pp6f tl:a/ eqmk'/ gu/sf k]|l;4 gfu k 'v'sf] s 'g} a]nfsf] tl:a/...“creation of...

“Creation of predecessors – Our art and culture”

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lh=sf=b=;+=!(÷)#(÷$) e=k'=lh=x'=sf=b=g+=!÷)^!÷)^@

jÌ{ #% cÆ & g]=;+=!!#* lj=;+=@)&% h]7 A.D.2018

;Dkfbs M nId0f hf]zL -labf_

;xfos ;Dkfbs M s[ltsf k|hfklt

8]:s6k M wgnIdL Toft

d'b|0feQmk'/ ckm;]6 lk|G6;{

Aof;L, eQmk'/ ^^!#***

cfj/0f ;Hhf M /fh' d"No ?= @%.–

sfof{no M sdnljgfos -k'/fgf] hg:jf:Yo ejg_

kmf]g g+= M )!–^^!#)$#

email : [email protected]

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f k|sflzt=^^!#(%&, ^^!)#!) ˆofS; M ^^!#@)^

website : http://bhaktapurmun.gov.np

email : [email protected]

‘eQmk'/’ dfl;sdf k|sflzt n]v /rgfdf cleJoQm ljrf/x¿;“u k|sfzs / ;Dkfbs d08nsf] ;xdlt clgjfo{ 5}g .

tl:a/x¿ M ko{6s ;"rgf s]Gb|, eQmk'/ gkf -pNn]v ul/Psf afx]s_

-tl:a/

M OG6

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Pp6f tl:a/ eQmk'/ gu/sf] k|l;4 gfu k'v'sf] s'g} a]nfsf] tl:a/ .


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o; c°dfqm=;+= zLif{s n]vs k[i7!_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] Ps jif{ – #@_ ‘;/sf/ PsfTds dfgl;stfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g’ ;'lgn k|hfklt ^#_ eQmk'/sf] /fli6«o snf ;ª\u|xfno k'gM lgdf{0faf/] 5nkmn – *$_ gMk'v'l:yt ejgdf hgHof]lt k':tsfno – !!%_ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnfO{ ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{k5{ – !$^_ hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|df cfsl:ds sIf z'ef/De – !%&_ k"“hLjfbL Joj:yf k};f k|wfg Joj:yf – !^*_ eQmk'/df gofF k|lhc / P;kLsf] :jfut – !&(_ kf7\oqmdaf/] k|wfgfWofksx¿nfO{ cled'vLs/0f – !*!)_ o'u ;'xfpFbf] ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{ hf]8 – !(!!_ v]ns'bn] cg'zf;g, ldqtf / :j:y hLjg l;sfpg] – @)!@_ b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf /Iffsf] nflu nfUg'k5{ – @@!#_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf bds gkfsf d]o/ – @#!$_ egkfsf hgk|ltlglwaLr sfn{ dfS;{sf] hGd lbj;df k|jrg – @$!%_ lrlgofF o'jf k|ltlglwd08n eQmk'/df – @%!^_ lzIffdGqLsf] pkl:yltdf a;]sf] a}7sdf em08} xft xfnfxfn – @^!&_ hgk|ltlglw tyf k|zf;sx¿df hgtf;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug]{ v'aLsf] cfjZostf – @&!*_ ‘nufgL af]8{ ;fd|fHojfbL b]zx¿sf] xltof/ aGg] vt/f’ ;'lgn k|hfklt @(!(_ ‘r'gf}tLaf6 efu]/ xf]Og To;sf] 86]/ ;fdgf ub}{ cl3 a9\b} 5f}+’ ;'lgn k|hfklt #!@)_ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] a}7s lg0f{o – #*@!_ sfn{ dfS;{ k|m]8l/s P+u]N; %#@@_ g]kfn d08nsf] dWosflns cy{tGqdf cfwf/e"t /fli6«o ;'/Iff kIf b]ljrGb| >]i7 ^!@#_ efh's; tyf efh'kf]v/Lsf] Oltxf; cf]d wf}e8]n ^%@$_ sfJo l;h{gf nf]shLjgsf] b[i6fGt / b]zsf] lrq–# ljuf]n &)@%_ k'?vf lklgu' Dxu; l;l4r/0f >]i7 &$@^_ gful/s efjgf M ko{6s z'Ns x]dGt &%@&_ ;dfhdf k|rlnt cGwljZjf; M slt ;To slt c;To ;x k|f=8f= an/fd sfo:y &&@*_ 3/b}nf] gl;{ª ;]jfn] eQmk'/sf j8fjf;Lx¿df ;sf/fTds ======= ;ljgf b'jfn &(@(_ SKETCHES FROM NIPAL (25) Henry Ambrose Oldfield *!#)_ laxfgn] lbgsf] ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 -;Dkfbssf] k[i7_ – **;fydfljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf k|ltlglw eQmk'/df–!)÷d'nf5]+df kf6L pb\3f6g–!)÷‘vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ egkf ;lqmo’–!@÷eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf4f/f df;' k;n cg'udg–!@÷;/;kmfO sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf–!#÷;+o'Qm ahf/ cg'udg–!#÷‘nufgL af]8{ P]gvf/]h ug'{k5{’–!$÷:jf:Yo pkrf/;DaGwL hgr]tgfd"ns e]nf–!^÷sdnljgfos / Rofx\dfl;+xdf ahf/ cg'udg @!÷ljBfnox¿nfO{;kmfO ;fdu|L tyf aflN6g ljt/0f–@!÷eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf4f/f /f“uf] jw:yn / df;' k;n cg'udg–@@÷hgtfaf6 p7]sf] s/sf];b'kof]u–@^÷eQmk'/ lhNnf km'6an ;+3sf] kf“rf}+ clwj]zg ;DkGg–@^÷egkf ! j8fdf PYn]l6S; k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg–@*÷tkfO{+sf]efG;fMk'lbgf–#)÷lrlgof“ gLltsyfMemf]nf rf]/L–#&÷eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] /fhkq–%)÷e]n'v]ndf gd'gf ;/;kmfOaf/] 5nkmn–%@÷hut;'Gb/dNnof O{;k+ bosftu' afv“–^)÷kf6L ljj/0f -;fljs j8f g+=*_–&^÷al;laofFnf]–&*÷g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@, efu–@%,/fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u-#@_–*#÷lgdf{0f ;DkGg ;Dkbfsf tl:a/x¿–*%÷tl:a/df s]xL ultljlw–*^÷j}zfv dlxgfsf] ko{6s tYof°–*& .

‘wf]/} l/;fpg] dflg; cfFvf eP/ klgcGwff] x'G5 .’ – xif{rl/t dfg;


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eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf hgk|ltlglw axfn ePsf]Ps jif{ k'u]sf] cj;/df h]7 & ut] Ps sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgfu¥of] .

pQm sfo{qmddf g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sfcWoIf gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+ -/f]lxt_ n] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsfkbflwsf/Lx¿n] cfÇgf] 3f]if0ffkq / dtbftfx¿nfO{ u/]sf]jfrfcg'¿k sfo{ ug'{ cg's/0fLo ePsf] atfpg'eof] . pxf“n]cfufdL lbgx¿df klg gkfn] hgtfnfO{ lbPsf] jrgeGbfa9L sfd ug{ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfnfO{ z'esfdgf JoQmug'{eof] .

pxf“n] eQmk'/ gu/sf ;8s / rf]sx¿df 9'·f5kfOsf sf/0f Ogf/ / cGo hn;|f]tx¿df kfgLsf] sdLx'g glbg gu/kflnsfn] ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos ePsf]

atfp“b} 9n / pkrf/ kf]v/L ;'b[9 geP;Dd gu/sf];/;kmfO Joj:yfkg cufl8 a9\g uf¥xf] x'g] atfpg'eof] .

cWoIf lah'S5]+n] @)$* ;fndf sf7df8f}+pkTosfdf aflx/L hgtfn] crn ;DklQ lsga]r ug{ gkfpg]ljw]os btf{ u/]sf] t/ zf;s bnx¿n] To; ljw]os kf;gu/]sf] ;Gbe{ sf]6\ofp“b} cfh pkTosf c:tJo:t x'g'df;Qfdf hfg] bnx¿ lhDd]jf/ ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] eGg'eof] – ‘3/3/df :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfgu/]h:t} cfufdL lbgdf 3/–3/df zf}rfno / wf/fsf]x]/rfx tyf lkmg]n / r'g 5g{ ;r]tgf hufpg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] lglDt ;/sf/n] cGok|b]znfO{ sf7df8f}+df kfpg] ;x'lnotx¿ k|flKtsf] aGbf]a:tug'{kg]{ atfp“b} pxf“n] sf7df8f+}+ pkTosfnfO{ ;f+:s[lts /

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] Ps jif{

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] hgk|ltlglwx?sf] Ps jif{sf] sfo{qmddf ;Daf]wg ug'{x'Fb} g]dlskfsf cWoIf gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+ -/f]lxt_

sfo{qmdsf jQmfx? k|d'v cltly gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+-/f]lxt_, ;'/]Gb|/fh uf];fO{, ;'lgn k|hfklt / /hgL hf]zL


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/fhg}lts s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ ljrf/ JoQm ug'{eof] .sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]

lgjf{rgsf] a]nf hgtfnfO{ lbPsf] jrgcg';f/ k|lta4 eO{eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, ;Dkbf;+/If0f, vfg]kfgLh:tf hgtf;“u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg]ljifonfO{ k|fyldstfdf /fvL sfo{ ;~rfng u/]sf]atfpg'eof] .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txnfO{ sfo{kflnsf,Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] atfp“b}k|d'v k|hfkltn] ;+ljwfg k|bQ clwsf/nfO{ Wofgdf /fvLgu/kflnsfn] P]g / lgb]{lzsfx¿ agfO{ To;}sf] cfwf/dfsfo{x¿ ub}{ hfg] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ug'{eof] .

g]dlskfsf k"j{;f+;b cg'/fwf yfkfdu/n] e|i6frf// efua08fsf] /fhgLltn] ubf{ b]zsf cGo gu/kflnsfn]cfÇgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ g;ls/x]sf] cj:yfdf eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn] kf/bzL{ ¿kdf cfÇgf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug'{cGo gkfsf] nflu cg's/0fLo sfo{ ePsf] atfpg'eof] .e|i6frf/ k"“hLjfbL Joj:yfsf] 5fof“ ePsf] atfp“b} pxf“n]e|i6frf/Lx¿nfO{ d[To'b08sf] ;hfo lbOg'kg]{ ljrf//fVg'eof] .

k|b]z;ef ;f+;b ;'/]Gb|/fh uf];fO{+n] g]dlskfsf]tk{maf6 lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ hgtfsf ;Rrf;]js, Odfgbf/Lsf k|tLs / kl/jt{gk|lt k|lta4 hf]wfxfsf]¿kdf lg/Gt/ k|:t't u/]sf] atfp“b} b]zs} lglDt gd'gf x'g]vfnsf gof“ gof“ sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg' ;sf/fTds ePsf]

atfpg'eof] .lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf lzIffzf:qsf k"j{ 8Lg

k[y'r/0f j}Bn] :yfgLo lgsfoaf6 kf7\oqmd tof/ ePsf]sfo{sf]] pRr d"Nof°g ug'{kg]{ atfp“b} 7fp“–7fp“df ;fj{hlgszf}rfnosf] lgdf{0f, ;fj{hlgs 7fp“x¿ ;'/lIft ug]{ /Jojl:yt kfls{ªsf] nflu gu/kflnsfsf] Wofg hfg' cfjZosePsf] atfpg'eof] .

;+:s[ltljb\ t]h]Zj/afa' Uj+un] gu/ k|j]zsf] nfluko{6s;“u p7fPsf] z'Nsn] eQmk'/sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;dfd2t k'u]sf] eGb} c;xh kl/l:yltdf klg eQmk'/ gkfn]hgtfsf] ;]jf u/]sf] rrf{ ug'{eof] .

Oltxf;ljb\ k'?iff ]Qdnf]rg >]i7n] eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn] Ps jif{sf] cjlwdf ct'No sfd u/]sf] atfp“b}v'nf :yfgnfO{ hf]ufpg gkfn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn]eQmk'/ gu/nfO{ gd'gf gu/sf] ¿kdf cufl8 nfg] nIoPs–Ps kfOnf x'“b} k"/f ePsf] atfp“b} o;nfO{ ;Eo, ;'Gb// ;'/lIft gu/sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ub}{ nfg] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/sf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L gf/fo0fk|;fbe§n] hgtf;dIf u/]sf] jfrf / c7f]6nfO{ hgtf;dIfd"Nof°g ug'{ cg's/0fLo, hgck]lIft sfd ePsf] atfpg'eof] .pxf“n] eQmk'/ gu/ P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s ¿kdfdxŒjk"0f{ ePsf] rrf{ ub}{ b]zs} ;fgf] lhNnf eP klg c?gu/kflnsfsf] nflu cg's/0fLo ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

k|x/L pk/LIfs lxdfnos'df/ >]i7n] eQmk'/

jQmfx? cg'/fwf yfkfdu/, k[y'r/0f j}B, t]h]Zj/afa' Uj+u / k'?iff]Qdnf]rg >]i7

jQmfx? gf/fo0fk|;fb e§, /ljGb| HofVj, /f]lxt/fh kf]v/]n / lxdfnos'df/ >]i7


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sfo{qmddf pkl:yt cltlyx?

gkfn] ug]{ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df ;xof]u ug]{ k|lta4tfJoQm ug'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/Lclws[t /f]lxt/fh kf]v/]nn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pTs[i6!) sd{rf/Lsf] gfd 3f]if0ff ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddfg]dlskfsf cWoIf /f]lxtn] ;kmfO dhb'/ uLtf kf]8] /wg]Zj/L k|hfklt, ;xof]uL >Ls[i0f tf]+h" / a]neQm av'+5]+,;jf/L rfns /ljg sf]h", sfof{no ;xof]uL nId0f b'jfn,

j8f ;lrj bfdf]b/ lnjL, OlGhlgo/ ;"o{eQm va'{hf, gf;'s[i0fuf]ljGb ;'jfn / vl/bf/ d'/h lblbofnfO{ hgxL ?= !)xhf/ / sb/ kq;lxt pTs[i6 sd{rf/Lsf] k'/:sf/ k|bfgug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;fy} d]o/ ;'lgn k|hfkltn] ;dod} lgdf{0f;DkGg u/L k]ZsL;d]t km5\of]{6 ug]{ ^^ j6f pkef]Qmf;ldltnfO{ sb/kq;lxt ;Ddfg ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddfeQmk'/ gkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fcWoIf /jLGb| HofVjn] klgaf]Ng'ePsf]] lyof] .


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‘eQmk'/’– eQmk'/ gkfsf] k|d'vsf] sfo{ef/;DxfNg'ePsf] Ps jif{ laTbf s:tf] nfu]sf] 5 <

;'lgn – :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg @)&$ j}zfv #! ut];DkGg eof] . h]7 & ut] xfdL hgk|ltlglwx¿n] ;kyu|x0f u¥of}+ . clxn] Ps jif{ laTof] . !% jif{;Ddsd{rf/Lx¿n] sfd ul//x]sf] 7fp“df hgk|ltlglwx¿k'Ubf sfd ug{ ;xh lyPg . hgtfn] lgjf {lrtk|ltlglwx¿af6 w]/} cfzf u/]sf lyP . hgtfn] cfzfu/]cg'¿k sfd ug{ g;s] klg hgtfsf] lxtdf ;Sbf]sfd u¥of}+ / ljsf; lgdf{0fsf cfwf/x¿ tof/ u¥of} .

‘eQmk'/’– lat]sf ] jif {df u/]sf sfdn]gu/af;Lx¿af6 s]–s:tf] k|ltlqmof kfpg'ePsf]5 < s] l;+xb/af/sf] clwsf/ ufp“ / gu/dfcfPs} xf] <

;'lgn – xfdLn ] ljsf; lgdf {0fsf x/ ]s sfdgu/af;Lx¿l;t ;Nnfx u/]/ ul//x ]sf 5f } + .gu/af;Lx¿af6 /fd|f] ;fy / ;xof]u kfO/x]sf 5f}+ .hgtfsf] ljZjf;s} sf/0f ljsf; lgdf{0fdf cfly{s;xof]u / >dbfg h'l6/x]sf] 5 . ‘l;+xb/af/sf] clwsf/ufp“ / gu/df’ elgP klg ;+3Lo ;/sf/ PsfTdsdfgl;stfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

‘eQmk'/’– :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rgsf] nflu hf/L

3f]if0ffkqsf k|ltj4tfx¿dWo] slt k|ltzt k"/feP h:tf] nfU5 <

;'lgn – xfdL kf“r jif{sf] lglDt lgjf{lrt ePsf xf}+ .;dosf] lx;fan] @) k|ltzt k"/f eof] . xfdLn] lgjf{rg3f]if0ffkqdfkm{t k|lta4tf u/]cg';f/ clxn];Dd ePsfsfdx¿sf] d"Nof°g ug]{ xf] eg] @) k|ltzteGbf sdxf]nf h:tf] nfUb}g .

‘eQmk'/’– b]zsf ljleGg gkfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿n]eQmk'/ gkfsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f u/]sf]nfO{ s;/Llng'ePsf] 5 < pxf“x¿sf] Wofg s] / s'g ljifodfs]lGb|t ePsf] kfpg'eof] <

;'lgn – eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf af“s], ndh'·, wflb·,bds, sLlt{k'/, uf]bfj/L-s}nfnL_, wgu9L, wgs'6fnufotsl/a 8]9 bh{g gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v, pk—k|d'v,j8fcWoIf, k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[tx¿n] cWoog e|d0fug'{eof] . pxf“x¿n] oxf“sf] ;/—;kmfO, lzIff, :jf:Yo,cfjf; of]hgf, snf—;+:s[lt ;+/If0fnufotsf] af/]dfw]/} rf;f] b]vfpg'eof] .

eQmk '/ gu/kflnsf If ]qleqsf hgtfn]g]dlskfnfO{ lhtfpg'sf] sf/0f, Vjk sn]hx¿sf] :yfkgf,;~rfng / To;sf] cfly{s ;|f]t tyf cGo /fhg}ltsbnx¿sf] l:yltaf/] klg pxf“x¿n] lh1f;f /fVg'eof] .pxf“x¿n] klg cf–cfk\mgf gu/kflnsfleq cfkm\g}:jfldTjdf sn]hx¿ vf]Ng] rfxgf JoQm ug'{eof] .

‘eQmk'/’– ljleGg :yfgLo txsfhgk|ltlglwx¿n] cfjZos cgfjZos ljb]ze|d0f u/]sf] s'/f k|z:t} cfPsf] 5 . eQmk'/gkfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿n] slQsf] ljb]z e|d0fu/]sf 5g\ <

;'lgn – xfdL hgk|ltlglwx¿n] ljb]z e|d0fnfO{k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf 5}gf}+ . pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn]blIf0f sf]l/ofdf ePsf] d]o/ kmf]/ddf efu lng'eof]/ yfONof08sf] a}+ssdf ePsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/;DaGwLsfo{qmddf efu lng'eof] .

‘eQmk'/’– :yfgLo txdf hgk|ltlglwx¿ cfPkl5klg ah]6 vr{ ug{ g;s]sf], gu/ / gu/jf;Lsf]lxtdf eGbf ljb]z e|d0f / cfkm\g} ;]jf ;'ljwfdf

’;/sf/ PsfTds dfgl;stfaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]sf] 5}g“cGt{jftf{

k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt


7

a9L Wofg lbPsf] rrf{ kqklqsfdf cfPsf 5g\ .eQmk'/ g=kf=sf] l:ylt s] 5 <

;'lgn – eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] klxnf] gu/ ;efn] ?=!ca{ % s/f]8 %% nfv ah]6 kfl/t u/]sf]df lat]sf !)dlxgfdf ?= (! s/f]8 !% nfv !( xhf/ cfDbfgL / ?=&* s/f]8 &@ nfv vr{ ul/;s]sf] 5 . :yfgLoljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdx¿ h:t} kf6L–kf}jf, 9'+u]wf/f,kf]v/L, O“6f jf 9'+uf 5kfOnufotsf sfdx¿ tLj|ultdf eO/x]sf 5g\ . k|b]z sfg'g lgdf{0f eO;s]sf]x“'bf P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ If]qleq /xL hgk|ltlglwx¿n];]jf ;'ljwf lng'x'g]5 .

‘eQmk'/’– kflIfs ;kmfO cleofg rnfpg eQmk'/gkfnfO{ sxf“ sxf“af6 ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 <

;'lgn – e=g=kf=df hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] axfn ePkl5@)&$ >fj0f ! ut]b]lv x/]s dlxgfsf] ! ut] / !% ut];/;kmfO sfo{qmd ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . ;a} hgk|ltlglwx¿,sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pkl:yltsf] ;fy} :yfgLo 6Ld, Sna,jfrgfno, bfkmf, ehg tyf :yfgLo hgtf / k|x/L,;]gf, ;z:q k|x/Lsf] klg ;fy / ;xof]u kfp“b} cfPsf5f} + .

‘eQmk'/’– ljb]zLsf] ;xof]uljgf klg g]kfndf;kmfO cleofg rNg ;S5 <

;'lgn – eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ;kmn pbfx/0f lbO/x]sf]5 . xfdLn] ;kmfOdf slxNo} ljb]zLsf] ;xof]usf] ck]Iffu/]sf 5}gf}+ .

‘eQmk'/’– eQmk'/ gu/df e"sDkkl5sf] k'gMlgdf{0fsf] cj:yf s] 5 <

;'lgn – eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf If]qleq @)&@ ;fnsf]e"sDkaf6 cf+lzs / k"0f{ u/L * xhf/ a9L lghL3/x¿df Iflt / @ ;o %@ hgfsf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] .! ;o #) eGbf a9L ;Dkbfx¿ Iflt ePsf]df xfn @&j6f ;Dkbfx¿, k"jf{wf/sf @& j6f / O“6f 5kfO jf9'+uf 5kfO @$ j6f ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .

‘eQmk'/’– eQmk'/ nfos'sf] Gxfos+ em\of b/af/sf]k'gM lgdf{0fdf hd{g ljsf; a}+ssf] ;xof]uaf/]xfd|f kf7sx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{lbg' x'G5ls <

;'lgn – @)&@ ;fnsf] e"sDkaf6 Iflt ePsf] ;Dkbfx¿k'gMlgdf{0fsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ / hd{g ;/sf/aLrcfly{s ;xof]u ;DaGwdf ;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof] . ljleGg!) j6f ;Dkbf lgdf{0f ug]{ elgPsf] dWo] Gxos+ em\of]

b/af/ klg Ps xf] . hd{g ;/sf/n] lbPsf] ;xof]udWo]#) k|ltzt cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{ bftfsf] vr{, ;a} sfd7]Ssfdf lbg'kg]{, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / k|ljlw pgLx¿n]eg]s} cfwf/df ug'{kg]{ h:tf zt{df ;xdlt x'g ;s]g .xfdL :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xof]udf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt jfcdfgtdf sfd ug{ rfxG5f} + . hd{g ljsf; a}°-s]Pkm8An'_ n] pgLx¿n] eg]s} zt{df afx]s k};f glbg]eg]kl5 xfnnfO{ hd{g ;/sf/n] lbg] eg]sf] /sdcfpg] ;Defjgf sd 5 .

‘eQmk'/’– sfo{sfnsf] bf]>f] jif{df 3f]if0ffkqsfslt k|ltzt k|ltj4tf k"/f ug]{ of]hgf / nIo5 <

;'lgn – cfÇgf] sfo{sfnsf] bf];|f] jif{df dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{x¿ug]{ tof/L ul/x]sf 5f}+ . ah]6 glhls+b} cfPsf] x'“bfcNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg of]hgfx¿ tof/ u/L qmdzMsfdx¿ ub}{ hfg] nIo 5 .

‘eQmk'/’– c? s]xL eGg' 5 ls <;'lgn – xfdL hgk|ltlglwx¿n] lgjf{rgdf hgtfnfO{

lbPsf] jrgcg';f/ gu/ / gu/jf;Lx¿sf] lxtdf sfdul//x]sf 5f}+ . eQmk'/nfO{ 1fg–lj1fgsf] s]b| /;f+:s[lts s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ xfdL k|oTgzLn5f}+ . gu/ ljsf;sf] nflu lg/Gt/ gu/jf;Lx¿sf];fy / ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ub{5f}+ .

-eQmk'/ gkfdf hgk|ltlglwx¿ axfnL u/]sf]jif{ lbg k'u]sf] cj;/df eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfklt;“u ‘eQmk'/’ dfl;sn] lnPsf] cGt/jftf{_


8

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] egkf j8f g+= # b/af/If]qdf cjl:yt /fli6«o snf ;ª\u|xfno ejg k'gMlgdf{0f;DaGwdf zlgaf/ gkfsf] ;efsIfdf ljleGg If]qsf lj1,k|fWofks, ;+:s[ltljbx¿;“u h]7 !( ut] 5nkmn sfo{qmdcfof]hgf u¥of] .

sfo{qmddf k|ltlglw;efsf ;f+;b k|]d ;'jfnn];Dkbf hL0ff]{4f/ / k'gMlgdf{0fsf] sfo{ 7]Ssfk§feGbf klg:yfgLo hgtfsf] pkef]Qmf ;ldlt / cdfgtdfkm{t ul/g'kg]{ljrf/ /fVg'eof] .

;Dkbf If]qsf] hL0ff]{4f/ ;+j]bgzLn sfo{ ePsf]atfp“b} ;f+;b ;'jfnn] o;sf] ;+/If0fdf :yfgLo hgtfsf]dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] rrf{ ug'{eof] . pxf“n] k'/ftŒjljefu, gu/kflnsfsf] ;dGjodf :yfgLo sflnu8sf]k|of]u u/]/ k'gMlgdf{0fsf] sfd cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ atfp“b}7]Ssfk§f lbOg' unt x'g] wf/0ff /fVg'eof] .

pxf“n] ;+;b k|fl1s ynf] ePsf] atfp“b} ;+;bLok/Dk/f yfxf gePsf dfG5]x¿ ;f+;b ePsf sf/0f b]zcufl8 a9\g g;s]sf] atfpg'eof] . ;Qfsf] dftn] ;+;bdfc;+j}wflgs wDsLsf] efiff af]Ng] ;f+;bx¿sf] cfnf]rgfub}{ pxf“n] ;/sf/ lg/ª\s'z 9·n] cufl8 a9] b]z cK7\of/f]l:yltdf kg]{ atfpg'eof] . u0ftflGqs Joj:yfdf ;d]t/fi6«klt ljBfb]jL e08f/Lsf] ;jf/L dxf/fgLsf] ;jf/Lh:tf]eO/x]sf] / To; sfo{ czf]egLo ePsf] atfp“b} hgtfnfO{b'Mv lbg' /fhg]tfsf] p2]Zo x'g'x'“b}g eGg'eof] .

;f+;b ;'jfnn] ;+;b ;b:o eg]sf] b]zsf] gLltsfo{qmd, ah]6, ljw]os, b'O{kIfLo / ax'kIfLoaLr ;dGjoug]{ lgsfo ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ ;f+;bsf] efudf ah]65'6\ofpg] sfo{ unt ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfkltn] ;Dkbf :yfgLo hgtfsf] dfq geO{ ;+;f/s};DklQ ePsf] sf/0f o;sf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g cWoog–cg';Gwfg u/L sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] ljZj ;Dkbf If]qleqsf ;Dkbf ;+/If0fug'{ gkfsf] st{Jo ePsf] rrf{ ub}{ ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf:yfgLo sflnu8nfO{ k|of]u u/L ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ df}lnsz}nLdf g} k'gMlgdf{0f ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] . k|d'vk|hfkltn] ;Dkbf ;+/If0f gkf / k'/ftŒj ljefusf] ;dGjodfcufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ atfp“b} gkfsf] lgodljk/Ltsf c8fgx¿c:jLsfo{ /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn]l;+xWjfsf -Gx\os+ em\ofM_ sf]] P]ltxfl;s, ;fdflhs Pjd\;f+:s[lts dxŒj, ;+/If0fsf ljlwx¿af/] cfÇgf] k|:t'ltlbg'ePsf] lyof] . tTsfnLg /f0ff zf;sx¿n] b/af/sf]

cfwf efu eTsfP/ klZrdL z}nLdfnfna }7s agfp “b f b/af/sf ]dNnsfnLg ;Dkbf gf; ePsf] pxf“sf]syg lyof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/sf k|d'vlhNnf clwsf/L gf/fo0fk|;fb e§n];Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0fdf eQmk'/ gkfsf]cu'jfO pNn]vgLo ePsf] rrf{ ub}{snf–;+:s[ltsf] df}lns hu]gf{sf] lglDt:yfgLo hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdxŒjk"0f{ x'g] atfpg'eof] . pxf“n]

;Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0fdf :yfgLo sflnu8sf] sf}znnfO{ ;Daf]wgug'{kg]{ atfp“b} lgdf{0f sfo{x¿df o'u ;'xfp“bf] cfw'lgsk|ljlwx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg' pko'Qm x'g] atfpg'eof] .

u'ly ;+:yfgsf k|d'v dLg/fh rf}w/Ln] ;Dkbfk'gMlgdf{0f tyf hL0ff]{4f/ sfo{df gu/kflnsf, u'ly;+:yfg / k'/ftŒj ljefuaLr ;dGjo u/L cufl8 a9\g'kg]{atfpg'eof] . pxf“n] ;DkbfnfO{ clen]v agfP/ ;dod}lgdf{0f ;DkGg ug{ cu|;/ x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

k'Nrf]s SofDksf k|f=8f= k|]dgfy df:s]n] ;Dkbflgdf{0fh:tf] ;+j]bgzLn sfo{nfO{ 7]Ssf lb+bf lgdf{0f;fdu|Lx¿sf ] u '0f:t/Lotfdf ;d:of cfpg ;Sg]atfpg'eof] . b/af/ If]qdf cjl:yt krkGg em\ofn]b/af/sf] ;/;kmfO / ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ atfp“b} :yfgLo /

eQmk'/sf] /fli6«o snf ;ª\u|xfno k'gM lgdf{0faf/] 5nkmn


9ljb]zL ko{6ssf] nflu To;nfO{ v'nf ug'{kg]{ ;'emfj lbg'eof] .

k|fWofks e/t zdf{n] eQmk'/df c? 7fp“sf]t'ngfdf ;Dkbfx¿ ;+/lIft x'g' ;sf/fTds ePsf] atfp“b};Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0fdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] k'/ftŒj ljefusf]OHht /flvlbPsf] atfpg'eof] . eQmk'/sf] ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf:yfgLo sflnu8s} dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf ePsf] x'“bf ;Dkbf;+/If0f hfu?s 9·n] cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

k'/ftŒj ljefusf k"j{dxflgb]{zs lji0f'/fhsfsL{n] k'/ftŒj ljefusf] ljrf/ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] ljrf/ePsf] atfp“b} ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf gu/kflnsf / k'/ftŒjljefusf] ;xsfo{ dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] atfpg'eof] . pxf“n] ;Dkbfk'gMlgdf{0f /fli6«o uf}/jsf] ljifo ePsf] x'“bf k6s–k6ssf] 5nkmn / cGt/lqmofx¿ cfjZos ePsf]atfpg'eof] .

k|fWofks ;'bz{g/fh ltjf/Ln] lgdf{0f sfo{x¿dfcfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'g;Sg] atfp“b} ;Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0fdfk'/fgf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/df lg0f{o lng' a'l4dQfk"0f{ x'g]atfpg'eof] . k'gMlgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ubf{ To;sf] hu cWoogug'{ / dNnsfnLg z}nL ckgfP/ ;Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0f ug'{pko'Qm x'g] atfpg'eof] .

/fli6«o snf ;ª\u|xfnosf k|d'v ;/:jtL l;+xn];Dkbf ;+/If0f k|lqmofut ¿kdf lg0f{o u/fpg ;lsg]atfp“b} /fli6«o snf ;ª\u|xfnosf] k'gMlgdf{0fdf k'/ftŒjljefu / gu/kflnsfsf] ;dGjo x'g;s] pbfx/0fLo /xg]atfpg'eof] . pxf“n] krkGg em\ofn b/af/sf] lgoldt;/;kmfOsf] cfjZostf cf}+Nofp“b} g]kfnLx¿sf] nflu krkRrem\ofn b/af/nfO{ v'nf ;ª\u|xfnosf] ¿kdf k'gM ;'?

ug'{kg]{ atfpg'eof] .;+:s[ltljb\ k'?iff ]Qdnf]rg >]i7n] k'/fgf

b/af/x¿ cfqmd0f / k|Tofqmd0faf6 aRg rf]s;lxtsf]b/af/ lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g;Sg] atfp“b} l;+xWjfsfsf] k'gMlgdf{0fk'/fg} df}lns :j¿kd} agfpg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . ;fy}k'gMlgdf{0fsf] qmddf Toxf“sf k'/fgf j:t'x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft¿kdf ;+/If0f ug'{kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

;Dkbf k'gMlgdf{0f xfdL cfkm}n] ug{;Sg] atfp“b};+/If0fljb\ ;"o{eQm ;f+uf5]+n] k'vf{sf] 5f]8]sf] ;DklQnfO{xfdLn] k'/fg} z}nL lbP/ lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos /x]sf]atfpg'eof] .

:yfgLo ;dfh;]jL Zofd wf}e8]nn] k'gMlgdf{0fsfsfo{x¿df l9nfO x'“bf oxf“ 3'Dg cfpg] ko{6sx¿af6gsf/fTds k|ltlqmofx¿ k|fKt x'g] atfp“b} cfÇgf] uf}/jsf]lx;fan] klg k'gMlgdf{0fx¿ b|'tultdf cufl8 nfg'kg]{atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng j8f cWoIf /jLGb| HofVjn]ug'{ePsf] lyof] eg] lg? lzNksf/n] efh' kf]v/Laf/]k|:t'tLs/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf k|l;4 l;+xWjfsf-Gxo]s“ em\ofM_ b/af/ hL0ff]{4f/;DaGwL zlgaf/ ePsf]5nkmn sfo{qmdaf6 ePsf lg0f{ox¿ M–

!= g]kfn ;/sf/ k'/ftŒj ljefucGtu{tsf] /fli6«osnf ;+u|xfno ePsf] l;+xWjfsf -Gx\o]s“ em\ofM_ b/af/hL0ff]{4f/ ;DalGwt k'/ftŒj ljefun] lbPsf] 6]08/ vf/]hug{ ljefunfO{ cfu|x ug]{ .

@= pQm b/af/ hL0ff]{4f/sf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/k'/ftŒj ljefuaf6 ljlgof]lhtah ]6 /sd eQmk '/gu/kflnsfsf] sf]ifdf lgsf;fug{ dfu ug]{ tyf gu/kflnsfn]lgodfg ';f/ cdfgtdf jfpkef ]Qm f ;ldltdfkm {thL0ff]{4f/ ug]{ .

#= k|l;4 krkGg em\ofnb/af/ hL0ff]{4f/ gd'gfcg';f/eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf / k'/ftŒjljefun] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf pQmb/jf/ hL0ff]{4f/ ug{ eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf] sf]ifdf ah]6lgsf;f dfu ug]{ ./fli6«o snf ;+u|xfnosf] ejg k'gMlgdf{0f ;DaGwL 5nkmn sfo{qmddf pkl:yt lj1, k|fWofks, ;+:s[ltljb\nufot


10

‘@! cf}+ ztfAbLsf] nflu of]Uo, b]zeQm gful/stof/ ug'{, sd z'Nsdf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff k|bfg ug'{ /;dfhnfO{ a'l4hLjLs/0f ug'{ g} xfd|f] p2]Zo xf] .’ pQms'/f eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v Pj+ gkfåf/f ;~rflntsn]hx¿sf cWoIf ;'lgn k|hfkltn] Vjk OlGhlgol/·sn]hdf ePsf] ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u, ljZjljBfno;DaGwg Joj:yf cWoog ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿;“uh]7 !& ut] ePsf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf atfpg'ePsf]x f ] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] lzz':ofxf/ ;~rfngb]lv:yfgLo kf7\oqmd tof/L ul//x]sf], bz hf]8 b'O{, gl;{·,:gfts tyf :gftsf]Q/sf sIffx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ & j6fsn]hx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] / Vjk ljZjljBfno;~rfngsf] nflu k|of;/t /x]sf] pxf“n] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ljZjljBfno;~rfngsf] nflu @)^$ ;fnb]lv k|of; ul//x]sf], @)&#;fndf ;+;bdf btf{ ePsf] t/ z}lIfs dflkmofsf] sf/0fljZjljBfno P]g k]z gePsf] atfpg'eof] . gu/kflnsf:yfgLo ;/sf/ ePsf] x'“bf :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ d]l8snsn]h ;~rfng ug{ glbg' lghL sn]hnfO{ kf]:g'ePsf]

atfp“b} pxf“n] Vjk ljZjljBfno :jLs[t ePdf Vjk d]l8snsn]hdfkm{t sd z'Nsdf lrlsT;f lzIff lbg] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u, ;DaGwgJoj:yf cWoog ;ldltsf ;+of]hs k|f=pk]Gb|dfg k|wfgf·n]ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]un] z}lIfs ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{slxNo} klg cj/f]w gu/]sf] atfp“b} pRr lzIff ;dfh,/fi6« / cGt/f{li6«o cfjZostf ePsf] x'“bf pRr lzIffnfO{cGt/f{li6«os/0f ug{ ;Ifd :yfgLo txnfO{ ljZjljBfno;~rfng ug{ lbg'kg]{ / Vjk ljZjljBfno eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn] ;~rfng ug{;Sg] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v Pj+sn]h ;~rfns ;ldltsf pkfWoIf /hgL hf]zL, j8fWoIfPj+ sn]h ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o /jLGb| HofVj /k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{, Vjk OlGhlgol/· sn]hsf k|frfo{O= ;'hg dfs, Vjk sn]h ckm OlGhlgol/·sf k|frfo{ O=;'lgn b'jfn, pk–k|frfo{åo O= /ljGb| kmf]h" / O= /Tgzf]efk|hfklt, k|f=8f= /fh'efO Toft, O= rGb|ls/0f sjf+nufotsf]pkl:ylt /x]sf] lyof] eg] ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]udfk|f=8f= l8NnL/fh zdf{ / ;Ltf/fd e§/fO{sf] klg pkl:ylt/x]sf] lyof] .

ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf k|ltlglw eQmk'/dfljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf k|ltlglw eQmk'/dfljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf k|ltlglw eQmk'/dfljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf k|ltlglw eQmk'/dfljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]usf k|ltlglw eQmk'/df

eQmk'/ gu/sf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltsf] k|d'vcfltYodf h]7 !( ut] egkf j8f g+= ^ sf] d'nf5]+l:ytgjlgld{t kf6L pb\3f6g ePsf] 5 .

sfo{qmdsf k|d'v cltly k|hfkltn] 7]Ssfk§fdfsfd u/fp“bf df}lns z}nL lalu|g] x'“bf eQmk'/sf w]/}h;f]

;Dkbfx¿ pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿af6 ;DkGg u/fpg ;lqmoeO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] . pxf“n] lzIff If]qdf klg egkfn]cfkm\g} ljifox¿ ;d]6]/ :yfgLo kf7\oqmd tof/ u/Lsfof{Gjogdf uPsf] atfpg'eof] .

egkfsf sfo{kflnsf ;b:o /f]zgd}of ;'jfnn]sfo{qmddf 7]Ssfk§faf6 sfd u/fp“bf 7]s]bf/n] ljleGg;d:ofx¿ b]vfO sfd l9nf ug]{ / u'0f:t/df klg sdLcfpg] atfpg'eof] .

j8f g+= ^ sf j8f ;b:o Pj+ ls;fg g]tf uf]ljGbb'jfnn] b]zdf cfjZos gLlt–lgod th'{df ug'{kg]{df;f+;bx?n] ljsf; ah]6 dfu ug'{ cg'lrt ePsf] s'/fcf}+Nofpg'eof] .

j8f cWoIf xl//fd ;'jfnnsf] ;efkltTjdfePsf] pb\3f6g sfo{qmddf j8f ;b:o l;tfb]jL g]kfnL,l;l4/fd cjfn / :jf:Yo sfo{stf{ ;[hgf af]xh'n] klgaf]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

d'nf5]+df kf6L pb\3f6g


11

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt g]kfns}k'/fgf] Pj+ P]ltxfl;s hgHof]lt k':tsfno cfw'lgsJoj:yfkg;lxt egkf @ gMk'v' glhs} h]7 & ut] g]kfndhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+-/f]lxt_ n] pb\3f6g ug'{eof] .

lj=;+= @))& ;fnb]lv eQmk'/b/af/ If]qdf ;~rflnt pQm k':tsfno;f]daf/b]lv xfn b]sf]–ldjf–O6fkfs] hUufPsLs/0f cfof]hgfsf] sfof{no /x]sf]gu/kflnsfsf] ejgdf ;fl/Psf] xf] .k ' :tsfnodf Oltxf;, bz {g, snf;+:s[ltnufot ;do ;fGble{s g]kfnL /cª\u|]hL efiffsf ¿= % nfv a/fa/sf] gof“k':tsx¿ ;d]t ylkPsf 5g\ . To:t} ;L;LSofd]/fsf] Joj:yf u/L k':tssf] ;'/IffJoj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 .

gof“ o'jf k':tfnfO{ k':tsfnodfcfslif{t ug]{ Wo]on] cnUu cWoog tyf5nkmn sIf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] tyf O{–nfOa|/L;d]tsf] ljsf; ug] { tof/L eO/x]sf ]gu/kflnsf ;|f]tn] atfPsf] 5 .

;f]daf/ k':tsfnosf] pb\3f6g ub}{ cWoIflah'S5]+n] g]kfndf k':tsfno ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; gePsf]

gMk'v'l:yt ejgdf hgHof]lt k':tsfnopNn]v ub}{ gof“ k':tfnfO{ b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs //fhg}lts ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug]{ s]Gb|sf] ¿kdfhgHof]ltnfO{ ljsf; ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

pxf“n] eGg'eof], ‘k':tsfnodfkm{t ;dfhsf] cj:yfa'e\mg ;lsG5, o'jf k':tfn] s:tf] vfnsf] k':ts cWoog

ug{ ¿rfp“5, To; cfwf/df xfd|f]] ;dfhstflt/ uO/x]sf] 5 eGg] cg'dfg ug{ uf¥xf]5}g .’

