[ª, jif{ #, c+s #, lj=;+= @)%! k[=@$ .

u_ eQmk'/sf] btfqo dlGb/df cfOa;]sf sf7df8f}+sf /fhf hok|sfzdNn tyf kf6gsf /fhf t]hg/l;+x dNnn] eQmk'/sf /fhf /0flhtdNnsxf“ z/0f dfu]sf] va/ k7fP . z/0f lbg] glbg] ljifodf krkGg‰ofno'Qm /fhk|f;fbsf] d"nrf]sdf /fhf / pgsf ef/bf/x¿ aLr5nkmn eof] === . ;dfg :j¿ksf snf, ;+:s[lt, efiff, wd{ ePsf/fhfx¿k|lt vt/fk"j{ z/0f lbg] ljifodf, To;df klg /utsf] ;DaGw;d]tePsf] s'/f ;lxi0f'tf hfUg' c:jfefljs lyPg . o;}n] b'j} /fhfx¿nfO{cfÇgf] b/af/df z/0f lbg] s'/fdf dt}So eof] / z/0f lbOof] . tLg/fhfx¿ Ps 7fp“df hDdfdfq s] ePsf lyP olts}df /fhf /0flhtdNnsxf“ b/af/sf] 9f]sf aflx/af6 k7fOPsf] kq k'¥ofOof]– ‘ldt af,d}n] b'O d[unfO{ nv]6]/ Nofofsf lyof“, logLx¿ oxf“ cfO k'Uof5g\,dnfO{ ;'DkL lbg'xf];\=== .’ k|tfkL, ;';+:s[lt1 / wd{eL? rl/q ePsfTo:tf dxfk'?if /fhfx¿nfO{ b'O{ d[u nv]6]/ NofPsf], /fhfsf] b/af/dfa;]sfnfO{ ;'lDklbg'xf];\ eGg] h:tf t'R5af]nL czf]egLo Jojxf/, x]nf“sfzAbx¿n] n]lvPsf kq b]Vbf, kfp“bf :jfledfgL dflg;nfO{ dfgl;sj]bgfsf ;fy} zf/Ll/s sDkg x'g' P]ltxfl;s ;Totf lyof], === o;}n]/0flht dNnn] ‘z/0f k¥ofsf] d/0f uGof{ 5}g’ eg]/ b/af/ aflx/xltof/n] n]z k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf b"tnfO{ hjfkm lbP/ k7fP . –P]Zjo{nfn k|wfgf·, ‘g]kfnsf clGtd dNn /fhfx¿sf] cGtLd‘g]kfnsf clGtd dNn /fhfx¿sf] cGtLd‘g]kfnsf clGtd dNn /fhfx¿sf] cGtLd‘g]kfnsf clGtd dNn /fhfx¿sf] cGtLd‘g]kfnsf clGtd dNn /fhfx¿sf] cGtLd38L,’38L,’38L,’38L,’38L,’ vf]k[ª, jif{ @, c+s @, lj=;+= @)%), k[= (–!! .

$= k|ToIf cWoog / :ynut cjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df .

%= la:s]6 hfqf;“u ;DaGwL dfgGw/ u'lysf gfOs] kbdaxfb'/ dfgGw/-jif{ &^_ af6 ldlt @)^&.$.$ ut] k|fKt hfgsf/L .

^= s_ r'Gbf ah|frfo{, dNnsfnof 5'+ ;+:s[lt,dNnsfnof 5'+ ;+:s[lt,dNnsfnof 5'+ ;+:s[lt,dNnsfnof 5'+ ;+:s[lt,dNnsfnof 5'+ ;+:s[lt, sf7df8f}+, sfzLgfytdf]6, g]=;+= !!)%, k[=@$ .

v_ sflGtk'/ / eQmk'/sf :yfgLo hfqfx¿ jf rf8kj{ x'“bf To;cj;/dfrf8 dfGg Ps /fHosf hgtf csf]{ /fHodf hfg] ub{y] . t/ slxn]sfxL“/hf–/fhfx¿sf] cfk;L j}dg:otf x'“bf o:tf hfqf jf rf8df efu lnguPsf hgtfx¿n] ;d]t b'Mv ef]Ug' kb{Yof] .– r'Gbf jh|frfo{, lhtfldqlhtfldqlhtfldqlhtfldqlhtfldqdNnsfnLg w/ kf},dNnsfnLg w/ kf},dNnsfnLg w/ kf},dNnsfnLg w/ kf},dNnsfnLg w/ kf}, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn tyf PlzofnL cg';Gwfgs]Gb|, lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, lj=;+= @)%#, k[=^^ .

&= s_ d]l/ Pd=P08/;g, lb km]li6eN; ckm g]kfn,lb km]li6eN; ckm g]kfn,lb km]li6eN; ckm g]kfn,lb km]li6eN; ckm g]kfn,lb km]li6eN; ckm g]kfn, n08g M hh{Pn]g P08jLg, O{=;+= !(&!, k[=@)^ .

v_ b]jLk|;fb nD;fn, efiff j+zfjnL,efiff j+zfjnL,efiff j+zfjnL,efiff j+zfjnL,efiff j+zfjnL, efu @, sf7df8f}+M g]kfn /fli6«ok':tsfno, lj=;+= @)##, k[=!!& .

*= eQmk'/ lgjf;L 1fgs/ ah|frfo{sf] ;ª\u|xdf /x]sf] g]=;+= &@# b]lvg]=;+= (#^ ;Ddsf la:s]6 hfqf;“u ;DalGwt clgi6, b'3{6gf / ltgsf]zflGt ubf{sf k|lqmofsf af/]df ljj/0f Yof;km"sf] kq ;ª\Vof ^,& /* . o;sf] k|ltlnlk o; n]vs;“u ;'/lIft /x]sf] 5 .

(= ljho cleofgsf] cl:y/ /fhgLlts kl/l:yltdf cfkm" slxn] stfslxn] stf bf}l8/xg' kg]{ clg ev{/ :yflkt gjLg g]kfnsf] /fhwfgLdfly;b}j s8f lgoGq0f / lgu/fgL g/fv]df cfÇgf lj/f]wLx¿n] 6fpsf]p7fpg ;Sg] ePsfn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ef}uf]lns ¿kdf sf7df8f}+b]lvk/ /x]sf] eQmk'/sf] :yfgLo hfqfdf cfÇgf] k|tLs :j¿k t/jf/dfqk7fOg] u/]sf] xf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;fy} csf]{ cy{df /fHo ;++k|e'sf] k|tLsdflgg] o; t/jf/ -v8\u_ sf] pkl:yltn] hfqfdf /fHosf] klg ;xdlt/ :jLs[lt 5 eGg] s'/f cg'df]bg ub{5 .


70!)= dNnsfndf la:s]6 kj{sf a]nf b]jb]jLsf k"hfcfhf x'“bf dNn /fhfx¿

cfkm} pkl:yt eO{ k"hf ug]{ ub{y] eGg] tYo lhtfldq dNnsfnLglhtfldq dNnsfnLglhtfldq dNnsfnLglhtfldq dNnsfnLglhtfldq dNnsfnLgw/ kf} w/ kf} w/ kf} w/ kf} w/ kf} df plNnlvt lgDg l6kf]6af6 x'G5–

‘>L # Olndf; la:Softd k"hf ofªf, >L # l;l4u0f]zfogdM..