;dfhjfbL b]zx¿ k|hu sf]l/of, rLg,tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;ª\3nufotsf b]zx¿dfcTofw'lgs ;'ljwf;lxt ;+;f/sf k|ultzLn;flxTox¿ ljleGg efiffdf cg'jfb u/Lk ' :tsfnodf /f lvg ] rrf { ub } {k':tsfnodfkm{t o'jfx¿nfO{ b]zsf] ljsf;lgdf{0f tyf /fhgLltsf] ljifodf ax;u/fOg] atfpg'eof] .

cWoIf lah 'S5 ] +n ] hgHof ] ltk':tsfnodfkm{t ;flxlTos ultljlw tyf;d;fdlos ljifodf cWoog uf ] l i7;~rfng ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf cf}+Nofpg'eof] .

k':tsfno pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfklt / pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zL ;lxt ;a} j8fsfhgk|ltlglwx¿ ;xefuL ePsf lyP .

gMk'lv l:yt hgHof]lt k':tsfno pb\3f6g ug'{x'Fb} cWoIf lah'S5]+

k':tsfno cjnf]sg ug'{x'Fb} cWoIf lah'S5]+ / k|d'v k|hfklt


12

s¬lxg] / gs¬lxg] kmf]x/ 5¬6\ofP/ ;°ng ug{sfnL3f6, ldaf5]+ / Otfkfv] If]qleq kg]{ j8f g+= @ sfj8fjf;Lx¿nfO{ h]7 !^ ut] aflN6g ljt/0f ul/of] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d¬v ;'lgnk|hfkltn] gu/sf] vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{sfpvfnL;“u ;dGjo u/L ljleGg 7fp“df 8Lk af]l/ª

‘vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ egkf ;lqmo’

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf ahf/ cg'udg ;ldltsf;+of]hs /fhs[i0f uf]/fsf] ;+of]hsTjsf] 6f]nLn] h]7 !& ut]uknL, ;"o{ljgfos / af/fxL :yfgdf s'v'/f, /f“uf], v;L–af]sf / a+u'/ u/L cf7j6f df;'k;nsf] cg'udg u¥of] .;f]xL 6f]nLn] h]7 !* ut] dxfnIdL:yfg, sdnljgfos /nfGrfkmNrfsf] df;'k;ndf cg'udg u¥of] .

h]7 !& ut]sf] cg'udg 6f]nLn] Go" dxfnIdLsf]N8 :6f]/, ;/h ld6 zk, d"n9f]sf a|f]On/ xfp; /dxfnIdL sf]N8:6f]/ P08 kf]N6«L ;Knfo{;df cg'udgu¥of] .

cg'udg 6f]nLn] h]7 !* ut] Sjfln6L sf]N8:6f]/, /fdaxfb'/ zfxLsf] /f“uf]sf] df;' k;n, ;fsf/ a|f]On/xfp;, ;'h/ df5f k;n, af/fxL ld6 zk, a]vfgf/fo0fzfxLsf] /f“uf]sf] df;'k;n, afa'/fhf v8\uLsf] /f“uf]sf]df;'k;n / dx]Zj/ ld6 ;Knfo{;df cg'udg u¥of] .

ul//x]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .eQmk'/ gkfn] g]kfnd} klxnf] k6s :yfgLo

snf–;+:s[lt, v]ns¬b / hfqfaf/] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ hfgsf/Llbg :yfgLo lgsfosf] kf7\oqmd nfu" ug]{ tof/Ldf /x]sf]pxf“n] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf ;fljs !% j8fsf k"j{ j8f cWoIf/jLGb| va'{hfn] eQmk¬/df g]dlskfaf6 lgjf{lrthgk|ltlglwx¿n] lg/Gt/ ;/;kmfO cfGbf]ngnfO{$) jif{b]lv rfn" /flv/fv]sf] atfpg'eof] . sfo{qmdsf ;efklt Pj+ eQmk'/gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ sf j8fWoIf xl/k|;fbaf;'snfn] j8fsf] ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf j8f:t/Loof]hgfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf k"j{ j8fcWoIf cfzs'df/sf]h", j8f;b:o Zofd;¬Gb/ dftf+, eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf Zofl6g]zg zfvf k|d¬v lbnLks¬df/;¬jfnnufotn] sfo{qmddf af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] . cf}krfl/s sfo{qmdkl5 j8f ;ldltn]s¬lxg] / gs¬lxg] kmf]x/ 5'6\ofP/ ;°ng ug]{clek|fon] cfjf; If]qsf !)) hgf j8fjf;LnfO{aflN6g ljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .j8f g+= @ df s'lxg] / gs'lxg] kmf]x/ 5'6\ofP/ /fVg aflN6g ljt/0f ug'{x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfklt

cg'udg 6f]nLn] k;n btf{ ug{, 9s t/fh' ;Gt'ngldNg] u/L /fVg, jw:yn / k;n ;kmf ;'U3/ /fVg, Pk|f]g;]tf] k|of]u ug{, k;nsf] leQf ;kmf /fVg, v'nf ?kdfk]6Ldf /fv]/ df;' ga]Rg s8f lgb]{zg lbof] eg] k]6Ldfk;n g/fVg, d"No;"lr /fVg / k;nsf] af]8{ /fVg lgb]{zglbof] .

cg'udg 6f]nLdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf cg'udg;ldltsf ;b:o xl//fd ;'jfn / /f]zgd}of ;'jfn, ;b:o;lrj lbns'df/ ;'jfn, egkf Zoflg6]zg pkzfvfsf j=lg=/fds[i0f k|hfklt, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no eQmk'/sf /ljrGb|ld>, kz' ;]jf sfof{nosf pd]znfn k|wfg, /fli6«o pkef]Qmfd~raf6 dgf]h yfkf, pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3 eQmk'/sf ;+hohf]G5], dxfgu/Lo k|x/L k|l/;/sf /fhaxfb'/ 8uf]/f /egkf s/ pkzfvfsf lji0f's]z/L hf]zL / pBf]u jfl0fHo;+3 eQmk'/sf] ;xeflutf lyof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf4f/f df;' k;n cg'udg


13

eQmk '/ gu/kflnsfn] kflIfs ;/;kmfOsfo{qmdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ h]7 ! / !% ut] egkf j8f g+@ Jof;L ko{6s a;kfs{, ;fgf] cf}Bf]lus If]q x:tsnfdf/ egkf j8f g+= $ l:yt d+unlty{ kl/ifb\df ;/;kmfOsfo{qmd ;DkGg u¥of] .

sfo{qmd eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfkltsf] k|d'v cfltYotfdf hgk|ltlglwx¿, ljleGg;+3–;+:yf, 6Ld–Sna, egkfsf sd{rf/L / 6f]njf;Lx¿sf];xeflutfdf ;DkGg eof] . sfo{qmddf ;Daf]wg ub}{ egkfk|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] hgtf ;r]t geP;Dd ;/;kmfO{Joj:yfkg ;kmn x'g uf¥xf] x'g], hgtf / hgk|ltlglw ;a}

;/;kmfO sfo{qmdsf] lg/Gt/tf

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf / vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0flgoGq0f ljefun] ld7fO{ k;n / kfgLsf] km\ofS6«Ldf j8fg+= # sf j8fWoIf Pj+ cg'udg ;ldltsf ;+of]hs /fhs[i0fuf]/fsf] g]t[Tjdf h]7 !% ut] b'wkf6Ldf ld7fO{ k;n /emf}v]ndf vfg]kfgLdf cg'udg ul/Psf] lyof] .

cg'udgdf egkf j8f g+= ! b'wkf6Ldf /x]sf] Go"nfl;jf ld7fO{ e08f/df ld7fO{ ksfpg] t]n kf]nf/Lld6/df hf“r ubf{ /fgl;8 -Pl;8_ a9L eO{ u'0f:t/xLgePsf]n] kf“r ln6/ t]n / n8\8'df 9';L k/]sf]n] b'O{s]=hL= n8\8', lgDsL ;f9] b'O{ s]=hL= k'/fgf] 9';L k/]sf]gi6 u/]sf] j8f lg/LIfs /fds[i0f k|hfkltn] hfgsf/Llbg'eof] . To:t} rGb|fo0f :jL6\;df klg u'0f:t/xLg t]ngi6 u/fO{ ld7fO{df cvfB j:t' ld;fj6 5 ls 5}g eg]/Nofa k/LIf0f ug{ gd"gfsf] nflu a];g, e'lhof, n8\8' /

ldn]/ ;/;kmfO{df cu|;/ x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .sfo{qmddf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] ;/;kmfO{

JolQmsf ] klxrfg ePsf ] / of ] cleofgn] cGogu/kflnsfnfO{ oxf“af6 l;Sg] df}sf ldn]sf] atfpg'eof] .pxf“n] j[Iff/f]k0f ;“u} af]6–lj?jfsf] ;+/If0fdf klg Wofglbg' cfjZos ePsf] cf}+Nofpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf sfo{kflnsf ;b:o Pj+ jftfj/0ftyf ko{6g ;ldltsf ;b:o ;l/gf Bf]nf / Zoflg6]zgpkzfvf k|d'v lblnks'df/ ;'jfnn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .;/;kmfOkZrft\ ko{6g a;kfs{ Jof;L jl/kl/ k|d'vk|hfkltnufotn] j[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

b'O{ ;o u|fd akmL{ k/LIf0fsf] nflu nu]sf] 5 . ;fy} lbJo:jL6\;sf ld7fOdf cvfB j:t' ld;fj6 5 ls 5}g eg]/Nofa k/LIf0f ug{ gd'gfsf] nflu a];g, e'lhof / b'O{ ;ou|fd lgDsL k/LIf0fsf] nflu nu]sf] vfB cg';Gwfgclws[t O{Zj/ ;'j]bLn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

To:t} vfg]kfgLdf cg'udg ug]{ qmddf ho 5'dfu0f]z z'4 vfg]kfgL k|f=ln=df @)&$÷)&% sf] nflucg'1fkqsf] nflu lgj]bg lbPsf] t/ :jLs[lt k|fKt gu/]sf]b]lvg'sf ;fy} kmf]x/ / lau|]sf] kfgL e/]sf] hf/ @) j6fgi6 u/]sf] 5 . O{=cf/=l8«GS; k|f=ln=df cg'dltkqgjLs/0f u/]sf] kfOPsf] k|df]brGb| kf]8]n] atfpg'eof] .cg'udgdf gu/ lg/LIfs lblnks'df/ ;'jfn / k|fljlws;xfos k|lj0fs'df/ clwsf/Lsf] pkl:ylt /x]sf ]lyof ] .

;+o'Qm ahf/ cg'udg

d+unlty{ kl/;/df ;/;kmfO ub}{ gkfsf sd{rf/L tyf ljBfyL{x?


14

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnfO{ ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf;ug'{kg]{ atfp“b} ljsf;sf] gfp“df pkTosfsf ;Dkbfx¿ /k|fs[lts :j¿kdf ljgf; ug{ gx'g] atfpg'eof] .

sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljsf; k|flws/0fsf] cfof]hgfdfh]7 !) ut] ‘sf7df8f}+ pkTosf gof“ ;x/ of]hgf’ ;DaGwLePsf] k|:t'tLs/0f sfo{qmddf k|d'v k|hfkltn] ;'ljwf ;DkGg;x/x¿sf] ljsf;;“u} pkTosfaf6 cflbjf;Lx¿ lj:yflktx'g] t xf]Og < egL z°f JoQm ug'{eof] .

pxf“n] pkTosfdf tLj| ultn] hg;ª\Vof j[l4eO/x]sf] sf/0f vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of, ck/fw ;ª\Vofdfj[l4, kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of eO/x]sf] pNn]v ub}{pxf“n] pkTosfdf /x]sf ;f+:s[lts dxŒjsf ;Dkbfx¿sf];+/If0f ug]{tkm{ ;a}sf] Wofg hfg'k5{ eGg'eof] .

cfjf; of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ clwsf/ sfg"gtM:yfgLo txleq k/]sf] x'“bf :yfgLo tx;“u ;dGjo u/]/dfq} of]hgf cuf8L a9fpg cfu|x ub}{ k|d'v k|hfktn]:df6{ l;6L / :of6\ofnfO6 l;6Lsf] gfp“df :yfgLo hgtflj:yflkt x'g] sfd sxL+ st}af6 gxf];\ eGg'eof] .

rf“u'gf/fo0f gu/kflnsfdf k|d'v ;f]d ld>n];fj{hlgs vl/b P]gn] u'0f:t/Lo lgdf{0f ug{ cK7\of/f]

kl//x]sf] atfp“b} To; sfg'gdf cfjZos ;'wf/ gug]{ xf]eg] b]z %) jif{ kl5 k5{ eGg'eof] .

sfu]Zj/L dgf]x/f g=kf=sf k|d'v s[i0fx/L yfkfn]:yfgLo txnfO{ cfjf; of]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ P]gn] clwsf/lbPsf] x'“bf :yfgLo tx;“u ;dGjo gu/L cfof]hgf ;'?u/]df ;DkGg ug{ uf¥xf] x'g] atfpg'eof] .

sf7df8f+} pkTosf ljsf; k|flws/0fsf cfo'QmefOsfhL ltjf/Lsf] cWoIftfdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf ;ª\3Lo/ k|b]z;efsf ;f+;bx¿, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L tyfljleGg sfof{no k|d'vx¿n] klg cfjf; of]hgf;DaGwLcf—cfÇgf] ljrf/ JoQm ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

sf7df8f}+ pkTosfnfO{ ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{k5{

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]b]zsf ;a} 7"nf cfof]hgfx¿ nufgL af]8{dfkm{t ug]{ ;/sf/LgLltn] ljleGg dGqfno / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf]cf}lrTodfly g} k|Zg p7]sf] atfpg'eof] .

nufgL af]8{sf] cfof]hgfdf h]7 !! ut] /fhwfgLdf‘sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf d]6«f] /]n cfof]hgf ;~rfng ;DaGwdf

ePsf] 5nkmn sfo{qmddf k|d'v k|hfkltn] nufgL af]8{n]g]kfnnfO{ pklgj]zsf] l:yltdf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] x'“bf ;'?b]lvg} g]dlskfn] km/s dt /fVb} cfPsf] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] eGg'eof]– ‘g]kfnsf] /fhZj ;°ngn]sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ tna v'jfpg klg k'Ub}g . latsf] gf}dlxgfdf Jofkf/ 3f6f * va{ !% ca{ 5 . ljBfnosf]

k':tsfno, zf}rfno, kmlg{r/ jf kvf{nnufpg PghLcf] / cfO{PghLcf]sf] d'vtfSg'kg]{ l:yltdf 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdfvaf}{ + ¿k}of“ ljb]zL C0f af]sfpg]of]hgfn] g]kfnnfO{ sxf“ k'¥ofp“5 <’

nufgL af]8{ P]g 8f= afa'/fde§/fO{ k|wfgdGqL sfndf kfl/t ePsf]pNn]v ub}{ b]zsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg/ cy{tGq ljb]zLsf] xftdf ;'Dkg]p2]Zon] ljb]zLs} lgb]{zgdf

’nufgL af]8{ P]g vf/]h ug'{k5{“

nufgL af]8{sf] cfof]hgfdf w'lnv]n gfu9'+uf d]6«f] /]n k|:tfjaf/] cGt/lqmofTds sfo{qmd


15

nufgL af]8{ ljw]os cfPsf] :ki6 kfg'{eof] .b]znfO{ cfÇgf] v'§fdf pleP/ ljsf; ug]{ xf]

eg] nufgL af]8{ P]g vf/]hLsf] ljsNk 5}g– pxf“n] eGg'eof] .nlntk'/ dxfgu/kflnsfsf k|d'v lrl/afa'

dxh{gn] d]6«f] /]n /fVg] s'/fn] cfkm" cToGt v'zL ePsf]atfp“b} lgjf{lrt ePsf] Ps jif{df klg vf;} hgck]Iffcg';f/sfd ug{ g;s]sf] :jLsfg'{eof] .

sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v xl/k|efv8\uLn] ljb]zL k'“hL Nofpg'eGbf g]kfnLx¿s} k};f nufgLu/]/ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

rGb|flu/L gkfsf k|d'v 3gZofd lu/Ln] sf7df8f}+pkTosfsf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ ;+/If0f u/L af“sL 7fp“x¿dfljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

pkTosfsf ljleGg gkfsf k|d'v, pkk|d'v /k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[tx¿sf] pkl:ytdf a;]sf] a}7sdfnufgL af]8{sf Ol~hlgo/ cflzif uh'/]nn] sf7df8f}+pkTosfdf d]6«f] /]n ;~rfng ;DaGwdf klxrfg ul/Psf]?6 g+= @ -gfu9'·f–sn°L–sf]6]Zj/–w'lnv]n_ ljifodf;DefJotfsfaf/ ] xfn;Dd tof/ ePsf ljifodfk|:t'tLs/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

k | :t 't Ls/0fsf ] q mddf gfu9 '·fb ] lvw'lnv]n;Ddsf] #& lsld ;8s lgdf{0f ug]{, ;f]sf] nfluk|ltlsld $ b]lv ^ ca{ vr{ nfUg], e"ldut ;8s lgdf{0ful/Pdf nfut a9\g uO{ k|ltlsld ;ft ca{eGbf a9L nfUg]hfgsf/L lb+b} w'lnv]n / gfu9'·fdf sl/a %)÷/f]kgLsf]hUufdf a; kfs{ lgdf{0f ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt hg:jf:Yo;]jf s]Gb|df @)&! ;fnb]lv ;~rflnt cfsl:ds tyfcjnf]sg jf8{ gof“ ejgdf yk ;]jf ;'ljwfsf ;fy eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v tyf ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf;'lgn k|hfklt / eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v tyf;~rfns ;ldltsf pkfWoIf /hgL hf]zLn] h]7 & ut];+o'Qm pb\3f6g ug'{eof] .

k|d'v k|hfkltn] eQmk'/ gu/sf hgtfn] h'glhDd]jf/L lbO{ lgjf{lrt u/]sf lyP, ;f]xL lhDd]jf/Lk"lt{sf] nflu sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] . eQmk'/gu/kflnsfn] lgjf{rgsf] a]nf :t/Lo :jf:Yo pkrf/sf]Joj:yf ug]{ jfrf u/]cg'¿k gu/kflnsfn] @% z+}ofsf]

Vjk c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] tof/L ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .pxf“n] gu/kflnsfdf hgk|ltlglwx¿ axfn

ePsf] ! ;o lbgdf 3/3/df gl;{ª ;]jf ;'? u/]sf]dfclxn] !) j6} j8fdf ;f] ;]jf ;'? eO;s]sf] hfgsf/Llbg'eof] . pxf“n] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff, ;'ne :jf:Yo ;]jf,z'4 vfg]kfgL tyf ;Dkbf ;+/If0fnufotsf ljifox¿k|fyldstfdf /fvL r/0fa4 ¿kdf sfo{ ub}{ hfg] k|lta4tfhfx]/ ug'{eof] .

pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] :yfgLo txsf] r'gfjsf]bf}/fg 3f]if0ffkqdf 3f]lift sfo{qmdx¿ r/0fa4 ¿kdfsfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'x'“b} eQmk'/ gkfn]lzIff, :jf:Yo / vfg]kfgLnufot hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;/f]sf//fVg] ljifox¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ sfo{ eO/x]sf]atfpg'eof] . eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] pRr lzIffdf ;a}sf];xh kx'“rsf] nflu ;'ne z'Nsdf Joj:yfkg, lj1fg,dfgljsL, Ol~hlgol/ª, gl;{ªnufotsf ljifox¿;~rfng u/]sf] / hg:jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb| klg hgtfnfO{:jf:Yo ;]jf k|flKtdf ;xh ug{ ;~rfng ePsf] x'“bf;]jfu|fxLnfO{ lrlsT;s tyf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;f}xfb|k"0f{jftfj/0fsf] ;[hgf u/L :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug'{kg]{atfpg'eof] .

hg:jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb|sf sfo{afxs OGrfh{ 8f=;'ldtf rf]n]vf]n] :jfut dGtJo /fVg'ePsf] lyof] eg]sfo{qmdsf ;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿, k|frfo{ /sd{rf/Lx¿sf] klg pkl:ylt lyof] .

hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|df cfsl:ds sIf z'ef/De

eQmk'/ gkfåf/f ;~rflnt hg:jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb|sf] cfsl:ds sIfz'ef/De sfo{qmddf af]Ng'x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfklt


16

Vjk sn]hdf aLP;8An' -;fdflhs sfo{_ ljifolnO{ k|yd jif{df cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] ut r}tdfgu/sf]6df ePsf] l5d]sL lzlj/ sfo{qmdsf] l/kf]6{ /dlxnf lx+;faf/] k|:t'tLs/0f sfo{qmd h]7 $ ut] ;DkGgeof] .

sfo{qmddf sn]h ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf Pj+eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf:yfkgf geP;Dd dlxnf lx+;f cGTo ;Dej gx'g] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] eGg'eof], ‘k"“hLjfbL Joj:yf k};f k|wfgJoj:yf xf] . k};fsf] nflu k"“hLjfbL Joj:yfdf 5f]/f5f]/L/ cfkm\gf] >LdtL;d]t a]Rg k"“hLkltx¿ tof/ x'G5g\ .k"“hLkltx¿n] cfkm" cg's"n ;+;bdfkm{t sfg'g agfpgnufp“5g\ . ’

k|hu sf]l/ofdf dlxnf lx+;f / c;dfgtfsf 36gfg36\g] rrf{ ub}{ k|d'v k|hfkltn] eGg'eof] – ‘rLgdf dlxnflx+;f ug]{x¿nfO{ d[To'b08 lbg] sfg'gL Joj:yf 5 .’

k"FhLjfbL Joj:yf k};f k|wfg Joj:yfaf]S;L / bx]hsf] cf/f]kdf sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yf

ePsf clzlIft, ckx]lnt / c;xfo dlxnfx¿ a9L kLl8teO/x]sf] atfp“b} pxf“n] ;a}nfO{ ;Ddfg ?kn] lzIff lbg;s]dlxnf lx+;f sd x'g] ljrf/ /fVg'eof] .

sn]hsf k|frfo{ ?ks hf]zLn] cg'zf;gljgfsf]lzIff Joy{ x'g] atfp“b} cg'zf;g g} ljBfyL{sf] uxgf xf]eGg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf /fhgLltzf:q ljifos lzIfs lxdfnL/fgfdu/n] n}l·s lx+;f / sfg'gL pkrf/af/], ljifo lzIfsnIdL yfkfn] 3/]n' lx+;faf/] k|:t'tLs/0f ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

ljBfyL{x¿af6 dlxnf lx+;faf/] uLlt gf6s k|:t'tul/Psf] sfo{qmddf ljBfyL{x¿ clgzs'df/ yfkf, ;'lhtf>]i7, /Lgf klxh" / dlxdf sdf{rfo{n] lzlj/sf] l/kf]6{k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf aLP tyf PdP cª\u|]hLsfo{qmd O~rfh{ sldlgsf GofORofO{ / lzIfs ;'lgtfufO;Ln] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf ( g+= j8fsf :yfgLoafl;Gbfx¿aLr h]7 ( ut] :jf:Yo pkrf/;DaGwLhgr]tgfd"ns e]nf ;DkGg eof] .

e]nfdf j8fWoIf /ljGb| HofVjn] cfw'lgshLjgz}nL;“u} ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf dflg;x¿df g;g]{bL3{/f]ux¿ b]vfkg{ yfn]sf] rrf{ ub}{ /f]u nfu]kl5 pkrf/dfvr{ ug'{eGbf /f]u nfUg glbg] pkfox¿ ckgfpg'kg]{ s'/fdfhf]8 lbg'eof] . pxf“n] gu/jf;L hgtfsf] :jf:Yo pkrf/;]jfsf] nflu gu/kflnsfn] k|To]s j8fdf Pshgf g;{ /:jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx¿ aGbf]a:t u/L 3/b}nf]df gl;{ª ;]jf;~rfng u/]sf] pNn]v ug'{eof] .

egkf ( RofDxfl;+xl:yt hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|sf]pQ/lt/ gu/kflnsfn] Vjk c:ktfn lgdf{0f ug{ gS;fl8hfOgsf] sfo{ ;DkGg ul/;s]sf] / s]xL ;dokl5 g}lgdf{0f sfo{ yfngL x'g] j8fWoIf HofVjn] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{kflnsf ;b:o 5f]/Ld}of+ ;'hv"n] cfhef]lnJo:t hLjg / k"“hLjfbL hLjgz}nLsf] sf/0f dflg;x¿dfPSnf]kg dx;'; eO{ dfgl;s /f]uLsf] ;ª\Vof a9\g yfn]sf]atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf hg:jf:Yo s]Gb|sf 8fS6/ ;'lgtfrf]n]Vjn] gu/kflnsfn] ;'ljwf;lxtsf] Odh]{G;L ;]jf gof“ejgdf ;f/]sf] rrf{ ub}{ lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/L:j:y hLjg ljtfpg ;Nnfx lbg'eof] .

PrP sdns]z/L /fhrnn] pRr /Qmrfk /

dw'd]x /f]uaf/] hfgsf/L lb+b} /f]u nfUb}df tl;{g' cfjZosgePsf] atfpg'eof] .

j8fdf kl/rflnt g;{ ;ljgf b'jfnn] j8fdfxfn;Dd # ;o kl/jf/sf ! xhf/ & ;o !( hgfsf] :jf:Yocj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L ;°ng u/]sf] / To;dWo] ! ;o (hgfnfO{ pRr /Qmrfk / $$ hgfnfO{ dw'd]x /f]u b]lvPsf]tYof° k|:t't ug'{eof] .

:jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx¿ dg]Zj/L sf]h" / ;Gt]dfofufOh"n] j[4j[4f, ;'Ts]/L dlxnf / afnaflnsfx¿sf] :jf:Yok/LIf0fnfO{ ljz]if k|fyldstf lbPsf] rrf{ ug'{eof] .

gu/kflnsfn] :yfgLo lgjf{rgsf] ;dodfhgtfdfem k|lta4tf JoQm u/]cg';f/ @)&$ efb| !@ ut]b]lvegkf #, $ / ^ j8fdf 3/b}nf]df gl;{ª ;]jf ;~rfngu/]sf]df @)&% j}zfv ( ut]b]lv af“sL & j6f j8fx¿df;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . To; lx;fjn] egkf ( g+= j8fdfgl;{ª ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] 7Ls Ps dlxgf x'“bf o; cjlwsf]k|ult k|ltj]bgaf/] 5nkmn ug{ tyf :jf:Yo pkrf/ ;]jfaf/]hfgsf/L lbg pQm sfo{qmd ul/Psf] sfo{kflnsf ;b:o;'hv"n] atfpg'eof] . xfn;Dd j8fsf] klZrdL e]u yfnf5]+,afns'df/L, oftf5]+ x'“b} ;nf“u0f]z, yfy'nf+, ;sf]nfg, ltgf5]+,u5]+ / rf]kmnsf 3/3/df g;{ / :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx¿k'u]/ lj/fdLx¿sf] b}lgs pkrf/ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . gl;{ªx/]s lbg ljxfg & b]lv ( ah];Dd ;+rfng u/]sf] g;{b'jfnn] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

:jf:Yo pkrf/;DaGwL hgr]tgfd"ns e]nf


17

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] lhNnfdf ev{/} ;?jfeO{ cfpg'ePsf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L gf/fo0fk|;fb e§/ k|x/L pk/LIfs lxdfnos'df/ >]i7nfO{ h]7 $ ut]gu/kflnsf ;efsIfdf :jfut tyf kl/rofTds sfo{qmdcfof]hgf u¥of] .

sfo{qmddf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] ljleGgIf]qaf6 eQmk'/nfO{ glhsaf6 x]g'{ePsf cg'ejL ;/sf/Lk | ltlglwsf ] ?kdf k |lhc / k |x/L pk/LIfsnfO {gu/kflnsf / gu/af;L hgtfsf] tkm{af6 :jfutug'{eof] . pxf“n] g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf] tkm{af6ljhoL hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] :jfy{ eGg' g} Jofks hgtfsf]lxtdf sfd ug'{ /x]sf] pNn]v ub}{ hgefjgf adf]lhdhgk|ltlglwx¿n] ug]{ sfo{df ;/sf/L k|zf;gsf] tkm{af6;xof]u k|fKt x'g] ljZjf; JoQm ug'{eof] .

snf ;+:s[ltn] el/Psf] P]ltxfl;s eQmk'/gu/sf] ;f}Gbo{tf sfod ug'{ ;a}sf] ;femf bfloTj xf],pxf“n] eGg'eof], eQmk'/nfO{ b]zs} gd'gf gu/ agfpg]hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] cleofgdf k|x/L / k|zf;gn] ;b}j ;fylbg] ljZjf; 5 .

/fhg}lts cfGbf]ng ug'{ ;+ljwfgk|bQ clwsf/eP/ klg aGb x8tfnsf] gfddf lzIf0f ;+:yf aGb gx'g]/ gofF k':tfnfO{ b]z / hgtfsf] kIfdf Odfgbf/Lk"j{ssfo{ ug'{ g} /fhgLlt xf] eGg] efjgf l;sfpg] eQmk'/sf]ulj{nf] Oltxf; ePsf] rrf{ ub}{ ljBdfg sfg'g sfof{Gjogug]{ qmddf s'g} kIfaf6 bafadf sfd gug{ k|d'v k|hfkltn]

;'emfj lbg'eof] .pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn]

ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] x/]s sfo{ hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdfkf/bzL{tfk"j{s ul//x]sf] pNn]v ub}{} ;Ddfg ug'{ ;a}sf]bfloTj ePsf] atfpg'eof] . pxfFn] eQmk'/nfO{ ;Eo,;';+:s[t / ;kmf gu/ agfpg eQmk'/af;L hgtf;“u}hgk|ltlglw / ;/sf/L k|ltlglwx¿ Psh'6 x'g'kg]{ cfjZostfcf}+Nofpg'eof] .

k|lhc e§n] eQmk'/sf hgtfsf] tkm {af6gu/kflnsfn] u/]sf] :jfutk|lt s[t1tf k|s6 ub} {sfo{;Dkfbgsf] qmddf hgtfaf6 ckx]lnt x'g'kg]{ sfo{ gug]{k|ltj4tf JoQm ug'{eof] . pxf“n] ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/;DkGg agfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf lhNnfk|zf;g sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k"/s e"ldsf v]Ng] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] lhNnfaf;Lx¿sf]zflGt, ; '/Iffsf ]aGbf ]a:t, ;Defljtck/fw lgoGq0f /j:t'lgi7 cg';Gwfg ug]{bfloTjaf6 k|x/L k|zf;gkl5 gx6 \g ] k | i6kfg'{eof] .

k |x/L pkl/Ifslxdfnos'df/ >]i7n]gu/kflnsfn] ug]{ x/]s/rgfTds sfo {df

k|x/Lsf] tkm{af6 ;lqmo ;xof]u /xg] ljZjf; lbnfpg'eof] .pxf“n] lzIf0f ;+:yf jl/kl/ r'/f]6, /S;Lsf] laqmL /f]Sg],k'm6kfydf k;n tyf lgdf{0f ;fdu|L /fVg glbg] / lglZrt:yfgdf dfq uf8L /f]Sg lbg] ljifodf ;/f]sf/jfnf;“u5nkmn ug]{ / s8fOsf ;fy nfu" ug]{ atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf j8fWoIf/ljGb| HofVj, ps]z sjf+ / gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v k|zf;sLoclws [t /f ] lxt/fh kf ]v/ ]nn ] gu/kf lnsfsfultljlwx¿af/] hfgsf/L lb+b} hgtfsf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsfo{df ;/sf/L clws[t / hgk|ltlglwx¿aLr ;xsfo{x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/df gofF k|lhc / P;kLsf] :jfut

eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt, k|lhc gf/fo0fk|;fb e§ / k|p lxdfnos'df/ >]i7 -afofFaf6 qmdzM_


18

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] tof/ u/]sf] ljBfnolzIff cfwf/e"t txsf] :yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf] ljifodfgu/leqsf ljBfnosf k|wfgfWofksx¿aLr j}zfv #!df k|jf]wLs/0f tyf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] .

sfo{qmddf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] gof“ k':tfnfO{eQmk'/sf] Oltxf;, snf, ;+:s[lt / hghLjgaf/] hfgsf/Llbg] p2]Zon] gu/kflnsfn] :yfgLo kf7\oqmd tof/ u/]sf]atfpg'eof] .

ljBfno lzIffsf] clwsf/ :yfgLo txnfO{cfPkl5 eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] klxnf] k|of;:j¿k kf7\oqmdtof/ u/]sf] pNn]v ub}{ pxf“n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ k9fp“b}hf“bf ;dofg's"n ;'emfjx¿ cfPdf kl/dfh{g ub}{ nfg]atfpg'eof] .

k|d'v k|hfkltn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf cfwf/e"ttxsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns / clgjfo{sf ;fy} dfWolds txsf]lzIff lgMz'Ns x'g] pNn]v eP klg ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n]lzIff If]qdf qmdzM ah]6 sd ub}{ uPaf6 bf]xf]/f] rl/qk|bz{g ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] eGg'eof], ‘;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n] plrt ;|f]tsf]Joj:yf u/]df ljBfno lzIff lgMz'Ns ug]{ eQmk'/ g}klxnf] gu/kflnsf aGg] lglZrt 5 .’

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] clxn] g} ;ftj6f z}lIfs;+:yfx¿dfkm{t ljleGg ljifox¿df :gftsf]Q/ tx;Ddsf]cWofkg u/fp“b} cfPsf] rrf{ ub}{ pxf“n] ;/sf/n] ljw]oskf; u/]df Vjk ljZjljBfno ;~rfng ug]{ Ifdtf /x]sf]k|:6 kfg'{eof] .

pxf “n ] lzIff, :jf:Yo, pkrf/, ko {6g

k|j4{gnufotsf If]qx¿df eQmk'/nfO{ b]zs} gd'gf agfpg]nIo;lxtsf] cleofgdf /rgfTds ;xof]u ug{ k|a'4JolQmx¿nfO{ cfu|x ug'{eof] .

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f sfo{bnsf ;+of]hsof]u]Gb|dfg lah'S5]+n] eQmk'/sf] /}yfg] 1fg / k|ljlwnfO{;+/If0f ug{ / nf]k x'g nfu]sf ;LknfO{ k'ghL{jg lbg:yfgLo kf7\oqmdn] ;xof]u ug]{ ljZjf; JoQm ug'{eof] .

gu/kflnsfaf6 tof/ ul/Psf ] :yfgLokf7\oqmdaf/] k|jf]wLs/0f ub}{ k|fWofks l;l4/Tg zfSon]sfo{bnn] lzIfsx¿nfO{ ljifoj:t' k9fpg ;lhnf] agfpg]p2]Zon] ;/n 9·af6 kf7\oqmd agfOPsf] atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] kf7\ok':tsljgf klg ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L, :ynute|d0f / :yfgLo JolQmx¿aLr cGt/;+jfb u/]/ ;xh}

k9fpg ;lsg] k|:6 kfg'{eof] . eQmk'/sf]:yfgLo df}lnstf / ljz]iftf k9fpg'kg]{ePsf]n] ;se/ :yfgLo lzIfsn] g} k9fPdf/fd|f] x'g] pNn]v ub}{ pxf“n] lzIfsn] d]xgtu/ ]df ljBfyL { x¿ nfefl Gjt x 'g ]atfpg'eof] .

sfo{bnsf ;b:ox¿ p4j ;'hv" //f]zg/fh t'Ot'O{n] :yfgLo kf7\oqmdnfO{o;} z}lIfs ;qb]lv sIff ! / sIff ^ dfnfu " ul/g ] / o;sf nflu ljifolzIfsx¿nfO{ h]7sf ] bf ]; |f ] xKtfdfcled'vLs/0f ug]{ atfpg'eof] . :yfgLo

kf7\oqmd ;o k"0ff{°sf] x'g] / k|To]s ljBfnon] xKtfdf $lkl/o8 k9fpg'kg]{ pxf“x¿sf] egfO lyof] .

gu/kflnsfn] :yfgLo lzIff;]jLx¿sf] e]nfaf6@)&$ df3 @# ut] Ps sfo{bn u7g u/L :yfgLo kf7\oqmdlgdf{0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbPsf] lyof] . sfo{bnn] ;/f]sf/jfnflzIfs, k|c, cleefjs, lzIffljb\ Pj+ :yfgLo lj1x¿;“ucGt/lqmof tyf :ynut cWoog u/L kf7\oqmd tof/ u/L@)&% j}zfv @ ut] Ps ;df/f]xsf aLr gu/kflnsfnfO{x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] lyof] .

kf7\oqmd gu/sf (@ j6f ;fd'bflos tyf;+:yfut ljBfnox¿df sIff ! / ^ df o;} z}lIfs;qb]lv nfu" x'g]5 . sIff ! df lg/Gt/ d"Nof°g k4lt/ sIff ^ df ;}4flGts tyf k|of]ufTds k/LIffåf/fljBfyL{sf] d"Nof°g ul/g] sfo{bn ;|f]tn] atfPsf] 5 .

kf7\oqmdaf/] k|wfgfWofksx¿nfO{ cled'vLs/0f

:yfgLo kf7\oqmd cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmddf pkl:yt k|wfgfWofksx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug'{x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfklt


19

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt Vjk sn]hckm OlGhlgol/·sf] cfof]hgfdf j}zfv !) b]lv !@ ut];Ddcfof]lht v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfdf ljhoL ljBfyL{ tyflzIfs÷sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k'/:sf/ tyf k|df0f–kq ljt/0fsfo{qmd j}zfv #! df ;DkGg eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v Pj+ sn]h

v]ns'bn] cg'zf;g, ldqtf / :j:y hLjg lhpg l;sfpg];~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf ;'lgn k|hfkltn] ljBfyL{x¿cWoogsf ] ;fy} v]ns'bnufot ljleGg cltl/Qmlqmofsnfkdf klg ;lqmo x'g'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . v]ns'bn]cg'zf;g, ldqtf / :j:y hLjg lhpg d2t ldNg] pxf“n]atfpg'eof] .

lzIfs–sd{rf/Lx¿n] Jofks hgtfsf] lxtdf sfdug]{ p2]Zo /fVg'kg]{ rrf{ ub}{ d]o/ k|hfkltn]ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bLn] g]kfnnfO{;xof]u ug]{ egL u/]sf] k|lta4tf g]kfnsf7"nf bnsf g]tfx¿n] lgjf{rgsf] a]nf u/]sf]afrfh:t} ePsf] atfpg'eof] .sfo {q mddf Vjk sn ]h ckm

OlGhlgol/ªsf k|frfo{ O=;'lgn b'jfn,Vjk Ol~hlgol/ª sn]hsf k|frfo{ O=;'hg dfsn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf gf/fo0fdfglah]S5]+ -/f]lxt_ n] gof“ k':tfn] o'u ;'xfp“bf] ljifodfljz]if1tf xfl;n u/L b]z / ;dfhsf] lglDt ;]jf ug'{kg]{dfhf]8 lbg'eof] .

Vjk df=lj= tyf zf/bf SofDk; df=lj=df sIff!@ cWoog k"/f u/]sf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu j}zfv @* ut]ul/Psf] labfO tyf dfu{lgb]{zg sfo{qmddf af]Nb} cWoIflah'S5]+n] eGg'eof], ‘o'jf k':tfn] k/Dk/fut ;f]r /Jojxf/eGbf dfly p7]/ o'u ;'xfp“bf] j}1flgs lzIff xfl;nu/L b]znfO{ ljZj:t/df k'¥ofpg of]ubfg ug'{k5{ . ;:tf]>dsf] nflu ljb]z knfog x'g] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug'{k5{ .’

cGwljZjf; / wd{af6 ;r]t x'g'kg]{ cfjZostfcf}+Nofp“b} cWoIf /f]lxtn] gof“ k':tfn] lj1fg;Ddt s'/fdfdfq ljZjf; ug'{kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] eGg'eof], ‘s"6g}lts kIfsf] ;antfsf]nflu cl3 a9\g'kg]{ ;/sf/ ef/tLo k|d g/]Gb| df]bLsf]wfld{s e|d0fsf] tof/Ldf nfu]/ b'j} b]zsf hgtfsf] /utkl;gfaf6 hDdf u/]sf] s/sf] b'¿kof]u ul//x]sf] 5 .’

sfo{qmdsf ;efklt ljBfno ;~rfns ;ldltsfcWoIf Pj+ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]lj1fg tyf k|ljlw / Joj:yfkg h:t} lzIffzf:q tyf

cGo ;fdflhs zf:q ;°fox¿sf] klg plQs} dxŒj /x]sf]atfpg'eof] .

c;n dflg;n] ;xL g]t[Tj gu/];Dd ;dfh /b]zsf] ljsf; gx'g] pNn]v ub}{ pxf“n] eGg'eof], ‘;+ljwfgdfdf=lj= tx;Dd lgMz'Ns lzIff aGbf]a:t u/] klg ;+ljwfgdfpNn]v ePcg';f/ lzIff lgMz'Ns eO/x]sf] 5}g .’

pxf“n] Vjk ljZjljBfnosf] ;DaGwg ePdfegkfn] ;~rfng ul/g] d]l8sn sn]hdf ?= !) nfvdfPdaLaLP; k9fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf x'g] atfpg'eof] .

ljBfno ;~rfns ;ldltsf pkfWoIf Pj+egkfsf pkd]o/ /hgL hf]zLn] eQmk'/nfO{ 1fglj1fgsf]s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L ;dfhnfO{ a'l4hLjLs/0f ug{]eQmk'/sf hgtfsf] cleofgdf egkfn] e/dUb'/ k|of;ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

Vjk sn]h ckm OlGhlgol/ª\sf k|frfo{ ;'lgnb'jfnn] egkfåf/f ;~rflnt Ol~hlgol/ª sn]hx¿n]b]zsf &$ lhNnf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ sd z'Nsdf lzIff lbO{b]zs} ;]jf ul//x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf Vjk sn]hsf k|frfo{ ¿ks hf]zL,Vjk dfljsf k|frfo{ k|sfzs'df/ >]i7 / lzIfs sldlgsfGofORofO{n] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

o'u ;'xfpFbf] ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug{ hf]8


20

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt Vjk sn]hn]sn]hdf aLaLP; tx cWoog k"/f u/]sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{j}zfv @( ut] labfO tyf dfu{lgb]{zg sfo{qmd u¥of] .

sfo{qmddf g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIfgf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+ -/f]lxt_ n] cfkm"n] cWoog u/]sf]ljifonfO{ Jojxf/df ptf/L b]z / hgtfsf] Odfgbf/Lk"j{s;]jfdf nufpg hf]8 lbg'eof] .

pxf“n] eGg'eof], ‘b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] /Iff/ :jtGqtfsf] nflu ljBfyL{x¿ b[9tfk"j{s nfUg'k5{ .k|hu sf]l/of / So'jfsf] ljsf;af6 xfdLn] lzIff lngcfjZos 5 .’

pxf“n] eGg'eof], ‘ljsl;t b]zn] cNkljsl;tb]zsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t–;fwg bf]xg u/L cfkm" ljsl;t x'g'unt xf] .’