>L >L ;'dlt ho lhtfldq dNn b]j;g k"hf ofªf w/f]6 h'/f],

k"j{jt\, ;+= *)$ r}q alb !@’– ah|frfo{, kfb l6Kk0fL g+= ̂ -s_, k[=#) .

!!= oBlk dNn /fhfx¿ klg g]jf/ lyPgg\, aflx/af6 cfPsf s0ff{6j+zLlyP, tyflk oxf“sf] g]jf/ snf, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/fnfO{ cjnDjg u/]/g]jf/ rf8kj{, hfqf clg cGo rngx¿;d]t cg';/0f ub}{ cufl8a9fp“b} nu] . t/ dNn /fhfx¿n] h:tf] zfx /fhfx¿n] oxf“sf] snf;+:s[ltnfO{ cfÇg} ;+:s[lt ;Dem]/ o;sf] ;Da4{g / k|j4{gdf slxNo}Wofg lbPgg\, s]jn k/Dk/fut rngx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tfdfq lbP .o;}n] o;kl5 oxf“ ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] qmd /f]lsof] .

!@= dNnsfn kZrft\ >L cfsfze}/jsf] b}lgs k"hf, kj{ k"hf, hfqf /dlGb/sf] /]vb]v, ;'/Iff cflb ;a} sfo{x¿ zfx /fhfx¿sf kfnfdfklg ePsf lyP . k"j{sfnsf] ;+:s[ltsf] lhDd]jf/L lnO{ eO/x]sfu'lyx¿sf] ;+/If0f / e}/jgfysf] k"hf / hfqfsf] ;~rfngsf] lglDt5'§} u'ly Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0ffy{ /fhf /fh]Gb|ljqmdzfxn] e}/jgfy dlGb/ Hofb} hL0f{ x'“bf To;sf] k'glg{df{0f u/fO{ blIf0fLk|j]zåf/df ci6bz e}/j, To;sf] d'lg snz / u0f]zsf d"lt{x¿ sf]g{nufO{ :yfkgf ug{ nufP . To;sf] % jif{kl5 >L % /fh]Gb| / >L %;'/]Gb| b'j}sf] gfd c+lst g]kfn efiff lnlkdf pTsL0f{ ;'gsf] hnknufPsf] g]=;+= ($% sf] tfd|kq e}/jgfy dlGb/sf] k"jf{led'vk|j]zåf/sf] bfof“afof“ leQfdf /fVg nufP, h'g cBfjlw b]Vg ;lsG5 .To;kl5 /fhf lujf{0fo'4 ljqmd zfxn] >L cfsfze}/j sxf“ ljlw;Ddt9ª\un] k"hf r9fO{ x/]s jif{ ufO{hfqfsf] ef]lnkN6 v6df e}/jgfysf]d"lt{ lj/fhdfg u/fO{ b]z kl/qmdf u/L hfqf rnfpg] Joj:yf u/],h'g hfqfnfO{ lujf{0f hfqf gfdn] klg ;Daf]wg ul/G5 . To:t} lj=;+=!(() ;fn df3 @ ut]sf] dxfe"sDkn] eQmk'/ e}/jgfy dlGb/ elTs+bftfTsfnLg /f0ff k|wfgdGqL >L # dxf/fh h'4 zDz]/n] hub]lv g}lgdf{0f u/fPsf lyP . o;df df]? ^%))).– vr{ nfu]sf] lyof] .o;sf] lgdf{0f k'/fg} z}nLdf ul/Psf] lyof] / of] lgdf{0f sfo{ 5]e8]nc8\8fsf] tTjfjwfgdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . tt\kZrft\ g]kfnsf k|d'vb]jb]jLx¿sf] lgTo kj{ k"hfnufot hfqf ;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L u'ly;+:yfgnfO{ lbOPkl5 la:s]6 hfqfsf k|d'v b]jtf e}/jgfy dlGb/sf]/]vb]v, k"hfkf7, hfqfx¿ ;f] ;+:yfgaf6 ;~rfng x'“b} cfO/x]sf] 5 .–nLnfeQm d'g+sdL{, la:s]6hfqfsf] ;+:s[ltla:s]6hfqfsf] ;+:s[ltla:s]6hfqfsf] ;+:s[ltla:s]6hfqfsf] ;+:s[ltla:s]6hfqfsf] ;+:s[lt, ‘eQmk'/’ dfl;s,eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf, lj=;+= @)%#,k[=#%–#^ .

o;b]lv afx]s la:s]6 hfqfdf kmx/fOg] ljZjWjhf k'/fgf]eO, hL0f{ x'“bf To; 7fp“df gof“ Wjhf km]g]{ sfo{ klg zfx /fhfx¿af6ePsf lyP . o;df ljz]if u/]/ /fhf /0faxfb'/ zfx, /fhf lqe'jg/ /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] gfd pNn]vgLo kfOG5 .

!#= l6=cf/=j}B, k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx lb kmfp08/ ckm df]8g{k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx lb kmfp08/ ckm df]8g{k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx lb kmfp08/ ckm df]8g{k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx lb kmfp08/ ckm df]8g{k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx lb kmfp08/ ckm df]8g{g]kfn,g]kfn,g]kfn,g]kfn,g]kfn, Go" lbNnL, cgdf]n klAns];G;, O{=;+= !((#, k[=@^$ / #^* .

!$= ;+:s[ltljb\ nLnfeQm d'g+sdL{ -jif{ *@_ af6 ldlt @)^$.*.!^ ut]k|fKt hfgsf/L .

!%= ;+:s[ltljb\ z+s/dfg t'nfw/sf cg';f/ u'h'{sf] kN6g eg]sf] ah|frfo{sf]cyjf g]jf/ u'h'{sf] kN6g geP/ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx;“u;“u} k|bz{gdfNofOPsf] Pp6f k/Dk/f xf] . Hofk" dxfu'lysf k|d'v lbk]Gb|

dxh{gsfcg';f/ o; kN6gn] g]jf/x¿nfO{ ;f+:s[lts / dgf]j}1flgs¿kdf k/flht / k/flwgtfsf] efjgf hufO /fv]sf] 5 .– lemu'lemu'lemu'lemu'lemu':jlguM:jlguM:jlguM:jlguM:jlguM jif{ &, c+s $!, lj=;+= @)^% efb| @@, k[=& .

!^= ;Togf/fo0f k|hfklt, ‘la:s]6 hfqf’, g]kfnL ;+:s[lt,g]kfnL ;+:s[lt,g]kfnL ;+:s[lt,g]kfnL ;+:s[lt,g]kfnL ;+:s[lt, jif{ ^, c+s!, lj=;+= @)$^, k[=#% .

!&= dfgGw/ u'lysf gfOs] jif{ &^ sf kbdaxfb'/ dfgGw/af6 ldlt@)^&.$.$ ut] k|fKt hfgsf/L .

!*= P]hg .

!(= k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] sfof{no, eQmk'/sf k|zf;g kmf“6sf vl/bf/sd{rf/L lx/fnfn 8f“uL -jif{ $)_ af6 ldlt @)^^.%.!% ut] k|fKthfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df .

@)= P]hg .

@!= :ynut cWoog / k|ToIf cjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/L .

@@= k|hfklt, k"j{jt\, kfb l6Kk0fL g+= !^, k[= #@ .

@#= P]hg .