‘ljZj Jofkf/ ;·7gsf] ;b:o x'g' g]kfnnfO{3fts 5 . ljZj Jofkf/ ;·7gsf] ;b:otfsf] sf/0fljb]zL ;DaGwgsf sn]hx¿ lgjf{w¿kdf ;~rfng eO/x]sf]5 .’ pxf“n] eGg'eof] .

k"“hLjfbL cy{zf:qLx¿n] k"“hLjfbL Joj:yfsf]jsfnt ug]{ pNn]v ub}{ pxf“n] eGg'eof], xfdLnfO{ Odfgbf/

cy{zf:qLx¿ cfjZos 5 . dhb'/ / ls;fgsf] jsfntug]{ cy{zf:qL rflxG5 . sDo'lgi6n] dhb'/ / ls;fgju{sf] lxtdf jsfnt ug]{u5{ . dfS;{jfbL ;flxTox¿ cWoogug]{ afgL a;fNg' cfjZos 5 .’

df]bL e|d0fsf] k|;·af/] pNn]v ub}{ cWoIf /f]lxtn]eGg'eof], ‘u0ftGq eg]sf] /fhf / wd{sf] lj¿4sf] zf;gJoj:yf xf] . u0ftflGqs k|wfgdGqLx¿ k"hfkf7df Jo:tx'g] xf]Og . ef/tLo k|d df]bLsf] e|d0f s"6gLlts ofqfeGbfwfld{s ofqfdf s]lGb|t b]lvG5 . of] e|d0fdf t/fO{nfO{g]kfnaf6 cNnu ul/g] uGw 5 .’

sfo{qmdsf ;efklt, Vjk sn]h;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf Pj+ eQmk'/gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn];j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{sd z'Nsdf u'0f:t/Lo lzIff lbg],eQmk'/nfO{ 1fg–lj1fgsf] s]Gb| agfpg],PSsfO;f+} ztfAbLsf] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;fdgfug{;Sg] hgzlQm tof/ ug]{ / >dnfO{;Ddfg ug]{ gful/s tof/ ug]{ nIosf;fy egkfn] sn]h ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf]atfpg'eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+=^ sf j8f cWoIf tyf ;~rfns;ldltsf ;b:o xl//fd ;'jfnn]

ljBfyL{x¿n] k9fOnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ ljz]if1tf xfl;nug'{kg]{ / :jb]zd} a;L ;]jf ug]{ efjgf ljsf; ug'{kg]{atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf Vjk n]hsf k|frfo{ ¿ks hf]zL,Vjk dfljsf k|frfo{ k|sfzs'df/ >]i7, Vjk sn]hsfpkk|frfo{ /fh]zs'df/ >]i7 / ljBfyL{åo /f]zg cdfTo //f]zgL e'h]nn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] . k|d'v cltlylah'S5]+n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljBfnosf] tkm{af6 dfofsf] lrgf]k|bfg ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

b]zsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf /Iffsf] nflu nfUg'k5{


21

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf ahf/ cg'udg ;ldltsf;+of]hs /fhs[i0f uf]/fsf] ;+of]hsTjdf j}zfv @% / @^ ut]sdnljgfos / Rofx\dfl;+xsf] k;nx¿df cg'udg ul/of] .

cg'udg 6f]nLn] j}zfv @% ut] sdnljgfosdfcf7 j6f vfB, kmnkm"n / ld7fO k;ndf cg'udg u¥of] eg]@^ j}zfvdf !# j6f vfB, kmnkm'n / ld7fO{ k;nsf]cg'udg u¥of] .

j}zfv @% ut] ePsf] cg'dug 6f]nLn] egkf j8fg+ !) sdnljgfosdf /x]sf] zfSo ld7fO k;n, cho ljho:6f]/, P;=kL=h'; ;]G6/, ;Gtf]if k|m'6 ;]G6/, /fhs'df/ vfBe08f/ / h] P08 h] :6f]/df cg'udg u¥of] .

To:t} @^ j}zfvsf] cg'udgdf egkf j8f g+= (Rofx\dfl;+xdf /x]sf] cho u'Ktfsf] gjb'uf{ :jL6\; P08 rf6xfp;, Go' nfl;jf ld7fO{ e08f/, aln/fd bf;sf] a|Dxfo0fLh'; ;]G6/, /~hg k|;fb s'6'jh'sf] k;n, lbg]z nfl5d:o'sf]lrof k;n,sfkm\n] ld7fO k;n, lk=Pn=vfB :6f]/ k;n,xfO{ :6«]6 Sofkm] kmfi6 km'8 P08 /]i6'/]G6, h};jfn d;nf

pBf]u, u0f]z vfB :6f]/, 1fgnfn ls/fgf k;n, k|df0fls/fgf k;n / vfodnL ls/fgf k;nsf] cg'udg u¥of] .

cg'udgsf] qmddf k|z:t dfqfdf Dofb gf3]sf] /s'x]sf] ;fdfg e]l6Pkl5 tL ;fdfgx¿ gi6 ul/of] . Dofbgf3]sf] sf]sfsf]nf, kmfG6f, :k|fO{6, alkm{, s'x]sf] ld7fO{,/;a/L, s'x]sf] u'8kfs £o"sf] a§fnfO{ gi6 u/]sf] cg'udg;ldltsf ;b:o xl//fd ;'jfnn] atfpg'eof] . cg'udg 6f]nLn]btf{ k|df0f kq k;ndf /fVg'kg]{, d"No;"rL /fVg'kg]{,kmf]x/Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{, ;kmfO z'Ns lgoldt ltg'{kg]{, 9s–t/fh'gfktf}n ljefudf gjLs/0f ug{'kg]{ lgb]{zg lbof] .

cg'udg 6f]nLdf egkf Zoflg6]zgsf j=lg=lblnks'df/ ;'jfn, j=lg=/fds[i0f k|hfklt, lhNnf k|zf;gsfof{nosf /ljrGb| ld>, /fli6«o pkef]Qmf d~raf6 dgf]hyfkf / nIdL e08f/L, dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/sf /fdz/0ftfdfª, eQmk'/ pBf]u afl0fHo ;+3sf /fhg >]i7, lhNnfhg:jf:Yo sfof{no eQmk'/sf /fdk|;fb nD;fn / kqsf/x¿sf];xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

sdnljgfos / Rofx\dfl;+xdf ahf/ cg'udg

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= ! df hgk|ltlglwx¿axfn ePsf] Psjif{sf] cj;/ kf/L h]7 !* ut] cfof]lht;df/f]xdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]æPs ljBfno Ps ;DkbfÆ cGtu{t j8fdf /x]sf afx«ljBfno k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;kmfO ;fdu|L, rfn" cf=j=df;kmfO z'Ns lt/L ;lsPsf j8fjf;LdWo] bz hgfnfO{s'lxg] / gs'lxg] kmf]x/ 5'6\ofP/ ;°ng ug{ aflN6gljt/0f ug'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf k|d'v k|hfkltn] kf“r hgf ;b:o/x]sf] Ps 3/ kl/jf/af6 x/]s lbg Ps lsnf]sf] lx;fan]kmf]x/ lg:s]sf] tYof° /x]sf] k|;· p7fp“b} ;f]xL kmf]x/Joj:yfkg ug{ k|ltlsnf] gf} ?k}of“ vr{ kg{ uPsf] x'“bfeQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] p7fpb} cfO/x]sf] Go"g ;kmfO s/

gu/jf;Lx¿n] ltg'{ ;xeflutf hgfpg' ;/x xf] eGg'eof] .pxf“n] cfÇgf] klxrfg hf]ufO{ /fVg k'/ftflŒjs, ;f+:s[ltsdxŒjsf kf6L, kf}jf, dlGb/ lgdf{0f, ;'wf/ sfo{ ubf{df}lns Pjd\ k/Dk/fut :yfgLo ;fdu|L g} k|of]u x'g'kg]{s'/fdf hf]8 lb+b} ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;a} Psh'6 eP/cufl8 a9\g' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] eGg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf ;fljs j8f g+= !& sf k"j{ j8fcWoÔ nIdLgf/fo0f /fhnj6n] ;kmfO cfGbf]ngnfO{lg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf]df k|;Ggtf JoQm ub}{ gu/sf] gof“a:tLx¿df 9n lgsf; Jojl:yt ug{ gu/kflnsfn] Wofgk'¥ofpg'k5{ eGg'eof] .

Oltxf;ljb\ k'?iff]Qdnf]rg >]i7n] eQmk'/ :jR5,;kmf, x/fe/f eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] OR5f zlQmsf]sf/0f ;Dej ePsf] pNn]v ub}{ zf;sLo Joj:yfkg /fd|f]x'g'kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

sfo{qmdsf ;efklt Pj+ j8f gDa/ ! sf j8fcWoÔ Zofds[i0f vqLn] j8fdf s[ifsx¿sf nflu pGgtaLp–lahg ljt/0f, j8fsf] k|ult ljj/0f, ljsf; lgdf{0ftyf j8f:t/Lo of]hgfaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf g=;=;= ljZj/fh lzNksf/, ;"o{k|;fb>]i7, u+ufnIdL adg'nufotn] af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmdkl5 j8f ;ldltn] s'lxg] / gs'lxg] kmf]x/5'6\ofP/ ;°ng ug]{ p2]Zon] j8f ;ldltn] aflN6g ljt/0fu/]sf] lyof] .

ljBfnox?nfO{ ;kmfO ;fdu|L tyf aflN6g ljt/0f

ljBfnosf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ ;kmfO ;fdu|L ljt/0f ug'{x'Fb} k|d'v k|hfklt


22

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltl;temfkfsf] bds gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v /f]dgfy cf]nLsf] g]t[Tjdfj}zfv @$ ut] cfPsf] 6f]nLn] e]6 u¥of] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf gu/ k|d'v k|hfkltn]cfkm"x¿n] lgjf{rgsf] a]nf hgtfaLr ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] lgjf{rg3f]if0ffkqadf]lhd sfd ul//x]sf] hfgsf/L lbg'eof] .

lgjf{rg 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd 3/

3/df gl;{ª ;]jf ;'? u/]sf], Vjk c:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] nflucfjZos tof/L ul//x]sf] / ljBfno txdf :yfgLo kf7\oqmdtof/ u/L nfu" ug{ nfu]sf] atfpg'eof] .

;Dkbf hL0ff{]4f/ / k'gMlgdf{0f clxn]sf] r'gf}ltxf] . gkfn] cfÇgf] cfly{s ;|f]tn] EofP;Dd ;Dkbf

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf bds gkfsf d]o/k'gMlgdf{0fsf] sfdnfO{ ltj|tf lbPsf] 5, pxf“n] eGg'eof] .

bds gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v cf]nLn] eQmk'/gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt k|fljlws lzIffnox¿sf] cWoogcjnf]sg ug{ kfPsf]df v';L JoQm ub}{ egkfn] u/]sf]:jfut–;Ddfgk|lt cfef/ k|s6 ug'{eof] .

pxf “n ] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] h:t} bdsgu/kflnsfn] klg sn]hx¿ ;~rfng ug{ rfx]sf], To;sf]

nflu e|d0fn] 7"nf] ;xof]u ldn]sf]atfpg'eof] .

k |d 'v cf ]nLn ] bdsgu/kflnsfn] Knfli6s lgif]w ug]{sfo{ u/]sf], ljBfyL{x¿sf] ju{ ljZn]if0fu/L dbg cfl>t SofDk;df 5fqj[lQJoj:yf u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

e]6df egkfsf pkk|d'v /hgLhf]zL, egkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf/ljGb| HofVj / bds gu/kflnsfsf]tkm{af6 dbg–cfl>t SofDk; k|d'vx]d clwsf/L, k|wfgdGqL s]kL zdf{cf]nLsf ljsf; k|ltlglw xf]daxfb'/

yfkf, b]j]Gb| bfxfn / b]j]Gb| cfrfo{sf] klg pkl:ylt lyof] .egkfdf e]6cl3 k|ltlglw d08nn] egkfåf/f

;~rflnt Vjk Ol~hlgol/ª sn]h, Vjk sn]h ckmOl~hlgol/ª, Vjk ax'k|fljlws ;+:yfg / Vjk sn]hx¿sf]cWoog cjnf]sg u/]sf] lyof] .

egkfsf k|d'v, pkk|d'v;Fu j}zfv @$ ut] bds gkfsf] k|ltlglwd08naLr e]6

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf df;' k;n cg'udg ;ldltsf;+of]hs /fhs[i0f uf]/fsf] ;+of]hsTjdf r}t @^ ut] h]+nf,dx]Zj/L / xg'dfg3f6 If]qdf kf“rj6f /f“uf] jw:yn cg'udgu¥of] .

cg'udg 6f]nLn] egkf j8f g+ * dx]Zj/L :yfgdf/x]sf] Go' dx]Zj/L ;Knfo;{, j8f g+ & ho dfx]Zj/L df“/f“uf] jw:yn / j8f g+ & xg'dfg3f6df /x]sf] Go" dx]Zj/LxfO{h]lgs ld6 ;kdf v'nf ¿kdf df;' laqmL ubf{ lem+uf/ ls6f0f'x¿ elGsg] x'“bf df;'nfO{ hfnLn] 5f]Kg, /f“uf]/fVg] 7fp“ / jw:yn ;kmf /fVg, u|fxsn] df;' 5'g gx'g]u/L 6]andf af/n] 3]g{, k;n]n] ;]tf] Pk|f]g k|of]u ug{, 9st/fh' gjLs/0f ug{ ;'emfj lbPsf] lyof] .

j8f g+= * s} sfG5f zfxLn] ljgf btf{ af6f]df

/f“uf] jw:yn sfo{ ;'? u/]sf] kfOof] . /f“uf] jw:yn btf{ug{ / /f“uf] jw:yn ug]{ 7fp“sf] e'O+{ / leQf ;kmf ug{,sfdbf/x¿nfO{ Pk|f]gsf] k|of]u u/fpg / ;fOg af]8{ /fVg;'emfa lbPsf] lyof] .

cg'udg 6f]nLdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf cg'udg;ldltsf ;b:o xl//fd ;'jfn / /f]zgd}of ;'jfn,;b:o;lrj lbns'df/ ;'jfn, egkf Zoflg6]zg pkzfvfsf/fds[i0f k|hfklt, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no, eQmk'/sf/ljrGb| ld>, /fli6«o pkef]Qmf d~raf6 dgf]h yfkf,lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{nosf pd]znfn k|wfg, eQmk'/pBf]u jfl0fHo ;+3sf ;~ho hf]G5], dxfgu/Lo k|x/Lk|l/;/sf gf/fo0faxfb'/ rf}xfg / egkf s/ pkzfvfsflji0f's]z/L hf]zLsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf4f/f /f“uf] jw:yn / df;' k;n cg'udgeQmk'/ gu/kflnsf4f/f /f“uf] jw:yn / df;' k;n cg'udgeQmk'/ gu/kflnsf4f/f /f“uf] jw:yn / df;' k;n cg'udgeQmk'/ gu/kflnsf4f/f /f“uf] jw:yn / df;' k;n cg'udgeQmk'/ gu/kflnsf4f/f /f“uf] jw:yn / df;' k;n cg'udg


23

ljZj ;j{xf/f ju{sf u'¿sfd/]8 sfn{ dfS;{sf] låztjflif{sLhGdlbgsf] cj;/df g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fgkf6L{sf cWoIf gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+-/f ]lxt_ sf] k|d'v cfltYodf @$j}zfvdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] k|jrgsfo{qmd u¥of] .

sfo{qmddf cltly lah'S5]+n]eGg'eof], ‘dfS;{n] h;/L k"“hLjfbsf]lj¿4 lg/Gt/ ;ª\3if{ ug'{eof], 7LsTo;/L g} /fhg}lts sfo{stf{x¿n] klg;ª\3if{ ug'{k5{ .’

unt s'/fsf] lj/f]w ul/Pgeg] /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x¿sf] p2]Zok"/f gx'g] pNn]v ub}{ pxf“n] /fhgLlts sfo{stf{x¿n];dfhdf /fd|f ] sfd u/]/ b]vfpg'kg] { cfjZostfcf}+Nofpg'eof] .

cWoIf lah'S5]+n] eGg'eof], ‘sDo'lgi6 sfo{stf{x¿k};f / ;'ljwfsf] lglDt /fhgLlt ub}{gg\ . clxn] sDo'lgi6sf]gfp“df k};f / ;'ljwfsf] nflu /fhgLlt ug] {x¿n]sDo'lgi6x¿s} ab\gfd ul//x]sf 5g\ .’

;+;bn] b]z 3f6fdf hfg], ljb]zL kf]:g]h:tf sfg'glgdf{0f ug]{ u/]sf] rrf{ ub}{ pxf“n] v/L 9'·f;DaGwL sfg'glgdf{0f ubf{ t];|f] kIf -/fHo_ n] Ifltk"lt{ lbg]h:tf sfg'g

agfPsf] / kl5 vf/]h u/]sf] pNn]vug'{eof] .

cWoIf lah'S5]+n] eGg'eof], ‘b]znfO{a'em]sf, sfg'g a'em]sf / k};f gvfg]vfnsf k | lt lglwx¿nfO { ; +;bdfk7fpg'k5{ . To:tf] ePdfq ;+;bn]agfpg] sfg'g b]z / hgtfsf] lxtdfx'g]5 .’

egkfsf k|d 'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]sDo'lgi6 3f]if0ffkqaf/] hfgsf/L lb+b}dfS;{ / P+u]N;n] d'lQmsf] af6f] b]vfPsf]atfpg'eof] . pxf“n] ;j{xf/f ju{n] ank|of]uåf/f k“"hLklt ju{nfO{ x6fP/ cfÇgf];Qf sfod ug'{k5{ egL 3f]if0ffkqdf

pNn]v u/]sf] atfpg'eof] .k'“hLjfbdf sfdbf/ hgtfsf] d"No gx'g] atfp“b}

8fS6/, jlsn, Ol~hlgo/nufot k]zfnfO{ k};fn] lkmsfagfOlbg] k|d'v k|hfkltn] atfpg'eof] .

pk|k|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] h]gL dfS;{sf] hLjgL,j8fWoIf /ljGb| HofVjn] dfS;{jfbsf cfwf/e"t lzIff,j8fWoIf ps]z sjf+n] sfn{ dfS;{sf] hLjgL, j8fWoIfxl//fd ;'jfnn] dfS;{n] n]Vg'ePsf] k|mfG;df u[xo'4af/]k|jrg lbg'eof] . sfo{qmddf /f]zgd}+of ;'jfn / xl/k|;fbaf;'snfn] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

egkfsf hgk|ltlglwaLr sfn{ dfS;{sf] hGd lbj;df k|jrg

sfn{ dfS;{sf] låztjflif{sL hGd lbj;sf] cj;/df eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] k|jrg sfo{qmddf dGtJo /fVg'x'Fb} k|d'v cltly lah'S5]+

sfn{ dfS;{


24

g]kfn qmflGtsf/L o'jf ;ª\3sf] cfof]hgfdf ‘PsIf]q Ps dfu{’ ljifos cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd j}zfv @# ut];DkGg eof] .

Vjk Ol~hlgol/ª sn]hsf] ;efxndf ;DkGgpQm sfo{qmddf g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:oPj+ eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] lrlgof“;kgf rLgsf] dfq xf]Og, ;+;f/sf] hgtfsf] ;d[l4sf] ;kgfePsf] atfp“b} ‘Ps If]q Ps dfu{’ sfo{qmdsf] ;kmntfn]g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ klg nfe x'g] ljZjf; JoQm ug'{eof] .

@)&@ ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDksf] ;dodfrLgn] u/]sf] ;xof]usf] :d/0f ub}{ k|d'v k|hfkltn] eGg'eof],‘rLgsf] ;xof]unfO{ g]kfnL hgtfn] slxNo} la;{g] 5}g .’

lrlgof“ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] !( cf}+ dxflwj]zgaf6l; lhªlkª dxf;lrjdf lgjf{lrt x'g'ePsf]df v';L JoQmub } { pxf “n ] dxf;lrj l;n] cufl8 a9fpg'ePsf ]e|i6frf/lj/f]wL cfGbf]ng / Ps If]q Ps dfu{ sfo{qmdnfO{k|ultzLn g]kfnL hgtfn] rf;f]sf ;fy cWoog ul//x]sf]atfpg'eof] .

lrlgof“ o'jf sDo'lgi6 lnu, k]Olrªsf pk;lrjtyf lrlgof“ k|ltlglw d08nsf 6f]nL g]tf >LdtL o'cfgx'On] rLg / g]kfn kxf8 / gbLgfnfn] hf]l8Psf] l5d]sLb]z xf] / b'O{ b]zsf] ldqtf Oltxf;hlQs} k'/fgf] /x]sf]atfpg'eof] .

b'O{ b]zsf o'jfx¿aLrsf] cfbfgk|bfgn] b'O{ b]zsf]ldqtf / ;fem]bf/LnfO{ cem cufl8 a9fpg] ljZjf; JoQm

ub}{ pxf“n] o'jfx¿ b]zsf eljio x'g\ eGg'eof] .k]Olrªdf b'O{ s/f]8 hg;ª\Vofdf () nfv

o'jfx¿ /x]sf] hfgsf/L lb+b} pxf“n] lrlgof“ sDo'lgi6lnun] k]Olrªdf @% xhf/ ljleGg ;d"xdfkm{t lzIff,/f]huf/, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, :jf:Yo cflb If]qdf ultljlwcufl8 a9fO/x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf csf{s]Gb|Lo ;b:o /ljGb| HofVjn] )&@ ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/Le"sDkdf eQmk'/df ePsf] p4f/sfo{df o'jf ;lqmotf /k'gMlgdf{0f af/] k|:t'lt ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

o'jf sDo'lgi6 lnu k]Olrªsf] ljb]z ljefusfpkk|d'v 5'O{ lrªn] ‘Ps If]q Ps dfu{’ cGt/f{li6«o:jo+;]js dxf;ª\3af/] kl/ro lb+b} k]Olrªdf s"nhg;ª\Vofsf] !& k|ltzt cyf{t\ $) nfv hgtf :jo+;]jsx'g] OR5f /fv]/ ljleGg :jo+;]js ;d"xdf cfa4 /x]sf]tYof° k|:t't ug'{eof] .

k]Olrª :jo+;]js lgb]{zg ;ldltsf lgb]{zs xfgn'n] k]Olrªsf] :jo+;]js ;d"xx¿sf] ultljlwaf/] k|:t'ltug'{ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf g]dlskfsf j}slNks s]Gb|Lo ;b:o/fh]Gb| rjfn / cfof]hs ;ª\3sf dLgaxfb'/ af6fn] klgaf]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

o;cl3 lrlgof“ k|ltlglwd08nnfO{ eQmk'/b/af/ If]qdf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt / pkd]o/ /hgLhf]zLn] :jfut ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

lrlgofF o'jf k|ltlglwd08n eQmk'/df

lrlgofF k|ltlglwd08n;Fu lvlrPsf] ;fd"lxs tl:a/


25

lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqL lul//fhdl0fkf]v/]nsf] pkl:yltdf j}zfv @@ ut] lghL ljBfnosf]z'Ns lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ a;]sf] a}7sdfljBfyL{ g]tfx¿ / lghL ljBfno ;ª\3sf k|ltlglwx¿aLrem08} xft xfnfxfn eof] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf, nlntk'/ dxfgu/kflnsf,lzIff ;lrj, ;x;lrj, dxflgb]{zs, lgb]{zsx¿, KofA;g,PgKofA;g, cleefjs ;ª \3nufot lzIf f;/f ]sf/jfnfx¿aLr a; ]sf ] pRr:t/Lo a }7sdfcg]/f:jljo"sf sfo{jfxs cWoIf dx]z utf}{nfn] sfg'g,

ljwfg gdfGg] ljBfnox¿nfO{ vf/]h ug'{kg]{ / s'df/ 3}6]/ r/LnfO{ h:t} OGsfp06/ ug'{k5{ eg]kl5 KofA;g /PgKofA;gsf k|ltlglwx¿n] p7]/ ‘cf“6 5 eg] uf]nL xfg’eg]/ xf“s lbP . dfkmL gdfu];Dd a}7sd} ga:g] c8fglnPkl5 dGqL cfkm}n] ;Demfpg' k/]sf] lyof] .

dx]z utf}{+nfn] ‘OGsfp06/ zAb lkmtf{ lnP“’eg]kl5dfq} a}7s k|of; ePsf] lyof] .

a }7sdf dGqL kf ]v/]nn] lzIff lgb] { lzsfsfof{Gjog ug]{ / To;sf] pNnª\3g ug]{nfO{ sf/afxL ug]{atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] cfwf/e"t / df=lj= :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]lhDd]jf/Ldf eP klg ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/ldn]/ k|efjsf/L lgodg u/L cl3 a9\g] ljrf/ JoQm

ug'{eof] .a}7sdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn

k|hfkltn] @)&$ r}t @* ut]b]lv lhNnf lzIff sfof{novf/]h ePsf] x'“bf pQm sfof{non] ub}{ cfPsf] sfd :yfgLotxnfO{ lbg'kg]{df lhNnf k|zf;gnfO{ ;'Dk]sf]df uDeL/cfklQ JoQm ug'{eof] . pxf“n] :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfngP]g @)&$ cg';f/ cfwf/e"t / dflj lzIff :yfgLo;/sf/s} lhDd]jf/L ePsf] x'“bf sfg'gljk/Lt lg0f{o ug]{clwsf/ s;}nfO{ gePsf] atfpg'eof] .

‘lzIffsf] lhDd]jf/L :yfgLo txnfO{ lbg' x'Gg’egL Ps ljBfyL{ g]tfn] lbPsf]cleJolQmsf] hjfkm lb+b} pxf“n]eGg 'eof ] – ‘egkfn ] b 'O {j6fOl~hlgol/ª sn]h;lxt & j6fz}lIfs ;+:yfx¿ ;kmntfsf ;fy;~rfng ul//x ]sf ] 5 . VjkljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgfsf] nflutof/L ul//x]sf] 5 . lzIffdGqLsf]Wofgfsif{0f u5'{ .’

pxf“n] ;+ljwfgd} cfwf/e"ttx clgjfo{ / lgMz'Ns tyf dfljtx lgMz'Ns pNn]v ePsf] x' “bfdf } lns xsdf /x ]sf ] of ] s'/fsfof{Gjog ug]{tkm{ Wofg lbg'k5{eGg'eof] . pxf“n] eGg'eof]– ‘@)$^;fnkl5 ag]sf ;/sf/x¿n] cfly{s

pbf/Ls/0fsf] gfp“df ljBfno, sn]h, ljZjljBfnolghLs/0f ub}{ nfg'sf] kl/0ffd cfhsf] ;d:of cfPsf]x f ] .

nlntk'/ dxfgu/kflnsfsf k|d'v lr/Lafa'dxh{gn] lghL ljBfnox¿sf] z'Ns lgwf{/0f j}1flgstl/sfn] ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

KofA;g / PgKofA;gsf dxf;lrjx¿n] cfkm"x¿lgb]{lzsf kfngf gug]{ kIfdf g/x]sf] :ki6 kfg'{eof] .

cleefjs ;ª\3, /fli6«o cleefjs ;ª\3nufotljleGg ljBfyL{ ;ª\3sf g]tfx¿n] klg lzIff lgb]{lzsfkfngf ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

lghL ljBfnox¿n] a9fPsf] z'Ns 36fpg'kg]{dfu /fVb} s]xL ljBfyL{ ;ª\3x¿ cfGbf]ngdf 5g\ .

lzIffdGqLsf] pkl:yltdf a;]sf] a}7sdf em08} xft xfnfxfn

k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt a}7sdf af]Ng'xFb}


26

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf If]qnfO{ ;kmf, :jR5 /;'Gb/ agfpg] cleofgcGtu{t gu/kflnsfn] j}zfv @@ut] egkf ( l:yt t'drf], b'u'/] rf]vf hUuf PsLs/0fcfof]hgf:ynsf :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ aflN6g ljt/0f u¥of] .

:yfgLo !) hgf cu'jfx¿nfO{ s'lxg] / gs'lxg]kmf]x/ ;°ngsf nflu cnUu cnUu aflN6g ljt/0f ub}{k|d'v k|hfkltn] ;/;kmfO ;Eotfsf] k|tLs ePsf]atfpg'eof] .

pxf“n] cfk\mgf] 3/, cf“ug, rf]s, uNnL ;kmf/fVg] sfo{nfO{ ;+:s[lts} ¿kdf u|x0f ug{ cfu|x ug'{eof] .gu/kflnsf gu/jf;Lx¿sf] ;femf ;+:yf ePsf]n] hgtfaf6p7]sf] s/sf] ;b'kof]u u/]/ hgefjgfcg'¿k ljsf;lgdf{0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO/x]sf] atfp“b} pxf“n] r'gfjLk|lta4tfcg';f/ k|To]s j8fdf g;{ / :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx¿lgo'Qm u/L 3/b}nf]df gl;{ª ;]jf ;~rfng u/]sf] tyf:j:y / lg/f]uL /xg hLjgz}nL / vfg]s'/fdf kl/jt{gug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .

gu/jf;Lx¿sf] :jf:Yo pkrf/nfO{ ljz]if Wofgdf/fv]/ o;} jif{ t'drf] b'u'/] cfof]hgf:yndf Vjk c:ktfnlgdf{0f sfo{ cl3 a9fpg] tof/L eO/x]sf] k|:6 kfg'{eof] .

egkf ( g+= j8fsf j8fWoIf /ljGb| HofVjn]kmfx/d}nf Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ gu/kflnsfn] cfk\mgf]bfloTjsf] ¿kdf lnPsf] / c? gu/kflnsfn] h:t} lghLIf]qnfO{ 7]Ssfdf glbg] atfp“b} gu/kflnsfn] kmf]x/dfJofkf/ ug'{ unt ePsf]n] ;/;kmfO sfo{k|lt ;sf/fTds

b[li6sf]0f ljsf; ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] .hgk|ltlglwx¿ 5f]/Ld}of ;'hv" /

OGb|axfb'/ Kofyn] gu/kflnsfn] ls;fgx¿sf]nflu wfgsf] aLp ljt/0f ul//x]sf] pNn]vub}{ cfufdL cfly{s jif{sf] nflu j8f:t/Loof]hgf 5gf]6sf] nflu ;'emfj lbg'x'g cg'/f]wug'{eof] .

t'drf] b'u'/] cfof]hgf k|d'v cf]dxl/yf >]i7n] hUUff l/Knl6ª sfo{ clGtdr/0fdf k'u]sf], s]xL 7fp“df af6f] vf]Ng]sfo{sf] nflu u[xsfo{ ePsf] / cfof]hgfI f ] qsf ;a } a f6 f ] x¿df pkef ]Q m f;ldltdfkm{t sfnf]kq] ug]{ tyf psfnf]x¿dfaf6f] 9nfg ug]{ sfo{ eO/x]sf] hfgsf/Llbg'eof] .

gu/kflnsf Zoflg6]zg pkzfvf k|d'v lblnk;'jfnn] ;/;kmfO sfo{sf] nflu gu/kflnsfn] ul//x]sf]sfo{af/] atfpg'eof] . j8f g;{ ;ljgf b'jfnn] 3/b}nf]dfgl;{ª ;]jf k|bfgsf] qmddf pRr /Qmrfk, dw'd]xnufotsf/f]ux¿ w]/} b]lvPsf] x“'bf ;dod} pkrf/sf] nflu cg'/f]wug'{eof] .

sfo {qmddf pkl:yt :yfgLox¿nfO { j8fsfof{noaf6 sfo{qmd :yndf g} s'lxg] / gs'lxg] aflN6gljt/0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

hgtfaf6 p7]sf] s/sf] ;b'kof]u

egkfsf k|d'v k|hfklt aflN6g ljt/0f ug'{x'Fb}

eQmk'/ lhNnf km'6an ;+3sf] kf“rf} lhNnfclwj]zg r}t @* ut] ;DkGg eof] .

sfo{qmdsf k|d''v cltly ps]z sjf+n] eQmk'/nfO{/fHo / clvn g]kfn km'6an ;ª\3n] kIfkft u/]s}sf/0f eQmk'/sf v]nf8Lx¿n] cfkm\g} v'§fdf pleP/v]ns'bsf] ljsf; ug'{k/]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf clvn g]kfn km'6an ;+3sf k|ltlglw

Pjd\ ;x–dxf;lrj ;~hLj ld>n] eQmk'/sf] dx]Zj/Lv]nd}bfg :t/f]Gglt ug{ ;f]sf] k|:tfj lkmkmfdf k7fPsf]n]pQm v]nd}bfg ;'wf/ / :t/f]Ggltdf ;xof]u k'Ug]atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmd ;+3sf cWoIf uf}td ;'hv'sf] ;efkltTjdf;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg] ;~rfng pkfWoIf /fds[i0fk|hfklt, :jfut /jLGb|s'df/ yfkf, k|ult k|ltj]bg

eQmk'/ lhNnf km'6an ;+3sf] kf“rf}+ clwj]zg ;DkGgeQmk'/ lhNnf km'6an ;+3sf] kf“rf}+ clwj]zg ;DkGgeQmk'/ lhNnf km'6an ;+3sf] kf“rf}+ clwj]zg ;DkGgeQmk'/ lhNnf km'6an ;+3sf] kf“rf}+ clwj]zg ;DkGgeQmk'/ lhNnf km'6an ;+3sf] kf“rf}+ clwj]zg ;DkGg


27

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] j}zfv @! ut] eQmk'/lhNnfaf6 ;'?jf eOhfg nfu]sf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lb|f]0f kf]v/]nnfO{ labfO tyf z'esfdgf sfo{qmdsf]cfof]hgf u¥of] . eQmk'/ lhNnfaf6 ;nf{xL lhNnfsf]k|lhcdf ;?jf x'g'ePsf]df pxf“nfO{ eQmk'/ gkfsf];efsIfdf Ps ;df/f]xaLr labfO sfo{qmd cfof]hgful/of] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgnk|hfkltn] s'zn k|zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ ;kmnx'g'ePsf k|lhc kf]v/]nnfO{ awfO{ tyf z'esfdgf JoQmug'{eof] . hgk|ltlglw tyf k|zf;sx¿df hgtf;“u ldn]/sfd ug]{ v'aLsf] cfjZostf cf}+Nofp“b} k|lhcsf] sfo{sfnk|z+;gLo ePsf] atfpg'eof] .

;/sf/sf] dxŒjk"0f{ c· k|zf;g ePsf] atfp“b}k|d'v k|hfkltn] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;?jf hxf“;'s} ePklgzf;ssf] eGbf hgtfsf] ;]jssf] efjgfn] Odfgbf/Lk"j{ssfo{ ub}{ hfg'kg]{ atfpg'eof] . ;lhnf] sfdeGbf r'gf}tLk"0f{sfd u/L cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ atfp“b} k|d'v k|hfkltn] cfufdLlbgdf egkfn] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/;“u ;dGjo

u/L sfo{ ;~rfng ub}{ hfg] atfpg'eof] .sfo{qmddf k|lhc b|f]0f kf]v/nn] eQmk'/;“usf]

efjgfTds ;DaGw ;'dw'/ agfpg] k|oTg cfufdL lbgx¿dfub}{ hfg] atfp“b} oxf“sf] sfo{cg'ejn] cfufdL lbgdf klghgtfsf] ;]jfdf k|lta4 eOnfUg an k|bfg u/]sf]atfpg'eof] .

b]zs} ;fgf] / P]ltxfl;s gu/ eQmk'/ lhNnfsf]ljz]iftf clåtLo ePsf] rrf{ ub}{ k|lhc kf]v/nn] oxf“sf];/;kmfO cleofg, k'gMlgdf{0fsf sfo{, lzIff–:jf:Yocflbsf sfdx¿ pbfx/0fLo ePsf] atfpg'eof] . :yfgLotx s;/L ;~rfng ug]{ eGg] ljifodf cGo gu/kflnsfn]eQmk'/ gkfaf6 l;Sg'kg]{ wf/0ff /fVb} eQmk'/ gkf gd'gfgu/sf] ¿kdf cufl8 nfg'kg]{ ljrf/ JoQm ug'{'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkfsfpkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLn] k|lhckf]v/]nsf] sfo{sf] k|z+;f ub}{5f]6f] ;dodf gu/sf] nflu/fd | f ] sfd ug ' {ePsf ]atfpg'eof] . gu/kflnsfk|ltpxf“n] b]vfpg'ePsf] ;bfzotf:d/0fLo /x]sf] atfp“b} hxf“;?jf eP klg cfkm\gf] s'zntfk |bz {g dxŒjk "0 f { ePsf ]atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ gkfsfk |d 'v k |zf;sLo clws[t

/f]lxt/fh kf]v/]nn] sd{rf/L ;?jf lgoldt k|lqmof ePsf]atfp“b} hgtfsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ sfdsf] lhDdfnfO{ s'zntfk"j{s;DxfNg] pxf“sf] sfo{Ifdtf k|z+;gLo /x]sf] atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf j8f g+= & sf j8fWoIf ps]z sjf+/ egkf j8f g+= ( sf j8fWoIf /ljGb| HofVjn] klgaf]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

k|d'v k|hfklt k|lhc kf]v/]nnfO{ dfofsf] lrgf] k|bfg ug'{x'Fb}

hgk|ltlglw tyf k|zf;sx¿df hgtf;Fu ldn]/ sfd ug]{ v'aLsf] cfjZostf

of]u]Gb| va'{hf, cfly{s k|ltj]bg ;+r1fg ofsfdLn]k|:t't ug'{ePsf] lyof] .

aGb ;qaf6 uf}td ;'hv'sf] cWoIftfdf gf};b:oLo sfo{;ldlt lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt u/]sf] lyof] .To;df k|yd pkfWoIf /fds[i0f k|hfklt, pkfWoIf/jLGb|s'df/ yfkf, ;b:ox¿df of]u]Gb| va'{hf, ;+r1fgofsfdL, tLy{ /fhrn, uf]ljGb sfsL{, xl//fd d':ofVj /

OGb |k |; fb /fhnj6 /x ]sf ] 5 . gjlgjf { lrtkbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ clvn g]kfn km'6an ;+3sf ;x–dxf;lrj;~hLj ld>n] kb tyf uf]klgotfsf] ;ky u|x0fu/fpg'ePsf] lyof] .

sfo{qmddf eQmk'/ lhNnf elnan ;+3sf cWoIfPj+ lgjf{rg ;ldltsf ljgf]br/0f /fon] awfO{ dGtAo/fVg'ePsf] lyof] .


28

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf ! g+ j8f sfof{no v]ns'b;ldltåf/f cfof]lht ! j8fJofkL cGt/ ljBfno PYn]l6S;k|ltof]lutf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltsf]k|d'v cfltYodf j}zfv @! ut] ;DkGg eof] .

sfo{qmddf k|d'v k|hfkltn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn]v]ns'b gLlt tof/ u/L ljleGg v]nsf] k|lzÔ0f ;~rfngul//x]sf] hfgsf/L u/fp“b} v]ns'bn] s'ntdf km:gaf6hf]ufpg] wf/0ff /fVg'eof] .

k|ltof]lutfcGtu{t 5fq !%)) ld6/tkm{ ;}lgscfjf;Lo df=lj=sf ;f}/e kl08t / uf]ljGb k'8f;}gLqmdzM klxnf] / bf]>f] eP eg] cS;kmf]8{ k|flS6sn:s"nsf cf]dgf/fo0f a:g]t t];|f] x'g ;kmn eP . 5fqf!%)) ld6/tkm{ u0f]z df=lj= efjf{rf]sL gLzf Anf]g /

/+lhtf s'“j/ qmdzM klxnf] / bf];|f] eP eg] ;}lgscf=df=ljsf ;'lk|of e08f/L t];|f] :yfgdf /xg ;kmneP .

ljleGg ( ljBfnosf &% hgf 5fq / ^) hgf5fqfn] ljleGg * j6f ljwfdf k|lt:kwf{ ePsf] ;f]k|ltof]lutfsf] 5fq !)) ld6/tkm{ ;}lgs cfjf;Lo df=lj=sfpQd zfxL k|yd / /f]xg kx/L bf];|f] eP eg] lnl6n jN8{sfcfo'if e'h]n t];|f] eP . !)) ld6/ 5fqftkm{ ;}lgs cf=df=lj=sL/ljgf sfsL{ / v';L zfxL qmdzM k|yd / t[tLo eP eg]u0f]z df=lj= efjf{rf]sL lgzf Anf]g låtLo eOg\ . To;}u/L5fq $–$)) ld6/ l/n]tkm{ ;}lgs cf=df=lj= k|yd, cS;kmf]8{k|flS6sn :s"n låtLo / u0f]z df=lj= t[tLo x'g ;kmn

eP . ;f] ljwfsf] 5fqftkm{ eg] lnl6n jN8{ O=;]= :s"nk|yd, u0f]z df=lj= bf];|f] / ;g;fOg g]zgn :s"n t];|f]eP .

k|ltof]lutfcGtu{t sÔf # b]lv sÔf % ;DdsfljBfyL{x¿aLr ePsf] ul0ftLo bf}8sf] 5fqtkm{ u0f]zdf=lj=sf a'4 tfdfª k|yd, ;f]xL ljBfnosf lbk]z vqLbf];|f] / ;g;fOgsf ljkLg a'9fyf]sL t];|f] eP eg] 5fqftkm{lnl6n jN8{sL h]lgkm/ b'jfn k|yd, u0f]z df=lj=sL/]g'sf lyª bf];|f] / lnl6n jN8{sL cflzsf zfSo t[tLoeOg\ . k|ltof]lutfdf $ :j0f{ k|fKt ub}{ ;}lgs cf=df=lj=6Ld RoflDkog aGg ;kmn eof] eg] @ :j0f{ # /ht k|fKtu/]sf] u0f]z df=lj, efjf{rf] 6Ld bf];|f] tyf @ :j0f{ !sf:o k|fKt ub}{ lnl6n jN8{ O=;]= :s"n t];|f] ePsf]

k|ltof]lutfsf ;+of]hs cfz/fd uf]y]n] hfgsf/Llbg'eof] .

pQm k|ltof]lutfsf] pb\3f6g j}zfv@) ut] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf pk–k|d'v /hgLhf]zLn] PYn]l6S; v]nsf lg0ff{os s[i0fZj/Ll;GtfsnnfO{ v]ns'b ;fdu|L x:tfGt/0f u/Lug' {eof] . pkk|d'v hf]zLn] gu/kflnsf /j8fx¿af6 cfof ]hgf x 'g ] x/ ]s v ]ns 'bk|ltof]lutfx¿df ljBfyL{ v]nf8Lx¿ ;xefuL eO{cg'zfl;t ¿kdf cfÇgf] v]n sf}zn k|bz{g ug'{kg]{atfpg'eof] .

:yfgLo j8fWoÔ Pj + eQmk '/gu/kflnsfsf o'jf tyf v]ns'b ;ldltsf ;+of]hsZofds[i0f vqLn] v]ns'bsf] dfWodaf6 o'jf ju{nfO{

ljs[lt, lj;ª\ult / s'ntjf6 6f9f /fVg ;lsg]atfpg'eof] .

sfo{qmddf PYn]l6S; v]nsf cGt/f{li6«o v]nf8LsfG5Ldfof sf]h", cfof]hs ;ldltsf cWoÔ afa'sfhLwf}aGhf/ / cfof]hs ;ldltsf ;lrj OGb|eQm k~rn]klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

pb\3f6g ;df/f]xdf egkf ;fljs !& j8fsfk"j{j8fWoÔ nIdLgf/fo0f /fhnj6, lhNnf elnan ;ª\3eQmk'/sf cWoÔ ljgf]br/0f /fo, cfof]hs ;ldltsfcWoÔ afa'sfhL wf}aGhf/, sfo{qmdsf pkfWoÔ OGb|k|;fb/fhnj6, ;lrj OGb|eQm k+r / sf]iffWoÔ ;'nf]rgfsf]h"n] klg af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

egkf ! j8fdf PYn]l6S; k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg

k|ltof]lutfsf] ;dfkg sfo{qmd


29

w'lnv]nb]lv gfu9'·f;Dd d]6«f] /]n ;~rfng ug]{of]hgfaf/] hfgsf/L kfof}+ . v'zL nfUof] . k|lt ls=dL= $b]lv ^ ca{ vr{ nfUg], e"ldut /]n–j] lgdf{0fsf] nflu k|ltls=dL= & ca{ eGbf a9L vr{ nfUg] eGg] tYof° k|:t'ltn]xfdLnfO{ ;f]Rg afWo kf/]sf] 5 . s] of] ;/sf/sf]dxŒjfsf+IfL of]hgf clxn] ;Dej 5 < d]nDrLsf] kfgLsf7df8f+}df Nofpg] s'/f @)$^ ;fnkl5sf] ;/sf/b]lv ;'Gb}cfof}+ . aNn clxn] s]xL cfzf knfPsf] 5 . xfdL;“u cy{/ k|ljlw b'j}sf] ;d:of 5 . ;a} s'/f ljb]zLs} e/df ug'{slt ;Dej x'G5 <

jt{dfg ;/sf/n] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] gf/f lbPsf]5 . ljsf; / ;d[l4 s'g} 7§fsf] ljifo xf]Og . hgtfn]ljsf; / ;d[l4 efif0fdf xf]Og Jojxf/df b]Vg rfxG5g\ .

b]zsf] clxn]sf] cfly{s l:ylt x]/]df xfdL s'gcj:yfdf 5f}+ 5n{· x'G5 . jflif{s /fhZj ;°ng & va{ x'g]t/ k|zf;lgs vr{dfq} em08} * va{ x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .k|zf;lgs vr{sf] nflu ;d]t ! va{ C0f lng'kg]{ l:ylt 5 .lat]sf] ( dlxgfdf -@)&$ ;fpgb]lv r}t;Dd_ Jofkf/ 3f6f* va{eGbf a9L ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . cfoft * va{ %( ca{^@ s/f]8 / lgof{t %( ca{ ^@ s/f]8 dfq} 5 . o; cjlwdf* va{ !% ca{ Jofkf/ 3f6f eof] . /fHon] o; cjlwdf ! va{!& ca{sf] OGwgdf dfq} vr{ u/]sf] 5 . cfheGbf !) jif{cl3;Dd rfdn lgof{t ug]{ b]z clxn] ( dlxgfdf #@ ca{ ^^s/f]8 ¿k}of“ a/fa/sf] cGgafnL cfoft ug'{kg]{ l:yltdfk'u]sf] 5 . of] s;n] ubf{ eof] <

Pp6f ljBfno, sn]hsf] k':tsfno, zf}rfno,au}+rf, kvf{n jf 5fgf 5fpg lzIfsx¿ u}/;/sf/L jfcGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf wfpg'kg]{ l:ylt 5 . ;/sf/n]z}lIfs k"jf{wf/x¿ lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos ah]6 lbg ;ls/x]sf]5 }g . b ]zsf ;a} If ]qsf ] l:ylt o:t} 5 . xfdLcfTdlge{/eGbf k/lge{/tkm{ cufl8 al9/x]sf 5f}+ .

nufgL af]8{ ljw]os ;+;bdf k|:t't ePb]lv g}g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf] tkm{af6 km/s dt /fVb}cfof}+ . ljw]os kfl/t ePdf b]znfO{ pklgj]zsf] l:yltdfk'¥ofpg] atfof}+ . cGttM 8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{ k|wfgdGqLx“'bf Tof] ljw]os kfl/t eof] .

nufgL af]8{ P]gdf %)) d]ufjf6eGbf a9L lah'nL

pTkfbg ug]{, #)) z}ofsf] c:ktfn, ljZjljBfno, sn]h,vfg]kfgL pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / ljt/0f, /;folgs dnsf/vfgf vf]Ng]h:tf !) ca{eGbf a9L ljb]zL nufgL x'g];a} If]q nufgL af]8{n] x]g]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;a} k|sf/sf 7"nfof]hgfx¿ nufgL af]8{cGtu{t /xg] xf] eg] xfd|f] /fli6«oof]hgf cfof]u / dGqfnosf] cf}lrTodfly k|Zg p7\5 .nufgL af]8{ dGqfno / ;+;beGbf klg dfly /xG5 .ljutdf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgaf/] ljb]zL d'n's;“u;Demf}tf ug'{k/]df ;+;bsf] b'O{–ltxfO{n] ug]{ ;+j}wflgsJoj:yf lyof] t/ clxn] Tof] cj:yf 5}g . dflyNnf]s0ff{nL, c?0f t];|f]h:tf 7"nf hnljB't cfof]hgfx¿nufgL af]8{n] ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . clxn] phf{ dGqfno /nufgL af]8{aLrsf] ljjfb aflx/ cfPsf] 5 . @)&% h]7!) ut]sf] gful/s b}lgsn] ‘dGqfno / nufgL af]8{aLrljjfb’ zLif{sdf ;dfrf/ 5fKof] . ;dfrf/ cg';f/clwsf/ If]qs} ljjfb /x]5 . ca ;a} dGqfno;“u nufgLaf]8{sf] ljjfb ;'? x'g]5 .

nufgL af]8{n] ljb]zL k"“hL nufgL ug]{ 7"N7"nfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ xf] . ljb]zL k"“hL nufgL ug]{ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿n] C0fdfq} lb+b}gg\, ltgLx¿n] cfÇgf]:jfy{cg';f/sf zt{x¿ /fVg] u5{g\ . ha xfdL tL zt{x¿:jLsfg{ tof/ x'“b}gf}, ta pgLx¿n] C0f nufgL ug]{5}gg\ . k"“hLsf] dfWodaf6 ltgLx¿n] b]znfO{ g} pklgj]zagfpg] l:ylt 5 . nufgL af]8{ ;fd|fHojfbL b]zx¿sf]xltof/ aGg] vt/f 5 . ljleGg b]zx¿df ltgLx¿n]k|of]u ul/;s]sf] ljifo xf] . sdhf]/ b]zdf ljb]zL k“"hLlelqg' ad / aGb's eGbf vt/gfs 5 .

@)&@ ;fnsf] e"sDkl5 eQmk'/sf ;Dkbfx¿sf]k'gM lgdf{0f / hL0ff ] {4f/sf] nflu ! s/f]8 o"/f ];xof]u;DaGwL g]kfn ;/sf/ / hd{g ;/sf/aLr ;xdlteof] . t/ zt{x¿ pgLx¿n] eg]h:t} ug'{kg]{ /flvPsf/x]5g\ . nufgLsf] #) k|ltzt cGt/f{li6«o k/fdz{bftf(IC) nfO{ lbg'kg]{, tL k/fdz{bftfx¿sf] lgb]{zgdf 7]s]bf/lgo'lQm ug'{kg]{, ltgLx¿n] l;kmfl/; u/]s} lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿k|of]u ug'{kg]{, l;d]G6 / l:6nsf] k|of]u ug]{ cflb a'“+bfx¿pNn]v lyof] . xfdLn] xfd|f] ;Dkbfx¿ lgdf{0fsf] nflucfly{s ;xof]u lnG5f}+ t/ oxf“sf ;f+:s[lts, k'/ftflŒjs

‘nufgL af]8{ ;fd|fHojfbL b]zx¿sf] xltof/ aGg] vt/f’– ;'lgn k|hfklt, k|d'v eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf


30

dxŒjsf d7, dlGb/x¿ cToGt ;+j]bgzLn ePsf]n] xfd|fsflnu8x¿ cfkm} agfpg ;Ifd 5g\ eGg] hjfkm lbof}+ .xfdLn] pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t\ jf gu/kflnsf cfkm}n]cdfgtdf ug]{ atfof}+ . pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿dfkm{t\ sfo{x¿ubf{ ;+/rgfx¿df ckgTj x'g], >dbfg h'6\g], ;+/rgfalnof] x'g'sf ;fy} k'/fgf] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x'g]df hf]8 lbof}+ .t/ hd{g kIf Tof] s'/f :jLsf/ ug{ tof/ ePg . ;/sf/;“uePsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] k};f nufgL ug{ rfx]g . of]xfdLn] k|ToIf ef]u]sf] ljifo xf] .

ljsf;sf] gfddf IfdtfeGbf a9L ljb]zL C0fln+b} uPdf g]kfnn] klg u|L;n] ef]u] h:t} l:ylt ef]Uggknf{ eGg ;lsGg . ;g\ @))* df u|L;df cfly{s ;+s6pTkGg eof] . u|L; ;/sf/n] ;/sf/ ;~rfng / ljsf;lgdf{0fsf] nflu cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if (IMF) / o'/f]k]nL;+3 (EU) ;“u C0f lnof] . C0f lbg'k"j{ tL ax'/fli6«osDkgLx¿n] ljleGg zt{x¿ t]:of{P . sd{rf/L s6f}tL, lzIff/ :jf:Yodf ah]6 s6f}tL, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf s6f}tL,cjsfz, pd]/ j[l4 cflb zt{x¿ u|L; ;/sf/ ;fd' /fv] .zt{x¿ :jLsf/ gu/];Dd C0f lbg tof/ ePgg\ . cGttM;/sf/} grNg] cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 ;a} zt{ kfngf ug]{df;xdlt eof] . u|L; ;/sf/ ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿sf] s7k'tnLeof] . s] xfdLn] klg ToxL rfx]sf xf}+ <

b]zsf ePe/sf snsf/vfgfx¿ sf}8Lsf] d"NodflghLs/0f u/]/ clxn] ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] gf/f nufO“b}5 . cfÇgf] v'§fdf pleP/ u/]sf] ljsf;dfq} lbuf] //fd|f] x'G5 . ;dfhjfbpGd'v ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{x¿n]g]kfnnfO{ gjpbf/jfbsf] bnbndf km;fpg] sf]l;; ub}{5g\ .gjpbf/jfb cfqmfds / lx+;|s ag]/ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;af/];f/f g]kfnL hgtf ;r]t x'g h?/L 5 .

cGTodf, ;/sf/n] nufgL af]8{ P]g agfof] .P]gadf]lhd af]8{sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ rNg'k5{ . o;df xfd|f]s'g} cfklQ xf]Og . xfd|f] ljdlQ ;/sf/l;t g} xf] . xfdLcem} eG5f}+, nufgL af]8{ P]g vf/]h x'g'k5{ .

w'lnv]nb]lv gfu9'·f;Ddsf] d]6«f]–/]nsf] k|f/lDestof/L /fd|f] 5 . ldlxg]t u/L tof/ ug'{ePsf nufgLaf]8{sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ / k|fljlwsx¿nfO{ wGojfb .

-eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn]nufgL af]8{sf] cfof]hgfdf ldlt @)&% h]7 !! ut] /fhwfgLdf;DkGg ‘k|:tfljt d]6«f] /]n–@’ ljifodf sf7df8f+} pkTosfsfk|d'v, pkk|d'v / k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[tx¿sf] cGt/lqmofsfo{qmddf JoQm ug'{ePsf] dGtJosf] ;f/ ;+If]k– ;+=_

k'lbgf jf kltgf k|foM r6gL jf crf/sf]¿kdf vfg] ul/Psf] jg:klt xf] . k'lbgf g]kfn, ef/t,rLgnufotsf b]zx¿df k|foM kfOG5 . lr;f] :yfgdfeO/xg] k|foM udL{lt/ km'Ng] ub{5 . crf/, t/sf/Lcflbsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] k'lbgf tfhf Pj+ ;'sfP/ b'j}¿kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

cfo'j]{lbs egfOdf k'lbgf :j]b sf/s, pi0f,bLkg, Pj+ jfo' skmgfzs, ef]s a9fpg], dnd"qhGo/f]u /f]syfd ug]{ cflb u'0fn] el/Psf] x'G5 . of]vf]sL, chL0f{nufot ljljw k]6sf /f]ux¿df u'0fsf/L5 .

lbgx'F vfgfsf] ;fydf cfwf rDrf k'lbgfsf]/; jf %÷^ j6f tfhf k'lbgfsf] kft jf s]xL dfqfdfo;sf] crf/ vfPdf ckr ePsf] cj:yfdf kmfO{bfx'G5 .

k]6 km'Ng] jf chL0f{ ePdf k'lbgfsf] !–@rDrf /;, s]xL dfqfdf aL/]g"g /fvL $ u'0ff dgtftf]kfgL;Fu vfFbf k]6 km'n]sf] 7Ls x'G5 .

k'lbgfsf] tfhf jf ;'s]sf] kftnfO{ lrof, ;a{t,r6gL cflb s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf ;]jg u/]df SofG;/sf] z'?cj:yfdf o;n] cf}ifwL h:t} sfd ub{5 . lbgsf] !)÷!%j6f tfhf kftnfO{ lyr]/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ dx jf yf]/}sfutL / g"g ld;fO{ lbgsf] @–# k6s s]xL dlxgf;Ddv'jfpg ;lsG5 .

s'g} c+udf 3fp ePdf jf sf6]sf] 7fpFdf /utaUg g/f]lsPdf 3fp ;kmf u/L k'lbgfsf] kftnfO{ /fd|/LkvfNg] / To;sf] /; lgsfnL nufpFbf 3fpdf /utyfldG5 / l56f] lgsf] kfg{ ;d]t dbt u5{ .

;fdfGo sf/0fn] s'g} JolQm d'5f{ jf a]xf];ePsf] 5 eg] k'lbgfsf] kftnfO{ df8]/ s]xLa]/ ;'F3fOlbFbfxf]; cfpF5 .

k'lbgfsf] /; lgsfnL cfwfb]lv @ rDrf;Dd/;nfO{ kfgL ld;fO{ vfglbFbf Hj/f] 36b\5 .

k'lbgfsf] kftnfO{ kfgLdf ksfpg], kfgL ;'s]//x]sf] rf}yfO dfqfnfO{ ljxfg lkpFbf k]6sf] b'vfOdfcf/fd x'G5 .

k'lbgfsf] kft kfgLdf ksfO lkpFbf bd /vf]sLdf ;'wf/ x'G5 . 3fF6L a9L v;v; eP/ vf]sLnfu]df klg o;sf] k|of]un] kmfObf k'U5 .

k'lbgf

‘:jf:Yo vj/klqsf’ af6


31

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf hgk|ltlglw axfn ePsf]Ps jif{ k"/f eof] . o;} cj;/df cfh ‘egkfdf‘egkfdf‘egkfdf‘egkfdf‘egkfdfhgk|ltlglwx¿sf] Ps jif {’hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] Ps jif {’hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] Ps jif {’hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] Ps jif {’hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] Ps jif {’ sfo{qmd ub} {5f } + . o;cjlwdf sfg'gn] tf]s]adf]lhd k|yd / bf];|f] u/L b'O{j6fgu/;efx¿ ;DkGg ul/;s]sf 5f}+ eg] t];|f] gu/;efsf]glhs k'Ub}5f}+ .

@)&$ c;f/ @(, #) / #! ut] ;DkGg k|ydgu/;efn] ¿=! ca{ % s/f]8 %% nfvsf] ah]6 kfl/tu/]sf] lyof] . xfn;Dd gu/kflnsfn] ¿= (! s/f]8 !%nfv !( xhf/ ((@ cfDbfgL / ¿= &* s/f]8 !@ nfv)@ xhf/ $&) vr{ u/]sf] 5 . b]sf]–ldjf–O6fkfs] cfjf;of]hgfsf] nflu k'gMlgdf{0f k|flws/0faf6 lnPsf] ¿= !)s/f]8 C0f klg cfDbfgLdf hf]l8Psf] 5 .

lgjf{rgsf] a]nf hgtfnfO{ lbPsf] jrgcg';f/xfdL hgk | ltlglwx¿ k | lta4 eP/ cf–cfÇgf ]lhDd]jf/Lcg';f/sf] sfddf nflu/x]sf 5f}+ . g]kfn dhb'/ls;fg kf6L{sf] :yfgLo lgjf{rg 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ cfwf/3f]if0ffkqnfO{ cfwf/3f]if0ffkqnfO{ cfwf/3f]if0ffkqnfO{ cfwf/3f]if0ffkqnfO{ cfwf/agfO{agfO{agfO{agfO{agfO{ gu/ / gu/jf;Lsf] lxtnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/xfdL sfo{/t 5f}+ . lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfO, ;Dkbf;+/If0f, vfg]kfgLh:tf hgtf;“u k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg]ljifox¿nfO{ xfdLn] k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf 5f}+ .

‘hgtfsf] cf “vf b'/ljg ;/x x'G5’ eGg]g]dlskfsf cWoIf gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+sf] egfOnfO{ x[bo·du/L xfdL hgk|ltlglwx¿n] 7"nf ;fgf ;a} sfo{x¿ hgtfaLrv'nf k':ts ;/x ;fj{hlgs hfgsf/Ldf /fVb} cfPsf

5f}+ . o; cjlwdf hgk|ltlglwx¿af6 eP u/]sf sfdx¿dfq'l6 x'g uPdf To;df ;'wf/ ug{ /rgfTds cfnf]rgfsf]ck]Iff klg ub{5f}+ .

:yfgLo tx hgtfsf] glhssf] ;/sf/ ePsf]x'“bf ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ If]qleq /x]/:yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]u ub}{ hgtfsf];]jfdf ;dlk{t eP/ sfo{ ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . Odfgbf/Lk"j{sOdfgbf/Lk"j{sOdfgbf/Lk"j{sOdfgbf/Lk"j{sOdfgbf/Lk"j{shgtfsf] ;]jf g} /fhgLlt xf]hgtfsf] ;]jf g} /fhgLlt xf]hgtfsf] ;]jf g} /fhgLlt xf]hgtfsf] ;]jf g} /fhgLlt xf]hgtfsf] ;]jf g} /fhgLlt xf] eGg] efjgfaf6 bLlIftxfdL g]dlskfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] gu/ / gu/jf;Lsf]lxtdf sfd ug'{ afx]s csf]{ s'g} :jfy{ 5}g .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txnfO{ sfo{kflnsf,Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .;+ljwfg k|bQ clwsf/nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL gu/kflnsf;~rfngsf] nflu P]g, lgod / lgb]{lzsfx¿ agfO{ To;}sf]cfwf/df gu/kflnsfn] sfo{x¿ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

;ª\3Lotf sfof{Gjog xfdL ;a}sf] lglDt klxnf]cg'ej xf] . ;ª\3Lotf sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf ljleGgvfnsf r'gf}tLx¿ cfpg' :jfefljs xf] . xfdL r'gf}tLaf6r'gf}tLaf6r'gf}tLaf6r'gf}tLaf6r'gf}tLaf6efu]/ xf ]Og To;sf] 86]/ ;fdgf ub} { cl3 a9\b }efu]/ xf ]Og To;sf] 86]/ ;fdgf ub} { cl3 a9\b }efu]/ xf ]Og To;sf] 86]/ ;fdgf ub} { cl3 a9\b }efu]/ xf ]Og To;sf] 86]/ ;fdgf ub} { cl3 a9\b }efu]/ xf ]Og To;sf] 86]/ ;fdgf ub} { cl3 a9\b }5f}+5f}+5f}+5f}+5f}+ . :yfgLo tx;DaGwL l9nf] sfg'g lgdf{0f x'g', sltkoljifox¿ sfg'gdf :ki6 gx'g', sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg ug{:ki6 gLlt lgdf{0f gx'g' / s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ;ª\3Lotfsf]dd{ljk/Lt PsfTds z}nLd} sfd ug]{ ;f]r /fVg' h:tfsfo{x¿n] :yfgLo txsf hgk|ltlglwx¿nfO{ sfd ug{c;xh ePsf] 5 . o;} c;xhtfsf] aLrdf xfdLhgk|ltlglwx¿ sfd ub}{5f}+ .

@)&$ r}t @* ut]b]lv lzIff, :jf:Yonufot;a} lhNnf:t/Lo sfof{nox¿ :yfgLo txsf] dftxtdfcfpg], ;a} ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿, ;Dklt, bfloTj tyf ah]6sf]x:tfGt/0f u/L ;Sg'kg]{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g@)&$ sf] bkmf !)$ df :ki6 Joj:yf 5 . pQm sfg'gljkl/tg]kfn ;/sf/n] 5'§} lg0f{o u/]/ tTsfnLg lhNnf lzIffsfof{nonfO{ lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nocGtu{t /flvPsf]5 . of] cToGt cfklQhgs ljifo xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf];/sf/sf];/sf/sf];/sf/sf];/sf/sf]of] sfg'gljk/Lt sfdof] sfg'gljk/Lt sfdof] sfg'gljk/Lt sfdof] sfg'gljk/Lt sfdof] sfg'gljk/Lt sfd xf] . tTsfn pQm lg0f{o lkmtf{u/L sfg'gadf]lhd ;a} ;+/rgfx¿ :yfgLo txnfO{ x:tfGt/0fug{ dfu ub{5f}+ .

‘r'gf}tLaf6 efu]/ xf]Og To;sf] 86]/ ;fdgf ub}{ cl3 a9\b} 5f}+’eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] Ps jif{

k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfklt


32

hgtfsf] ck]Iffcg';f/ hgk|ltlglwx¿n] sfdug{ g;Sg' jf km/s z}nLdf sfo{ ug{'nfO{ sltko cfkm"nfO{a'l4hLjL eGg ¿rfpg]x¿n] ‘:yfgLo txnfO{ lzIffsf]clwsf/ lbg' x'Gg, :yfgLo txn] Tof] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{;Dej 5}g, s]Gb|n] g} lgoGq0f ug{'k5{’ elg/x]sf 5g\ .ljleGg axfgfdf ltgLx¿ hgtfnfO{ lbPsf] clwsf/ k'gMs]Gb|d} lkmtf{ lng rfxG5g\ . k|hftGqsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf/x]sf] :yfgLo txnfO{ sdhf]/ t'Nofpg] sfd sxL+:yfgLo txnfO{ sdhf]/ t'Nofpg] sfd sxL+:yfgLo txnfO{ sdhf]/ t'Nofpg] sfd sxL+:yfgLo txnfO{ sdhf]/ t'Nofpg] sfd sxL+:yfgLo txnfO{ sdhf]/ t'Nofpg] sfd sxL+st}af6 klg gxf ];\ . xfdL ;r]t kfg{ rfxG5f}st}af6 klg gxf ];\ . xfdL ;r]t kfg{ rfxG5f}st}af6 klg gxf ];\ . xfdL ;r]t kfg{ rfxG5f}st}af6 klg gxf ];\ . xfdL ;r]t kfg{ rfxG5f}st}af6 klg gxf ];\ . xfdL ;r]t kfg{ rfxG5f} + .

eQmk'/ gu/nfO{ ;f+:s[lts gu/ 3f]if0ff u/fpg/ 1fg lj1fgsf] s]Gb| agfpg xfdL hgk|ltlglwx¿ lg/Gt/nflu/xg]5f}+ . of] Ps jif{leq xfdL hgk|ltlglwx¿n] s]s:tf sfo{x¿ u¥of}+ < xfdLn] hgtfnfO{ lbPsf] jrgcg';f/sfd ug{ ;Sof+} of ;s]gf}+ < To;sf] lj:t[t d"Nofª\sg /;dLIff ug]{ lhDd]jf/L xfdL oxf“sf hgtfnfO{ g} lbgrfxG5f } + . xfdLn ] Ps jif {df u/]sf sfdx¿af/ ]Ps jif {df u/]sf sfdx¿af/ ]Ps jif {df u/]sf sfdx¿af/ ]Ps jif {df u/]sf sfdx¿af/ ]Ps jif {df u/]sf sfdx¿af/ ];ª\lIfKtdf hfgsf/L;ª\lIfKtdf hfgsf/L;ª\lIfKtdf hfgsf/L;ª\lIfKtdf hfgsf/L;ª\lIfKtdf hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxG5f} + .!= lzIffM!= lzIffM!= lzIffM!= lzIffM!= lzIffM

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] @)%^ ;fnb]lv Vjkpdflj :yfkgf u/L lzIff If]qdf k|ToIf nufgL ;'¿u/]sf] xf] . ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ sd z'NsdfpRr lzIff lbg], ;dfhnfO{ a'l4hLjLs/0f ug]{, gof“k':tfnfO{ PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf r'gf}tLx¿ ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifdagfpg] / >dnfO{ pTkfbg >d;“u ldnfpg] z}lIfs;+:yfx¿sf] p2]Zo xf] . ToxL p2]Zo k"/f ug{ gkfn] Vjksn]h, Vjk OlGhlgol/ª sn]h, Vjk sn]h ckmOlGhlgol/ª, Vjk ax'k|fljlws cWoog ;+:yfg, zf/bfsn]hsf] ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . gkfn] :yfkgf u/]sfsn]hx¿af6 b]zsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm pTkfbgeO/x]sf 5g\ . gu/kflnsfåf/f ;~rflnt & j6f sn]hx¿tyf hg:jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb|sf nflu rfn" cf=j=df ¿= $!s/f]8 ¿k}of“ vr{ x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

dgfªafx]s b]zsf ;a} lhNnfsf ljBfyL{x¿n]Vjk sn]hx¿df cfÇgf] ¿rLcg';f/sf ljifodf cWoogk"/f ul/;s]sf 5g\ . Vjk OlGhlgol/ª sn]haf6 :gfts/ :gfQsf]t/ u/L xfn;Dd !$$& ljBfyL{n] cWoog k"/ful/;s]sf 5g\ eg] Vjk sn]h ckm OlGhlgol/ªaf6 ^@#hgfn] cWoog k"/f ul/;s]sf 5g\ . xfn Vjk O= sn]hdf^& lhNnfsf !!)# hgf / Vjk sn]h ckm OlGhlgol/ªdf^$ lhNnfsf ^@# hgf u/L !&@^ hgf ljBfyL{ cWoog/t5g\ . egkfåf/f ;~rflnt ;a} sn]hx¿df u/L %,^))

hgf ljBfyL{x¿ cWoog/t 5g\ . Vjk sn]h ckmOlGhlgol/ªdf oxL jif{b]lv sDKo'6/ OlGhlgol/ªsf] sIff;'¿ ePsf] 5 .

:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$ nfu" ePkl5egkfn] sIff ! / ^ sf] :yfgLo kf7\oqmd tof/ u¥of] .@)&$ df3 @# ut] of]u]Gb|dfg lah'S5]+sf] ;+of]hsTjdfk|fWofks l;l4/Tg zfSo, p4j ;'hv', /fh]Gb| >]i7 //f];g/fh t'Ot'O{+ ePsf] % ;b:oLo :yfgLo kf7\oqmdlgdf{0f sfo{bn u7g eO{ sfo{bnn] @)&% j}zfv @ ut]kf7\oqmd tof/ u/L gkfdf a'emfof] . eQmk'/sf] Oltxf;,e"uf]n, snf–;+:s[lt, ;Dkbf, v]ns'bnufotsf ljifonfO{;d]6]/ tof/ ul/Psf] kf7\oqmdn] gof“ k':tfnfO{ eQmk'/af/]hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ d2t k'Ug] xfd|f] ljZjf; 5 . cfufdLz}lIfs jif{ @)&^ af6 sIff ! b]lv * ;Ddsf] :yfgLokf7\oqmd nfu" ug]{ xfd|f] nIo 5 .

sIff * sf] clGtd k/LIff gu/kflnsf :jo+n];~rfng u/L ;dod} k/LIffkmn ;fj{hlgs u¥of] . egkfIf]qleq ;fd'bflos #% / ;+:yfut %& u/L s"n (@ j6fljBfnox¿ 5g\ . tL ljBfnox¿df sIff ! b]lv !) ;DdcWoog ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof #^,%)) -5QL; xhf/ kf“r;o_ hgf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] z}lIfs:t/ p7fpgof] jif{b]lv dG6]Zj/L l;sfO k|ljlwsf] tflnd ;~rfngeof] . tflnddf k|fKt 1fgsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u xf];\ eGg]p2]Zon] ^ dlxgf;Dd cg'udgsf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf 5f}+ .@_ :jf:Yo M@_ :jf:Yo M@_ :jf:Yo M@_ :jf:Yo M@_ :jf:Yo M

eQmk'/ gkfcGtu{t xfn tLg j6f hg:jf:Yos]Gb|x¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ . RofDxfl;+x, eujtL :yfg /Aof;Ldf ;~rflnt tL :jf:Yo s]Gb|x¿df b}lgs #)) eGbfa9L la/fdLx¿n] :jf:Yo ;]jf kfO/x]sf 5g\ . RofDxfl;+xs]Gb|df :qL /f]u, 5fnf, gfs–sfg, 3f“6L, xf8hf]gL{, afn/f]u, 5ftL /f]u, dfgl;s /f]unufotsf] ljz]if1 ;]jfpknAw 5 . u'0f:t/Lo cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf xfd|f]p2]Zo xf] .

RofDxfl;+x :jf:Yo s]Gb|;“u} @% z}o\ofsf] c:ktfnlgdf{0fsf] tof/Ldf 5f}+ . cfh}af6 Odh]{G;L sIf gof“ ejgdf;fl/Psf] 5 . To:t} la/fdLx¿sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/lel8of] PS;/] -cN6«f;fp08_ ;]jf, ;Lcf/ PS;/] ;]jf /cfw'lgs Nofa ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ tof/L eO/x]sf] 5 .

3/ 3/df gl;{ª ;]jf lbg] g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fgkf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkqdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ hgk|ltlglw axfnePsf] ;o lbgdf egkf j8f g+= #, $ / ^ df ;f] ;]jf ;'¿


33

u/]/ @)&% ;fn j}zfv ( ut]b]lv gu/sf] !) j6} j8fdfrfn" eO;s]sf] 5 . j8f j8fdf ! hgf g;{sf] ;fy:jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfsf] klg Joj:yf ldnfOPsf] 5 . pRr/Qmrfk, lrgL /f]u, :qL /f]u, afn /f]u, bd vf]sLh:tf/f]usf la/fdLx¿ tyf ljz]if u/L Ho]i7 gful/s /;'Ts]/L dlxnfx¿ pQm ;]jfaf6 nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ .

Vjk ax'k|fljlws cWoog ;+:yfgsf] nflu cf=j=@)&$÷)&% df ¿= ^,$*,&*,@)). ah]6 ljlgof]hgu/]sf]df @)&$ r}t d;fGtleq # s/f]8 (# nfv vr{eO;s]sf] 5 . hg:jf:Yotkm{ ljz]if1 8fS6/x¿ ( hgf/ cGo !# hgf lrlsT;sx¿;d]t @@ 8fS6/x¿n] ;]jfk|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ eg] g;{ / cGo sd{rf/Lx¿ u/L s"n^! hgf tyf Vjk ax'k|fljlwstkm{ cf+lzs / k"0f{ u/L %&hgf;d]t !!* hgf sfo{/t 5g\ . gu/el/ () hgf:jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx¿ tyf !( hgf :jf:Yo aLdf clestf{x¿kl/rflnt 5g\ .

@)&$ ;fn ;fpg ! ut]b]lv egkfn] cfo'j]{lbs:jf:Yo pkrf/ ;]jf ;'¿ u¥of] . ;fpg ! b]lv r}qd;fGt;Dd cyf{t gf} dlxgfdf *,%*$ hgfn] cfo'j]{lbs:jf:Yo ;]jf k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ eg] ut jif{ af¥xdlxgfdf ^#%! hgfn] dfq} pkrf/ ;]jf k|fKt u/]sflyP . s]Gb|n] sdnljgfos s]Gb|af6 lg/Gt/ lgMz'Nspkrf/ ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] / j8f g+= ! / ( df !%lbgsf] Ps k6s pkrf/ ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .@)&$÷!@÷@( ut] j8f g+= & df lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo lzlj/;~rfng u/]sf]df #)) eGbf a9Ln] pkrf/ ;]jf k|fKtu/] . o;nfO{ gu/sf] j8f j8fdf lj:tf/ ub}{ nfg]af/]5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 .#_ ;/;kmfOM#_ ;/;kmfOM#_ ;/;kmfOM#_ ;/;kmfOM#_ ;/;kmfOM

;/;kmfO egkfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . gu/nfO{lg/Gt/ ;kmf /fVg !$( hgf sd{rf/Lx¿ sfo{/t 5g\ .gu/kflnsfsf] ah]6sf] dxŒjk"0f{ c+z ;/;kmfOdf vr{eO/x]sf] 5 . jflif{s sl/a ^ s/f]8 %) nfv eGbf a9L/sd vr{ x'“bf klg cfzftLt ;kmfO x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . s]xLdlxgf cl3b]lv s'lxg] / gs'lxg] kmf]x/ cnu cnu;ª\sngsf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf 5f}+ . k|lts]hL kmf]x/sf] (¿k}of“ %) k};f gkfsf] vr{ eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf klggu/kflnsfn] gu/jf;Lx¿;“u cToGt} Go"g jflif{s #))¿k}of ;kmfO z'Ns p7fp“b} cfPsf] 5 . Tof] z'Ns;d]tgu/jf;Lx¿n] gS;fkf; ug{'k/]df jf s'g} l;kmfl/; lng'k/]df dfq} afWotfn] ltg]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] cjwf/0ffdf

kl/jt{g NofO{ ;kmfO s/ ltg{' xfd|f] bfloTj xf] eGg]efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{' cfjZos 5 .

@)&$ ;fpg ! ut]b]lv k|To]s dlxgfsf] ! ut] /!% ut] ;kmfO sfo{qmd ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . hgk|ltlglwx¿,gkfsf sd{rf/Lx¿, :yfgLo 6Ld, Sna, jfrgfno, bfkmfehgsf] ;xeflutfdf x'g] To; sfo{qmd cToGt k|efjsf/LePsf] 5 . To; sfo{qmdcGtu{t d7, dlGb/, kf]v/Lh:tf;Dkbfx¿ / ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿ ;kmf ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 .ljBfnodf k9\g] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ klg ;xefuL u/fpg]p2]Zon] Ps ljBfno Ps ;Dkbf ;kmfOsf] gLlt nfu"ul/Psf] 5 .$_ ljsf; lgdf{0f M$_ ljsf; lgdf{0f M$_ ljsf; lgdf{0f M$_ ljsf; lgdf{0f M$_ ljsf; lgdf{0f M

cf=j= @)&$÷)&% sf] nflu ¿= ! ca{ % s/f]8%% nfv ¿k}of“sf] ah]6 kfl/t ePsf]df ljsf; lgdf{0fsfof]hgfx¿sf] nflu ¿= #! s/f]8 ljlgof]hg ul/Psf]lyof] . ;–;fgf ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf ;Dkbfx¿ hL0ff]{4f// k'gM lgdf{0fsf] sfd :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdfj8f:t/af6} ug]{ gLlt kfl/t u/L k|To]s j8fsf] nflu ¿=%) nfvsf] b/n] ljsf; ah]6 5'6\ofOPsf] lyof] . ljutcfly{s jif{df lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De eO{ qmdfut ¿kdf y'k|}of]hgfx¿ rfn" cj:yfd} ePsf]df ef}lts k"jf{wf/sfof]hgfx¿ #% dWo] @& j6f ;DkGg eP eg] ;Dkbf;+/If0fsf of]hgfx¿ $& j6fdWo] @& j6f ;DkGg eO;s]sf5g\ . To;}u/L af6f]df O“6f 5kfO tyf 9'ª\uf 5kfOsf** j6f :jLs[t ePsf] dWo] @$ j6f ;DkGg ePsf 5g\eg] c¿ ;a} lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf 5g\ . To:t} gu/sf!) j6} j8fx¿df pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t ;8s ;f]nf/aQL h8fg ul/;s]sf] 5 .

egkf % l:yt k|l;4 e}/jgfysf] dlGb/e}/jgfysf] dlGb/e}/jgfysf] dlGb/e}/jgfysf] dlGb/e}/jgfysf] dlGb/hL0ff]{4f/hL0ff]{4f/hL0ff]{4f/hL0ff]{4f/hL0ff]{4f/sf] nflu ¿=! s/f]8 @& nfv n=O{= :jLs[teO{ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt ;d]t u7g eO;s]sf] 5 . k'/ftflŒjs,P]ltxfl;s / wfld{s b[li6n] ;d]t cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ pQmdlGb/af/] ;DalGwt lj1x¿sf] cGt/lqmof kl5 pxf“x¿s};'emfjadf]lhd lj1 ;d"x u7g u/L Iflt ljZn]if0f;lxtsf]k|ltj]bgsf] kvf{Odf 5f}+ . k|ltj]bg k|fKt x'g] lalQs} pQmsfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fOg] 5 .

egkf j8f g+= ! l:yt efHof kf]v/LefHof kf]v/LefHof kf]v/LefHof kf]v/LefHof kf]v/LnfO{k'/fg} z}nLdf lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . kfgLr'lxgaf6 /f]Sg sfnf]df6f] eg]{ sfd ;DkGg ePsf] 5 eg]gS;f, l8hfOgsf] sfo{ clGtd r/0fdf 5 . lj1x¿sf] /fo;Nnfxcg';f/ pQm kf]v/L lgdf{0f ug]{ xfd|f] tof/L 5 .


34

egkf j8f g+= ( l:yt RofDxfl;+xdf VjkVjkVjkVjkVjkc:ktfnc:ktfnc:ktfnc:ktfnc:ktfn lgdf{0fsf] nflu gS;f l8hfOg ;DkGg ePsf]/ n= O{= ;lsgf;fy lgdf{0f k|lqmof cufl8 a9fOg] 5 .

egkf j8f g+= & e]n'v]ndf /x]sf] k'ne]n'v]ndf /x]sf] k'ne]n'v]ndf /x]sf] k'ne]n'v]ndf /x]sf] k'ne]n'v]ndf /x]sf] k'n hL0f{ePsf] x'“bf gof“ k'n lgdf{0fsf] nflu l8hfOg, 8«Oª /n=O{= ;d]t kf; eO;s]sf] 5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7gx'gf;fy l5§} g} lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fOg] 5 .

egkf j8f g+= ( l:yt ax'p2]ZoLo ejg lgdf{0fax'p2]ZoLo ejg lgdf{0fax'p2]ZoLo ejg lgdf{0fax'p2]ZoLo ejg lgdf{0fax'p2]ZoLo ejg lgdf{0fnfdf] ;dob]lv /f]lsPsf]df egkfdf hgk|ltlglwx¿ axfnePkl5 pQm ejg lgdf{0f sfo{ tbf¿stfsf ;fy cufl8a9]sf] 5 . xfn :nfa 9nfg tyf sf]7f lgdf{0fsf] sfdeO/x]sf] 5 .

egkf j8f g+= ^ l:yt b]sf]rfdf sl/a @*/f]kgL hUufdf cfw'lgs ;'ljwf ;DkGg c/lgsf] ;efc/lgsf] ;efc/lgsf] ;efc/lgsf] ;efc/lgsf] ;efejgejgejgejgejg agfpg] u/L 8«Oª tyf l8hfOg eO/x]sf] 5 .;x/L ljsf;af6 Ps ;x/ Ps klxrfgcGtu{t egkfn]pQm ;ef ejg lgdf{0f ug{ l;kmfl/; u/L k7fPsf]dfg]kfn ;/sf/ ;x/L ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f ljefuaf6:jLs[t eOcfPdf ;f]xL ah]6af6 lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8a9fOg] 5 .%_ v]ns'bM%_ v]ns'bM%_ v]ns'bM%_ v]ns'bM%_ v]ns'bM

o'jfx¿nfO{ cg'zfl;t agfpg] / :j:y gful/stof/ ug]{ p2]Zon] egkfn] v]ns'b k|lzIf0fnfO{ hf]8 lb+b}cfPsf] 5 . km"6an, elnan, alS;ª, s/ft] / 6]a'n6]lg;v]nsf] k|lzIf0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . egkfsf]k|lzIf0faf6 k|lzlIft sltko v]nf8Lx¿ clxn] /fli6«o /cGt/f{li6«o v]nf8Lsf] ¿kdf kl/ro kfpg ;kmn ePsf5g\ . of] xfdL ;a}sf] nflu v';Lsf] s'/f xf] .

egkfdf hgk|ltlglwsf] kbef/ u|x0fkl5 egkfsf]cfof]hgfdf @)&$ sflt{s ( ut]b]lv !$ ut];Dd cGt/cGt/cGt/cGt/cGt/ljBfno v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfljBfno v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfljBfno v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfljBfno v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfljBfno v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg eof] . k|ltof]lutfdfljleGg cf7 j6f v]n ;dfj]z ul/Psf]df $& j6fljBfnon] ;xeflutf hgfPsf lyP . ljBfnox¿d} v]ns'bultljlw s]lGb|t ug{ ;xefuL ;a} ljBfnox¿nfO{ sl/agf} xhf/ /sd a/fa/sf] v]ns'b ;fdu|L ;xof]u k|bfgul/Psf] lyof] .