@$= dNnsfndf ljz]if u/]/ hut k|sfz dNn, lhtfldq dNn clgzfxsfndf /0faxfb'/ zfx, >L % lqe'jg / >L % jL/]Gb|n] k'/fgf]WjhfnfO{ km]/]/ gof“ Wjhf r9fPsf] b]lvG5 . lhtfldq dNnn] cfsfze}/jnfO{ r9fP elgPsf] Ps hf]8L Wjhf xfn tn]h' :yfgsf] e08f/df/ cGo hL0f{ Wjhfx¿ e}/jgfy dlGb/sf] dflyNnf] tNnfdf /flvPsf5g\ .– e}/jgfy u'lysf gfOs] df]tLaxfb'/ ;'jfn -jif{ &(_ af6 ldlt@)^&.&.!* ut] k|fKt hfgsf/L .

@%= k|ToIf cWoog cjnf]sgaf6 k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df .

@^= u'ly ;+:yfg eQmk'/sf sfof{no k|d'v cRo'tfgGb kf]v/]naf6 ldlt@)^&.&.!* ut] k|fKt hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df .

dg', ;n j ubfxfdg', ;n j ubfxfdg', ;n j ubfxfdg', ;n j ubfxfdg', ;n j ubfxfu'u'+ sfn] 5Dx dg' yDx ubfxf 5Dx j ;n 5Dx

Vofgf y Gof;] jgf rf]g, ycu' dfn\ tfn\ j ubfxf ofs]s'aLsf o+sf rf]g . ubfxfof s' cfkf ‰oft'of ;nOt ‘5'+dfn\ tfn\ 5+ s'aLof dAo";f lh hf ;Lg’ wsf j ubfxf+wfn . ‘t/ 5'+ eltrf s'aLof Ao";f lh j n+ tn+ 5]+ y]+sjg]’wsf j+ wfn . j ;n+ jOu' v]+t jf:tfx] dt;]+ ‘g'’ sf af]lan . c+t] j s' s'aL dkmof j s'+ Nxfgf j ubfxf l;t .j ubfxf hs l;u' vg]j+ j dg'+ j dfn\tfn\ km's j ;n Ots'aLsn . j l;Dx ubfxf g+ jOt s'aLsf o+ sn .

x]lyGofDx ;]+g+ ycu' h“ tdw' tn] hs ;xofgfrf]g] kmO .

-dNnh'of ‘O{;k+ bosftu' afv+, g];+= !)#%’ ;km'ln+_


71

sfn{ dfS;{ / k|m ]8l/sP+u]N;aLrsf] /fhgLlts / af}l4s

ldqtfsf] xf/fxf/Ldf cfpg s;}sf] klg /fhgLlts /af}l4s ldqtfnfO{ ufx|} knf{ . pgLx¿n] ;g\ !*$* dfk |l;4 ‘sDo ' lgi6 3f ] i f0ffkq’‘sDo ' lgi6 3f ] i f0ffkq’‘sDo ' lgi6 3f ] i f0ffkq’‘sDo ' lgi6 3f ] i f0ffkq’‘sDo ' lgi6 3f ] i f0ffkq’ dfq n]v ]gg \, Tof ]sfnv08df ePsf ;fdflhs qmflGtx¿df klg pgLx¿plQs} ;lqmo lyP . b'j}hgf ldn]/ ;g\ !*$% df kljqkl/jf/ -b xf]nL ÇofDnL_ / ;g\ !*$^ df hd{g ljrf/wf/f-b hd{gL cfO8f]nf]hL_ k':ts n]v]sf lyP .

;g\ !*&)–bzssf] kl5Nnf jif{x¿df oL b'O{j}1flgs ;dfhjfbLx¿–dfS;{ / P+u]N; cGttM Pscsf{;Fu}a:g ;Sg] kl/l:ylt aGof] . pgLx¿ x/]s ;do Pscsf{nfO{e]6\g ;Sg] eP . dfS;{sf] cWoog–sIfleq pgLx¿ b'O{hgfb'O{ s'gfdf a;]/ cWoog uy]{ . pgLx¿ s'g} klgljifodf 5nkmn ug{ Ps–csf{sf] cWoog 6]a'ndfcf]xf]/bf]xf]/ uy]{ . cfÇgf ljljw ljrf/, of]hgf / sfdaf/]Ps–csf{;Fu s'/f ug{ sf]7fleq cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ubf{ e'O“v'OlnP/ af6f] h:tf] alg;s]sf] lyof]] . pgLx¿ b'j} cfkm"n]n]Vb} u/]sf] s'g} klg n]vsf] k|To]s gofF cg'R5]b Ps–csf{nfO{ ;'gfpg] uy]{ . P+u]N;n] cfÇgf] s[lt ‘8'l/ªdtv08g’ k|sfzgk"j{ k"/} k9]/ dfS;{nfO{ ;'gfPsf lyP .-Tof] s[ltdf dfS;{n] klg Pp6f kf7 n]v]sf lyP ._P+u]N;sf] csf]{ s[lt ‘;dfhjfb M sfNklgs jf j}1flgs’sf] nflu dfS;{n] e"ldsf n]v]sf lyP . ;g\ !**# dfdfS;{sf] lgwg eof] . pgsf] lgwgkZrft\ pgn] 5f]8]sfl6Kk0fL / v];|fx¿sf cfwf/df P+u]N;n] ‘k"FhL’ sf v08b'O{ / ltgsf] k|sfzgsf] tof/L u/]sf lyP . P+u]N; :j+on];aeGbf klxnf cfkm" dfS;{sf] 5fofFdf k/]sf] :jLsf/]sflyP . tyflk pgL cfkm}df Pshgf uDeL/ jf}l4s //fhgLlts lrGts lyP .

bzsf}+;Dd s]xL k|f1x¿n] P+u]N;n] dfS;{sfljrf/nfO{ tn emf/]sf] / aª\UofPsf] elg/x] . /fhgLltsj}1flgs hf]g Pn= :6]Gn]n] ;g\ @))@ df k|sflzt k':ts‘d"nwf/df dfS;{’-d]gnfOlgª dfS;{_ df dfS;{nfO{ P+u]N;;Fucnu agfpg] k|of; u/]sf 5g\ . dfS;{ / P+u]N; b'O{hgfleGg–leGg ?rL / k|ltef ePsf km/s–km/s JolQm

ePsf] ;xh tYoaLr pgn] Tof] k':tsdf ;s];Dd P+u]N;nfO{dfS;{af6 cnu agfPsf 5g\ . pgn] dfS;{jfbsf ;a}lgGbgLo s'/fsf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf P+u]N;nfO{ bf]iff/f]k0f u/]sf5g\ . clg dfS;{nfO{ ;Eo n]vssf] k|ltdfg dfg]sf5g\ . ;fy} pgn] dfS;{ cfkm} dfS;{jfbL gePsf] s'/f klgn]v]sf 5g\ .