To;}u/L lgjf{rg 3f]if0ffkqcg';f/ egkfn] o;jif { k |yd d ]o/ sk k '¿if elnan k | ltof ] lutfk |yd d ]o/ sk k '¿if elnan k | ltof ] lutfk |yd d ]o/ sk k '¿if elnan k | ltof ] lutfk |yd d ]o/ sk k '¿if elnan k | ltof ] lutfk |yd d ]o/ sk k '¿if elnan k | ltof ] lutfcfof]hgf u¥of] . ^ k|b]zsf @! j6f gu/kflnsfn] efulnPsf] pQm k|ltof]lutf eJo ¿kdf ;DkGg eof] .

o; jif{ emfkfdf /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\sf]

cfof]hgfdf @)&$ d+l;/ @@ b]lv @& ut] ;DkGg alS;ªalS;ªalS;ªalS;ªalS;ªk|ltof]lutfk|ltof]lutfk|ltof]lutfk|ltof]lutfk|ltof]lutfdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 ;xefuLeO{ ! /ht / @ sfZo kbs lhTg ;kmn eof] . To;}u/LsLlt{k'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf @)&% j}zfv @( ut];DkGg af:s]6 an k|ltof]lutfaf:s]6 an k|ltof]lutfaf:s]6 an k|ltof]lutfaf:s]6 an k|ltof]lutfaf:s]6 an k|ltof]lutfdf egkfsf] tkm{af6;xefuL 6f]nLn] t];|f] :yfg xfl;n u¥of] .

nfdf] ;dob]lv ljleGg v]ndf k|lzIf0f lb+b}cfPsf v]n k|lzIfsx¿nfO{ cf“lzs ;]jf s/f/df /x]sf]dfca l5§} g} k"0f{sfnLg ;]jfdf lgo'lQm ul/g] Joj:yfldnfOg] 5 . v]n k|lzIfsx¿nfO{ gLlt agfO{ ljleGgljBfnosf] lhDd]jf/L klg tf]lsg] 5 .^_ vfg ]kfgLM^_ vfg ]kfgLM^_ vfg ]kfgLM^_ vfg ]kfgLM^_ vfg ]kfgLM

eQmk'/ gu/leq vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] sdL 5 .gu/sf]6 / af]8]sf] kfgLs} e/df clxn] gu/jf;Lx¿n]kfgLsf] cfjZostf k"/f ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . tLj| hg;ª\Vofj[l4;“u} vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of emg\ emg\ ljs/fn aGb} uPsf]5 . ;fljs ;|f]tx¿df cGo ;|f]tx¿ yKg g;s]df hgtfsf]dfucg';f/ vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ k|foM c;Dej 5 .

d]nDrLsf] kfgL eQmk'/df bf];|f] r/0fdf dfq} ljt/0fug]{ of]hgf ePsf] hfgsf/L kfPkl5 sf7df8f}+ pkTosfvfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ / sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgLlnld6]8sf kbflwsf/Lx¿;“u k6s k6s a}7s / e]63f6u/L klxnf] r/0fd} ljt/0fsf] cfZjf;g kfPsf 5f}+ . d]nDrLsf]kfgLsf] lglDt lg/Gt/ hf]8 lbO/x]sf 5f}+ .

egkf ! l:yt eQmk'/ SofDk;sf] blIf0ftkm{egkfs} hUufdf / egkf j8f g+= @ l:yt ;Nnf3f/Ldfl8k af]l/ªl8k af]l/ªl8k af]l/ªl8k af]l/ªl8k af]l/ª u/]sf]df egkf ! sf] kfgL lkpg of]UogePsf] l/kf]6{ k|fKt ePkl5 ;f]xL kfgL efHof kf]v/Ldf/flvPsf] 5 . egkf @ l:yt ;Nnf3f/Lsf] af]l/ªsf]kfgL lkmN6/kZrft\ lkpg of]Uo x'g] elgPkl5 To;sf]nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ub}{5f}+ . ldlt @)&$÷!@÷!% ut]egkf, sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ /sf7df8f}+ pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8sf k|ltlglwx¿sf]egkfdf a;]sf] ;+o'Qm a}7sn] ;Nnf3f/Ldf lkmN6/ KnfG6agfO{ kfgL ljt/0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] . egkfn]6\ofª\sL lgdf{0f / ljB't\ 6«fG;kmd{/nufotsf] Joj:yfug]{ / af“sL sfo{ sfpvflnn] ug]{ ;xdlt ePcg';f/egkfn] lgdf{0f sfo{ cufl8 a9fPsf] 5 . To;df egkfsf]sl/a ! s/f]8 ¿k}of“ nufgL x'g] cg'dfg 5 . To;} u/L;"o{ljgfos gkfdf kfgL 6\of°L lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfjZoshUufsf] aGbf]a:t u/L lgdf{0f sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .


35

t'drf], b'u'/] cfjf; of]hgfdf 8Lk af]l/ªsf]sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 . vfg]kfgL ;|f]tsf] vf]hLsf] ;DefJotfcWoog ug{ egkf * sf j8fWoIf dx]Gb| vfodnLsf]cWoIftfdf vfg]kfgL ;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5 .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] vfg]kfgLsf] ;|f]t Joj:yfkgtyf k|zf]wg / ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fv]/xfn} ;"o{ljgfos gu/kflnsf !) lrQkf]ndf !) cfgf hUufvl/b u/L 6\of°L lgdf{0f sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .

;'Vvf ;dodf vfg]kfgLsf] cefjnfO{ sd ug{egkfsf] xfn @ j6f / sfpvflnsf] ! j6f u/L b}lgs #j6f 6\ofª\s/n] gu/sf 6f]n 6f]ndf vfg]kfgL ljt/0fub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of sd ug{ cfsfz] kfgL;ª\sng u/L :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ ljt/0f ug]{af/] klg5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 .&_ s[lifM&_ s[lifM&_ s[lifM&_ s[lifM&_ s[lifM

tLj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4;“u} egkfdf s[lifof]Uo hldgsd x'“b} uPsf] 5 . yf]/} hUufdf a9L pTkfbg ug{'sf] caljsNk 5}g . oxL ljifonfO{ Wofg lbP/ egkfn] sf};Lv]tL, Rofpv]tL tyf a]df};dL t/sf/L v]tL;DaGwL tflndtflndtflndtflndtflndlbof] . ls;fgx¿nfO{ s]lGb|t u/]/ lbOPsf pQm tflndx¿cToGt pknlAwk"0f{ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .

ls;fgx¿sf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ k|ltkl/jf/pGgt hftsf] cfn'sf] aLp / ux'“sf] aLp %÷% s]hLsf]b/n] / wfgsf] aLp k|ltkl/jf/ ;f9] @ s]hLsf] b/n]lgMz'Ns ljt/0flgMz'Ns ljt/0flgMz'Ns ljt/0flgMz'Ns ljt/0flgMz'Ns ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;do–;dodf ls6gfzscf}ifwLsf] k|of]u ;DaGwL tflnd klg lb+b} cfPsf] 5 .

7fp“–7fp“df e':ofxf s's'/n] hgtfnfO{ b'Mv lbg]u/]sf] hgu'gf;f] cfPkl5 egkfn] s's'/ Joj:yfkg,aGWofs/0f tyf vf]k;DaGwL tLg dlxg] cleofg ;~rfngu¥of] . ;fy} e':ofxf s's'/x¿nfO{ /]ljhlj¿4sf] vf]klbg] sfd klg ;'¿ u¥of] . xfn;Dd ^%) j6feGbf a9Ls's'/x¿nfO{ vf]k nufpg] / aGWofs/0fs's'/x¿nfO{ vf]k nufpg] / aGWofs/0fs's'/x¿nfO{ vf]k nufpg] / aGWofs/0fs's'/x¿nfO{ vf]k nufpg] / aGWofs/0fs's'/x¿nfO{ vf]k nufpg] / aGWofs/0f ul/;s]sf]l/kf]6{ k|fKt ePsf] 5 .*_ cfjf; of ]hgfM*_ cfjf; of ]hgfM*_ cfjf; of ]hgfM*_ cfjf; of ]hgfM*_ cfjf; of ]hgfM

egkfsf] nufgL tyf /]vb]vdf egkf j8f g+= @/ ^ l:yt !^%# /f]kgL hUufdf b]sf]–ldjf–O6fkfs] cfjf;of]hgf ;~rfngdf 5 . r/0fa4 ¿kdf ;DkGg ub}{ hfg]pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] dfuadf]lhd ;fljs j8f !% -s_,-v_ / -u_ sf] sl/a &%) /f]kgL hUufdf l/6]lgª jfnagfpg] sfo{ tLj|ultdf eO/x]sf] 5 . of] jif{sf] nIosf]

sl/a &) k|ltzt sfd ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 . k|:tfljt;8s ;~hfncg';f/ sl/a #=^ lsld 6«ofs lgdf{0f sfo{;DkGg eO;s]sf] / cGo sfo{x¿ rfn" 5g\ . cf=j=@)&$÷&% df sl/a #% s/f]8 @% nfv ¿k}of“sf] ah]6:jLs[t ePsf]df ljleGg ;|f]taf6 cfof]hgfnfO{ k|fKt @%s/f]8 ¿k}ofd} clxn] lgdf{0f sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ .;DalGwt hUufjfnfx¿nfO{ l5§} ljsl;t 38]/L lkmtf{ ug{tLj|ultdf sfd eO/x]sf] 5 .

egkf j8f g+= ( l:yt t'drf]–b'u'/] cfjf; of]hgfof] jif{ ;DkGg ug]{ p2]Zon] ¿= !# s/f]8 a/fa/sf] sfo{eO/x]sf] 5 . cf=j= @)&$÷)&% df ug]{ egL tf]lsPsfsfdx¿dWo] vfg]kfgL Joj:yfsf] nflu l8k af]l/ª sfo{;'¿ ePsf], RofDxfl;+x–a|Dxfo0fL ;8s v08df 9nlgsf;sf] Joj:yf tyf k]6L lgdf{0f sfo{ eO/x]sf], 7f8f]psfnf] af6f]x¿df 9nfg sfo{ ;'¿ ePsf] / cfof]hgfsfaf6f]x¿ sfnf] kq] ug{ 7fp“ 7fp“df pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7geO{ sfo{ ;'¿ eO/x]sf] 5 . pQm cfjf; of]hgfleqljB'tLs/0fsf] nflu g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f;“u ;+o'Qm¿kdf ug{ kqfrf/ tyf 5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 .(_ ahf/ cg'udgM(_ ahf/ cg'udgM(_ ahf/ cg'udgM(_ ahf/ cg'udgM(_ ahf/ cg'udgM

@)&$ df3 # b]lv % ut];Dd ;DkGg bf];|f] gu/;efn] ahf/ cg'udg lgb]{lzsf kfl/t u/] adf]lhd cg'udg;ldlt u7g u/L ahf/ cg'udg sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .cg'udgsf] qmddf btf{ljgf k;nx¿ ;~rfng ul//x]sf],k;nx¿df lgodfg';f/ /fVg'kg]{ d"No;"rL g/fv]sf], 9s–t/fh' gjLs/0f gul/Psf] kfOPsf] 5 . tL k;n]x¿nfO{k;n btf{ ug{, d"No;"rL /fVg / lgodfg';f/ 9s–t/fh'gjLs/0f ug{ ;r]t kf/]sf] 5 .

v 'nf ¿kdf df; ' a ]rljvg ul//x ]sf ] ,nfO;]G;ljgf cf}iflw k;n ;~rfng ul//x]sf], u'0f:t/xLg/ Dofb gf3]sf j:t'x¿ laqmL ul//x]]sf] kfOPsf] x'“bf tLj:t'x¿ gi6 ug] { sfo{ klg 7fp“7fp“df ePsf] 5 .lgodljk/Lt ;~rfng u/]sf k;nx¿nfO{ cfjZossf/afxLsf] nflu k|lqmof cl3 a9fPsf] 5 .!)_ gS;fkf;M!)_ gS;fkf;M!)_ gS;fkf;M!)_ gS;fkf;M!)_ gS;fkf;M

cf=j= @)&$÷)&% df egkfdf *)$ j6f gS;fbtf{ ePsf]df &%! j6f gS;f kf; ePsf] 5 eg] af“sL kf;x'g] k|lqmofdf 5g\ . tLdWo] !@! hgf 3/wgLn] dfq} 3/lgdf{0f ;DkGg k|df0fkq k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .!!_ ktL{ hUuf ;+/If0fM!!_ ktL{ hUuf ;+/If0fM!!_ ktL{ hUuf ;+/If0fM!!_ ktL{ hUuf ;+/If0fM!!_ ktL{ hUuf ;+/If0fM

:yfgLo txdf !% jif{;Dd hgk|ltlglw gx'“bf


36

ktL{ jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf ldRg]x¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ldNof] .hUuf ldRg]x¿ xfn hUuf 5f]8\g rflx/x]sf 5}gg\ . of]l:yltdf ktL{ hUuf ;+/If0f gu/kflnsfsf] 7"nf] r'gf}tLag]sf] 5 . egkf j8f g+= ! l:yt ;[hgf gu/df ktL{hUufsf] l;dfª\sg u/L ;+/If0f ul/of] eg] egkf j8f g+=( a|Dxfo0fL dlGb/ kl/;/df ktL{ hUuf ;+/If0fsf] sfo{eO/x]sf] 5 . cGo ljleGg If]qx¿df klg ;+/If0f ug]{sfo{ rfn" 5 .!@_ s/ c;'nLM!@_ s/ c;'nLM!@_ s/ c;'nLM!@_ s/ c;'nLM!@_ s/ c;'nLM

cf=j= @)&$÷)&% sf] s"n cfGtl/s cfo @)&$>fj0f ! b]lv h]7 $ ut];Ddsf] ¿= @&,)(,!%,((*.– -;QfO; s/f]8 gf} nfv kGw| xhf/ gf} ;o cG7fgAa]_;ª\sng eof] . cf=j= @)&#÷&$ sf] ;f]xL cjlwdf ¿=@!, %), %$, %&*.– -PSsfO; s/f]8 krf; nfv rjGgxhf/ kf“r ;o c7xQ/_ ;ª\sng ePsf] lyof] . o;cjlwdf s'n cfGtl/s cfodf ¿= %,%*,^!,$@).– -kf“rs/f]8 Ps;f7L nfv rf/ ;o aL; ¿k}of“_ j[l4 ePsf]5 . of] ut jif{sf] t'ngfdf @^ k|ltztn] a9L xf] . ko{6sz'Nsaf6 ¿= #,*#,&$,!)^.– / cGo cfGtl/s ;|f]taf6 ¿=!,&$,*&,#!$.– j[l4 ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 .!#_ ljleGg tflndx¿ ;~rfngM!#_ ljleGg tflndx¿ ;~rfngM!#_ ljleGg tflndx¿ ;~rfngM!#_ ljleGg tflndx¿ ;~rfngM!#_ ljleGg tflndx¿ ;~rfngM

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] v]ns'bsf cltl/Qm o'jfnlIft ljleGg tflndx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .dlxnfx¿sf] nflu l;nfO, pGgt l;nfO, j'l6s / kfslzIffsf] tflnd ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 eg] o'jfx¿nfO{ nlIftu/L lrlgof“ efiff, g]kfnefiff lnlk;DaGwL tflnd /k|fylds ljBfno nlIft u/L dG6]Zj/L lzIf0f l;sfOtflnd klg lbO/x]sf] 5 . o'jfx¿nfO{ /]l8of] k|:tf]tftyf k|fljlws ;Lk;DaGwL tflnd oxL h]7 @) ut]b]lv;'¿ x'g] hfgsf/L u/fp“b5f}+ .!$_ ko{6gM!$_ ko{6gM!$_ ko{6gM!$_ ko{6gM!$_ ko{6gM

o; jif{sf] lat]sf] !) dlxgfdf eQmk'/ e|d0fug]{ ko{6sx¿sf] ;ª\Vof !,(&,&*% k'Uof] . To;dWo] u}/;fs{ b]zsf !,!^,^%& / ;fs{ b]zsf *!,!@* hgf /x]sf5g\ . ut jif{ ;f]xL cjlwdf !,%^,!@@ hgf ljb]zLgful/sn] eQmk'/ e|d0f u/] . To;dWo] u}/ ;fs{ d'n'ssf((,!&^ hgf / ;fs{ d'n'ssf %^,($^ hgf lyP .eQmk'/ cfpg] ko{6sx¿ ut jif{eGbf @^=^( k|ltztn]j[l4 ePsf] 5 .!%_ e"sDk kLl8t kl/jf/x¿sf] Joj:yfkgM!%_ e"sDk kLl8t kl/jf/x¿sf] Joj:yfkgM!%_ e"sDk kLl8t kl/jf/x¿sf] Joj:yfkgM!%_ e"sDk kLl8t kl/jf/x¿sf] Joj:yfkgM!%_ e"sDk kLl8t kl/jf/x¿sf] Joj:yfkgM

@)&@ ;fnsf] e"sDkn] egkf If]qleq k"0f{ /cf+lzs u/L s"n *))) eGbf a9L lghL 3/x¿, !#)

eGbf a9L ;Dkbfx¿ eTs] eg] @%@ hgfsf] Hofg uof] .e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t 3/x¿ / ;Dkbfx¿ k'gM lgdf{0fdfegkfn] hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . e"sDk kLl8tx¿n] 3/lgdf{0f ubf{ df6f] hf]8fOdf !)) k|ltzt / l;d]G6hf]8fOdf &% k|ltzt;Dd gS;f b:t'/ 5'6 lbg] lg0f{ou¥of] . %@)) eGbf a9L e"sDk kLl8tx¿n] klxnf]ls:tf ¿= %),))).– kfPsf]df !,@#* kl/jf/n] bf];|f]ls:tf / (!* hgfn] dfq} t];|f] ls:tf k|fKt ug{ l;kmfl/;lnPsf 5g\ . df]lxofgL xs, u'7L hUuf, btf{ gePsf]hUuf, ax':jfldTjsf 3/ jf cbfntdf k/]sf d'2fx¿sfsf/0fn] klg clwsf+z e"sDk kLl8tx¿n] ;/sf/n]lbPsf] /sd k|fKt ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;/sf/n] klxnf]ls:tfafkt lbPsf] /sd 3/sf] hu xfNg Hofnf klggk'Ug] ePsf] sf/0f w]/}h;f] kLl8tx¿n] 3/ agfpg;s]sf 5}gg\ . 3/ agfpg g;s]sf kLl8tx¿sf] nflu;/sf/n] bf];|f] / t];|f] ls:tf Psd'i6 lbg] Joj:yfldnfpg cfjZos 5 .!^_ snf–;+:s[lt ;+/If0fM!^_ snf–;+:s[lt ;+/If0fM!^_ snf–;+:s[lt ;+/If0fM!^_ snf–;+:s[lt ;+/If0fM!^_ snf–;+:s[lt ;+/If0fM

eQmk'/ jif}{el/ ljleGg ;f+:s[lts ultljlwx¿eO/xg] gu/ xf] . ;f+:s[lts /fhwfgL dflgPsf] eQmk'/dfd"t{ / cd"t{ y'k|} ;Dkbfx¿ 5g\ . ;+/If0fsf] cefjdf s}of}+;Dkbfx¿ nf]k eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] sltko ;Dkbfx¿nf]kf]Gd'v cj:yfdf 5g\ . egkfn] ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cfwf/dftL ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:td7, dlGb/, kf6L, kf}jf, kf]v/L, b]jfno, lzjfno cflbsf];+/If0fsf sfdx¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ .

eQmk'/ 6f}d9Lb]lv gf;dgf;Ddsf] ;8sdf9'ª\uf 5fKg] sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 eg] egkf j8f g+ ( l:ytbtfqo rf]sdf klg pkef]Qmf ;ldltdfkm{t 9'ª\uf 5fKg]sfd ;'¿ ePsf] 5 . cGo 7fp“x¿df klg 9'ª\uf 5fKg]sfo{sf] tof/L eO/x]sf] 5 . eQmk'/ gu/sf] d'Vo ;8sRofDxfl;+xb]lv efjf{rf];Dd 9'ª\uf 5kfO / efHofkf]v/Lsf] ;'wf/sf] nflu k|:tfj ul/Psf]df ;x/L ljsf;tyf ejg ljefun] ¿= !! s/f]8 *! nfvsf] of]hgf:jLs[t u/]sf] 5 . egkf j8f g+= & l:yt xg'dfg3f6df3f6 ;'wf/sf] lglDt ¿= # s/f]8sf] of]hgf :jLs[t eO{6]08/ eO;s]sf] 5 .

k/Dk/fut ;+:s[ltnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ p2]Zon]eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf @)&$ sflt{s @% ut]af“;'/L afhf k|ltof]lutfaf“;'/L afhf k|ltof]lutfaf“;'/L afhf k|ltof]lutfaf“;'/L afhf k|ltof]lutfaf“;'/L afhf k|ltof]lutf ;DkGg eof] . k|ltof]lutfdfgu/sf @! j6f af““ ““ “;'/L afhf ;d"xn] efu lnPsf lyP .ufO{hfqf dxf]T;jufO{hfqf dxf]T;jufO{hfqf dxf]T;jufO{hfqf dxf]T;jufO{hfqf dxf]T;j @)&$ sf] cfof]hgf u/L ufO{hfqfdf


37k|:t't ePsf ;f+:s[lts ljwfx¿nfO{ k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yful/of] .

hgHof]lt k':tsfnohgHof]lt k':tsfnohgHof]lt k':tsfnohgHof]lt k':tsfnohgHof]lt k':tsfno b/af/ If]qaf6 cfh}egkf j8f g+= @ l:yt b]sf]–ldjf–O6fkfs] cfjf; of]hgfsf]sfof{no /x]sf] ejgdf ;~rfng k|f/De eof] . g]kfndhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{sf cWoIf gf/fo0fdfg lah'S5]+ -/f]lxt_ n] cfh} pQm k':tsfnosf] pb\3f6g ug'{eof] .kf7sx¿sf] dfu / ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ Wofgdf/fv]/ ;flxTo, bz{g, Oltxf;nufot ljleGg g]kfnL /cª\u|]hL efiffsf sl/a % nfv ¿k}of“ a/fa/sf] gof““ ““ “k':tsvl/b u/L k':tsfnodf /flvPsf] 5 . To:t} k':tsfnodf;L;L Sofd/fx¿ h8fg ul/Psf 5g\ .!&_ vf]nf ;'wf/M!&_ vf]nf ;'wf/M!&_ vf]nf ;'wf/M!&_ vf]nf ;'wf/M!&_ vf]nf ;'wf/M

gu/ ;kmf eP klg eQmk'/ gu/af6 aUg] x'gdGt]/ vf;fªv';'ª vf]nf kmf]x/ ePsf] hgu'gf;f] 5 . 9nsf]kfgL l;w} vf]nfdf gk7fpg gu/kflnsfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿/ g]kfn ;/sf/ cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog lgb]{zgfno -kLcfO8L_sf kbflwsf/x¿aLr k6s k6s 5nkmn u/L b'O{j6}vf]nfsf] b'j} lsgf/fdf kmf]x/ aUg] 9n /fVgvf]nfsf] b'j} lsgf/fdf kmf]x/ aUg] 9n /fVgvf]nfsf] b'j} lsgf/fdf kmf]x/ aUg] 9n /fVgvf]nfsf] b'j} lsgf/fdf kmf]x/ aUg] 9n /fVgvf]nfsf] b'j} lsgf/fdf kmf]x/ aUg] 9n /fVg] sfo{eO/x]sf] 5 . tL 9nx¿ ;Nnf3f/Lsf] pkrf/ kf]v/Ldfnu]/ hf]l8g] of]hgf 5 .

;Nnf3f/L / xg'dfg3f6df /x]sf] pkrf/ kf]v/Lpkrf/ kf]v/Lpkrf/ kf]v/Lpkrf/ kf]v/Lpkrf/ kf]v/Lk|of]udf Nofpg]k|of]udf Nofpg]k|of]udf Nofpg]k|of]udf Nofpg]k|of]udf Nofpg] k|of; eO/x]sf]df ;Nnf3f/Lsf] pkrf/kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'¿ ePsf] 5 eg] xg'dfg3f6sf]pkrf/ kf]v/L k'gM k|of]udf Nofpg g]kfn ;/sf/ /Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}ª\saLr ;Demf}tf eO{ sfo{ cufl8al9;s]sf] 5 . vf]nfdf df6f] el/g uO{ vf]nfsf] ;txdfly cfPsf] sf/0f s/f]8f}+ ¿k}of“ vr{ u/]/ df6f] lemSg]sfo{ klg gu/kflnsfn] u/]sf] 5 .!*_ ;~rf/ hutdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfM!*_ ;~rf/ hutdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfM!*_ ;~rf/ hutdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfM!*_ ;~rf/ hutdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfM!*_ ;~rf/ hutdf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfM

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ub}{ cfPsf ljsf; lgdf{0ftyf hgr]tgfd"ns ultljlwx¿ gu/jf;Lx¿nfO{ hfgsf/Llbg] p2]Zon] @)&$ r}t @) ut]b]lv eQmk'/ PkmPddfk|To]s d·naf/ a]n'sf & ah]b]lv * ah];Dd ‘Vjk ;M‘Vjk ;M‘Vjk ;M‘Vjk ;M‘Vjk ;MeQmk'/ cfjfh’eQmk'/ cfjfh’eQmk'/ cfjfh’eQmk'/ cfjfh’eQmk'/ cfjfh’ sfo{qmd k|;f/0f eO/x]sf ] 5 .gu/kflnsfn] lgs6 eljiodf 6]lnlehg sfo{qmd k|;f/0fug]{ tof/L ul//x]sf] klg hfgsf/L lbg rfxG5f}+ .!(_ j8f sfof {no ejg lgdf{0fM!(_ j8f sfof {no ejg lgdf{0fM!(_ j8f sfof {no ejg lgdf{0fM!(_ j8f sfof {no ejg lgdf{0fM!(_ j8f sfof {no ejg lgdf{0fM

egkf j8f g+= ! df Jojl:yt j8f sfof{nogePsf]n] ;]jfu|fxLx¿n] lgs} ;d:of ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] x'““bfeQmk'/ ldlgj; kfs{df j8f sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f sfo{;'¿ ePsf] 5 .

@)_ hgk | ltlglwx¿af6 ;fdflhs ; '/If f eQf@)_ hgk | ltlglwx¿af6 ;fdflhs ; '/If f eQf@)_ hgk | ltlglwx¿af6 ;fdflhs ; '/If f eQf@)_ hgk | ltlglwx¿af6 ;fdflhs ; '/If f eQf@)_ hgk | ltlglwx¿af6 ;fdflhs ; '/If f eQfljt/0fMljt/0fMljt/0fMljt/0fMljt/0fM

Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, ckf·tf ePsfJolQmx¿nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;fdflhs;'/Iff eQf gu/leqsf ;a} j8fx¿df hgk|ltlglwx¿dfkm{tljt/0f ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ . o;n] Ho]i7 gful/sx¿n] a}ª\sdfuO/xg] emGem6af6 d'lQm kfPsf 5g\ .@!_ la:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf dgfpg egkfsf]@!_ la:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf dgfpg egkfsf]@!_ la:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf dgfpg egkfsf]@!_ la:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf dgfpg egkfsf]@!_ la:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f{ ¿kdf dgfpg egkfsf]k |of;Mk |of;Mk |of;Mk |of;Mk |of;M

k|l;4 la:s]6 hfqfnfO{ zflGtk"0f{ / dof{lbt¿kdf ;DkGg ug { gu/kf lnsfn ] k6s–k6s;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] a}7s af]nfpg], 7fp“–7fp“df ;L;LSofd]/f /fVg], k|d'v 7fp“x¿df aQLsf] Joj:yf ug]{, dfOlsªu/L ;j{–;fwf/0fnfO{ ;r]t kfg]{ / hg k|ltlglwx¿s}kxndf hfqf ;~rfng ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿ u/]sf] lyof] .o;n] t'ngfTds ¿kdf o; jif{sf] la:s]6 hfqf zflGtk"0f{/ dof{lbt ¿kdf ;DkGg ePsf] w]/}n] k|ToIf cg'ej u/] .

cGTodf,cGTodf,cGTodf,cGTodf,cGTodf, eQmk'/ gu/sf hgtfsf] ckf/ dfof/ ljZjf; kfP/ xfdL Ps jif{cl3 lgjf{lrt eof}+ . xfdLn]gu/jf;Lx¿;“u lg/Gt/ 5nkmn / ;Nnfx u/L gu/sf]ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf ;/;kmfOsf] lglDt sfd ub}{ cfPsf5f}+ . gu/jf;Lx¿n] h'g ljZjf;n] g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fgkf6L{sf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ lhtfpg' eof] ToxL ljZjf;cg';f/sfd ub}{ hfg] ljZjf; lbnfpg rfxG5f}+ . wGojfb ¤

-‘eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] Psjif{’ sfo{qmddf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] h]7 & ut] JoQmug'{ePsf] dGtJosf] k"0f{ kf7_

lrlgof“ gLltsyf

emf]nf rf]/Ld]nfdf lgSs} eL8 lyof] . crfgs Pshgf

dflg;n] cfÇgf] ´f]nf x/fof] eg]/ lrRofof] . s;}n]p;sf] 5fnfsf] ́ f]nf rf]/]5 . p;sf] s'/f ;'g]/ jl/kl/sfdflg;x¿ ;ts{ eP . s;}n] p;nfO{ ;xfg'e"lt lbg yfn]eg] sf]xL rf]/ ;dfTg hfg ltD;LP .

To:t}df p;n] cfÇgf] uf]hL 5fDof] / xfF:b}eGof], ‘s]xL ePg . ca lk/ dfGg' kg]{ sf/0f 5}g .’

‘s] ´f]nf e]l§of] <’ s;}n] ;f]Wof] .p;n] eGof], ‘xf]Og . d]/f] rf]l/Psf] ´f]nfsf]

;fFrf] d;Fu} /x]5 . ca rf]/n] ´f]nfaf6 k};f lgsfNg;Qm}g .’


38

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltsf]cWoIftfdf eQmk'/ gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] af]8{ a}7s eQmk'/gkf j8f g+= @ l:yt Aof;Ldf ljleGg ldltdf a;LlnOPsf lg0f{o hfgsf/Lsf] nflu lbOPsf] 5 .

ldlt @)&$ r}q @) ut] d+unaf/pkl:ylt!= k|d'v >L ;'lgn k|hfklt pkl:yt@= pkk|d'v >L /hgL hf]zL P]#= j8fWoIf >L Zofds[i0f vqL P]$= j8fWoIf >L xl/k|;fb af;'snf P]%= j8fWoIf >L /fhs[i0f uf]/f P]^= j8fWoIf >L s'df/ rjfn P]&= j8fWoIf >L k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{ P]*= j8fWoIf >L xl//fd ;'jfn P](= j8fWoIf >L ps]z sjf+ P]!)= j8fWoIf >L dx]Gb| vfodnL P]!!= j8fWoIf >L /ljGb| HofVj P]!@= j8fWoIf >L nIdLk|;fb Åof+}ldvf P]!#= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L /f]zgd}of ;'jfn P]!$= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L 5f]/Ld}of ;'hv' -k|hfklt_ P]!%= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L ;'lgtf k|hfklt -cjfn_ P]!^= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L ;l/gf Bf]nf P]!&= gu/ sfo{kflnsf ;b:o >L s[i0fnIdL b'jfn P]!*= ;b:o ;lrj >L /f]lxt/fh kf]v/]n P]

lg0f{ox¿Vjk c:ktfn;DaGwL lj1 ;d"x u7g

o; gu/kflnsfåf/f lgdf {0f ul/g] Vjkc:ktfnsf] ejg lgdf{0f ;DaGwL gS;f l8hfOgnfO{ clGtd¿k k|bfg ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Ps lj1 ;d"x u7g ul/of]Mtkl;n!= ;+of]hs M 8f= k'sf/rGb| >]i7@= ;b:o M 8f= ;Togf/fo0f ;'jfn#= ;b:o M 8f= k'0o/fd va'{hf$= ;b:o M 8f= ljs]z TjftL%= ;b:o M O{= /fh]Gb| xf8f^= ;b:o M cf= ;/f]h j}B

&= ;b:o M O{= rGb|ls/0f sjf+*= ;b:o M g;{ b]ljsf bg]v"(= ;b:o ;lrj M 8f= /Tg;'Gb/ nfl;jf

pk/f]Qm lj1 ;d"xnfO{ c:ktfnsf] gS;fl8hfOgaf/] clGtd ¿k k|bfg ug{ @)&% j}zfv % ut];Ddsf];dofjlw k|bfg ug]{ / ;d"xsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ ;b:ox¿nfO{a}7s eQf :j¿k k|lt a}7s k|lt JolQm ?=!%)).– k|bfgug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .vfg]kfgL ;d:of ;dfwfgaf/]

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf If]qdf vfg]kfgL ;d:of;dfwfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf o; gu/kflnsf sf7df08f} pkTosfvfg]kfgL Joj:yfkg af]8{ / sf7df08f} pkTosf vfg]kfgLlnld6]8aLr ldlt @)&$ r}q !% ut] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf;ef sIfdf ;DkGg lqkIfLo a}7saf6 b]xfocg';f/ ePsf]lg0f{o cg'df]bg ul/of] M

s= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf If]qdf vfg]kfgL cefjk"lt{ ug]{ ljifodf eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf / sf7df08f} pkTosfvfg]kfgL lnld6]8aLr 5nkmn u/L vfg]kfgLsf] gof+“ ;|f]tklxrfg / Joj:yfkgsf] ljifodf b'j} kIfn] cfk;df ;dGjou/L sfo{ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

v= eQmk '/ gu/kf lnsf j8f g + = @,;Nnf3f/Ll:yt sf7df08f} pkTosf vfg]kfgL Joj:yfkgaf]8{sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] hUuf / To; If]qdf sfpvfnLåf/f;+rflnt l8k af]l/·af6 lg:s]sf] kfgL 6\of+sLdf hDdfu/L k|zf]wg ug]{ / gu/jf;Lx¿nfO{ vfg]kfgL ljt/0fug]{ ljifodf b'O{ kIfaLr 5nkmn u/L b]xfoadf]lhdsfsfo{x¿ ;DkGg ug{ b'j} kIfaLr sfo{ ljefhg ul/of] M!= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ug]{ sfo{x¿ M• Aerator lgdf{0f• Detention Tank lgdf{0f• Reservoir Tank lgdf{0f -kfOk lkml6· afx]s_• Emotional line and Transformer Installation

@= sf7df08f} pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6 ug]{sfo{x¿ M• Rapid sand filter lgdf{0f• Hidlydd Surface drain inside compound

• Supply and installation comprerssor starter

• Supply Ripe and fitting


39u= ;Nnf3f/Laf6 pTkflbt kfgLdf g]kfn

;/sf/åf/f lgwf{l/t vfg]kfgL u'0f:t/ dfkb08cg';f/lkpg of]Uo agfpg kxn ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

3= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf & g+= j8fl:yt l8kaf]l/· :ynaf6 lg:s]sf] kfgLsf] Nofa 6]i6 Ps xKtflequ/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

ª= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= * y';frfIf]qdf sf7df08f} pkTosf vfg]kfgL lnld6]8åf/f ;+rflntl8k af]l/·:yn jl/kl/ csf]{ l8k af]l/· vGg] / cfufdLcfly{s jif{sf] of]hgfdf ;dfj]z ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .a}7s af]nfpg]

k|l;4 la:s]6 hfqfnfO{ cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt¿kdf eJotfsf ;fy ;DkGg ug{ j8f ;ldltx¿dfkm{t\:yfgLo l6d, Sna, bfkmf, ehg / hfqf ;+rfng ug]{;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] a}7s 8fSg] lg0f{o ul/of] .6]08/ cfx\jfg ug]{

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= @ l:yt ko{6g;"rgf s]Gb| k'gM lgdf{0f sfo{sf] nflu ?=!,&*,#),@&&.–a/fa/sf] n=O{= klxnf] r/0fdf 9nfg / bfrL cKkf;d]tsf]?=*%,(*,!@!.– sf] 6]08/ u/L sfo{ ;+rfng ePsf]dfof]hgfsf] cf=j= @)&$.)&% af6 af“sL lkmlgl;· sfo{;DkGg u/L ?=!,!!,(#,*#(.– a/fa/sf] n=O{= x'g cfPsf]n]pQm n=O{= /sd;d]t :jLs[t u/L lgdf{0f ;fdu|L ;d]tsf]6]08/ lgodfg';f/ cfx\jfg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .ljljw

ljljw ljifodf 5nkmn x'“bf lgDgfg';f/ ug]{lg0f{o ul/of] M

s=s=s=s=s= la:s]6 hfqfsf] qmddf r}q #) ut] ln+uf]p7fpg] Nof]+l; uM sf] cfsf/ a9fpg] Pj+ To; If]qdf dd{t;+ef/ ug]{ sfo{sf nflu >L e}/jgfy hfqf Joj:yfkg;xof]u ;ldltaf6 ldlt @)&$.!@.!^ ut] k|fKt kqcg';f/pQm ;+:yfnfO{ o; gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 ?=&),))).–

-cIf/]kL ;Q/L xhf/ ¿k}of dfq_ dd{t ;+ef/ sf]ifaf6cfly{s ;xof]ucfly{s ;xof]ucfly{s ;xof]ucfly{s ;xof]ucfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

v=v=v=v=v= o; eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] cfof]hgfdf ^hgf v]nf8L;d]t latf{df]8, emfkfdf v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfsf]nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ ?=!,%),))).– j8fcWoIf >Lxl/k|;fb af;'snfaf6 k]ZsL lng' eO{ sfo{qmd kl5 ?=&@,#$%.–a/fa/ vr{ / af“sL ?=&&,^%%.– a}+s bflvnf ug'{ePsf] x'“bfjxf“sf] gfdsf] k]ZsL km5\of}{6k]ZsL km5\of}{6k]ZsL km5\of}{6k]ZsL km5\of}{6k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ul/lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

u=u=u=u=u= o; eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf6 @)&$ kmfu'g #ut]b]lv * ut];Dd cGt/ gu/ d]o/ sk k|ltof]lutfsfnflu kqfrf/ ug{ lrtjg, gjnk/f;L, ¿kGb]xL, slknj:t'/ kfNkf e|d0f hfg j8fcWoIf >L /ljGb| HofVjaf6?=$),))).– k]ZsL lng'ePsf]df ?=!@,@*).– vr{ / kmf“6jf/L/ af“sL ?=@&,&@).– a}+s bflvnf ug'{ePsf] x'“bf jxf“sf]gfdsf] k]ZsL km5\of}{6k]ZsL km5\of}{6k]ZsL km5\of}{6k]ZsL km5\of}{6k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

3=3=3=3=3= @)&$.(.@! ut]b]lv lhNnfJofkL km'6ank|ltof]lutfdf l6d v]nf8L ;xefuL u/fPsf] cfjZosvr{ ?=$),^().– vr{ ;dy{g u/L j8fcWoIf >L Zofds[i0fvqLnfO{ e'QmfgLe'QmfgLe'QmfgLe'QmfgLe'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

ª=ª=ª=ª=ª= o; eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfaf6 ;fdflhs ;'/IffeQf ljt/0f ug{ cfjZos lgDg j8f cWoIfx¿nfO{ k]ZsLlbPsf] k]ZsL km5\of}{6k]ZsL km5\of}{6k]ZsL km5\of}{6k]ZsL km5\of}{6k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M -aS;df_-aS;df_-aS;df_-aS;df_-aS;df_

r=r=r=r=r= @)&$ ;fnsf] ljhof bzdLsf] cj;/dfdlGb/ kf6Ldf emn/ /fVg] sfo{sf] nflu j8f g+= $ sfcWoIf >L s'df/ rjfnaf6 ?=%),))).– k]ZsL dWo] vr{?=@%,!@^.– / af“sL ?=@$,**$.– bflvnf u/L k]ZsLk]ZsLk]ZsLk]ZsLk]ZsLkm5\of}{6km5\of}{6km5\of}{6km5\of}{6km5\of}{6 ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

5=5=5=5=5= o; sfof{nosf] ljleGg sfo{qmdsf] nflucfjZos km\n]S; lk|G6 u/]sf] ?=@*,@$$.– l;:sf] km\n]S;lk|G6nfO{ e'QmfgLe'QmfgLe'QmfgLe'QmfgLe'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

h=h=h=h=h= @)&$.!!.# ut] d]o/ sk elnan k|ltof]lutfpb\3f6g ;df/f]xsf] nflu cfjZos ;fp08 l;i6d k|of]u


40

u/]sf] ?=@(,#*).– af; On]S6«f]lgs 6«]8nfO{ lbg] e'QmfgLe'QmfgLe'QmfgLe'QmfgLe'QmfgLlg0f{o ul/of] .

em=em=em=em=em= o; eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfdf ljleGg ljifosf]nflu w/f}6L /fv]sf]df w/f}6L lkmtf{ lng cfpg] lgj]bsn];fydf /fVg'kg]{ JolQm;“u ;DalGwt ;Ssn ef}r/ x/fPsf]egL tn pNn]lvt JolQmx¿n] lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] x'“bf tnpNn]lvt JolQmx¿nfO{ a}+saf6 k|ltlnlk ef}r/ lng nufO{s/ zfvfsf] ;DalGwt sd{rf/Laf6 w/f}6L /]s8{ x]/Lzfvfsf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ w/f}6L lkmtf{w/f}6L lkmtf{w/f}6L lkmtf{w/f}6L lkmtf{w/f}6L lkmtf{ lbg] lg0f{oul/of] . ;fy} gSsnL ef}r/cg';f/ w/f}6L lkmtf{ lbPsf]/]s8{ /fVg] lg0f{o ul/of] M

`= k]ZsL km5\of{}6`= k]ZsL km5\of{}6`= k]ZsL km5\of{}6`= k]ZsL km5\of{}6`= k]ZsL km5\of{}6 ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf lgDgcg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] Ms_ k]ZsL km5\of}{6

v_ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt cg'df]bgpkef]Qmf ;ldlt cg'df]bgpkef]Qmf ;ldlt cg'df]bgpkef]Qmf ;ldlt cg'df]bgpkef]Qmf ;ldlt cg'df]bg ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf lgDgcg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M

tkl;n


41

u_ cGo

6=6=6=6=6= eQmk'/ g=kf=af6 eQmk'/ gu/sf] ljleGgj8fsf] 6f]nx¿df 6\of+s/af6 vfg]kfgL ljt/0f6\of +s/af6 vfg]kfgL ljt/0f6\of +s/af6 vfg]kfgL ljt/0f6\of +s/af6 vfg]kfgL ljt/0f6\of +s/af6 vfg]kfgL ljt/0fsf]nflu % xhf/ / & xhf/ ln6/sf] k|lt 6«Lk k|lt lbgb]xfocg';f/sf k|f=ln=sf] sf]6]zg k/]sf]df ;aeGbf sdb/ pNn]v ug]{ >L g]r'/n l8«+ls· jf6/sf] sf]6]zg :jLs[tug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .tkl;n

7=7=7=7=7= e=g=kf=j8f g+= @ Jof;Ll:yt ko{6g ;"rgfs]Gb|sf] nflu ;fn sf7 ;DaGwL em\ofn agfpg] sfo{dfsf7 ;dod} pknAw gePsf] x'“bf Dofb ykDofb ykDofb ykDofb ykDofb yksf] nflu /fh'sf]h'sf] lgj]bg k]z ePsf] x'“bf @)&% c;f/ d;fGt;Ddsf]nflu Dofb yk ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

8=8=8=8=8= @)&$.!).@* ut] ljxfg $M)) ah] e=g=kf=j8f g+= !) l:yt yfnf5+] gfu kf]v/Ldf cfunfuL eO{Iflt ePsf b]xfosf cfunfuL kLl8t JolQmx¿af6 cfly{s;xof]usf] nflu lgj]bg k]z ePsf] x'“bf lghx¿nfO{ o;g=kf=sf] ljkb\ Joj:yfkg sf]ifaf6 k|lt 3/ ?=@%,))).–

sf b/n] cfly{s ;xof]ucfly{s ;xof]ucfly{s ;xof]ucfly{s ;xof]ucfly{s ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] lg0f{o ul/of]Mtkl;n qm=;+=qm=;+=qm=;+=qm=;+=qm=;+= j8f g+=j8f g+=j8f g+=j8f g+=j8f g+= gfd gfd gfd gfd gfd /sd /sd /sd /sd /sd ! !) afa'sfhL lzNksf/ @%,))).– @ P] /fw]Zofd 36'jf @%,))).– # P] a'l4 s'df/ gflkt @%,))).–

9=9=9=9=9= e=g=kf= sf] qmfkm\6 k]k/ ln= sf] lhG;L;fdfg lg/LIf0f u/L lhG;L lg/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf nflupQm ln=sf] sfuh, ;fdfg / sfuhx¿af6 pTkflbt;fdfg uGtL ug{ ldlt @)&$.!).!% sf] ;b/ l6Kk0fLcg';f/HofdL nufO{ ldlt @)&$.!).@@ b]lv @)&$.!!.#) ;DdhDdfdf !)^ hgf HofdL nufO{ pQm ;fdfg uGtL u/fOPsf]!)^ hgf HofdLsf] hDdf ?=&$,@)).– e'QmfgLe'QmfgLe'QmfgLe'QmfgLe'QmfgL lbg]lg0f{o ul/of] .