cfheGbf rfln; jif{cl3 ;g\ !(&$ sf] l8;]Da/!@ df jflzª\6gsf] cf]nlDkofl:yt b Pe/lu|g :6]6 sn]hdfcfof]lht 8]le8 d]sn]nfgsf] ‘sfn{ dfS;{ M ;fvsf]kl/jt{g’ ljifos k|jrg sfo{qmddf ;xefuL aGg] df}sfkfPsf] lyPF . d]sn]nfgsf] s[lt ‘sfn{ dfS;{M hLjgL /s[ltTj’ k':ts k|sflzt ePsf] Ps jif{kl5 Tof] sfo{qmdePsf] lyof] . d]sn]nfgsf] pQm s[lt d}n] lgs} uDeL/tfk"j{sk9]sf] lyPF . To;sf/0f klg d}n] Tof] ;fFem pgsf] ljrf/;'Gg cft'/Lsf ;fy k|ltIff u/]sf] lyPF . t/ Tof] ;fFemd}n] h] ;'g+] Tof] lgs} cndNofpg] vfnsf] lyof] . Tof];fFem d]sn]nfgsf] k|jrgsf] ;f/ lyof] M sfn{ dfS;{k|m]8l/s P+u]N; lyPgg\ . cflwsfl/s dfS;{ kQf nufpgdfS;{sf] uxF'nfO{ P+u]N;sf] rf]s/af6 cnu lgsfNg'kg]{pgsf] egfO{ lyof] . d]sn]nfgn] dfS;{jfbdf lgZrojfb(positivism) P+u]N;n] leœofPsf] ts{ /fv]sf lyP .kl5 låtLo / t[tLo cGt/f{li6«o xF'b} ;dofGt/df :tflngn]]dfS;{jfbdf of] jfb alnof] agfPsf] pgsf] egfO{ lyof] .d]sn]nfgn] s]xL jif{kl5 k|sfzg u/]sf] ‘k|]m8l/s P+u]N;’gfdsf] P+u]N;sf] 5f]6f] hLjgLdf klg oLdWo] s]xLcfnf]rgfx¿ ;dfj]z u/]sf lyP .

P+u]N;lj/f]wL b[li6sf]0f;Fu of] g} d]/f] klxnf];fIffTsf/ lyof] . klZrdf jfdkGyL j'l4hLjLx¿aLr of]Pp6f kfl/eflifs ljz]iftfsf] ¿kdf pbfPsf] lyof] .‘klZr]nL dfS;{jfb’ sf] ¿kdf leGg bfz{lgs k/Dk/fsf]pbo;Fu of] wf/ glhsaf6 hf]l8Psf] 5 . of] wf/nfO{slxn]sfxL F cflwsfl/s jf ;f ]leot dfS;{jfbsf ]ljk/Ltfy{sf] ¿kdf klg lng] ul/Psf] 5 . o; cy{dfklZrd]nL dfS;{jfbsf] d"ncfwf/ eg]s} k|s[lt;DaGwLP+u]N;sf] åGåjfbsf] c:jLsf/f]lQm xf] . hh{ n'sf;n] P+u]N;sf]åGåjfbnfO{ ‘kmut j:t'ut åGåjfb’ eg]sf 5g\ .

P+u]N;sf] k'g/fudgk|f]=hf]g a]nfdL kmf]:6/÷ g]kfnL efiffGt/ M ;'dg


72

clwsf+z klZd]nL dfS;{jfbLx¿sf nflu åGåjfbeg]sf] r]tgf–j:t'aLrsf] ;d¿k ;DaGw xf] . cyf{t\ xfdLn];+;f/nfO{ TolQ g} dfqfdf a'em\g ;S5f}+, hlt xfdLn]agfPsf 5f}+ . o:tf] cfnf]rgfTds b[li6sf]0fn] clwsf+zsf]dfS;{jfbaf/] a'emfOdf ;+qmldt cflwsfl/s ;f]leotljrf/wf/fcGtu{t ts{k"0f{ 7x¥ofOPsf] sfFrf] lgZrojfbdfe"n;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpF5 . tyflk P]ltxfl;sef}ltsjfbnfO{ dfgljsL / ;fdflhs lj1fg clg/fhgLlt;Fu dfq ;DalGwt geO{ a? ef}ltsjfbL k|fs[ltslj1fg;Fu klg ;DalGwt ljifosf] ¿kdf dfS;{jfbnfO{ x]g]{nfdf] k/Dk/f TofUb} To;nfO{ yk cfbz{jfbL lbzfdfws]Ng klZrd]nL dfS;{jfbsf] e"ldsf v]Nof] .

jfdkGyL k|f1x¿aLr P+u]N;sf] ab\VjfO“ s'g} ;dolgs} Jofks aGof] . 6]/]n sfe{/h:tf /fhgLltsl;4fGtsf/n] t oxL ljifonfO{ g} cfÇgf] kl/rosf] ljifoagfP . dfS;{nfO{ dfS;{jfbaf6 lgsfNg] dfWod P+u]N;nfO{dfS;{af6 lgsfNg' xf] eGg] cfdxNnf Jofks aGof] . ;g\!(*$ df sfe{/n] n]v]sf lyP,‘sfn{ dfS;{n] cfkm"nfO{dfS;{jfbL :jLsf/ u/]sf lyPgg\ . k|m]8l/s P+u]N;n] dfS;{sf]of] egfO{ bf]xf]¥ofO/x] t/ pgn] vf;df dfS;{sf] d"ncfzo a'em\g ;s]gg\ . jf:tjdf ca k|i6 ePsf] 5, P+u]N;k|yd dfS;{jfbL lyP / pgn] g} s'g} ¿kdf dfS;{jfbcflj:sf/ u/]sf lyP . of] s'/f ca w]/}sf nflu :jLsfo{aGb}5 .’ sfe{/sf] a'emfOdf P+u]N;n] dfS;{jfb cflj:sf/ug]{ h3Go ck/fwdfq u/]gg\ a? cw{–x]u]njfb, ef}ltsjfb,lgZrojfb / åGåjfbsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ h:tf c? w]/} kfk sd{u/] . oL ;a} s'/f ‘dfS;{sf] si6;fWo Jofks bz{gnfO{sf]zf}+ 6f9f’ ePsf] pgsf] egfO lyof] .

dfS;{sf] ‘k|lqmof’ (a methodology) lyof]eGg] ljrf/ P+u]N;sf] xf ] eGg] dfGotf P+u ]N;sfcfnf]rsx¿sf] lyof] / ToxL sf/0f Tof] k|lqmofnfO{ unt3f]if0ff ul/of] . P+u]N;;Fusf] ;+ut / s]xL lglZrt ljrf/af6cnu agfP/ dfS;{nfO{ ;xh ¿kdf oyfl:yltnfO{ :jLsfo{agfOof] . cyf{t\ P+u]N;af6 cnu agfP/dfq PSnf] dfS;{nfO{af}l4s cu|b"tsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/of] . lagf s'g} Joª\Uoefjxfn}dfq sfe{/n] eg],‘dfS;{ Ps pbf/ lrGts lyP .’

t/ P+u ]N;sf clwsf+z cfnf ]rgf ‘8'l/ªdtv08g’ / k"/f x'g g;s]sf] pgsf] s[lt ‘k|s[ltsf]åGåjfb’ df pgsf] slyt lj1fgjfbk|lt nlIft 5g\ .d]sn]nfgn] n]v]sf] P+u]N;sf] hLjgLdf k|fs[lts lj1fgk|ltP+u]N;sf] rf;f]sf sf/0f ‘pgsf] Wofg Oltxf;k|ltsf]

ef}ltsjfbL lrGtgeGbf k|s[ltk|ltsf] ef}ltsjfbdf a9Ls]lGb|t aGg k'Uof]’ egL n]v]sf 5g\ . P+u]N;nfO{ dfS;{jfbdf‘j:t'sf] cjwf/0ff’ NofPsf] cf/f]k nufOof] / Tof]cjwf/0ff ‘dfS;{sf] ljrf/eGbf lgtfGt k/fO{’ ePsf]P+u]N;sf cfnf]rsx¿sf] egfO lyof] . pgLx¿sf] ljrf/dfP+u]N;sf] d"n uNtL eg]sf] ‘åGåjfbsf] cfTdut kIf’ nfO{Tofu]/ j:t'ut ef}ltsjfbsf] ljsf; ug]{ k|of; / To;n]‘dfS;{jfbsf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ j}1flgs ljZj b[li6sf]0fdfqmdzM ldnfPsf]’ eGg] lyof] .

d]sn]nfgn] cf/f]k nufP,‘;f]leot ;Qfsf]cf8df P+u]N;sf] ljb|'KtLs/0f ;f]leot kf7\ok':tssf] k|d'vbfz{lgs ;f/ x'g' s'g} cfZro{sf] s'/f xf]Og .’ dfS;{nfO{z'l4s[t af}l4ssf ¿kdf h;/L k|:t't ul/of], ToxLultdf P+u]N;nfO{ e2f k|rf/ssf] ¿kdf k|:t't ul/of] .ToxL eP/ dfS;{jfb;DaGwL k|fl1s ax;x¿df P+u]N;nfO{‘Ps hgf ;lhnf] xNnfafh s]6f]’sf] ¿kdf rrf{ ul/gyfNof ] .

oBlk P+u]N;sf k|z+;sx¿ klg gePsf xf]Ogg\ .;dsfnLg dfS;{jfbL l;4fGtleq pgsf] wldnf] aGb} uPsf]5lj plN6g] klxnf] ;ª\s]t eg] ;g\ !(&* df Oltxf;sf/O{=kL=yf]Dk;gn] n]v]sf] s[lt ‘l;4fGtsf] ul/aL’ -kf]a6L{ckm Yof]/L_ k|sflzt ePkZrft b]lvof] . Tof] s[lt cfwf/e"t¿kdf n'O; cNy';/sf] ;+/rgfut dfS;{jfbsf] lj/f]wdfn]lvPsf] lyof] . yf]Dk;gn] P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf]k|lt/Iff ub}{ s'g} klg P]ltxfl;s ljifoj:t'af6 ;DaGwljR5]b

k|m]8l/s P+u]N;


73

u/]sf / s'g} klg cg'ejhGo 1fgaf6 6f9f /flvPsf cd"t{/ kl/slNkt l;4fGtsf] lj/f]w u/] . clg of] qmddf pgLcfqmfds ¿kdf ‘a'9f] a'4' k|m]8l/s P+u]N;’ sf] kIfdf plePh;nfO{ cNy';/n] cfÇgf] cfnf]rgfsf] s]Gb| agfPsf lyP .

ToxL cfwf/df yf]Dk;gn] P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbLljZn]if0fsf nflu cTofjZos Ps k|sf/sf] åGåfTdscg'ejjfbnfO{ cl3 a9fP . yf]Dk;gn] P+u]N;sf] oxLåGåfTds cg'ejjfbsf] ;aeGbf a9L k|z+;f u/]sf 5g\ .To;sf] s]xL jif{kZrft\ dfS;{jfbL cy{zf:qL tyf dGynLl/Eo' klqsfsf ;+:yfks ;Dkfbs kfpn :jLhLn] cfÇgf]‘dfS;{jfbaf/] rf/ dGtJo’ df åGåjfbaf/] P+u]N;sf] ljrf// oflGqs tyf Psgfn] lrGtgk|lt pgsf] cfnf]rgfsf]dxŒjaf/] Jofks rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ .

dfS; {; Fu }sf ] k |d 'v zf:qLo dfS; {jfbLl;4fGtsf/sf] ¿kdf P+u]N;sf] 5ljnfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug{dfOltxf; / /fhgLlts cy{zf:qlt/af6 eGbf klg k|fs[ltslj1fgtkm{sf] s;}n] dfq jf:tljs kl/jt{g Nofpg ;SYof] .;g\ !(&% df :6]kmg h]= uf]pN8sf] ‘k|fs[lts Oltxf;’-Gofr'/n lx:6«L_ k|sflzt eof] . Tof] s[ltdf uf]pN8n]dfgj ljsf;qmdaf/] P+u]N;sf] l;4fGtsf] k|z+;f u/]sf5g\ . P+u]N;sf] ;f] l;4fGtdf >dsf] e"ldsfnfO{ hf]8lbOPsf] 5 . dfgj ljsf;qmd;DaGwL P+u]N;sf] ljrf/nfO{uf]pN8n] leS6f]l/og o'usf] dfgj ljsf;qmd;DaGwL;aeGbf ljsl;t lrGtg egL JofVof u/] . leS6f]l/ogo'un] c:6«fnf]lky]s; clk|msfg; (Australopithecusafricanus) af/] aL;f}+ ztfAbLdf dfgjzf:qLo cWoogx'g] k"jf{g'dfg u/]sf lyP . s]xL jif{kZrft\ ;g\ !(*# dfuf]pN8n] cfÇgf] ljrf/ Go' of]s{ l/Eo' ckm a'S;df klgn]v] . ToxfF pgn] dfgj ljsf;qmdsf ;a} l;4fGt ‘j+zf0f'–ljsf;sf] ;xljsf;qmd’ sf] l;4fGt ePsf] tyf ‘j+zf0f'–ljsf;sf] ;xljsf;qmdaf/] pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf n]lvPsf];aeGbf pNn]vgLo n]v ;g\ !*&^ df P+u]N;sf] lgwgkZrft\k|sflzt pgsf] n]v ‘k|s[ltsf] åGåjfb’ ePsf] rrf{ u/]sf5g\ .

lrlsT;f ;dfhzf:qL / d]l8sn l8/]S6/ xjf{8{j]6\hlsgn] klg ;g\ !(*# df k|sflzt cfÇgf] k':ts ‘b;]s]08 l;sg];’ df ;fdflhs dxfdf/L;DaGwL ljrf/sfP+u]N; cu|0fL ePsf] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . s;/L rf}aL;jif{sf] pd]/df ;g\ !*$$ df ‘a]nfotdf dhb'/ ju{sf]cj:yf’ lstfa n]v]/ P+u]N;n] dxfdf/L /f]usf sf/0faf/]cWoog u/]sf] ljifodf j]6\glsgn] rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . Tof]

cWoogn] sfnfGt/df ;dfhdf km}lng] dxfdf/L;DaGwLcWoogsf] nflu d2t k'u]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !(*% df l/rf8{n]jflGtg / l/rf8{ n]leG; cfÇgf] gofF lstfa ‘åGåfTdshLjj}1flgs’ (Dialectical Biologist) lnP/ cfP .;f] lstfadf pgLx¿n] n]v]sf 5g\,‘nfdf] ;do;Dd k|m]8l/sP+u]N;sf] uGtL ul/Pg t/ ha ;xL ;do cfpF5, pgsf]uGtL gu/L ;'v} 5}g .’