0f= pkef ]Qmf ;ldlt tyf cg'udg tyf0f= pkef ]Qmf ;ldlt tyf cg'udg tyf0f= pkef ]Qmf ;ldlt tyf cg'udg tyf0f= pkef ]Qmf ;ldlt tyf cg'udg tyf0f= pkef ]Qmf ;ldlt tyf cg'udg tyflg/LIf0f cg'df]bglg/LIf0f cg'df]bglg/LIf0f cg'df]bglg/LIf0f cg'df]bglg/LIf0f cg'df]bg ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf b]xfocg';f/pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g e} cfPsf] cg'df]bg ug]{ lg0f{oul/of] M

s= of]hgfsf] gfdMs= of]hgfsf] gfdMs= of]hgfsf] gfdMs= of]hgfsf] gfdMs= of]hgfsf] gfdM e=g=kf=j8f g+= ( oftf5]+l:yt oftf5]+ af6f]df dd{t sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdM!= cWoIf M >L /fh]z lrqsf/


42

@= ;lrj M >L r08]Zj/L ;f+ufdL#= sf]iffWoIf M >L of]u]Gb|k|;fb >]i7$= ;b:o M >L gfltaxfb'/ lrqsf/%= ;b:o M >L k"0f{ kn+sdL{^= ;b:o M >L nIdLaxfb'/ b'jfn&= ;b:o M >L d+unf ;f+ufdLcg'udg ;ldltcg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L hutnfn dfgGw/@= ;b:o M >L ;'lgn h+ud#= ;b:o M >L s[i0faxfb'/ dfgGw/$= ;b:o M >L /fh' dfgGw/%= ;b:o M >L /TgZj/L rjfn -b'jfn_

v= of ]hgfsf ] gfd Mv= of ]hgfsf ] gfd Mv= of ]hgfsf ] gfd Mv= of ]hgfsf ] gfd Mv= of ]hgfsf ] gfd M e=g=kf=j8f g+= (tf }nf5 ] + l :yt tnf t ' +y L kf6L k 'gM lgdf {0 fsfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdM!= cWoIf M >L cf;s'df/ k|hfklt@= ;lrj M >L ;Togf/fof0f k|hfklt#= sf]iffWoIf M >L ;'ldqf k|hfklt$= ;b:o M >L s]bf/gf/fo0f k|hfklt%= ;b:o M >L gftLdfof k|hfklt^= ;b:o M >L uf}td k|hfklt&= ;b:o M >L lji0f's]z/L k|hfkltcg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L 1fg;fu/ k|hfklt@= ;b:o M >L ab|L k|hfklt#= ;b:o M >L b]jk|;fb k|hfklt$= ;b:o M >L s[i0feQm k|hfklt%= ;b:o M >L lji0f'k|;fb k|hfklt

t=t=t=t=t= o; gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v /hgL hf]zLsf]a'af gf/fo0f/fh hf]zLsf] ldlt @)&$ r}q !% ut] c;fdloslgwg ePsf]df d[tsk|lt >4f~hnL tyf zf]s ;GtKtkl/jf/nfO{ xflb{s ;dj]bgfxflb{s ;dj]bgfxflb{s ;dj]bgfxflb{s ;dj]bgfxflb{s ;dj]bgf k|s6 ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

ldlt @)&% j}zfv & ut] z'qmaf/

lg0f{ox¿ MpTs[i6 v]nf8L ;Ddfg

o; gu/kflnsfn] x/]s jif{ eQmk'/ lhNnfsfljleGg v]ns'b ljwfsf pTs[i6 v]nf8Lx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{cfPsf]df o; jif{ @)&% j}zfv * ut] zlgjf/ ljxfg&M)) ah] egkf j8f g+= (, bQfqoaf6 ¥ofnL z'? u/L

gu/ kl/qmdf u/]/ egkf j8f g+= # b/af/ If]qdf ;Ddfg;df/f]x cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] . pQm sfo{qmddfgu/kflnsfsf ;Dk"0f{ hgk|ltlglwx¿ tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{kf]zfs;lxt ;dod} pkl:yt x'g cfu|x ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .Vjk c:ktfnsf] gS;f l8hfOg

o; gu/kflnsfåf/f lgdf {0f ul/g] Vjkc:ktfnsf] ejg lgdf{0f;DaGwL gS;f l8hfOgnfO{ clGtd¿k k|bfg ug{ ldlt @)&$ r}q @) ut]sf] af]8{ a}7saf6ul7t lj1 ;d"xn] gS;f;DaGwL cWoog 5nkmn u/L@)&% j}zfv % ut] k|ltj]bg a'emfPsf]df lj1 ;d"xnfO{gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ul/of] .

;fy} lj1 ;d"xsf] ;Nnfx, ;'emfjcg';f/c:ktfnsf] gS;fnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L Structural Design

;d]t ug{ k|fljlwsx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .ljljw


s=s=s=s=s= k|l;4 la:s]6 hfqfsf] qmddf egkf % l:ytNof]l;+Vodf ln+uf] p7fpg ;lhnf] / ;'/lIft ug]{ x]t'n] !%lkm6 cUnf] kmnfd] Rjf“nf agfpg :yfgLo hg;]jf ljsf;d08nsf ;lrj an/fd lGx;'t"n] ldlt @)&$ r}q @( ut]o; gu/kflnsfdf btf{ u/fPsf] lgj]bgadf]lhd pQmd08nnfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u :j¿k ?=%),))).– -cIf]/]kLkrf; xhf/ ¿k}of“ dfq_ k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

v=v=v=v=v= ldlt @)&$ kmfu'g # ut]b]lv * ut];Ddd]o/ sk elnan k|ltof]lutfsf] nflu cfjZos Joj:yfug{ ?=!),)),))).– j8f cWoIf >L Zofds[i0f vqLaf6k]ZsL lng' eO{ sfo{qmd kl5 ?=!),*$,(#*.– vr{ k]z ug'{ePsf] x'“bf ?=!) nfv k]=km= u/L gk'u ?=*$,(#*.–e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

u=u=u=u=u= j8f g+= ^ df ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0fug{ j8fcWoIf >L xl//fd ;'jfnaf6 ?=#&,**,))).–k]ZsL lng' eO{ eQf ljt/0f kl5 ?= #^,#(,@)).– vr{ug'{ eO{ af“sL ?=!,$*,*)).– a}+s bflvnf ug'{ePsf] x'“bfpxf“sf] gfdsf] k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

3=3=3=3=3= j8f g+= * df ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf ljt/0fug{ j8fcWoIf >L dx]Gb| vfodnLaf6 ?=!*,(@,))).–k]ZsL lng' eO{ eQf ljt/0f kl5 ?=!&,%*,$)).– vr{ug'{ eO{ af“sL ?=!,##,^)).– a}+s bflvnf ug{'ePsf] x'“bfpxf“sf] k]ZsL km5\of}{6 ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

ª=ª=ª=ª=ª= o; sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)&$.!!.# / * ut]


43

d]o/ sk elnan k|ltof]lutfsf] pb\3f6g, ;dfkg /kmfu'g !^ ut] xf]nL kj{ hgr]tgf sfo{qmd / r}q ! ut];/;kmfO sfo{qmd ;d]tsf] ;fp08 l;i6dsf] ef8f?=@(,#*).– e'QmfgL jf; On]S6«f]lgS; 6«]8nfO{ lbg] lg0f{oul/of] .

r=r=r=r=r= cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷)&% sf] :jLs[t jflif{ssfo{qmdcg';f/ cfo'j]{b ;]jf ;+rfngsf] nflu cTofjZoscf}ifwL vl/b u/]sf] ?=#,&$,()).– e'QmfgL z'ifdf cfo'j]{b;Knfo;{nfO{ lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

5=5=5=5=5= o; eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f ;+rflnt b]sf]–ldjf–Otfkfs] hUuf PsLs/0f cfof ]hgfnfO{ yk?=!),)),)),))).– -bz s/f]8_ C0f uPsf] cg'df]bg ul/of] .

h=h=h=h=h= lgDg uf8Lx¿ dd{t u/]sf] e'QmfgL lbg]lg0f{o ul/of] M -aS;df_-aS;df_-aS;df_-aS;df_-aS;df_

em=em=em=em=em= jfbL ;'/]Gb|dfg dfgGw/ / k|ltjfbL ;'lznf>]i7 -dfgGw/_ ePsf] ;DaGw–ljR5]b d'2fdf k|ltjfbL;'lznf >]i7 -dfgGw/_ n] ldlt @)&$.%.#) df Dofb a'emLk|ltjfb g} gu/L z'? Dofb} g3fO{ a;]sf] b]lvPsf] ;fy}d'n'sL P]g nf]Ug] :jf:gLsf] dxnsf] !-s_ adf]lhd o;ljifodf gu/kflnsfaf6 ;DalGwt lhNnf cbfntdfk7fpg] sfg'gL Joj:yf ePsf] x'“bf ;f]sf] nflu e=g=kf=af]8{ a}7sdf k]z ug]{ Goflos ;ldltsf] ldlt @)&$.!!.!*ut]sf] lg0f{o ;fy k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLn]s'g} k|ltjfb} gu/L kIf ldnfg ;d]t gePsf] cj:yfdf;DemfO{ a'emfO{ d]nldnfk u/fpg] cj:yf g} gePsf]x'“bf sfg"gadf]lhd ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] nflu ;DalGwtlhNnf cbfntdf jfbLnfO{ tf/]v tf]sL k7fpg] lg0f{oul/of ] .

`=`=̀=`=`= pkef]Qmf ;ldlt tyf cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0fcg'df]bg ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf b]xfocg';f/ pkef]Qmf;ldlt u7g eO{cfPsf] cg'df]bg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M

s= of]hgfsf] gfd Ms= of]hgfsf] gfd Ms= of]hgfsf] gfd Ms= of]hgfsf] gfd Ms= of]hgfsf] gfd M e=g=kf=j8f g+= % l:ytsDkf]i6 KnfG6 If]q ;'wf/ sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdM!= cWoIf M >L gf/fo0fk|;fb Tjfgfaf;'@= ;lrj M >L cf;s'df/ drfd;L#= sf]iffWoIf M >L ;/:jtL l;+Vjfn$= ;b:o M >L ;fu/ Bf]nf%= ;b:o M >L lzj Bf]nf^= ;b:o M >L b]jL /fhrn&= ;b:o M >L /fhdlt sdf{rfo{*= ;b:o M >L Zofd Bf]nf(= ;b:o M >L /fd]Zj/ drfd;Lcg'udg ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L an/fd lGx;'t'@= ;b:o M >L r/0f Bf]nf#= ;b:o M >L dfOnfafa' Bf]nf$= ;b:o M >L an/fd l;aGhf/%= ;b:o M >L g'jf d/f+0fL

v= of]hgfsf] gfd Mv= of]hgfsf] gfd Mv= of]hgfsf] gfd Mv= of]hgfsf] gfd Mv= of]hgfsf] gfd M e=g=kf=j8f g+= * l:ytlnjfnL Vjk O{lGhlgol/· sn]h hfg] af6f] 5]psf] k]6L;'wf/ sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd M!= cWoIf M >L s[i0fuf]ljGb nfvfh'@= ;lrj M >L /fh' uf];fO{#= sf]iffWoIf M >L lr/Ld}of dxh{g$= ;b:o M >L Zofd;'Gb/ a]sf]h'%= ;b:o M >L s[i0fuf]ljGb ;f+oh'^= ;b:o M >L s[i0fZj/L uf];fO{&= ;b:o M >L /fd]Zj/L km}h'cg'udg ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L lzjk|;fb afnf@= ;b:o M >L afa'sfhL ufO{h'#= ;b:o M >L gflteQm b'd?


44

$= ;b:o M >L wgaxfb'/ l;ltv'%= ;b:o M >L ;ljgf km}h'

u= of]hgfsf] gfd Mu= of]hgfsf] gfd Mu= of]hgfsf] gfd Mu= of]hgfsf] gfd Mu= of]hgfsf] gfd M e=g=kf=j8f g+= ! l:yt;Nnf3f/L -Otfkfs]_ l:yt sf=p=vf=ln= dftxtsf]l8kaf]l/· 6\of+sL / lkmN6/]zg sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd M!= cWoIf M >L u0f]zeQm sf]h'@= ;lrj M >L s[i0f uf?#= sf]iffWoIf M >Ldlt 5f]/Ldfof b'u'h'$= ;b:o M >L k'0o/fd jfO{h'%= ;b:o M >L s[i0fuf]ljGb d'nu'7L^= ;b:o M >L a'l4gf/fo0f j}B&= ;b:o M >L bfgaxfb'/ kSsfg]jf/*= ;b:o M >Ldlt df]xgs]z/L j}B(= ;b:o M >Ldlt t'N;Ldfof b'u'h'cg'udg ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L ;"o{k|;fb >]i7@= ;b:o M >L Zofd;'Gb/ dftf+#= ;b:o M >L cfzf/fd b'u'h'$= ;b:o M >L z+vaxfb'/ l;Gtfsn%= ;b:o M >L /fd dfgGw/^= ;b:o M >L ;flxnf j}B

3= of]hgfsf] gfd M3= of]hgfsf] gfd M3= of]hgfsf] gfd M3= of]hgfsf] gfd M3= of]hgfsf] gfd M e=g=kf=j8f g+= % l:yteujtL :yfgb]lv eb|sfnL af6f] k'gM O“6f 5kfO sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd M!= cWoIf M >L /fdk|;fb nf]xnf@= ;lrj M >L t'N;Lgf/fo0f b08]Vof#= sf]iffWoIf M >L lg? nf]xnf$= ;b:o M >L nId0f nf]xnf%= ;b:o M >L lzj/fd e'h'^= ;b:o M >L rGrnf e]n]&= ;b:o M >L /fhdlt njh'cg'udg ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L ;Demgf nfv]@= ;b:o M >L an/fd lGx;'t'#= ;b:o M >L ;l/gf Bf]nf

$= ;b:o M >L lji0f'eQm Tjf+h'%= ;b:o M >L gf/fo0f bf; kml;sjf

ª= of]hgfsf] gfd Mª= of]hgfsf] gfd Mª= of]hgfsf] gfd Mª= of]hgfsf] gfd Mª= of]hgfsf] gfd M e=g=kf=j8f g+= !) l:ytgu/sf]6 ;8sdf ;dtf :s"nb]lv af“sL efudf 9n–lgsf; agfpg] sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd M!= cWoIf M >L l;l4lj/ sdf{rfo{@= ;lrj M >L /fh]Gb| x\of]ª\uf]n#= sf]iffWoIf M >L ;fljsL ;}+h'$= ;b:o M >L s[i0fk|;fb tfd|fsf/%= ;b:o M >L lzj/fd sf]h'^= ;b:o M >L zf]ef tfdfª&= ;b:o M >L gfltd}of sf]h'cg'udg ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L lht]Gb| d'g+sdL{@= ;b:o M >L k'?iff]Qd >]i7#= ;b:o M >L lji0f' dfgGw/$= ;b:o M >L :k]z vf]t]hf

r= of]hgfsf] gfd Mr= of]hgfsf] gfd Mr= of]hgfsf] gfd Mr= of]hgfsf] gfd Mr= of]hgfsf] gfd M e=g=kf=j8f g+= ! l:ytl;4 kf]v/Lsf] pQ/ n·sf k]6L dd{t ;'wf/ sfo{ ÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf ] gfd M!= cWoIf M >L s[i0faxfb'/ b'u'h'@= ;lrj M >L ldgf wf}aGhf/#= sf]iffWoIf M >L s[i0fzf]ef e'h'$= ;b:o M >L odaxfb'/ nfdf%= ;b:o M >L ;fljqL sdf{rfo{^= ;b:o M >L an/fd e'h' >}i7&= ;b:o M >L j;Gtnfn >]i7cg'udg ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L nIdLgf/fo0f /fhnjt@= ;b:o M >L u+ufnIdL jdg'#= ;b:o M >L dGh' GofO{RofO{$= ;b:o M >L s[i0fk|;fb b'd?%= ;b:o M >L afa'sfhL wf}aGhf/

5=5=5=5=5= n=O{= / k]=km= ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x' “bflgDgfg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M


45

v_ k]ZsL km5\of}6 ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf lgDgfg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M

s= n=O{=:jLs[t ;DaGwdf


46

u_ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt cg'df]bg

3_ vr{ cg'df]bg


47

ldlt @)&% j}zfv !& ut] ;f]daf/

lg0f{ox¿ Mtflnd ;+rfng ug]{

eQmk'/ gu/jf;L o'jfx¿nfO{ nlIft u/L o;gu/kflnsfsf] tkm{af6 /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehg ;+rfng;DaGwL tflnd ;+rfng ug]{ / o;sf] nflu lzIff, ;+:s[lttyf :jf:Yo ;ldltnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

o; gu/kflnsfsf] nflu cfjZos kbx¿ ;]jfs/f/df lng ldlt @)&$.!!.!( ut]sf] b}lgs ‘dhb'/’dfk|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ Dofbleq kg{ cfPsf b]xfosf kbx¿sf]b]xfosf] ljleGg ldltdf lnOPsf] cGt/jftf{ / k|of]ufTdsk/LIffdf b]xfosf JolQmx¿ ;kmn x'g' ePsf]n] of]Uotfqmdsf] cfwf/df b]xfPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ ;]jf s/f/df lngsf]nflu eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf af]8{df l;kmfl/; ug]{ egLkbk"lt{ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)&%.!.!^ ut]sf] a}7saf6 ;kmntyf j}slNks pDd]bjf/x¿sf] gfdfjnL l;kmfl/; eO{cfPsf] x'“bf l;kmfl/;cg';f/ ;kmn pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ ;]jfs/f/ ;Demf}tfsf] nflu gfdfjnL k|sflzt ug]{, Dofbleq;Demf}tf ug{ gcfPdf qmdzM j}slNks pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{lgo'lQm lbg] ;d]t lg0f{o ul/of] .tkl;n


48

;ldlt lg0f{o cg'df]bgljleGg ;ldltsf] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] lg0f{ox¿

cg'df]bg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] Mjftfj/0f tyf ko{6g ;ldlt Mldlt @)&%.!.!^ldlt @)&%.!.!^ldlt @)&%.!.!^ldlt @)&%.!.!^ldlt @)&%.!.!^

s=s=s=s=s= o; ;ldltn] x/]s dlxgfsf] ! / !% ut] ub}{cfPsf] ;/;kmfO cGtu{t @)&%.!.!% ut] e=g=kf= j8f g+=# / $ l:yt d+untLy{ kl/;/ ;/;kmfO ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .

v=v=v=v=v= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf If]qsf] kmf]xf]/ d}nfo; cl3 gu/kflnsfn] e=g=kf= ! cfnfa'+df Joj:yfkgub}{ cfPsf]df xfn pQm If]qdf :yfg cefjsf sf/0fkmf]xf]/ d}nf Joj:yfkgsf nflu csf]{ pko'Qm :yfgsf]ljsNk vf]Hg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

u=u=u=u=u= eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) l:yt P]ltxfl;ssdnljgfos kf]v/Ldf /x]sf] kfgL cTolws k|b'lift ePsf]ljifodf o; ;ldltsf] Wofgfsif{0f eO{ To; kf]v/L ;+/If0f/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu lhDdf lnPsf] sdnljgfos ;'wf/;ldlt;{u tTsfn 5nkmn ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .af]nkq /2

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !, b"wkf6L l:ytj8f sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f sfo{ >d 7]Ssfdf / cfaZoslgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ af]nkqåf/f vl/b ug{ ldlt @)&$kmfu'g @* ut] k|sflzt ;"rgfcg';f/ Dofbleq kg{ cfPsf]af]nkqdf sa'n /sdeGbf a9L ePsf]n] pQm af]nkq /2u/L k'gM af]nkq cfx\jfg ug]{ egL ldlt @)&%.!.& ut]a;]sf] d"Nof+sg ;ldltaf6 l;kmfl/; eO{ ldlt @)&%.!.!@ut] a;]sf] lgdf{0f ;ldltaf6 ! g+= j8f ;ldltsf] sfof{noejgsf] nflu k]z ePsf] >d 7]Ssf / ;fdfgx¿ vl/b;DaGwL af]nkqx¿ /2 u/L cf=j= @)&$.)&% sf] :jLs[tah]6 ?=@,#^,@^,&%%.($ dWo] xfnnfO{ hldg tNnf;Ddn=O{= ?=*!,#&,%**.#@ a/fa/sf] sfo{ qmdfut of]hgfsf]¿kdf pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t u/fpg] egL l;kmfl/; eO{cfPsf]n] ;f] ejgsf] nflu k/]sf] af]nkqx¿ /2 u/Lw/f}tL lkmtf{ lbg] / cf=j= @)&$÷)&% sf] ah]6af6xfnnfO{ hldg tNnf;Dd n=O{= cg';f/ qmdfut of]hgfsf]¿kdf sfo{ u/fpg] sfo{ pkef]Qmf ;dltaf6 u/fpg]lg0f{o ul/of] . ;fy} pQm sfo{sf] nflu u7g eO{ cfPsf]pkef]Qmf ;ldlt;d]t cg'df]bg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] .ljljw


dd{t Ms=s=s=s=s= o; sfof{nosf] jf ! u @@^$ g+= sf] uf8L

dd{tsf] nflu rfns cfz/fd gfufaf6 k]z ePsf]aLncg';f/ ?=%%,#&).– vr{ ;dy{g u/L l;l4 u0f]zdf]6/ kf6{;nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .

v=v=v=v=v= o; sfof{nosf] af ! u @@^@ g+= sf] uf8Ldd{tsf] nflu rfns /ljg sf]h'af6 k]z ePsf] aLncg';f/?=@&,&(*.– sf] vr{ ;dy{g u/L l;l4 u0f]z df]6/kf6{;nfO{ e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .Dofb yk M

u=u=u=u=u= o; sfof{nosf] nflu jf6L6fsL vl/b ug{l;naGbL b/efp kq÷ af]nkq cfx\jfg ul/Psf]df l;n=Pg=O{G6/k|fO{h]h\sf] l;naGbL b/efpkq÷ af]nkq ldlt@)&$.*.@( ut]sf] af]8{ a}7saf6 :jLs[t eO{ ldlt @)&$.(.!*ut] b'j} kIfaLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfcg';f/ !)) -Ps ;o_ lbgsf];do lbO{ cf=j= @)&$÷)&%÷%$., r=g+= !)^) ldlt@)&$.(.@! ut] sfof{b]z lbPsf]df afsL6fsL ljb]zaf6vl/b ug'{kg]{ ePsf] / ;f]sf] nflu ;+rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwdGqfnon] cg'dlt lbg'kg]{df ;do nufPsf] x'“bf lgodfg';f/kfpg] Dofb yk u/L kfpm“ egL To; l;=Pg= O{G6/k|fOh]h\n]btf{ g+= %&*@ ldlt @)&$.!@.@! ut] btf{ ePsf] lgj]bgcg';f/;Demf}tfdf pNn]lvt Dofb ;lsPkl5 yk #) -tL;_ lbgDofb yk u/L lbg] lg0f{o ul/of] .pkef]Qmf ;ldlt cg'df]bg

pkef]Qmf ;ldlt tyf cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0fcg'df]bg ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf b]xfocg';f/ pkef]Qmf;ldlt u7g e} cfPsf] cg'df]bg ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M

s= of]hgfsf] gfdMs= of]hgfsf] gfdMs= of]hgfsf] gfdMs= of]hgfsf] gfdMs= of]hgfsf] gfdM e=g=kf=j8f g+= @ 7"nf]Jof;Ll:yt kf6L k'gMlgdf{0f sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdMkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfdM!= cWoIf M >L g/]z af;'snf@= ;lrj M >LdtL r08]Zj/L ofsfdL#= sf]iffWoIf M >L cd/ af;'snf$= ;b:o M >LdtL aaLd}of n3'%= ;b:o M >LdtL sfG5L ofsfdL^= ;b:o M >L cfz/fd ofsfdL -7"nf]_&= ;b:o M >L cfz/fd ofsfdLcg'udg ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L nIdLgf/fo0f ;''jfn@= ;b:o M >L s[i0f AofGh'#= ;b:o M >L gf/fo0f ofsfdL$= ;b:o M >L s[i0fk|;fb ofsfdL


49

%= ;b:o M >L ljZj/fd ;'jfnv= of]hgfsf] gfd Mv= of]hgfsf] gfd Mv= of]hgfsf] gfd Mv= of]hgfsf] gfd Mv= of]hgfsf] gfd M e=g=kf=j8f g+= ! sf]

sfof{no ejg lgdf{0f sfo{÷kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd Mkbflwsf/Lx¿sf] gfd M!= cWoIf M >L Zofd;'Gb/ af6L@= ;lrj M >L ljs'nIdL sf]h'#= sf]iffWoIf M >L /fhg sf]h'$= ;b:o M >L ;+lutf hf]zL af;'snf%= ;b:o M >L sfG5f vqL^= ;b:o M >L dGh' GofO{RofO{&= ;b:o M >L s]zj sf]h'*= ;b:o M >L lbg]z k|wfg(= ;b:o M >L k"0f{axfb'/ b'jfncg'udg tyf ;xhLs/0f ;ldlt!= ;+of]hs M >L nIdLgf/fo0f /fhnj6

@= ;b:o M >L ljZj/fh lzNksf/#= ;b:o M >L /d]z GofO{RofO{$= ;b:o M >L gftL b]z]d?%= ;b:o M >L s[i0faxfb'/ b'u'h

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf If]qdf 3/3/af6 g} s'lxg]/ gs' lxg ] kmf ]x f ]/ 5 '6 \ofP/ ; +sng ug ] { x ]t 'n ]gu/kflnsfsf] tk{maf6 k|To]s 3/w'/LnfO{ lasf]{ ePsf]aflN6g ?=!%).–, lasf] { gePsf] aflN6g ?=%).– /sDkf]i6 lag ?=!,))).– k|lt yfgsf b/n] ljt/0f ug]{/ o; qmddf k|To]s 3/w'/Laf6 jflif{s ;kmfO s/p7fpg] lg0f{o ul/of] .k]ZsL km5\of}{6

r=r=r=r=r= k]ZsL km5\of}{6 tyf n=O{= :jLs[lt ;DaGwdf5nkmn x'“bf lgDgfg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M

5=5=5=5=5= n=O{= ;DaGwdf 5nkmn x'“bf lgDgfg';f/ ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] M


50

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf

/fhkq

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfåf/f k|sflztv08 ! . eQmk'/, df3 !) ut], @)&$ ;fn . ;ª\Vof !

efu !efu !efu !efu !efu !

:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$ sf] bkmf !)@ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L eQmk'/ gu/:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$ sf] bkmf !)@ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L eQmk'/ gu/:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$ sf] bkmf !)@ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L eQmk'/ gu/:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$ sf] bkmf !)@ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L eQmk'/ gu/:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$ sf] bkmf !)@ n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] bf];|f ] gu/;ef @)&$ af6 kfl/t ePsf] tn n]lvP adf]lhdsf] gLlt ;j{;fwf/0fsf]kflnsfsf] bf];|f ] gu/;ef @)&$ af6 kfl/t ePsf] tn n]lvP adf]lhdsf] gLlt ;j{;fwf/0fsf]kflnsfsf] bf];|f ] gu/;ef @)&$ af6 kfl/t ePsf] tn n]lvP adf]lhdsf] gLlt ;j{;fwf/0fsf]kflnsfsf] bf];|f ] gu/;ef @)&$ af6 kfl/t ePsf] tn n]lvP adf]lhdsf] gLlt ;j{;fwf/0fsf]kflnsfsf] bf];|f ] gu/;ef @)&$ af6 kfl/t ePsf] tn n]lvP adf]lhdsf] gLlt ;j{;fwf/0fsf]hfgsf/Lsf ] nflu k|sfzg ul/Psf ] 5 .hfgsf/Lsf ] nflu k|sfzg ul/Psf ] 5 .hfgsf/Lsf ] nflu k|sfzg ul/Psf ] 5 .hfgsf/Lsf ] nflu k|sfzg ul/Psf ] 5 .hfgsf/Lsf ] nflu k|sfzg ul/Psf ] 5 .

;Djt\ @)&$ ;fnsf] sfo{ljlw

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f:t/Lo ah]6 kl/rfng tyf sfof {Gjog;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)&$eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f:t/Lo ah]6 kl/rfng tyf sfof {Gjog;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)&$eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f:t/Lo ah]6 kl/rfng tyf sfof {Gjog;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)&$eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f:t/Lo ah]6 kl/rfng tyf sfof {Gjog;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)&$eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f:t/Lo ah]6 kl/rfng tyf sfof {Gjog;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)&$

k|:tfjgf Mk |:tfjgf Mk |:tfjgf Mk |:tfjgf Mk |:tfjgf Mg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL * sf] qmd;ª\Vof & df :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ¿kdf :yfgLo :t/sf ljsf;

cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfx¿;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] pQm clwsf/ If]qcGtu{tsf lqmofsnfkx¿ l56f] 5l/tf] / ;/n ¿kdf:yfgLo j8f txaf6 g} ;Dkfbg ug{ jfl~5t x'“bf j8f:t/Lo ah]6 kl/rfng / sfof{Gjog;DaGwL of] sfo{ljlw agfOPsf]5 .!= ;+lIfKt gfd / kl/efiff M!= ;+lIfKt gfd / kl/efiff M!= ;+lIfKt gfd / kl/efiff M!= ;+lIfKt gfd / kl/efiff M!= ;+lIfKt gfd / kl/efiff M!=!= ;+lIfKt gfd M of] sfo{ljlwsf] gfd eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf j8f:t/Lo ah]6 kl/rfng tyf sfof{Gjog sfo{ljlw @)&$

/xg]5 .!=@= j8f ah]6 M j8f ah]6 eGgfn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ;DalGwt j8fnfO{ k7fPsf] ah]6 /sd eGg] a'lemg]5 . o;

ah]6 /sdaf6 ;DalGwt j8fn] ;ldlt eQf, dd{t ;Def/, ljljw vr{ / j8f:t/Lo of]hgfsf] nflu vr{ ug{ u/fpg;Sg]5 .

!=#= j8f:t/Lo of]hgf Mj8f:t/Lo of]hgf eGgfn] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / jflif{s ah]6af6 kfl/teO{ j8fn] k|fKt u/]sf] ah]6cGtu{tsf j8f:t/Lo of]hgfx¿ / e}k/L jf cfsl:ds cj:yfdf jf cfjZostfcg';f/eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf af]8{af6 lg0f{o eO{ ;DalGwt j8fn] ;~rfng ug]{ egL tf]lsPsf] of]hgf eGg] a'em\g'kg]{5 .

!=$= dd{t ;Def/ M dd{t ;Def/ eGgfn] ;DalGwt j8fn] k|fKt u/]sf] ah]6af6 ;DalGwt j8fdf ul/g] Ps nfv¿k}of“;Ddsf] e}k/L dd{t eGg] a'em\g'kg]{5 .

!=%= ;ldlt eQf M ;ldlt eQfeGgfn] ;DalGwt j8f ;ldltsf] a}7s eQf eGg] a'em\g' kg]{5 .!=^= ljljw vr{ M ljljw vr{ eGgfn] ;DalGwt j8f ;ldltn] sfof{no lrofkfg, vfhfjfkt ug]{, cltly ;Tsf/sfnflu

ul/g] vr{ / e}k/L vr{ eGg] a'em\g' kg]{5 .!=&= If]q / nfu' x'g] ldlt M of] sfo{ljlw eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfleqsf j8fx¿df t'?Gt nfu' x'g]5 .@= ;ldlt eQf, ljljw vr{ / ;fdfGo dd{t ;Def/ vr{;DaGwL sfo{ljlw M@= ;ldlt eQf, ljljw vr{ / ;fdfGo dd{t ;Def/ vr{;DaGwL sfo{ljlw M@= ;ldlt eQf, ljljw vr{ / ;fdfGo dd{t ;Def/ vr{;DaGwL sfo{ljlw M@= ;ldlt eQf, ljljw vr{ / ;fdfGo dd{t ;Def/ vr{;DaGwL sfo{ljlw M@= ;ldlt eQf, ljljw vr{ / ;fdfGo dd{t ;Def/ vr{;DaGwL sfo{ljlw M@=!= ;ldlt eQf / ljljw vr{ lanekf{O{;lxt ;DalGwt j8fsf] j8f ;lrjn] vr{ ljj/0f k]; u/L j8fWoIfaf6

k|dfl0ft u/fO{ vr{ clen]v /flvg]5 .


51

@=@= ?= %))).– ;Ddsf] ;fdfGo dd{t ;Def/ j8fWoIfsf] cfb]zdf j8f ;lrjn] ug{ u/fpg ;Sg]5 / ;f]sf]lanekf{O{;lxt ;DalGwt j8fsf] j8f ;lrjn] vr{ ljj/0f k]; u/L j8fWoIfaf6 k|dfl0ft u/fO{ vr{ clen]v/flvg]5 .

@=#= ?= %))).— eGbfdfly ! nfv;Ddsf] dd{t ;Def/ j8fWoIfsf] cfb]zdf tn #, $, %, ^ / & df n]v]adf]lhdof]hgfsf] ¿kdf ;+rfng / km/kmf/s ul/g]5 .

#= of ]hgf ;+rfng lhDdf M#= of ]hgf ;+rfng lhDdf M#= of ]hgf ;+rfng lhDdf M#= of ]hgf ;+rfng lhDdf M#= of ]hgf ;+rfng lhDdf M#=!= ?= @% nfv;Ddsf] j8f:t/Lo of]hgf ;+rfng ;DalGwt j8f ;ldltaf6 b]xfoadf]lhd ;+rfng lhDdf lbg

;lsg]5 .s= ;f]em} -Hofnf_ M ?= !,)),))).– ;Ddsf] of]hgfv= cdfgt M ?= %,)),))).– ;Ddsf] of]hgfu= b/efp kq M ?= %,)),))).– eGbf dflyb]lv !),)),))).– ;Ddsf] of]hgf -gu/kflnsfsf] df}h'bf ;"rLdf

;"lrs[t kmd{, ;+:yfx¿af6_3= pkef]Qmf ;ldlt M ?= @%,)),))).– ;Ddsf] of]hgfx¿ lgodfg';f/ ul7t pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿dfkm{t .

$= of]hgf nut O{li6d]6 / :jLs[lt M$= of]hgf nut O{li6d]6 / :jLs[lt M$= of]hgf nut O{li6d]6 / :jLs[lt M$= of]hgf nut O{li6d]6 / :jLs[lt M$= of]hgf nut O{li6d]6 / :jLs[lt M$=!= ?= @% nfv;Ddsf] n=O{ ;DalGwt j8f k|fljlwsn] tof/ u/L of]hgf zfvfsf k|d'vn] hf“rkf; ug]{, ;Dkbf;“u

;DalGwt of]hgf eP ;Dkbf pkzfvf k|d'vn] hf“rkf; ug]{ / ;DalGwt j8f ;ldltsf] a}7saf6 kfl/t u/fO{cWoIfaf6 of]hgf n=O{= :jLs[t x'g]5 .

%= of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tf / /sd lgsf;f M of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tf / /sd lgsf;f b]xfoadf]lhd%= of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tf / /sd lgsf;f M of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tf / /sd lgsf;f b]xfoadf]lhd%= of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tf / /sd lgsf;f M of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tf / /sd lgsf;f b]xfoadf]lhd%= of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tf / /sd lgsf;f M of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tf / /sd lgsf;f b]xfoadf]lhd%= of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tf / /sd lgsf;f M of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tf / /sd lgsf;f b]xfoadf]lhdx'g]5 –x'g]5 –x'g]5 –x'g]5 –x'g]5 –

%=!= of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tf M of]hgf n=O{= / :jLs[lt ePkl5 dfly -#=!=_ u / 3 adf]lhd of]hgf ;+rfng lhDdfkfPsf of]hgf ;+rfnsn] j8f ;ldlt;“u cg';"rL -!_ adf]lhd of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tf u/]kl5 of]hgf ;+rfnglhDdf lbOg]5 .

%=@= dfly %=!= adf]lhd ;Demf}tf ePkl5 of]hgf ;+rfnsaf6 of]hgf n=O{= /sdsf] sDtLdf @=% k|ltzt a/fa/ jflgodfg';f/sf] /sd ;'/If0f w/f}6L gu/kflnsfsf] vftfdf hDdf u/fO{g]5 . t/ #=!=s=, v= / #=!=3= adf]lhdsfof]hgfdf ;+rfns;“u ;'/If0f w/f}6L lnOg] 5}g .

%=#= /sd lgsf;f M dfly %=@= k|lqmofkl5 of]hgf ;+rfnsaf6 of]hgf ;+rfngsf nflu /sd lgsf;f k]ZsL dfu ePdfb]xfPadf]lhd /sd lgsf;f k]ZsL lbOg]5 –

s= klxnf] ls:tfafkt s'n O{i6d]6 /sdsf] ## k|ltzt a/fa/sf] /sd k]ZsLsf] ¿kdf lbOg]5 .v= dfly %=#= adf]lhd lnOPsf] k]ZsL /sd a/fa/sf] lanekf{O{ k]z u/L ;DalGwt j8f k|fljlwsaf6 sfo{

d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bg k]z ePdf sfo{ d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df s'n n=O{=sf] &% k|ltzt;Dd x'g] u/L yk k]ZsLsf] ¿kdf lbOg]5 .%=$= /sd lgsf;f :jLs[lt M dfly %=# adf]lhdsf] /sd lgsf;fsf] :jLs[lt ;DalGwt j8fWoIfaf6 lbOg] 5 .^= of ]hgf cg'udg / lg/LIf0f M^= of ]hgf cg'udg / lg/LIf0f M^= of ]hgf cg'udg / lg/LIf0f M^= of ]hgf cg'udg / lg/LIf0f M^= of ]hgf cg'udg / lg/LIf0f M^=!= of]hgf ;+rfng ;Demf}tfeO{ sfof{Gjog x'“bf u/]sf of]hgfx¿sf] cg'udg / lg/LIf0f ug]{ lhDdf ;DalGwt j8f

k|fljlws / j8f ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf] x'g]5 .^=@= of]hgf cg'udg / lg/LIf0f ubf{ ;DalGwt j8f k|fljlws / ;DalGwt j8fsf ;b:ox¿n] of]hgf ;+rfnsnfO{ of]hgf

;+rfng / u'0f:t/ ;DaGwdf cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 .^=#= of]hgf ;+rfnsn] of]hgf;DaGwdf ;DalGwt j8f ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿, j8f k|fljlws / of]hgf zfvf k|d'v /

;Dkbf;“u ;DalGwt of]hgfsf] xsdf ;Dkbf pkzfvf k|d'vsf] lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug'{kg]{5 .^=$= of]hgf ;+rfnsn] tf]lsPsf] ;dodf sfo{ ;DkGg ug'{ lghsf] sfg'gL st{Jo x'g]5 .&= k]ZsL km5\of} {6 / of]hgf km/kmf/s M&= k]ZsL km5\of} {6 / of]hgf km/kmf/s M&= k]ZsL km5\of} {6 / of]hgf km/kmf/s M&= k]ZsL km5\of} {6 / of]hgf km/kmf/s M&= k]ZsL km5\of} {6 / of]hgf km/kmf/s M&=!= of]hgf ;+rfnsn] ;Demf}tfdf tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq of]hgf sfo{ ;DkGg u/L k]ZsL km5\of}{6 / of]hgf km/kmf/ssf


52

nflu ;DalGwt j8f sfof{nodf lgj]bg k]z ug'{kg]{5 .&=@= of]hgf km/kmf/ssf] lgj]bg;fy lanekf{O{, 8f]/ xflh/ kmf/dsf] ;Ssn k|lt of]hgf ;+rfnsaf6 k|dfl0ft u/L

;+nUg ug'{kg]{5 . t/ pkef]Qmf ;ldlt / ;f]em} ;+rfng u/fO{Psf of]hgfx¿sf] sfo{ d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df ;d]tk]ZsL km5\of}{6 / of]hgf km/kmf/s ug{ ;lsg]5 .

&=#= lgj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 of]hgf ;+rfng sfo{sf] clGtd d"Nof+sg ;DalGwt j8f k|fljlwsn] u/L of]hgf zfvfsfk|d'vaf6 jf ;Dkbf;“u ;DalGwt of]hgf eP ;Dkbf pkzfvf k|d'vaf6 hf“rkf; u/fO{ ;f]sf] clGtd d"Nof+sgk|ltj]bg of]hgf O{li6d]6 :jLs[t ug]{ kbflwsf/L;dIf k]z ul/g]5 .

&=$= dfly &=#= adf]lhd of]hgf sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] clGtd d"Nof+sg k|ltj]bg k]z ePkl5 k]ZsL km5\of}{6 / of]hgfkm/kmf/s lgj]bg ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt j8f ;ldltsf] a}7sn] lg0f{o u/L k]ZsL km5\of}{6 / of]hgf km/kmf/s ug{;Sg]5 .

&=%= dfly &=$= adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o cg'df]bgsf nflu ;DalGwt j8f sfof{non] eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf af]8{ a}7sdf k]zug'{kg] {5 .

*= ljljw M*= ljljw M*= ljljw M*= ljljw M*= ljljw Mo; sfo{ljlwdf cfjZostfcg';f/ eQmk'/ gu/ sfo{kflnsfn] ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg]5 .

cf1fn] -/f]lxt /fh kf]v/]n_k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t

k|dfl0fs/0f ldlt M @)&$ df3 !) ut]

efu !efu !efu !efu !efu !

:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P ]g @)&$ sf ] bkmf !)@ n ] lbPsf ] clwsf/:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P ]g @)&$ sf ] bkmf !)@ n ] lbPsf ] clwsf/:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P ]g @)&$ sf ] bkmf !)@ n ] lbPsf ] clwsf/:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P ]g @)&$ sf ] bkmf !)@ n ] lbPsf ] clwsf/:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P ]g @)&$ sf ] bkmf !)@ n ] lbPsf ] clwsf/k |o f ]u u/L eQmk '/ gu/kf lnsfsf ] b f ]; | f ] gu/;ef @)&$ af6 kf l/tk |o f ]u u/L eQmk '/ gu/kf lnsfsf ] b f ]; | f ] gu/;ef @)&$ af6 kf l/tk |o f ]u u/L eQmk '/ gu/kf lnsfsf ] b f ]; | f ] gu/;ef @)&$ af6 kf l/tk |o f ]u u/L eQmk '/ gu/kf lnsfsf ] b f ]; | f ] gu/;ef @)&$ af6 kf l/tk |o f ]u u/L eQmk '/ gu/kf lnsfsf ] b f ]; | f ] gu/;ef @)&$ af6 kf l/tePsf ] tn n ] lvP adf ] lhdsf ] gL lt ;j {;fwf/0fsf ] hfgsf/Lsf ] nf luePsf ] tn n ] lvP adf ] lhdsf ] gL lt ;j {;fwf/0fsf ] hfgsf/Lsf ] nf luePsf ] tn n ] lvP adf ] lhdsf ] gL lt ;j {;fwf/0fsf ] hfgsf/Lsf ] nf luePsf ] tn n ] lvP adf ] lhdsf ] gL lt ;j {;fwf/0fsf ] hfgsf/Lsf ] nf luePsf ] tn n ] lvP adf ] lhdsf ] gL lt ;j {;fwf/0fsf ] hfgsf/Lsf ] nf luk |s fzg u l/Ps f ] 5 .k | s fzg u l/Ps f ] 5 .k | s fzg u l/Ps f ] 5 .k | s fzg u l/Ps f ] 5 .k | s fzg u l/Ps f ] 5 .

e]n'v]ndf gd'gf;/;kmfOaf/] 5nkmn

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf % g+= j8f ;ldlt tyfe]n'v]n If]q gd'gf ;/;kmfO Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] ;+o'Qmcfof ]hgfdf h ]7 !% ut ] e ]n 'v ]n If ]qdf gd 'gf;/;kmfO;DaGwL 5nkmn sfo{qmd ;DkGg eof] .

sfo{qmddf j8f cWoIf k|]duf]kfn sdf{rfo{n];kmfO g} xfd|f] ;Eotfsf] klxrfg ePsf]n] gd'gf ;/;kmfOcleofgn] l;·f] lhNnf÷gu/nfO{ ;kmf /fVg] k|]/0ff ldNg]atfpg'eof] .

gd'gf ;/;kmfO Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ;+of]hs;l/gf Bf]nfsf] ;efkltTjdf ePsf] sfo{qmddf j8f ;b:oan/fd lGx;'t', ;Demgf nfv], Zoflg6]zg zfvf k|d'vlblnks'df/ ;'jfnnufotn] af]Ng'ePsf] lyof] .

:yfgLo dfOnfafa' Bf]nf, s'df/L Snasf cWoIfr/0f Bf]nf, dbg kf]8], ;fu/ Bf]nfnufotn] gd'gf;/;kmfO sfo{qmdnfO{ ;kmn agfP/} 5f]8\g] k|lta4tfJoQm ug'{eof] .

;/;kmfO sfo{qmdsf] nflu k|To]s 3/w'/Lsf]nflu xl/of] / /ftf] u/L b'O{j6f aflN6g cfufdL h]7 @@ut] jftfj/0f lbj;sf] cj;/df ljt/0f ul/g] cfof]hsn]hgfPsf] 5 .


53

;dfhjfb / xfd|f ] o'usf ;Dk"0f { dhb'/cfGbf]ngnfO{ j}1flgs hudf pEofOlbg] klxnf] JolQmsfn{ x]gl/v dfS;{ (Karl Heinrich Marx) g} x'g'x'GYof] .pxf“sf] hGd !*!* -% dO{_ df 6«]j]n -hd{gL_ df ePsf]lyof] . pxf“n] klxn] sfg'g lnP/ af]g / aln{gdf k9\g'eof] .t/ rf“8} g} pxf“n] cfkm"nfO{ Oltxf; / bz{gzf:qsf] cWoogdfnufpg'eof] .å cvaf/sf] k|d'v

;g\ !*$@ df em08} pxf“ bz{gsf] ;xfos k|fWofksaGg nfUg'ePsf] lyof], t/ k|m]8l/s ljlnod t];|f]sf]b]xfGtkl5 pTkGg /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngn] ubf{ pxf“sf] hLjgcs}{ lbzflt/ df]l8of] . pxf“sf] ;xof]uaf6 /fOgL pbf/kGyLk"“hLklt ju{sf g]tfx¿ s]Dkmf];]g, xfG;]d]g cflbx¿n] sf]nf]Ug(Cologne) df /fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·-!_-!_-!_-!_-!_ lgsfn] . /fOgL;+;bsf sfd sf/afxLaf/] pxf“sf] cfnf]rgfn] lgs} 7"nf]rfv k}bf u¥of] . To;}n] pxf“nfO{ pQm cvaf/sf] k|d'vagfOof] . /fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'· :jefjtM ;/sf/L lg/LIf0f-;]G;/l;k_ cGtu{t lg:sGYof] . t/ ;/sf/L lg/LIf0fn]To;sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;s]g .-@_-@_-@_-@_-@_ /fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'· ;bfem}+dxŒjk"0f{ n]vx¿ 5fKbYof] . klxn] t ;/sf/L lg/LIfsn]sf6\g'kg]{ s'g} s'/f] e]§fpg ;Sb}gYof] . To;n] ubf{ cflv/dfp;n] 5fl8lbg' kYof]{ jf p;n] ef]lnkN6 klqsf glgsfNgwDsL lbg'kYof]{ . /fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'· hlts} ;fx; ePsfbzj6f cvaf/ eOlbPsf] eP / To;sf k|sfzsx¿n]s]xL ;o a9L yfn/ -hd{g rf“bL d'b|f_ 5kfOdf vr{ul/lbPsf] eP hd{gLdf !*$# df g} ;/sf/L lg/LIf0fnfO{c;Dej kfg{ ;lsg] lyof] . t/ hd{g cvaf/sf dflnsx¿;fgf lrQsf sfy/ ujf+/ lyP, To;}n] /fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·/fO{lgz hfO6'·PSn}n] ;+3if{nfO{ cl3 a9fof] . To;n] Ps Ps u/]/ w]/};/sf/L lg/LIfsx¿nfO{ x}/fg kf¥of] / cflv/df To;nfO{b'O{ k6s ;/sf/L lg/LIf0f u/fP/ dfq k|sfzg ug{

kfpg] eof] . klxnf] ;/sf/L lg/LIf0fkl5 k|fb]lzsk|fb]lzsk|fb]lzsk|fb]lzsk|fb]lzsk|ltlglwk|ltlglwk|ltlglwk|ltlglwk|ltlglw-#_-#_-#_-#_-#_ n] To;nfO{ km]l/ PskN6 cflv/L lg/LIf0fub{Yof] . To;f] ubf{ klg s]xL gnfu]kl5 !*$# sf] z'?dfpQm cvaf/nfO{ lgoGq0fdf /fVg c;Dej 5 egL 3f]if0ffu/]/ ;/sf/n] ljgfts{ To;nfO{ aGb ul/lbof] .å sDo'lgi6 nLudf

o;}aLrdf dfS;{n] af]g j]:6kmfn]g – hf] kl5k|ltlqmofjfbL ;/sf/df dGqL ag], ls alxgL h]gL (Jenny

Von Westphalen) l;t lax] ul/;Sg'ePsf] lyof] . pxf“k]l/; hfg'eof] / Toxf“ P= ?hl;t ldn]/ hd{g–k|m]Grhd{g–k|m]Grhd{g–k|m]Grhd{g–k|m]Grhd{g–k|m]Grjflif{s kqjflif{s kqjflif{s kqjflif{s kqjflif{s kq-$_-$_-$_-$_-$_ k|sflzt ug'{eof] . o;df pxf“n] ‘sfg'g;DaGwL x]u]nLo bz{gsf] cfnf]rgf’ ;lxt cfÇgf ;dfhjfbLn]vx¿ lgsfNg z'? ug'{eof] . km]l/ k|m]8l/s P+u]N;l;tldn]/ pxf“n] ‘kljq kl/jf/, a|'gf] afj/ / p;sf] u'6sf]lj/f]w’ n]Vg'eof] . o;df To;tfsfsf] hd{g bfz{lgsefjjfbsf] Pp6f gof“ ¿ksf] JoUof+Tds cfnf]rgf ul/Psf]lyof ] .

/fhg}lts cy{zf:q / dxfg\\ k|mfG;]nL qmflGtsf]Oltxf; cWoog ubf{ub}{ klg dfS;{n] ;do ;dodf k|lzofnL;/sf/dfly xdnf ug{ km';{b lgsfNg' x'GYof] . ;g\ !*$%sf] a;Gtdf k|lzofnL ;/sf/n] dfS;{nfO{ k|mfG;af6 lgsfnfug]{ UjLhf]6 dGqfnosf] cfb]z k|fKt u/L pxf“dfly abnflnof] .-%_-%_-%_-%_-%_ o; dfldnfdf >L cn]Shf08/ af]g dWo:yag]sf lyP elgG5 . dfS;{n] cfÇgf] a;fO a|;]N;df ;fg'{eof]/ Toxf“ !*$& df k|'wf]+sf] ‘bl/b|tfsf] bz{g’ sf] cfnf]rgf

sfn{ dfS;{

nG8gsf] xfOu]6 l:yt sfn{ dfS;{sf] k|ltdf

k|m]8l/s P+u]N;


54

u/L k|mfG;]nL efiffdf ‘bz{gsf] bl/b|tf’ / !*$* df‘:jtGq Jofkf/sf] ljj]rgf’ 5fKg'eof] . To;sf] ;fy} pxf“n]a|;]N;df hd{g dhb'/ ;dfhhd{g dhb'/ ;dfhhd{g dhb'/ ;dfhhd{g dhb'/ ;dfhhd{g dhb'/ ;dfh-^_-^_-^_-^_-^_ :yfkgf ug'{eO{ Jofjxfl/scfGbf]ng yfNg'eof] . jiff}{+b]lv /lxcfPsf] u'Kt sDo'lgi6sDo'lgi6sDo'lgi6sDo'lgi6sDo'lgi6nLunLunLunLunLu-&_-&_-&_-&_-&_ df pxf“ / pxf“sf /fhg}lts ldqx¿ ;lDdlnt x'“bfpQm cfGbf]ng pxf“sf] nflu a9L dxŒjk"0f{ aGof] . caTo;sf] ;Dk"0f{ agf]6df cfwf/e"t x]/km]/ eof] . klxn] of]nLu w]/yf]/ if8oGqsf/L /x]sf] lyof] / ca sDo'lgi6k|rf/sf] Pp6f ;+u7gdf km]l/of] . of] hd{g ;fdflhs–hgjfbL kf6L{sf] klxnf] ;+u7g lyof] / kl/l:yltjz u'Kt/xg afWo lyof] . hd{g dhb'/ ;+3 ePsf ;a} 7fp“x¿dfnLusf] cl:tTj lyof] . a]nfot, a]lNhod, k|mfG; /:jLh/Nof08sf o:tf ;a}h;f] ;+3x¿df / hd{gLsf o:tfw]/} ;+3x¿df g]t[TjbfoL ;b:ox¿ nLusf ;b:o lyP /p7\bf] hd{g dhb'/ cfGbf]ngdf nLusf] lgs} 7"nf] b]glyof] . o;afx]s xfd|f] nLu To:tf] klxnf] ;+u7g lyof] h;n];Dk"0f{ dhb'/ cfGbf]ngsf] cGt/f{li6«o rl/qdf an lbP/To;nfO{ Jojxf/df l;4 u¥of] . o;sf ;b:ox¿df c+u|]hL,a]lNhod]nL, x+u]l/ofnL, kf]n cflb lyP / h;n] vf;u/Ln08gdf cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ e]nfx¿ u¥of] .å ‘sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkq’

;g !*$& df ePsf] b'O6f dxflwj]zgx¿n]nLusf] cfd"n kl/jt{g u¥of] . bf];| +f ] k6s ePsf]dxflwj]zgdf dfS;{ / P+u]N;af6 3f]if0ffkqsf] d:of}bf

tof/ kfg{ nufO{ kf6L{sf d"n l;4fGtx¿sf] JofVof /k|sfzg ug]{ lgwf] ul/of] . o;/L ‘sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf]‘sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf]‘sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf]‘sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf]‘sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf]3f]if0ffkq’3f]if0ffkq’3f]if0ffkq’3f]if0ffkq’3f]if0ffkq’ sf] hGd eof] . of] 3f]if0ffkq !*$* dfkm/j/L qmflGteGbf s]xL ;docl3 klxnf] kN6 k|sflzteof] / To;a]nfb]lv ;a}h;f] o'/f]k]nL efiffx¿df o;sf]cg'jfb lgl:s;s]sf] 5 .

dfS;{n] 8\o'T;]–a|';]n/–hfO6'·8\o'T;]–a|';]n/–hfO6'·8\o'T;]–a|';]n/–hfO6'·8\o'T;]–a|';]n/–hfO6'·8\o'T;]–a|';]n/–hfO6'·-*_-*_-*_-*_-*_ sf] k|sfzgdfefu lng'eof] . o; klqsfn] lkt[e"ldsf] k'ln; zf;gsf]cfzLjf{b (Blessing) sf] lgd{d ¿kdf kf]n vf]lnlbof] .o;n] ubf{ k|lzofnL ;/sf/n] km]l/ PskN6 dfS;{nfO{ b]zlgsfnf u/fpg vf]Hof], t/ ;s]g . t/ ha km/j/LqmflGtsf] glthf:j¿k a|;]N;df klg hgcfGbf]ng eof] /a]lNhoddf cfwf/e"t x]/km]/ cfpg] 5f“6 b]lvof], clga]lNhod]nL ;/sf/n] ljgfsf/0f dfS;{nfO{ kqmfp u/]/b]z lgsfnf u¥of] . o;}aLr k|mfG;sf] c:yfoL ;/sf/n]pxf“nfO{ Çnf]sg eP/ k]l/; kms{g cg'/f]w u/]sf] lyof] /pxf“n] ;f] cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsfg'{eof] .

k]l/;df 5“bf dfS;{n] k|mfG;df sfd ul//x]sfhd{g dhb'/x¿nfO{ ;z:q ;d"xdf ;+ul7t ug]{ / To;nfO{hd{gL k7fP/ qmflGt u/L u0ftGq :yfkgf ug]{ eGg]hd{gx¿dfem k|rlnt bf]ifk"0f{ k|rf/sf] lj/f]w ug'{eof] .Psflt/, hd{gLn] cfÇgf] qmflGt cfkm}n] ug'{k/]sf] lyof],csf]{lt/ c:yfoL ;/sf/sf n]dl6{gx¿n] k|mfG;df aGg]k|To]s qmflGtsf/L ljb]zL ;d"xnfO{ z'?b]lv g} ljZjf;3ft

u/]/ kmfNg'kg]{ ;/sf/nfO{ ;3fPsflyP . o:tf 36gfx¿ a]lNhod /jfb]gdf 3l6;s]sf lyP .å gof“ /fO{lgz hfO6'·

dfr{sf] qmflGtkl5 sf]nf]ghfg' eO{ dfS;{n] gof“ /fO{lgzgof“ /fO{lgzgof“ /fO{lgzgof“ /fO{lgzgof“ /fO{lgzhfO6'·hfO6'·hfO6'·hfO6'·hfO6'·-(_-(_-(_-(_-(_ :yfkgf ug'{eof] . of]klqsf ! h'g !*$* b]lv !( dO{!*$( ;Dd rNof] . of] To;a]nfsf]hgjfbL cfGbf]ngleq ;j{xf/fb[li6sf]0fsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ Psdfqcvaf/ lyof] . o;n] h'g !*$*sf] k]l/; ljb|f]xLx¿nfO{ k"/f ;dy{gu¥of], h;n] ubf{ o;sf ;a}lx:;]bf/x¿ o;af6 kG5]/ uP ./fhf tyf /fhk | ltlglwb ] lvk ' ln;;Ddsf ;f/f ‘kljq’/fO{lgz hfO6'Ë / Go' /fO{lgz hfO6'Ë cvaf/


55

rLhdfly xdnf ug]{df gof“ /fO{lgz hfO6'·gof“ /fO{lgz hfO6'·gof“ /fO{lgz hfO6'·gof“ /fO{lgz hfO6'·gof“ /fO{lgz hfO6'·n] Tof]klg To;tfsf *))) ;}lgs ePsf] k|lzofnL lsNnfdf/x]/ h'g ‘lrDaf]/]hf]‘lrDaf]/]hf]‘lrDaf]/]hf]‘lrDaf]/]hf]‘lrDaf]/]hf]-!)_-!)_-!)_-!)_-!)_ h:t} ‘w[i6tf’ u/]sf] egL qmo'hqmo'hqmo'hqmo'hqmo'hhfO6'·hfO6'·hfO6'·hfO6'·hfO6'·-!!_-!!_-!!_-!!_-!!_ n] nufPsf] cf/f]k Joy{df uof] . k|ltlqmofjfbLaGg k'u]sf /fO{g pbf/kGyL ujf+/x¿sf] cvaf/dflysf]l/; v]/ uof] . ;g\ !*$* sf] z/bdf nfdf] ;do;Ddkmf}hL sfg'g -df;{n n_ n] cvaf/nfO{ lgnDag u/]sf]klg l;Q}“df uof] . klqsflj?4 sfg"gL sf/afxL rnfpgegL hd{gsf] dGqfnon] y'k|} n]vx¿df cfklQ hgfp“b}sf]nf]gsf ;/sf/L jlsnnfO{ u/]sf] tflstf klg v]/uof] . k'ln;sf] gfsd'lg g} klqsfsf] ;Dkfbg / d'b|0fzfGtk"j{s x' “b } uof] . hlt a9L To;n] ;/sf/ /k"“hLkltju{dfly tLj| ¿kdf xdnf u¥of] Tolts} dfqfdfTo;sf] ljt/0f / OHht a9]/ uof] . gf]e]Da/ !*$* dfk|lzofnL kmf}hL ljb|f]x x'“bf, gof“ /fO{lgz hfO6'·gof“ /fO{lgz hfO6'·gof“ /fO{lgz hfO6'·gof“ /fO{lgz hfO6'·gof“ /fO{lgz hfO6'·n]cfÇgf] k|To]s c°sf] lz/fgLdf s/ gltg{ / lx+;fsf];fdgf lx+;fn] ug{ hgtfnfO{ cfx\jfg u¥of] . ;g\ !*$(sf] a;Gtdf pQm sf/0f / csf]{ Pp6f n]v 5flkPsf]sf/0fn] ubf{ To;dfly d'2f rnfOof], t/ b'j} k6s Tof]bf]ifd'Qm /x\of] . cflv/df b|]:b]g / /fO{g k|fGtdf !*$(sf] dO{ ljb|f]xnfO{ bafO;s]kl5 / 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf kmf}hsf]PsqLs/0f / ;~rfng u/L afb]g–k]n]ltg]t ljb|f]xsf]lj?4 k|lzofnL cleofg yfln;s]kl5 gof“ /fO{lgzgof“ /fO{lgzgof“ /fO{lgzgof“ /fO{lgzgof“ /fO{lgzhfO6'·hfO6'·hfO6'·hfO6'·hfO6'·nfO{ an k|of]uåf/f bafpg cfkm" alnof] ePsf];/sf/nfO{ ljZjf; nfUof] . /ftf] d;Ln] 5fk]sf] clGtdc° !( dO{ tfl/vdf lg:Sof] .å dfS;{ n08gdf

dfS;{ km]l/ k]l/; hfg'eof] . t/ !# h'g !*$(sf] k|bz{gsf] s]xL xKtfkl5, k|mfG;]nL ;/sf/n] pxf“nfO{cfÇgf] a;fO la6fgL k|fGtdf ;fg]{ xf] of k|mfG; 5f8\g] xf],b'O{6fdf Pp6f /f]Hg] cfb]z lbof] . pxf“n] kl5Nnf] /f]Hg'eO{ n08g hfg'eof] / To;a]nfb]lv pxf“ c6'6 ¿kdf ToxL+/xg'ePsf] 5 .

;g\ !*%) df x\ofdau{af6 gof “ /fO{lgzgof“ /fO{lgzgof“ /fO{lgzgof“ /fO{lgzgof“ /fO{lgzhfO6'·hfO6'·hfO6'·hfO6'·hfO6'·-!@_-!@_-!@_-!@_-!@_ sf] ;dLIffsf] ¿kdf k|sfzg hf/L /fVg]k|of; ug'{eof] . t/ k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿sf] emg\ emg\ a9\bf]lx+;fn] ubf{ s]xL ;dokl5 5f8\g' k¥of] . l8;]Da/ !*%!df k|mfG;df kmf}hL ljb|f]xkl5 dfS;{n] ‘n'O{ af]gfkf6{sf]c7f/f}+ a|d]/’ 5kfpg' eof] -Go"of]s{af6 !*%* df, bf];|f];+:s/0f o'4eGbf s]xL klxn] x\ofdau{af6 !*^( df_ .;g\ !*%# df pxf“n] ‘sf]nf]g sDo'lgi6 d'2faf/] tYox¿sf]

k|sfzg’ n]Vg'eof] -klxnf] af:n]df, kl5 af]:6gdf / xfn}km]l/ lnlKhudf k|sflzt_ .

sf]nf]g sDo'lgi6 nLusf ;b:ox¿dfly cleof]unfu]kl5 dfS;{ /fhg}lts cfGbf]ngaf6 cnlUug' eof] /pxf“ bz jif{;Dd /fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf] If]qdf la|l6;Do'lhodsf] k':tsfnodf /x]sf] 7"nf] e08f/sf] cWoogub}{ hfg'eof] . ;fy} Go"of]s{ l6«Ao'gsf] nflu n]vx¿ klgn]Vb} hfg'eof] . Go"of]s{ l6«Ao'gGo"of]s{ l6«Ao'gGo"of]s{ l6«Ao'gGo"of]s{ l6«Ao'gGo"of]s{ l6«Ao'g-!#_-!#_-!#_-!#_-!#_ df cd]l/sL u[xo'4sf]yfngL;Dd pxf“af6 k7fOPsf n]vx¿ dfq xf]Og, o'/f]ktyf Pl;ofsf] l:yltaf/] pxf“sf cu|n]vx¿ klg 5flkP .a]nfotsf] clws[t b:tfj]hx¿sf] k"/f cWoogsf] cfwf/dfpxf“n] n8{ kfd:6{gsf] lj/f]wdf n]Vg'ePsf] n]vx¿ n08gdfk'l:tsfsf/df 5flkP .

;g\ !*%( df -aln{g, 8' +s/df_ k|sflzt‘/fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf] cfnf]rgf – Ps k|of; -efu !_’df pxf“sf] w]/} jif{b]lvsf] cy{zf:q;DaGwL l;4fGtnufotd"No;DaGwL dfS;{jfbL l;4fGtsf] klxnf] pko'Qm -Jojl:yt_JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . O6fnL o'4O6fnL o'4O6fnL o'4O6fnL o'4O6fnL o'4-!$_-!$_-!$_-!$_-!$_ sf] a]nfdf n08gaf6lg:sg] hd{g cvaf/ ‘8f; af]Ns’‘8f; af]Ns’‘8f; af]Ns’‘8f; af]Ns’‘8f; af]Ns’-!%_-!%_-!%_-!%_-!%_ df pxf“n] To;tfsfcfkm"nfO{ pbf/kGyL b]vfpg vf]Hg] / lylrPsf hfltx¿sf]d'lQmbftfsf] :jf“u /Rg] af]gfkf6{jfbdfly / t6:ytfsf]lgx'“df cfÇgf] b'gf] ;f]‰ofpg vf]Hg] tTsfnLg k|lzofnLgLltsf] klg rsf]{ cfnf]rgf ug'{eof] . o; ;DaGwdf >Lsfn{ af]U6sf] rsf]{ cfnf]rgf ug'{ klg cfjZos kg{ uof]lsgeg] To;a]nf p;n] /fhs'df/ g]kf]lnog -Knf]g Knf]g_sf] cfb]zdf / n'O{ g]kf]lnogsf] k};f vfP/ hd{gLsf]t6:ytf / ;xfg'e"ltsf nflu cfGbf]ng rnfp“b} lyof] .o;sf] hjfkmdf af]U6n] cTolws lgGbgLo / ;/f;/ em"6fcf/f]kx¿ nufp“bf dfS;{n] ‘>L af]U6’ -n08g, !*^)_n]v]/ To;sf] hjfkm lbg'eof] . pQm k':tsdf af]U6 /

dfS;{ / P+u]N;sf] k|ltdf


56

;fd|fHojfbL u'6sf c¿ gSsnL k|hftGqjfbLx¿sf] kf]nvf]lnPsf] lyof] . ;fy} aflx/ tyf leqL b'j} k|df0fsf]cfwf/df af]U6n] l8;]Da/ ;fd|fHol8;]Da/ ;fd|fHol8;]Da/ ;fd|fHol8;]Da/ ;fd|fHol8;]Da/ ;fd|fHo-!^_-!^_-!^_-!^_-!^_ af6 3'; vfPsf]s'/f k|dfl0ft ul/lbPsf] lyof] . b; jif{kl5 To;sf] k'li6klg eof], !*&) df To'n/L;df e]§fOPsf] / ;]K6]Da/;/sf/åf/f k|sflzt af]gfkf6{sf e/f}6]x¿sf] Ps ;"rLdfV -eL_ cIf/d'lg o:tf] n]lvPsf] lyof] M ‘af]U6– cui6!*%( df p;nfO{ $)))) k|m}+s lbOof] .’å o'ufGtsf/L s[lt

cGtdf ;g\ !*^& df dfS;{sf] dxŒjk"0f{ s[lt‘k"“hL, k"“hLjfbL pTkfbgsf] cfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f’ -efu!_ x\ofdau{df k|sflzt eof] . o;df pxf“sf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ljrf/sf] cfwf/sf] JofVof ul/Psf] 5 / ljBdfg;dfh, k"“hLjfbL pTkfbg k|0ffnL / To;sf kl/0ffdaf/]pxf“sf] cfnf]rgfsf d'Vo d'Vo s'/fx¿ b]vfOPsf 5g\ .o; o'ufGtsf/L s[ltsf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f !*&@ df k|sflzteof] . o;a]nf pxf“ pQm s[ltsf] bf];|f] efusf] tof/Lsf]nflu Jo:t x'g'x'G5 .

o;}aLr o'/f]ksf ljleGg d'n'sx¿df dhb'/cfGbf]ng km]l/ slt;Dd alnof] eO;s]sf] lyof] eg]o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf clt ljsl;t d'n'sx¿ ;dfj]z u/LPp6f dhb'/ ;+:yf :yfkgf ug]{ dfS;{sf] rL/cfsf+Iffk"/f x'g] ;Defjgf b]vfk¥of] . o:tf] ;+:yf h;n] ;j{xf/fju{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt / ;+ul7t ug{sf nflu, To;sf zq'x¿sf]d'6' ys{dfg kfg{sf nflu :jo+ dhb'/x¿ / k"“hLklt ju{tyf ;/sf/x¿nfO{ ;dfhjfbL cfGbf]ngsf] cGt/f{li6«orl/q b]vfOlbg]5 . xfn} km]l/ ?;sf] lyrf]ldrf]df k/]sf]kf]Nof08sf] kIfdf @* ;]K6]Da/ !*^$ df n08gsf] ;]G6dfl6{g xndf ePsf] hg;efdf dhb'/ ;+:yf vf]Ng]k|:tfj /flvof] / To;nfO{ a8f] pT;fxsf ;fy ;dy{gul/of ] . cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3-!&_-!&_-!&_-!&_-!&_ -OG6/g];gn_:yfkgf eof], pQm ;efdf c:yfoL ;fwf/0f ;efsf]lgjf{rg eof] / To;sf] sfof{no n08gdf /xg] eof] .dfS;{ o; ;ef / x]u dxflwj]zgx]u dxflwj]zgx]u dxflwj]zgx]u dxflwj]zgx]u dxflwj]zg-!*_-!*_-!*_-!*_-!*_ ;Dd ag]sf ;a};fwf/0f ;efx¿sf] cfTdf x'g'x'GYof] . !*^$ sf] pb\3f6gefif0fb]lv ‘k|mfG;df u[xo'4af/] ;Daf]wg’ !*&! ;DdsfOG6/g];gnsf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] k|sflzt u/]sf ;Dk"0f{b:tfj]hx¿ pxf“n] g} tof/ kfg'{ePsf] lyof] . OG6/g];gndfdfS;{sf] lqmofsnfksf] j0f{g ug'{ g} o; ;+:yfsf] Oltxf;sf]j0f{g xf] / of] o'/f]k]nL dhb'/x¿sf] ;Demgfdf cem}lhp“b} 5 .

å OG6/g];gnk]l/; sDo'gsf] ktgn] OG6/g];gnnfO{ c;Dej

l:yltdf k'¥ofOlbof], o'/f]ksf] Oltxf;sf] o:tf] ;do cufl8NofOlbof] ha ;a}lt/ ;kmn Jojxfl/s sfo{ ug]{ ;f/f;Defjgfaf6 jl~rt eO;s]sf] lyof] . h'g 36gfx¿n]o;nfO{ ;ftf} + dxfzlQm;ftf} + dxfzlQm;ftf} + dxfzlQm;ftf} + dxfzlQm;ftf} + dxfzlQm-!(_-!(_-!(_-!(_-!(_ sf] ¿kdf pEofPsf lyPltg} 36gfx¿n] o;nfO{ o;sf n8fs' zlQmx¿ ;+ul7tu/L ;8sdf pqg gx'g] l:yltdf k'¥ofOlbP lsgeg] o;f]ubf{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf xfg]{ / bzf}+ jif{;Dd dhb'/ cfGbf]ngkl5 ws]lng] vt/f lyof] . o;afx]s ljleGg lbzfaf6To:tf tTjx¿ cl3 ;l//x]sf lyP h;n] OG6/g];gnsf]jf:tljs l:ylt ga'lemsg jf To;nfO{ a]jf:tf u/]/ cfÇgf]cx+sf/ jf JolQmut :jfy{ k"/f ug{sf nflu OG6/g];gnsf]PSsf;L a9\bf] k|lti7faf6 kmfObf p7fpg vf]h] . Pp6f;fxl;nf] lg0f{o lng' k/]sf] lyof] / km]l/ dfS;{n] g} o:tf]lg0f{o x]u dxflwj]zgdf kfl/t u/fpg' eof] . Pp6fuDeL/ k|:tfj kf; u/]/ OG6/g];gnn] ljj]sz"Go tyfv/fa tTjx¿sf] s]Gb| ag]sf afs'lggjfbLx¿sf] sfdsf/afxLdf cfkm" lhDd]jf/ gePsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] . o:tf]alnbfg glbPdf cfdlj/f]wLsf] sf/0f dhb'/ cfGbf]ng g};dfKt x'g ;S5 / OG6/g];gn;“u ul/Psf a9\bf] dfux¿k"/f ug{ / cfÇgf] zlQm oyfjt /fVg c;Dej 5 . o;j:t'l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ OG6/g];gnn] ;fwf/0f ;efnfO{cd]l/sfdf ;f¥of] / s]xL ;dosf] nflu /+ud~raf6 x6\of] .To;a]nfdf / To;a]nfb]lv o; lg0f{onfO{ cS;/ lgGbful/P klg ;f] lg0f{o slt ;xL lyof] eGg] s'/f kl/0ffdx¿n]k|dfl0ft u/]sf 5g\ . Psflt/ o; lg0f{on] ubf {OG6/g];gnsf] gfp“df lg/y{s b':;fxl;s sfo{ (Putsh) ug]{;f/f k|of; /f]lsg uof] . csf]{lt/ ljleGg d'n'ssf;dfhjfbL dhb'/ kf6L{x¿aLrsf] c6'6 3lgi7 ;DaGwn] s]k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 eg] OG6/g];gnn] ;a} d'n'ssf ;j{xf/fju{sf lxtx¿sf] d]n / Pstfaf/] h'g r]tgf hufPsf] lyof]To;n], To;a]nf tuf/f] alg;s]sf] cf}krfl/s cGt/f{li6«o;+:yf geP klg cfkm"nfO{ :yflkt ug{;S5 .

cflv/df x]u dxflwj]zgkl5 dfS;{n] cfÇgf];}4flGts sfo{ km]l/ rfn" ug{ zflGt / km';{b kfpg'eof] .pxf“n] rf“8} g} k"“hLsf] bf];|f] efu k|sfzgsf] lglDt tof/kfg'{x'g] cfzf 5 .

w]/} dxŒjk"0f{ vf]hx¿ u/]/ dfS;{n] cfÇgf] gfp“lj1fgsf] Oltxf;df c+lst ug'{ePsf] 5 / tLdWo] oxf“b'O{6fsf] dfq rrf{ ul/G5 .


57

å Oltxf;;DaGwL wf/0ffklxnf] xf], ljZj Oltxf;;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ wf/0ffdf

pxf“n] Nofpg' ePsf] qmflGt . Oltxf;;DaGwL klxn]sf];Dk"0f{ b[li6sf]0f s] wf/0ffdf cfwfl/t lyof] eg] ;a}P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{gx¿sf] k|d'v sf/0f dflg;x¿sf] abln+bf]ljrf/df kfOG5 / ;a} P]ltxfl;s kl/jt{gx¿df ;aeGbfdxŒjk"0f{ /fhg}lts kl/jt{g g} xf] / ;Dk"0f{ Oltxf;dfTo:sf] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . t/, dflg;sf] dgdf ljrf/x¿sxf“af6 cfp“5g\ / /fhg}lts kl/jt{gsf k|]/s sf/0fx¿s] x'g\ eGg] k|Zg p7fOGgYof] . gof“ dtsf k|mfG;]nLOltxf;sf/ / cf+lzs ¿kn] c+u|]hL Oltxf;sf/x¿df dfqs] ljZjf; kg{ uPsf] lyof] eg] sd;]sd dWosfnLgo'udf ;fdflhs / /fhg}lts k|e'Tjsf nflu ;fdGtLs'nLgtGqsf] lj?4 rnfOPsf] ljsf;zLn k"“hLklt ju{sf];+3if{ o'/f]ksf] Oltxf;sf] k|]/s zlQm /x]sf] 5 . dfS;{n]s] k|dfl0ft ug'{ ePsf] 5 eg] cfh;Ddsf] ;Dk"0f{ Oltxf;ju{;+3if{sf] Oltxf; xf] / ;a} ljleGg ¿k tyf hl6n/fhg}lts ;+3if{x¿sf] cfwf/df dfq ;fdflhs ju{x¿sf];fdflhs tyf /fhg}lts zf;gsf] ;d:of, k'/fgf ju{x¿åf/fk|e'Tj /Iffsf] / gjf]lbt ju{x¿åf/f k|e'Tj k|flKtsf] ;d:ofxf] . t/ pQm ju{x¿sf] pTklQ / cl:tTjdf /xgfsf]sf/0f s] xf] < pQm sf/0f To:tf vf; ef}lts /OlGb|ou|fx\o cj:yfx¿ x'g\, h;leq /x]/ s'g} vf; cjlwdf;dfhn] cfÇgf] hLljsfsf ;fwgx¿sf] pTkfbg / ljlgdou5{ . dWosfnLg o'usf] ;fdGtL zf;g ;–;fgf ls;fg;d'bfosf] cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqdfly cfwfl/t lyof] . tL;d'bfox¿ cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] ;a}h;f] rLh cfkm} agfp“y],Toxf“ k|foMu/L ljlgdo x'“b}gYof] / logLx¿nfO{ z:qwf/L;fdGtju{n] ljb]zLx¿af6 ;'/Iff / /fli6«o jf sd;]sd/fhg}lts Pstf k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] . ;x/x¿sf] pboePkl5 / To;sf] ;“u;“u} Pp6f 5'§} sfnLu9 pBf]u /klxn] cfGtl/s / kl5 cGt/f{li6«o :t/df Jofkf/ ;DaGwePkl5, ;x/L k"“hLklt ju{sf] ljsf; eof] . o; ju{n]dWosfnLg o'udf g} ;fdGt ju{l;t ;+3if{ u/]/ ;fdGtLJoj:yfleq Pp6f ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt ju{sf] :yfg lnof] .t/ o'/f]keGbf aflx/sf] ;+;f/ kQf nfu]kl5, kGw|f}+ ztfAbLsf]dWob]lv o; k"“hLklt ju{n] lgs} a9L lj:t[t Jofkf/ If]q/ ;fy} cfÇgf] pBf]usf] lglDt gof“ k|]/0ff k|fKt u¥of] .cTolws dxŒjk"0f{ zfvfx¿df sfnLu9sf] 7fp“ sf/vfgfn]lnof] / km]l/ To;sf] 7fp“ ljzfn pBf]un] lnof] . ljzfnpBf]u ljut ztfAbLsf cfljisf/x¿, vf; u/]/ jfikrflnt

OlGhgsf] cfljisf/n] ubf{ ;Dej ePsf] lyof] . km]l/ljzfn pBf]un] k5f}6] d'n'sx¿df k'/fgf] zf/Ll/s >dnfO{aGb u/fof] / ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df jfikrflnt hxfh,/]ndfu{, ljB't tf/ cflb cfhsf gof“ gof“ ;~rf/ ;fwgx¿l;h{gf u/]/ Jofkf/dfly k|efj kf¥of] . o;/L k"“hLkltju{n] emg\ emg\ a9L ;fdflhs wg / ;fdflhs zlQmnfO{cfÇgf] xftdf hDdf kf¥of], t/ ;fdGtju{ / To;åf/f;dly{t /fhtGqsf] xftdf /fhg}lts ;Qf /x]sfn] k"“hLkltju{ nfdf] ;do;Dd ;Qfaf6 cnu /xg uof] . ljsf;sf]lglZrt r/0fdf uP/ k|mfG;df dxfg\ qmflGtsf] a]nfb]lvk"“hLklt ju{n] /fhg}lts ;Qf klg vf];]/ lnof] / ca of]ju{ ;j{xf/f ju{ / ;–;fgf ls;fgx¿dfly zf;g ug]{ ju{aGof] . o; b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g]{ xf] eg] ;dfhsf] vf;cfly{s l:yltaf/] kof{Kt 1fgsf] d2taf6 – o:tf] 1fgxfd|f] k]zfut Oltxf;sf/x¿df Psbd} cefj 5, ;a}P]ltxfl;s 36gfx¿nfO{ ;f¥x} ;fwf/0f 9·af6 JofVofug{ ;lsG5 / To;/L g} hLjgsf] cfly{s cj:yfaf6 / ;f]cj:yfåf/f lgwf{l/t x'g] ;fdflhs tyf /fhg}lts;DaGwaf6 k|To]s P]ltxfl;s sfnsf ljrf/ / wf/0ffx¿nfO{cTolws ;fwf/0f 9·af6 JofVof ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf]kN6 Oltxf;nfO{ To;sf] ;Rrf cfwf/df pEofOof] /k|e'Tjsf] lglDt n8\g, /fhgLlts, wd{, bz{g cflbdfnfUg ;Sg'eGbf klxn] dflg;n] vfgf, sk8f / a:g] 7fp“kfpg'k5{ / To;sf] nflu sfd ug}{k5{ eGg] :ki6 t/ klxn]a]jf:tf ul/Psf] tYonfO{ cflv/df To;sf] P]ltxfl;sxs k|fKt eof] .

t/ Oltxf;;DaGwL of] gf}nf] wf/0ff ;dfhjfbLb[li6sf]0fsf nflu clt g} dxŒjsf] lyof] . o;n] s]b]vfof] eg] klxn]sf] ;Dk"0f{ Oltxf; juL{o lj/f]w / ju{;+3if{df cl3 a9]sf] 5, zf;s / zfl;t, zf]ifs / zf]liftju{x¿ xd];f /x]sf 5g\ / dfgj hfltsf] ax';ª\Voslx:;fn] ;bf rsf]{ d]xgt / b'Mvsf] hLjg latfpg' k/]sf]5 . of] lsg eof] < o;sf] sf/0f s] eg] dfgj hfltsf]ljsf;sf klxn]sf ;a} r/0fx¿df pTkfbg olt sdljsl;t lyof] ls P]ltxfl;s ljsf; cGtlj{/f]wsf] ¿kdfdfq cl3 a9\g ;SYof], ;du| ¿kdf P]ltxfl;s k|ultnfO{ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt cNk;ª\Vossf] sfo{sf] ljifo 7flgGYof]/ ax';ª\Vos hgtfn] cfÇgf] d]xgtaf6 cfÇgf] lglDthLljsfsf] yf]/} ;fwg t/ ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt ju{sf]lglDt emg\ emg\ a9L ;fwg k}bf ug'{kYof]{ . Oltxf;sf] o;cg';Gwfgn], klxn] h'g ju{ zf;gnfO{ dflg;sf] b'i6\ofO“af6