;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf dfS;{jfbleq} kof{j/0fLo;dfhjfbsf] k/Dk/fsf] hGdeof] . kof{j/0fLo ;dfhjfbsf]cf/Desf] klxnf] r/0f 6]8 a]N6gsf] s[lt k|sfzgaf6 z'?ePsf] dflgG5 . a]N6gsf] ;f] s[ltdf dfNy;sf] k|fs[lts;Ldfª\sg;DaGwL l;4fGtk|lt uDeL/ gePsf] eGb} dfS;{/ P+u]N;sf] cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5g\ . tyflk ;g\ !(()–bzssf] pQ/f4{;Dddf kof{j/0fLo ;dfhjfbsf] bf];|f]r/0fsf] pbo;DaGwL ax; z'? eO;s]sf] lyof] . ;g\!((( df kfpn a's]{6sf] ‘dfS;{ / k|s[lt’ -dfS;{ P08g]r/_ k':ts k|sfzg eof] . To;df P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf]zf:qLo cfwf/leq} kof{j/0fLo ljifoj:t'sf] vf]hL ul/Psf]5 . Tof] vf]hLn] z'?df dfS;{nfO{ g} dfq s]Gb|df /flvPsf]lyof] t/ To;df kof{j/0fLo lrGtgdf P+u]N;sf] of]ubfgnfO{klg Wofg lbOPsf] 5 . To;n] gjLs[t d]uf (Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe-MEGA) kl/of]hgfnfO{alnof] agfof] . ToxL kl/of]hgfcGtu{t dfS;{ / P+u]N;sf]k|fs[lts lj1fg;DaGwL l6Kk0fLx¿sf] klxnf] k6s k|sfzgul/of] . kl/0ffdtM zf:qLo dfS;{jfbL k/Dk/f;DaGwLa'emfOdf Psk|sf/sf] qmflGt g} cfof] . cfhsf] o'uLg;ª\s6 -cfly{s / kof{j/0fLo b'j}_ sf] pTsif{;Fu} ulxl/+b}uPsf] gofF–gofF kof{j/0fLo ;d:ofx¿;Fu} of] s'/f cemd'vl/t aGb} uPsf] 5 .

lj1fgdf P+u]N;sf] of]ubfgaf/] a9\bf] hfgsf/L;Fu}kof{j/0fLo dfS;{jfbsf] pbon] P+u]N;sf] ‘k|s[ltsf] åGåjfb’k|lt rf;f] lbgfg'lbg al9/x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))) otf d:j+osf clwsf+z cg';Gwfg-w]/} rfF8f] To;n] k':tssf] ¿kln+b}5_ klg kof{j/0fLo åGåjfbsf] ljsf;df P+u]N;;Fu g};DalGwt jf pgLaf6 k|efljt ljifox¿df 5g\ . d]/f] dfqxf]Og, /fhgLlts cy{zf:qL tyf kof{j/0fLo dfS;{jfbLONd/ cNef6/n] xfn} hd{gL efiffdf Pp6f k':ts k|sfzgu/]sf 5g\, h;df P+u]N;sf] ‘k|s[ltsf] åGåjfb’ sf] rrf{ul/Psf] 5 .

xfd|f] ;dodf k"FhLjfbsf] cfnf]rgfsf] nfluP+u]N;sf] clgjfo{tf pgsf] rlr{t s[lt ‘8'l/ª dtv08g’


74

df n]lvPsf] jfSo,‘åGåjfbsf] k|df0f :j+o k|s[lt xf]’ eGg]egfO xf] . klZrd]nL dfS;{jfbL bfz{lgsx¿n] k|fozM of]egfOsf] xfF;f] p8fpg] ub{5g\ . åGåjfb / kof{j/0fLoljZn]if0faf/] P+u]N;sf] ulx/f] a'emfO k|i6 agfpg] pgsf]egfOnfO{ cfhsf] ;Gbe{df o;/L eGg ;lsG5,‘åGåjfbsf]k|df0f :j+o kof{j/0f xf] .’ of] jfSok|lt cfhsf] ;dodfsd}dfq dflg;n] cfklQ hgfpFnfg\ . of] sf]0faf6 x]bf{;dsfnLg kof{j/0fLo ;dfhjfbL 5nkmndf P+u]N;n] sltw]/} dxŒjk"0f{ 7fpF cf]u6]sf /x]5g\, a'em\g ;lhnf] x'g]5 .kof{j/0fLo dfS;{jfb;DaGwL s[ltx¿df cfhef]ln cfd¿kdf P+u]N;sf] ‘k|s[ltsf] åGåjfb’ k':tsaf6 r]tfjgLsflgDg zAbx¿ p4{/0f ul/g] u/]sf] 5 M

‘k|s[ltdfly dfgjsf] ljhosf j[QfGtsf] qmdfjnLagfP/ xfdLn] cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ pNn' agfpg] sfd gu/f}+ .dflg;n] k|s[ltdfly kfpg] To:tf x/]s ljhosf] abnfk|s[ltn] lng] u/]sf] 5 . ;To xf], dflg;n] k|s[ltdflykfpg] ljhosf] klxnf] r/0fdf xfdLn] rfx]h:t} kl/0ffdcfpg] u/]sf] 5 . t/ bf];|f] / t];|f] r/0fdf To;sf]ck]lIft k|efj lgtfGt leGg cfpg] ub{5 . kl5Nnf]

kl/0ffdn] z'?sf ] kl/0ffdnfO{ ;d]t vf/]h ug] {ub{5 .===t;y{ xfdLn] x/]s kfOnf–kfOnfdf ;Demg'kb{5–xfdL k|s[ltdfly sf]xL ljb]zL ljh]tf ;d|f6h:t} sAhf ug{;Sb}gf}+ dfgf] ls xfdL k|s[lteGbf aflx/ 5f}+ . xf8–df;'/ lu2Ln] ag]sf] xfd|f] z/L/ klg k|s[lts} lx:;f xf] /k|s[lts} aLrdf xfdL 5f}+ . xfdLn] k|s[ltsf] lgod /ltgnfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] nfu" ug{ ;s]dfq xfdL c? k|f0fLx¿sf]t'ngfdf cl3 a9]sf] 7xl/g]5f}+ .’

dfS;{nfO{ h:t} P+u]N;sf nflu klg ;dfhjfbsf]cfwf/ eg]sf] dfgj hflt / k|s[ltaLrsf] ;ldngsf]tfls{s lgodg lyof] . dfgjLo IfdtfnfO{ hlt ;Dejclwstd ljsf; ug]{ / csf]{lt/ eljiosf] k':tfsfcfjZostfsf] /Iff ug'{ g} ;dfhjfbsf] ;f/ xf] . cfhxfdL PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf P+u]N;sf] k'g/fudgsf] k|tLIffdf5f}+ h;n] dfS;{;Fu} ;ª\3if{sf] lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} xfd|fcfÇgf] ;ª\s6u|:t cj:yf / cTofjZos ag]sf] qmflGtsf/L;dosf] JofVof ug]{ xfd|f] cfzfnfO{ cem pT;flxt agfpg]sfd u/]sf lyP .

;|f]t M dGYnL l/Eo', dfr{ !, @)!&


75

Across this gorge or pass, which washere about forty yards wide, a very high andstrong stockade had been constructed ofstones and rocks as a foundation, from eitherside of which sprang stakes, some twenty feethigh, which were inclined at an angle towardseach other so as to meet and cross at the tops,enclosing a triangular space inside, wherethey were fastened by rope. These again werecrossed in all directions by bamboos, placedhorizontally and firmly secured, strong stakesin many places being driven into the groundas extra security, with their points sticking outlike a chevaux de frise. The inside of thisstockade was hollow and could hold a numberof men, who, armed with muskets andprotected by the woodwork and bamboo,could make a formidable resistance in such agorge to the passage either of men orelephants. Though rocks which formed itsfoundation, and the stakes driven in betweenthem, allowed the waters to pass withoutdifficulty at this time of the year ; but in therains the whole structure, which had beenonly just made, would rapidly be swept awayby the swollen waters of the torrent. Adoorway of wood, large enough to let passthrough it a mounted elephant, was formedin the centre ; but having bamboos placedcrossways before and behind it, it did notcatch the eye, nor appear a weak point. In fact,part of the stockade required to be removedto open the door, the object of which was toallow the tame elephants, or the wild onesafter they were caught and secured, to be ledthrough it into our camp. The ground was avery bad one for encamping upon, beingconfined and stony. However, the sepoyswere set to work, and they soon cleared awaythe loose rocks, stones, &c, levelled theground where practicable, and pitched ourtents ; the ground, being the dry bed of theriver, was too hard to admit of tent-pegs beingused, so the ropes were all secured to heavystones, which did just as well.

All our tents were pitched close to thestockade. The sepoys then set to work to cutboughs and sticks from the jungle for theirown quarters, and soon, on the opposite sideof the river, a little colony of huts arose on apiece of open ground. They constructed, too,of stones, a very fair temporary bridgeconnecting the two camps on the oppositesides of the river, so that we could walk dry-footed from one camp to the other.

The rest of the day was spent inmoving about the camp, smoking and talkingwith Bam Bahadur and Ranudat Sing, both ofwhom, towards evening, became musical,and, sending for their English flutes, playedme “ God save the Queen,” “ Rule Britannia,”&c. They had learnt a little from Mr. Ventnon,a Frenchman who was employed for sometime by the darbar as bandmaster, and havingpractised a good deal since, and having goodears naturally, they now played very fairly; atleast, understandably, as I was able to makeout and distinguish the tunes. I retired to bedearly as it was bitterly cold at night, and thecold wind whistled along the bed of the rivermost unmercifully. Jang, who had gone out toreconnoitre for the elephants, did not returnto camp till near midnight. He was off again atdaybreak, having heard of a large “ must “*male elephant, whom he was determinedeither to catch or to kill for the sake of hishorns. He is most indefatigable in pursuit ofhis game. All day long, and night too ifnecessary, he will follow a track over the worstground, often on foot, and where he is obligedto fast the greater part of the time, or takemerely any fruit, &c. which may be procurable.

22nd December.—Early in themorning all the tame elephants, with beaters,&c. were taken away some miles up the valleyof the Manhauri to come up, if possible, withthe wild ones and drive them towards thestockade at our camp, where it was proposedto catch them. (To be continued)

Henry Ambrose Oldfield's

23

(* Must (or more correctly mast) means here “madwith sexual longing.”—(Ed.)


76

tl:a/df s]xL ultljlw

eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt lgj[Q lzIfs ;dfhsf] sfo{qmddf

eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltnufot dfx]Zj/L kL7sf] lg/LIf0fdf

k'gMlgld{t ;"o{d9L kf6Ldf lemFu6Laf6 5fgf 5fO{+b} eQmk'/ nfos'df cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] a|'d/af6 ;kmfO k/LIf0f ul/+b}

eQmk'/ gkfaf6 gu/sf ljleGg 6f]ndf vfg]kfgL ljt/0f ul/+b}

eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt;Fu g]jf u'lysf kbflwsf/Lx¿ e]6 ub}{


77

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ -#)_efu – @#

nf]s ;]jf cfof]u@$@= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u M@$@= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u M@$@= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u M@$@= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u M@$@= nf]s ;]jf cfof]u M -!_ g]kfndf nf]s ;]jf cfof]u /xg]5 h;df cWoIf / cGo rf/ hgf ;b:o /xg]5g\ .

-@_ /fi6«kltn] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 .-#_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf ;b:ox¿dWo] sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt ;b:o aL; jif{ jf ;f]eGbf a9L cjlw;Dd s'g} ;/sf/L

;]jfdf /x]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 / afFsL ;b:ox¿ lj1fg, k|ljlw, snf, ;flxTo, sfg"g, hgk|zf;g, ;dfhzf:q jf /fli6«ohLjgsf cGo If]qdf zf]w, cg';Gwfg, cWofkg jf cGo s'g} dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ u/L Voflt k|fKt u/]sf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 lgo'Qmx'g]5g\ .

-$_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:osf] kbfjlw lgo'lQm ePsf] ldltn] 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 .-%_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm cWoIf tyf ;b:osf] k'gM lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg] 5}g .t/ ;b:onfO{ cWoIfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg]5 / To:tf] ;b:o cWoIfsf] kbdf lgo'lQm ePdf lghsf] kbfjlw u0fgf

ubf{ ;b:o ePsf] cjlwnfO{ ;d]t hf]8L u0fgf ul/g]5 .-^_ pkwf/f -$_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kb

l/Qm x'g]5 M–-s_ lghn] /fi6«klt ;dIf lnlvt /fhLgfdf lbPdf,-v_ lghsf] pd]/ k}+;¶L jif{ k"/f ePdf,-u_ lghsf] lj?4 wf/f !)! adf]lhd dxfleof]usf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf,-3_ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s c:j:ytfsf] sf/0f ;]jfdf /xL sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ c;dy{ /x]sf] egL ;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf]

l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] kbd'Qm u/]df,-ª_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf .

-&_ b]xfosf] of]Uotf ePsf] JolQm nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;b:osf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu of]Uo x'g]5 M–-s_ dfGotfk|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/]sf],-v_ lgo'lQm x'Fbfsf avt s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;b:o g/x]sf],-u_ k}+tfln; jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf], /-3_ pRr g}lts rl/q ePsf] .

-*_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf zt{ ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5 . nf]s ;]jf cfof]usfcWoIf / ;b:o cfÇgf] kbdf axfn /x];Dd lghx¿nfO{ dsf{ kg]{ u/L kfl/>lds / ;]jfsf zt{ kl/jt{g ul/g] 5}g .

t/ r/d cfly{s lj>[+Vfntfsf sf/0f ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ePsf] cj:yfdf of] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] 5}g .-(_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf / ;b:o eO;s]sf] JolQm cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfdf lgo'lQmsf nflu u|fXo x'g] 5}g .t/ s'g} /fhgLlts kbdf jf s'g} ljifosf] cg';Gwfg, hfFra'em jf 5fgaLg ug]{ jf s'g} ljifosf] cWoog jf cGj]if0f u/L

/fo, dGtJo jf l;kmfl/; k]z ug]{ s'g} kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd ug{ o; pkwf/fdf n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg]5 }g .

@$#= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M@$#= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M@$#= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M@$#= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M@$#= nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf}6ug{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

:ki6Ls/0f M:ki6Ls/0f M:ki6Ls/0f M:ki6Ls/0f M:ki6Ls/0f M o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ælghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbÆ eGgfn] ;}lgs jf g]kfn k|x/L jf ;z:q k|x/L an,g]kfnsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] kb tyf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kb xf]Og egL P]g adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] cGo ;]jfsf] kb afx]s g]kfn;/sf/sf c? ;a} ;]jfsf] kb ;Demg' k5{ .

-@_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kb afx]s g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, g]kfn, cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;+ul7t;+:yfsf] kbdf kbk"lt{sf nflu lnO{g] lnlvt k/LIff nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ;~rfng ug{]5 .

:ki6Ls/0f M:ki6Ls/0f M:ki6Ls/0f M:ki6Ls/0f M:ki6Ls/0f M o; wf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æ;+ul7t ;+:yfÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfno / lzIfs ;]jf cfof]u afx]ssf krf;k|ltzt jf ;f] eGbf a9L z]o/ jf hfoh]yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f ePsf] ;+:yfg, sDkgL, a}+s, ;ldlt jf;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd :yflkt jf g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ul7t cfof]u, ;+:yfg, k|flws/0f, lgud, k|lti7fg, af]8{, s]Gb|, kl/ifb /o:t} k|s[ltsf cGo ;+ul7t ;+:yf ;Demg' k5{ .


78

-#_ g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, g]kfn / cGo ;+3Lo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf kbdf a9'jf ubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGol;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg{]5 .

-$_ s'g} ;+ul7t ;+:yfsf] ;]jfsf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"g / To:tf] ;]jfsf kbdf a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxLubf{ ckgfpg' kg{] ;fdfGo l;4fGtsf] ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg{]5 .

-%_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgj[lQe/0f kfpg] kbdf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ ljgf :yfoL lgo'lQm ul/g] 5}g .-^_ b]xfosf ljifodf nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' kg]{5 M–

-s_ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] zt{ ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ljifodf,-v_ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf jf kbdf lgo'lQm, a9'jf / ljefuLo sf/afxL ubf{ ckgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtsf] ljifodf,-u_ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf 5 dxLgfeGbf a9L ;dosf nflu lgo'lQm ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf] pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf,-3_ s'g} Ps k|sf/sf] ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 csf]{ k|sf/sf] ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf jf cGo ;/sf/L

;]jfaf6 ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;?jf jf a9'jf ubf{ jf s'g} k|b]zsf] lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdfjf ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbaf6 k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jfsf] kbdf ;]jf kl/jt{g jf :yfgfGt/0f ubf{ pDd]bjf/sf]pko'Qmtfsf] ljifodf,

-ª_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{ lng' gkg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] k/fdz{lng' kg]{ cj:yfsf] kbdf :yfoL ;?jf jf a9'jf ug]{ ljifodf, /

-r_ ;+3Lo lghfdtL ;]jfsf] sd{rf/LnfO{ lbOg] ljefuLo ;hfosf] ljifodf .-&_ pkwf/f -^_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg wf/f !%$ adf]lhdsf] Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] clwsf/ If]qleq kg{]

ljifodf ;f]xL adf]lhd x'g]5 .-*_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]un] cfÇgf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ dWo] s'g} sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ cfof]usf] cWoIf jf s'g} ;b:o

jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sd{rf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf] zt{sf] cwLgdf /xL k|of]u tyf kfng ug]{ u/L k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 .-(_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cGo sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5 .

@$$= k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf M@$$= k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf M@$$= k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf M@$$= k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf M@$$= k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u ;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u /xg]5 .-@_ k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] u7g, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|b]z sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5 .-#_ pkwf/f -@_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu ;+3Lo ;+;bn] sfg"g agfO{ cfwf/ / dfkb08 lgwf{/0f ug{]5 .

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abfd ;a}nfO{ dgkg]{ 8«fOkm'8 xf] . of] abfd:jf:Yosf nflu klg lgs} nfebfoL dflgG5 . cd]l/sfsf]Go' OªNof08 hg{n ckm d]l8l;gdf k|sflzt PscWoogcg';f/ b}lgs Ps d'7\7L abfd vfg] dflg;x¿sf]cfo' gvfg]x¿sf] t'ngfdf nfdf] x'G5 .

la|3fdsf] 8fgf kmfa{/ SofG;/ OlG:6Ro'6, j'dG;xl:k6n / xfe{8{ :s'n ckm klAns x]Nysf j}1flgsx¿ #)jif{df ! nfv @) xhf/ dflg;x¿df ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgkl5o:tf] lgisif{df k'u]sf x'g\ . cWoogdf b}lgs ¿kdf abfdvfg]x¿ gvfg]x¿sf] t'ngfdf a9L :nLd ePsf] kfOPsflyP .

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;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k"j{ k|wfgGofofwLz uf]kfnk|;fb k/fh'nLsf] hGd ldlt km/sk/]sf] 36gfn] b]zsf] Goflos If]qdfq xf]Og ;du| ;dfhdf g} 7"n} t/· Nofof] . /fHosf]Ps c· Gofokflnsfsf] ;jf]{Rr kbdf cfl;g JolQmsf] hGd ldlt km/s kg'{ ;fdfGo36gf klg xf]Og . To;df k/fh'nLn] hGd ldlt plNnlvt k|df0fkqx¿ ;fj{hlgs ug{c:jLsf/ ug'{, hGd ldltsf] s'/f p7fpg] ;~rf/ dfWodnufot cGonfO{ k|ToIf–k/f]IfwDsL lbg' h:tf kbLo x}l;ot / cfr/0fsf] b'¿kof]usf 36gfn] ‘v'§f prfn]’ sf]cg'ej ;j{q ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}aLr axfnjfnf k|wfgGofofwLznfO{ Gofokl/ifb\af6kbd'Qm ePsf] kqfrf/ u¥of], To;sf] ef]lnkN6 gjlgjf{lrt /fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/Ln]pg} ‘kbd'Qm’ k|wfgGofofwLz;dIf kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky lnP / kl5 k/fh'nLn]kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbP . o; 36gfqmddf k/fh'nLn] kbLo cfr/0f, bfloTj / g}ltstfk|bz{g gu/]sf] :ki6} b]lvof] eg] Gofokl/ifb\af6 kbd'Qm ePsf] elgPsf JolQm;dIf/fi6«kltaf6 zky lnPaf6 ufO{hfqf k|bz{g ePsf] 5 . To;}n] gjlgjf{lrt /fi6«kltn]lnPsf] zky j}w ls cj}w eGg] k|Zg p7]sf] 5 .

olb uf]kfnk|;fb k/fh'nL ;fpgd} pd]/xbsf] sf/0f kbd'Qm ePsf] Gofokl/ifb\sf]kq cflwsfl/s xf] eg] zky :jtM cj}w 7xl/G5 . cyjf /fhLgfdfkl5dfq k/fh'nLkbd'Qm ePsf x'g\ eg] kq cg'zf;glxgtfsf] xb / u}/lhDd]jf/Lsf] k/fsfi7f xf] .t;y{ bf]ifefuL k/fh'nL x'g\ ls axfnjfnfnfO{ kbd'Qm ePsf] kqn]Vg] Gofokl/ifb\sf;lrj < b'j} ;xL x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] /fi6«kltsf] zky j}w ls cj}w eGg]af/] hgtf;';"lrt x'g rfxG5g\ .

;Gbe{df k|x/L dxflg/LIfsdf lgo'Qm x'g gj/fh l;njfnn] hfnL sfuhkqagfPsf] k|dfl0ft ePsf]n] pgLdfly s/afxL ePsf] lyof] . To:t} hfnL hGd ldltePsf] gfuls/tf b]vfP/ pd]/xbeGbf a9L ;do kbdf /xg] k/fh'nLdfly s] s:tf]sf/afxL x'G5 < u0ftGq g]kfndf k~rfotsfnLg ‘;fgfnfO{ P]g 7"nfnfO{ r}g’ sf]s'zf;g oyfjt 5 of tf]l8Psf] 5 < olb oyfjt /xG5 eg] b]zdf k|hftGq, ‘nf]stGq’/ u0ftGq cfPsf] s'/f km]l/ klg e|d k|dfl0ft x'G5 . olb tf]l8Pdf b]zdf s]xL s'/fdfkl/jt{g cfPsf] cg'e"t x'g]5 . x'G5 s] < o;sf] nflu kv{g'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

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