58

dfq JofVof ul/GYof] To;sf] Pp6f :jfefljs / Gofo;+utJofVof k|:t't u¥of] . km]l/ o;n] s] s'/f klg l;4 u/]sf]5 eg] jt{dfg ;dodf pTkfbs zlQmx¿sf] clt rsf]{ljsf;sf] sf/0f, sd;]sd cTolws pGgt d'n'sx¿dfdfgj hflt zf;s / zfl;t, zf]ifs / zf]liftdf ljeflht/xg kg]{ cflv/L axfgf klg lanfO;s]sf] 5, zf;g ug]{7"nf] k"“hLklt ju{n] cfÇgf] P]ltxfl;s cleef/f k"/ful/;s]sf] 5, ca Tof] ;dfhsf] g]t[Tj ug{ c;dy{ 5 /pTkfbgsf] ljsf;sf] lglDt tuf/f];d]t ag]sf] 5 / o;s'/fnfO{ Jofkf/ ;ª\s6 / vf; u/L ljutsf] 7"nf]7"nf]7"nf]7"nf]7"nf];ª\s6;ª\s6;ª\s6;ª\s6;ª\s6-@)_-@)_-@)_-@)_-@)_ / ;a} d'n'sdf pBf]usf] v/fa cj:yfn]k|dfl0ft u/]sf 5g\† P]ltxfl;s g]t[Tj ;j{xf/fju{sf] xftdf,To:tf] ju{sf] xftdf uO;s]sf] 5 h;n] ;dfhdf cfÇgf]l:yltsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;f/f ju{ zf;g, ;f/f bf;Tj /;f/f zf]if0fnfO{ ;vfk kf/]/ dfq cfkm"nfO{ d'Qm kfg{;Sg]5† k"“hLklt ju{af6 lgoGq0f x'g g;Sg] u/L a9]sf;fdflhs pTkfbs zlQmx¿ ;+ul7t ;j{xf/f ju{n] xftdfn]pg\ / o:tf] Joj:yf :yfkgf u?g\ eGg] k|tLIffdf 5g\,h'g Joj:yfdf ;dfhsf] k|To]s ;b:on] pTkfbgdf dfqxf]Og ;fdflhs wgsf] ljt/0f / of]hgfdf klg efu lng;Sg]5 / h'g Joj:yfn] ;Dk"0f{ pTkfbgsf] of]hgfj4;~rfng u/L ;fdflhs pTkfbs zlQmx¿ / ltgsf]pTkfbgnfO{ slt;Dd a9fpg]5 eg] k|To]s JolQmsf ;a}plrt vf“rf]x¿ emg\ emg\ a9L dfqfdf k"/f x'g]5g\ .å k"“hL / >daLrsf] ;DaGw

dfS;{sf] bf];|f] dxŒjk"0f{ cfljisf/ s] xf] eg]pxf“n] k"“hL / >daLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ clGtd ¿kdf JofVofug{'ePsf] 5 cyf{t jt{dfg ;dfhleq / ljBdfg k"“hLjfbLpTkfbg k|0ffnL cGtu{t k"“hLkltaf6 dhb'/sf] zf]if0fs;/L x'G5 eGg] s'/f b]vfpg'ePsf] 5 . >d g} ;f/f wg/ ;f/f d"Nosf] ;|f]t xf] eGg] l;4fGtnfO{ ha /fhg}ltscy{zf:qn] k|:t't u¥of] To; a]nfb]lv clgjfo{ ¿kdf lgDgk|Zg p7]sf] 5, Hofnfbf/L dhb'/n] cfkm"åf/f l;lh{td"Nosf] k"/f lx;fa kfp“b}g, a? p;n] To;sf] Ps lx:;fk"“hLkltnfO{ ;'Dkg' k5{, o; tYol;t dflysf s'/fnfO{s;/L ldnfpg ;lsG5 < k" “hLjfbL cy{zf:qL /;dfhjfbLx¿n] o; k|Zgsf] j}1flgs ¿kn] ;xL hjfkmlbg lgs} k|of; u/], t/ ;s]gg\ . cflv/df dfS;{n]To;sf] hjfkm k|:t't ug'{eof] . hjfkm o; k|sf/sf] 5,jt{dfg k"“hLjfbL pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf b'O{6f ;fdflhs ju{x¿x'g' cfjZos 5g\– Pp6f xf] k"“hLklt ju{ hf] pTkfbg

hLljsfsf ;fwgx¿sf] dflns x'G5 / csf]{ xf] ;j{xf/fju{ hf]l;t pQm ;fwgx¿ x'“b}g / a]Rgsf nflu Pp6} dfqj:t' >d zlQm x'G5 . To;}n] p;n] hLljsfsf] ;fwgkfpgsf nflu cfÇgf] >d zlQm a]Rg' k5{ . t/ s'g}j:t'sf] d"No To;sf] pTkfbgdf / To;sf] k'g?TkfbgdfnfUg] ;fdflhs b[li6n] cfjZos >dsf] kl/df0fåf/flgwf{l/t x'G5 . t;y{ Ps lbg, dlxgf jf jif{el/dfPshgf ;/b/ dflg;sf] >d zlQmsf] d"No Ps lbg,dlxgf jf jif{el/sf nflu pQm >d zlQmsf] lglDtrflxg] hLljsfsf] ;fwgdf nfu]sf] >dsf] kl/df0fåf/flgwf{l/t x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu Ps lbgsf] nflu Pshgfdhb'/sf] hLljsfsf] ;fwg pTkfbg ug{ ^ 306fsf] >drflxG5 cyf{t To;sf] lglDt nfu]sf] >dn] ^ 306fsf]>dsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{ . clg Ps lbgsf] >d zlQmsf]d"No ^ 306fsf] >dsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ d'b|fdf kl/0ftx'g]5 . km]l/ dhb'/nfO{ sfddf nufpg] k"“hLkltn] p;nfO{p;sf] >d zlQmsf] k"/f d"No lb+b}g . ca dhb'/n]k"“hLkltsf] nflu ^ 306f sfd ul/lbPkl5 p;n] ^306fsf] >d kfPsf] abnfdf ^ 306fsf] >d lbO;s]sf]x'G5 . ta t k"“hLkltsf] nflu s]xL klg af“sL /x“b}g /To;}n] of] k|Zg k"“hLkltn] leGg} b[li6n] x]5{ . p;n] eG5,d}n] t ^ 306fsf] nflu xf]Og k"/} lbgsf] nflu dhb'/sf]>d zlQm lsg]sf] 5', / ToxL adf]lhd p;n] h:tf];'s}cj:yfdf klg dhb'/nfO{ *, !), !@, !$ jf cem a9L306f sfd ug{ nufp“5 . To;}n] ;ftf}+, cf7f}+ / cGo306fx¿sf] pkh d'Çt >dsf] pkh xf] h'g k"“hLkltsf]uf]hLdf hfG5 . o;/L k"“hLkltsf] nflu ug]{ dhb'/n]cfkm"n] Hofnfdf lnPsf] >d zlQmsf] d"Nodfq k'gM pTkfbgub}{g, a? Tof]eGbf a9L cltl/Qm d"No klg k}bf u5{ . o;cltl/Qm d"NonfO{ klxn] k"“hLkltn] lnG5 / kl5 lglZrtcfly{s lgodcg';f/ k"/} k"“hLklt ju{s} aLrdf af“8kmf“6ul/G5 . of] g} To:tf] cfwf/e"t e08f/ xf] h;af6 e"lds/ nufpg, gfkmf, k"“hLsf] ;~ro, ;f/f+zdf u}/ HofdLju{x¿n] pkef]u jf ;~ro ug]{ ;f/f wg pTkGg x'G5 .t/ o;af6 s] k|dfl0ft x'G5 eg] cfhsf k"“hLkltx¿n]To;/L g} c¿x¿sf] d'Çt >dsf] zf]if0faf6 wg k|fKtu5|{g\, h;/L bf; dflns jf ;fdGtx¿ c¿x¿sf] >dsf]zf]if0faf6 wg k|fKt uy]{ / zf]if0fsf oL ;a} ¿kx¿ d'Çt>d x8Kg] 9· / t/Lsfdf leGgtfn] ubf{ dfq km/s /x]sf5g\ . t/ jt{dfg ;dfh Joj:yfdf clwsf/ / Gofo,clwsf/ / st{Josf] ;dfgtf, lxtx¿sf] ;fdfGo d]n 5g\


59

egL ;DkGg ju{x¿af6 ul/Psf ;f/f wf]vfk"0f{ k|rf/sf]cflv/L cfwf/nfO{ klg o;n] x6fOlbPsf] 5 / klxn]sf;dfhx¿ em}+ jt{dfg k"“hLjfbL ;dfh klg ;fgf], clt sd;ª\Vofåf/f ljzfn ax';ª\Vos hgtfsf] zf]if0fsf] nfluPp6f 7"nf] ;+:yfdfq xf] eGg] s'/f o;n] b]vfPsf] 5 .

cfw'lgs j}1flgs ;dfhjfb dflysf b'O{ dxŒjk"0f{tYox¿df cfwfl/t 5 . k"“hLsf] bf];|f] efudf k"“hLjfbL;dfh Joj:yfl;t ;DalGwt oL / o:t} cGo dxŒjk"0f{j}1flgs cfljisf/x¿sf] cem ljsf; ul/g] 5 / klxnf]efudf rrf{ gul/Psf /fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf cGo kIfx¿dfklg qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g x'g]5 . dfS;{n] of] efu 5fKgsfnflu rf“8f] tof/ kfg{ ;s"g\ eGg] sfdgf ub{5' .

-h'g !*&& df lnlvt_kfb l6kf]6

!_ /fOlgz hfO6'· –/fOlgz hfO6'· –/fOlgz hfO6'· –/fOlgz hfO6'· –/fOlgz hfO6'· – ;g\ !*$@ hgj/L ! b]lv!*$# dfr{ #! ;Dd sf]nf]gaf6 k|sflzt b}lgs klqsf .o;sf] :yfkgf /fOg k|fGtsf k|lzofO{ lg/k]Ifjfb lj/f]wLk"“hLjfbL ;b:ox¿n] u/]sf lyP . !*$@ clk|ndf dfS;{o;sf] of]ubfgstf{ aGg'eof] / ToxL jif{ cS6f]a/df pxf“k|wfg ;Dkfbs aGg'eof] . pxf“sf] ;DkfbsTjdf o;sf]qmflGtsf/L tyf hgjfbL rl/q km:6fpg ;Sof] . ;/sf/n]of] klqsfdfly ljz]if s8f ;]G;/;Lk nfu" u¥of] / cGttMaGb u/fO5f]8\of] .

@_ /fOlgz hfO6'·sf] klxnf] lg/LIfs -;]G;/_ k'ln;sfplG;n/ bf]Nn];n lyof] .

#_ k|fb]lzs k|ltlglw k|fb]lzs k|ltlglw k|fb]lzs k|ltlglw k|fb]lzs k|ltlglw k|fb]lzs k|ltlglw k|lzofdf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf]If]qLo k|ltlglw .

$_ hd{g–k|m]Gr jflif{s kqhd{g–k|m]Gr jflif{s kqhd{g–k|m]Gr jflif{s kqhd{g–k|m]Gr jflif{s kqhd{g–k|m]Gr jflif{s kq– sfn{ dfS;{ / cgf]{N8?håf/f ;Dkflbt hd{g k|sfzg . jf:tjdf of] klqsfsf]Pp6} c° km]a|'c/L !*$* df k|sflzt x'g;Sof] . dfS;{sf]‘sfg'g ;DaGwL x]u]nLo bz{gsf] cfnf]rgf’ nufot dfS;{ /P+u]N; lnlvt cGo lgaGwx¿ klg o;df 5flkP hf];Dkfbsx¿sf] ef}ltsjfbL tyf ;fDojfbL b[li6sf]0fsf] kl/rfoslyof] .

%_ k|lzof ;/sf/sf] bafadf k|m]Gr ;/sf/n] dfS;{tyf ‘ejf{T;{’‘ejf{T;{’‘ejf{T;{’‘ejf{T;{’‘ejf{T;{’ -cufl8 a9_ sf cGo of]ubfgstf{x¿nfO{lgsfnf ug]{ cfb]z lbPsf] lyof] h;sf] ;+s]t P+u]N;n] oxf“ug'{ePsf] 5 .

^_ hd{g dhb'/ ;+u7ghd{g dhb'/ ;+u7ghd{g dhb'/ ;+u7ghd{g dhb'/ ;+u7ghd{g dhb'/ ;+u7gsf] :yfkgf dfS;{ / P+u]N;åf/f;g\ !*$& cui6sf] cGtdf ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . a]lNhoddf/xg] sfdbf/x¿nfO{ /fhg}lts lzIff lbg] / j}1flgs;dfhjfbsf] k|rf/ ug]{ o;sf] p2]Zo lyof] .

&_ sDo'lgi6 nLusDo'lgi6 nLusDo'lgi6 nLusDo'lgi6 nLusDo'lgi6 nLu qmflGtsf/L ;j{xf/fsf] k|ydcGt/f{li6«o ;+u7g lyof] . n08gdf !*$& sf] u[iddf ePsf]

;j{xf/f qmflGtsf/L ;+u7gx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] clwj]zgdfo;sf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . o;sf] ;+u7g / lgb]{zg dfS;{/ P+u]N;n] ug'{x'GYof] / o;}sf] lgb]{zgdf pxf“x¿n] o;sf]sfo{qmd sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkqsDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkqsDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkqsDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkqsDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ffkq n]Vg'eof] . of] nLu!*%@ ;Dd cl:tTjdf /x\of] . kl5 o;sf cu|0fL ;b:ox¿n]k|yd cGt/f{li6«odf cu|0fL e"ldsf v]n] . x]g'{xf];\ P+u]N;sf]‘sDo'lgi6 nLusf] Oltxf;af/]’‘sDo'lgi6 nLusf] Oltxf;af/]’‘sDo'lgi6 nLusf] Oltxf;af/]’‘sDo'lgi6 nLusf] Oltxf;af/]’‘sDo'lgi6 nLusf] Oltxf;af/]’ -sfn{ dfS;{ / k|m]8l/sP+u]N;, r'lgPsf s[ltx¿ ljb]zL efiff k|sfzg u[x, df:sf],!(%! efu @, k]h #)^–@#_ .

*_ 8\o'T;]–a| ';]n/–hfO6'·8\o'T;]–a| ';]n/–hfO6'·8\o'T;]–a| ';]n/–hfO6'·8\o'T;]–a| ';]n/–hfO6'·8\o'T;]–a| ';]n/–hfO6'· d"ntM o;sf lgb]{zsgLltx¿nfO{ o;sf k|sfzs tyf ;Dkfbs ?8Na6{ agag{l:68n] lglZrt u/]sf lyP . pgL lgDg k"“hLklt lyP /pu|jfbL tyf hgjfbL kf6L{x¿aLrsf ljleGg wf/fx¿nfO{d]nldnfkdf Nofpg] s'/f uy]{ . kl5 dfS;{, P+u]N; / pxf“x¿sf;xof]4fx¿sf] k|efjdf of] klqsf ;g\ !*$& sf] u[idb]lvqmflGtsf/L hgjfbL tyf ;fDojfbL ljrf/x¿sf] d'vkq aGgyfNof] . ;g\ !*$& ;]K6]Da/b]lv dfS;{ / P+u]N; o;sflgoldt of]ubfgstf{ aGg'eof] / ;DkfbsLo gLltdf ulx/f]k|efj /fVg'x'GYof] . ;g\ !*$& sf] clGtd dlxgfx¿df of]klqsf k"0f{tM pxf“x¿af6 lgb]{lzt eof] / sDo'lgi6 nLusf]d'vkq aGof] .

(_ gof“ /fOg ;dfrf/gof“ /fOg ;dfrf/gof“ /fOg ;dfrf/gof“ /fOg ;dfrf/gof“ /fOg ;dfrf/ – !*$* h'g ! b]lv !*$(d] !( ;Dd sf]nf]gaf6 lg:sg] b}lgs . of] hgjfbL cfGbf]ngsf];j{xf/f kIfsf] h'emf? klqsf lyof] . dfS;{ o;sf] k|wfg;Dkfbs x'g'x'GYof] . dfS;{ / P+u]N;n] o;sf] nflu s}of}+/rgfx¿ n]Vg'eof] . oL n]vx¿af6 hd{gL / o'/f]ksf] qmflGtsf]k|d'v ;d:ofx¿af/] of] klqsfsf] wf/0ff :ki6 kfl/Psf] lyof] .hd{g qmflGtsf] c;kmntfkl5 o;sf] k|sfzg aGb eof] .n]lggn] eGg'ePsf] 5 – gof“ /fOg ;dfrf/ ‘cfh;Dd klgqmflGtsf/L ;j{xf/fsf] ;jf]{Qd tyf hudufp“bf] d'vkqalg/x]sf] 5 .’ -n]lgg, ljb]zL efiff 5fkfvfgf, k]lsª !($&,k]h ()_

!)_ lrDaf]/]hf] –lrDaf]/]hf] –lrDaf]/]hf] –lrDaf]/]hf] –lrDaf]/]hf] – blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] Pl08h kj{tdfnfsf]Pp6f lzv/ .

!!_ qmo'h–hfO6'·qmo'h–hfO6'·qmo'h–hfO6'·qmo'h–hfO6'·qmo'h–hfO6'· -uh]6 ckm b qm;_ – hd{g b}lgs,gof“ k|lzofO{ ;dfrf/sf] nflu k|of]u ul/g] gfp“ . lsglso;sf] zLif{ efudf qm; - _ 5flkPsf] x'GYof] hf] ;}lgs zfxLn}08j}o/sf] lgzfgf;"rs lyof] . ;g\ !*$* h'gb]lv aln{gaf6k|sflzt x'g yfn]sf] of] klqsf k|ltqmflGtsf/L b/af/L u'6 /k|lzofO{ hldgbf/x¿sf] d'vkq lyof] .

!@_ gof“ /fOlgz hfO6'·gof“ /fOlgz hfO6'·gof“ /fOlgz hfO6'·gof“ /fOlgz hfO6'·gof“ /fOlgz hfO6'· – /fhg}lts / cfly{s;dLIff ;g\ !*$* sf] cflv/Ldf dfS;{ / P+u]N;åf/f of]hgful/Psf] / !*%) df k|sflzt klqsf . of] sDo'lgi6 nLusf];}4flGts tyf /fhg}lts d'vkq lyof] . o;n] !*$*–$(sf] qmflGtsfndf dfS;{ / P+u]N;åf/f k|sflzt gof“ /fOlgz


60

hfO6'·sf] sfdnfO{ rfn" /fVof] . dfr{b]lv gf]e]Da/;Dd hDdf^ c° lg:Sof] . w]/}h;f] n]vx¿ dfS;{ / P+u]N;n] n]Vg'eof] .dfS;{sf] ‘k|mfG;df ju{;+3if{, !*$&–!*%)’‘k|mfG;df ju{;+3if{, !*$&–!*%)’‘k|mfG;df ju{;+3if{, !*$&–!*%)’‘k|mfG;df ju{;+3if{, !*$&–!*%)’‘k|mfG;df ju{;+3if{, !*$&–!*%)’ / P+u]N;sf]‘hd{gLdf ;fd|fhL ;+ljwfgsf] nflu cleofg’ ‘hd{gLdf ;fd|fhL ;+ljwfgsf] nflu cleofg’ ‘hd{gLdf ;fd|fhL ;+ljwfgsf] nflu cleofg’ ‘hd{gLdf ;fd|fhL ;+ljwfgsf] nflu cleofg’ ‘hd{gLdf ;fd|fhL ;+ljwfgsf] nflu cleofg’ / ‘hd{gLdf‘hd{gLdf‘hd{gLdf‘hd{gLdf‘hd{gLdfls;fg o'4’ls;fg o'4’ls;fg o'4’ls;fg o'4’ls;fg o'4’ ;dfj]z 5g\ . pQm n]vx¿n] !*$*–$( sf]qmflGtsf/L ;f/ lgsfn]/ qmflGtsf/L ;j{xf/f kf6L{sf] l;4fGt/ sfo{gLltsf] c¿ JofVof u/]sf] 5 .

!#_ Go"of]s{ 8]nL l6«Ao'gGo"of]s{ 8]nL l6«Ao'gGo"of]s{ 8]nL l6«Ao'gGo"of]s{ 8]nL l6«Ao'gGo"of]s{ 8]nL l6«Ao'g – ;g\ !*$! b]lv !(@$;Dd k|sflzt Pp6f cd]l/sL cvaf/ . cui6 !*%! b]lvdfr{ !*^@ ;Dd dfS;{n] To;df n]vx¿ 5kfpg' eof] .dfS;{sf] cg'/f]wdf P+u]N;n] w]/} n]v n]Vg'eof] .

!$_ !*%) sf] cli6«of – O6fnL o'4 .!%_ 8f; af]Ns8f; af]Ns8f; af]Ns8f; af]Ns8f; af]Ns -hgtf_ – dO{ / cui6 !*%( sf]

aLrdf n08gdf lg:s]sf] hd{g efiffsf] ;fKtflxs . of] hd{gdhb'/x¿sf] n08g sDo'lgi6 lzIf0f ;dfhsf] cf}krfl/sd'vkq lyof] . bf];|f] c°b]lv dfS;{ 3lgi6 ;xof]uL x'g'eof] /rf“8} g} jf:tljs ;Dkfbs aGg'eof] .

!^_ ;g\ !*%@–&) df :yfkgf ePsf] k|mfG;sf] bf];|f];fd|fHolt/ ;+s]t ul/Psf] xf] . ;fd|fHo n'O; af]gfkf6{ -g]kf]lnog t[tLo_ sf] g]t[Tjdf @ l8;]Da/ !*%@ df :yfkgfePsf] lyof] .

!&_ ;g\ !*^$ sf] z/bdf n08gdf dfS;{n] klxnf]OG6/g];gnsf] ¿kdf ;'ljVoft cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3agfpg'eof] . dfS;{ / P+u]N;sf] g]t[Tjdf To;n] ljleGg b]zsfdhb'/x¿sf] cfly{s tyf /fhg}lts ;+3if{nfO{ lgb]{zg lbof],k|'wf]+jfb, nf;fnjfb, dhb'/ ;+3jfb / cGo dfS;{jfblj/f]wLljrf/wf/fx¿sf] lj?4 ;+3if{ u¥of] / dhb'/x¿sf] cGt/f{li6«oPstfnfO{ alnof] kf¥of] . ;g\ !*&@ df ePsf] klxnf]OG6/g];gnsf] x]u dxflwj]zgkl5 Jojxfl/s b[li6n] o;sf]cl:tTj vQd eof] / !*&^ df To;n] cfkm" lj3l6t ePsf]3f]if0ff u¥of] . klxnf] OG6/g];gnsf] P]ltxfl;s dxŒj, n]lggn]eGg' eP cg';f/ ‘To;n] k"“hLdfly dhb'/x¿sf] qmflGtsf/Lxdnfsf] tof/L ug{ pgLx¿sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gsf] hua;fNof] .’

!*_ cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3sf] x]u dxflwj]zgx]u dxflwj]zgx]u dxflwj]zgx]u dxflwj]zgx]u dxflwj]zg !*&@sf] ;]K6]Da/ @ / & sf] aLrdf ePsf] lyof] . klxn] ePsfdxflwj]zgx¿sf] bf“hf]df o;df ;aeGbf Jofks k|ltlglwTjlyof] . To;df efu lng] @% /fli6«o ;+u7gx¿sf ^% hgfk|ltlglwx¿df dfS;{ / P+u]N; klg x'g'x'GYof] / pxf“x¿n]To;sf] ;f/f sfdsf] ;~rfng ug'{eof] . dfS;{, P+u]N; /pxf“x¿sf ;xof]4fx¿n] dhb'/ cfGbf]ngleq ljleGg vfnsflgDg k"“hLjfbL ;+sL0f{tfjfbsf] lj?4 w]/} jif{b]lv h'g ;+3if{rnfPsf lyP ;f] ;+3if{ o; dxflwj]zgdf cfP/ 6'ª\luof] .To;n] c/fhstfjfbLx¿sf] km"6k/:t sfo{x¿nfO{ lgGbf u/LTo;sf g]tfx¿nfO{ cGt/f { li6 «oaf6 lgsfNof ] . x ]u

dxflwj]zgsf km};nfx¿n] ubf{ sltko b]zx¿df dhb'/ju{sf :jtGq /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿sf] :yfkgfsf] nflu af6f]v'n:t eof] .

!(_ pGgfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf ^ o'/f]k]nL zlQmx¿ elgg]?;, hd{gL, cli6«of, a]nfot, k|mfG; / O6fnL x'g\ .

@)_ o'/f]k / cd]l/sfsf k"“hLjfbL b]zx¿df km}lnPsf]!*&# sf] tLj| tyf uDeL/ cfly{s ;+s6tkm{ oxf“ ;+s]tul/Psf] 5 .-eQmk'/ gu/klnsfåf/f k|sflzt ‘xfd|f] k|of;’ k':tsaf6_å lrGx c+lst pkzLif{s xfdLn] lbPsf] .

;n j u'“kmf;n j u'“kmf;n j u'“kmf;n j u'“kmf;n j u'“kmfu'an]+ GxfkOu' sfn] 5Dx ;n n tf]g] t k'v'nL

jg . cg j ;n+ u'“kmf 5Dx k'v' l;y] rf]+u' e]t] rf]gfk'v'ln rf]+u' n a'n'sf rf]+u' vg . ;n xL+ xL+ xfnf u'“kmf3f]+ 3f]+ xfnf NjfPt clk+ tof/ h'n . ;n j u'“kmf Ou'wjf vgf dUofu' h';f clk+ lgDx Njfx] NjfOu' v . c+t]j ;n+ 5Dx dg' ofu' Ujfxf/ kmf]+jg . j dg'io+ sNofg\bPsf j ;n]t gsf, wg'if\ hf]gf, j ;n uof, clk+ lgDx+jg . ycs] dg'uPsf yc yfP j ;n ju' vgf, Uofgf,j u'“kmf la;]+ jg . j ;n+ jOt lnnfsn, cn] j dg'+jOt ;Lsf sPsf lan . cf UofPdfu' sf/0f\ 5'+ b'u'dv't, 5fP wf;f j ;nof ;q' ;fwg\ h'O w'+sn, cls+j ;n+ Gxfkf Oy]+ t'+ :jfwLg+ j :j5+b+ h'Ou' dtL tn .‘lh :jfwLg\ h'of h'Ot sNof0f\ nLsof Ao"’ wsf j ;n+dg'io Os] lalt+ oft . ‘c“x, cy] dHo" . c lh+ 5 lhtHofnu] h"u' ;L w'g, cflh+ uPt 5+t t}tP’ wsf j dg'io]+j ;nOt wfn .

yc ;q' ;fw] ofPdfn wsf y sSof{ ;bf+ Rof]h'Ou' Hof ofPdHo"† a? yc ldn] h'lk+ hfltOu' 5'+ s;'/;xofgf h';fg+ ldn] h'of rf]g]]u' c;n\v . 5fo\ wf;flem;+ lrlsw+u' Ov\ km]/] ofP wsf pkfo dfnf u'ln+ jx]pkfo]+ y sSof{ clwg] rf]g] dfn] j+ yu' hGd a]y{ h'nwsf ;Lls .-dNnh'of ‘O{;k+ bosftu' afv+, g];+= !)#%’ ;km'ln+_


61

g]kfn d08nsf] P]ltxfl;s n]vfhf]vf ubf{Toltv]/ s'g} /fHo cl:tTjdf cfPkl5 To;nfO{ hf]ufO/fVg'To;sf] cfly{s kIfn] lgs} 7"nf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//fv]sf]x'G5 . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfn d08nsf] cfly{s Oltxf; sf]g]{hdsf{x¿ gePsf xf]Ogg\ . t/ b]vfl;sL lx;fan] dfqcfly{s Oltxf;sf] sfddf s]xL s[lt b]vf k/]sf 5g\,h:tf] lqlj= g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -CNAS_åf/f k|sflzt ‘sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf] dWosflns cfly{sOltxf; -;+= @)%^_ /d]z 9'+u]n / P]Zjo{nfn k|wfgf· .t/ p;a]nfsf] cfly{s hLjgs} lrq0f eg] To:tf] s[ltdfkfO“b}g . To;}n] To:tf s[ltsf] nf]slk|otf klg xfdLn] st}ku]{Ng ;Sb}gf}+ .

g]kfn d08ndf dWosfnsf] kl5Nnf] v08dfb]vfk/]sf sflGtk'/, nlntk'/ tyf eQmk'/ /fHox¿sfOltj[QnfO{ dfq g]kfnsf] Oltxf; dfGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 .k/Gt' of] cjwf/0ff dWosflns /fhgLlts ;+3if{sf]kl/k|]Iodf jf:tljs hlr+b}g . g]kfn d08nleq uf]vf{nfO{klg ;dfj]z u/L o;sf] P]ltxfl;s 5nkmn cufl8a9fpg'k5{ . o;sf] /fhwfgL eg] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ;+=!*)! b]lv g'jfsf]6 sfod u/]sf lyP .

ca g]=;+= ^&( -;+=!^!^_ df uf]vf{ /fHosf]hu]gf{ x'“bf sflGtk'/sf] /fhsLo ;Qfdf /fhf dx]Gb| dNnlyP . pgsf] kfnfd} sflGtk'/sf] l;+xf;gsf nflu lgs6eljiodf cfGtl/s ;+3if{sf] k[i7e"ld tof/ x'“b} lyof] . o;}cj:yfnfO{ ku]{Ng ;s]sf] x'gfn] g} b|Jo zfxn] r]k]kf/uf]vf{ /fHo v8f ug{ ;s]sf] 5gs kfOG5 . logL ndh'ªsfsfG5f /fhs'df/ eP/ cfkm\gf] k}lqs /fHob]lv km'6]/

cfPsf x'g\ . To;}n] o; gof“ /fHodfly ndh'ªn] z'?b]lvg} cfkm\gf] bfaL ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . olt~h]n u08sLk|b]zdf @$ cf]6f /fHox¿ ljBdfg ePsfn] ltgsf] ;d"x‘rf}la;L’ sf gfdn] rlr{t /x\of] . t/, uf]vf{ /fHon]pQm ‘rf}la;L’ ;d"xdf k:g rfx]g . o;sf] tfTko{ uf]vf{/fHon] g]kfn d08ns} c+lzof/ cyjf cf+lus ;b:otfvf]lh/x]sf] cGto{ a'em\g ;lsG5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]To;s} lj:tf/dfq u/]sf x'g\ .

gof“ /fHo uf]vf{sf] o; cEoGt/nfO{ ;fy lbg]g]kfn d08ns} klxnf] /fhf x'g\ nlntk'/sf l;l4g/l;+xdNn . logn] sflGtk'/ /fhwfgLsf] k|e'TjnfO{ xf“s lbggof“ uf]vf{nL /fhf /fd zfxl;t xft]dfnf] ug{ k'u] .uf]vf{ /fHosf] oxL ;fdl/s l:ylt ljsl;t x'“b} uP/g]kfn d08nleq o;n] v]Ng] cj;/ kfP . ctM uf]vf{nfO{g]kfn d08ns} t];|f] c· dfg]/ ljZn]if0f ug]{ gof“ P]ltxfl;scjwf/0ffsf] cf}lrTo :yflkt ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

pko'{Qm g]kfn d08nsf rf/ cf]6f /fHox¿sf]k/:k/ ;+3if{nfO{ ;Dos dgg\ ug{ ltgsf] ;'/Iff k4ltnfO{cy{tGqsf] df}lns kIfsf ¿kdf :yflkt ub}{ k|:t't P]ltxfl;srrf{ cufl8 a9fpg] sf]lz; oxf“ ul/Psf] 5 .

ca g]kfn d08nsf k|To]s /fHon] cfkm\gf] ;'/Iffk|jGwnfO{ cToGt ;'b[9 kf/]sf] gu/ lgj]zsf] rrf{ gu/L/xg ;ls+b}g . o;sf] lglDt eQmk'/sf] gu/ lgj]znfO{ g}k|:yfgljGb' dfGg cfjZos x'G5 . oxf“lg/ Pp6f P]ltxfl;skIf vf]tNg'kg]{5 . eQmk'/ gu/ lgj]zsf] s'/f ubf{ of] tg]kfn d08ns} /fhwfgLsf ¿kdf /x“b} cfPsf] lyof] w]/}cl3b]lv . eQmk'/sf] o; x}l;otdf h'g dlxdfdl08tOltxf; n]lvof] Tof] kl5 Pp6f /fHosf ¿kdf cjglt x'“bfsbflk kfpg ;ls+b}g . of] l:ylt s;/L cfof] To;sf]P]ltxfl;s kIf ;+If]kdf cfn]vof]Uo 5 .

g]=;+= ^)@ sf] lxp“bdf g]kfn d08nsf] /fhwfgLeQmk'/df cl3/fh oIf dNnsf] lgwg eof] . To;nuQ}pgsf ^ hgf 5f]/fx¿dWo] Ho]i7 qmdn] /fo–/Tg–/0fdNnx¿ # hgfsf] ‘lqk'/ /fhs'n’ eg]/ ;+o'Qm zf;g:yflkt eof] . To;sf] g]t[Tj /Tg dNnn] ubf{ pgn]Toltv]/sf] cfly{s ;d[l4nfO{ lgofn]/ sflGtk'/ dxfgu/nfO{g]kfn d08nsf] /fhwfgL agfpg] c7f]6 u/] . To;}n]g]=;+= ^)$ df pgL eQmk'/af6 cfP/ sflGtk'/ dxfgu/dfcfkm\gf] zlQms]Gb| :yflkt u/] . o;af6 eQmk'/df /x]sf]/fhwfgL sflGtk'/ dxfgu/df ;fl/of] . Toltv]/ Ho]i7/fo dNnnfO{ eQmk'/ gu/df dfq ;Lldt /fvL /Tg

g]kfn d08nsf]dWosflns

cy{tGqdf cfwf/e"t/fli6«o ;'/Iff kIf

b]ljrGb| >]i7


62

dNnn] eQmk'/;lxt ;j{q cfkm\gf] g]t[TjzfnL ;Qf :yflktu/] ‘lqk'/ /fhs'n’ sf] 5q5fof“df .

o;/L sflGtk'/df /fhwfgL ;fl/Pkl5 eQmk'/df/Tg dNnsf lj?4 ultljlwsf] lemgf] :j/ ;'lgP klgpgsf] hLjge/ Toxf“ rsf]{ :j/ ;'lg+b}g . t/, g]=;+= ^$)df /fhwfgL sflGtk'/df /Tg dNnsf] b]xfGt ePkl5 eg]eQmk'/df ‘lqk'/ /fhs'n’ sf] Ho]i7td ;b:o /0f dNnsf]k|efjdf /fhwfgL sflGtk'/lj?4 /fhgLlts rnv]nyflnof] . To;sf] g]t[Tj /0f dNnn] ubf{ ‘lqk'/ /fhs'n’sf] k'gu{7gdf /Tg dNnsf] 5f]/f ;"o{ dNnnfO{ ;dfj]zul/Pg .

t/, g]=;+= ^$( df /0f dNnsf] d[To'kl5eQmk'/df ‘lqk'/ /fhs'n’ sf] ;+s'lrt j[Q v8f ePkl5sflGtk'/sf clw/fh g/]Gb| dNnsf] k|efj :jLsf/ ug]{ kIfklg eQmk'/df b]vfk5{g\ . olt~h]n eQmk'/nfO{ a]Un}/fHosf] ¿kdf ljv08g ug]{ rsf]{ :j/nfO{ g/]Gb| dNnn]yfDg g;Sbf g]=;+= ^^* sf] ;lGwkqåf/f eQmk'/n] a]Un}/fHosf] x}l;ot kfP . ;fy;fy} nlntk'/df klg dxfkfqj+zsf] 5'§} /fHon] klg dfGotf kfP . olt ePkl5 ;fljsg]kfn d08nsf] ljzb\ cjwf/0ff nf]k eP/ eQmk'/–nlntk'/ 5'l§Psf] /fhwfgL sflGtk'/n] g]kfn]Zj/sf] k'/fgf]lj+8f] yfDg] sf]l;; ub{} cfPsf] kfOG5 .

o;k|sf/ g]kfn pkTosfleq sflGtk'/, eQmk'/tyf nlntk'/ /fHox¿ /fhwfgL gu/ lgj]z;lxtb]vfk/]kl5 ltgsf] ;'/Iff k|aGwn] d'vl/t x'g] cj:yfx¿68\sf/f] eof] . To;df eQmk'/n] k'/fgf] /fhwfgL gu/lgj]zsf] pQ/flwsf/ :jtM k|fKt u/] . o;n] oIf dNnåf/fg]=;+= %&#–&$ df u9sf] lgdf{0f z}nL / Joj:yfnfO{sfod /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] d"n ;+/rgf gu/sf]k|lt/IffTds Joj:yf xf] . o;n] afx\o xdnf y]Ug] ;fdYo{af]s]/ cfPsf] 5 . o;sf] k/LIff sfnfGt/df x'“b} cfPsf]klg b]lvG5 . sflGtk'/sf /fhf k|tfk dNnn] eQmk'/dflyb'O{–b'O{ k6s xdnf ubf{ klg o;sf] ch]o :j¿k g} ;fljteof] .eQmk'/sf] ;'/Iff

Pp6f ;'b[9 u9sf] ¿kdf eQmk'/sf] gu/ lgj]zclGtd k6s oIf dNnn] g]=;+= %&# df cf/De ePsf]clen]v xfdLnfO{ pknAw 5 . t/, o;sf] lgdf{0f cGToslxn] eof] To;sf] k|n]v clxn];Dd k|fKt 5}g . ;fy} o;gu/ lgj]zsf] lglDt rf/}lt/ sxf“ sxf“ slt cf]6f 9f]sfcyf{t\ gu/åf/ tyf ‘n+ Sjf7’ x¿ v8f ul/P To;sf] klg

;dsflns pNn]v st} b]vfkb}{g . tyflk, P]ltxfl;s36gfqmd lgSof]{n ubf{ clxn];Dd eQmk'/df * cf]6fk|j]zåf/x¿ ePsf] tYo phfu/ ePsf 5g\ .

rlr{t eQmk'/ gu/ lgj]zsf ] ;+/rgfdfk|j]zåf/sf ;fy ‘n+ Sjf7’ elgg] u9sf] lgdf{0f ubf{To;l;t hf]8]/ cUnf kvf{n ag]sf lyP . kvf{n aflx/kl/vf cyf{t\ vfO{sf] ;+/rgf ub}{ To;nfO{ ;–;fgf h·nftn]9fs]sf] kfOGy] . k|j]zåf/sf] vfkf k|To]s lbg laxfgLkvvf]n]/ vfO{sf] rf}8fO 9fSb} lbge/ k'nsf] sfd lnOG5 .a]n'sLkv ;f] vfkf tfg]/ 9f]sf aGb u/]kl5 /fte/sfnflu gful/sx¿sf] cfjthfjt x'“b}g .

dWosfndf l;lh{t oxL gu/ ;'/Iff k4ltn]ubf{ /fHosf] nflu cfwf/e"t ;'/Iff k|aGw vf;dfk|lt/IffTds x'gfn] 7"nf] ;]gf /fVg'kg]{ cfjZostf /x“b}g .o;/L df}lns ;'/Iff kIf g} k|lt/IffTds eP/ g]kfnd08nsf] s'g} /fhwfgLsf nflu klg /fhsLo ;]gf 7"nf];ª\Vofdf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ cj:yf g} b]lv+b}g . ctM oIfdNnsf] kfnfb]lv sl/a b'O{ ;o jif{;Dd eQmk'/df afx\oxdnf ePsf] s'g} 36gf kfO“b}g .sflGtk'/sf] ;'/Iff

otf sflGtk'/ dxfgu/df /Tg dNnn] g]kfnd08ns} /fhwfgL ;f/]kl5 o;nfO{ ;'b[9 u9sf] ¿kdfgof “ ;+/rgf ug' {kg ] { cfjZostf k¥of ] . To;cl3dxfkfqx¿sf] ;fdGtsfndf o; dxfgu/sf] ;'/Iff k|aGws]–s:tf] /x]sf] lyof], To;sf] ¿k/]vf clxn] sf]g{ ;lsg]cj:yf 5}g . t/ /Tg dNnsf] b]xfGtkl5 o; /fhwfgLdu/df klZrdaf6 gu/ xdnf nuftf/ b'O{ k6s;DdePsf] 36gfn] ubf{ o;sf] ;'/Iff k|aGwdf P]ltxfl;svf]hs} b/sf/ k5{ .

/Tg dNnsf] b]xfGtkl5 7Ls ;o jif{sf] cGt/fndfsflGtk'/sf xtf{stf{ lzjl;+x dNnsf] klg cGTo b]vfk5{ .pgn] sflGtk'/nfO{ g]kfn d08ns} /fhwfgLsf ¿kdfk'gM:yflkt ug]{ P]ltxfl;s bfloTj axg u/]sf] kfOG5 .t/ klg eQmk'/dfly pgsf] hf]8 rNg ;s]g . of] P]ltxfl;sbfloTj pgL kl5 k|tfk dNnn] k"/f ug{ vf]h]sf x'g\ .pgn] b'O{ k6s eQmk'/dfly xdnf ubf{ klg oxf“sf] s'g}u9 tf]8\g ;s]gg\ . g]=;+= &($ df k|tfk dNnsf] b]xfGtePkl5 sflGtk'/n] cfkm\gf] P]ltxfl;s bfloTj u|x0f ug{;Sg] cj:yf g} /x]g .

tyflk, sflGtk'/ /fHon] a]nf df}sfdf cfkm\gf]k'/fgf] uf}/j sfod /fVg vf]Hbfvf]Hb} c;kmn /x]sf w]/}


63

pbfx/0f e]l6G5g\ . k|tfk dNnkl5sf] ;ojif{leq ;a}eGbfa9\tf lav08gdf k/]sf] sflGtk'/ g} xf] . t}klg o;sf]gu/ lgj]z pk/ wfjf af]Ng ;Sg] s'g} cfqmd0f b]vfkb}{g .g]kfn d08ns} efO c+zdf a:bfa:b} uf]vf{sf] /fhfk[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] cGtdf ljgfo'4n] sflGtk'/sf] /fHox8k ug{ ;kmn eP g]=;+= *** -;+= !*@%_ df . o;sfnflu pgn] @% jif{;Dd lg/Gt/ cfkm\gf] ;fdl/s zlQmk|bz{g ub}{ /x] tfklg sflGtk'/ gu/ lgj]zsf] s'g} u9tf]8]/ leq k:g] ;fdYo{ b]vfpg ;s]gg\ .

Toltv]/ sflGtk'/ gu/ lgj]zsf] ;'/Iff k|aGwJoQm ug]{ l;·f] P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h st} e]l6Psf] 5}g .o;sf] ;'/Iff k|aGw ug]{ d"n k'?if /Tg dNnnfO{ dfg]/pgs} zf;gdf sflGtk'/ gu/ lgj]zsf] cGtl/d k'g;+{/rgfePsf] dfGg'kg]{5 . pgL kl5 lzjl;+x dNnn] cfkm\gf]/fhgLlts wfs hdfP klg To;sf] cfwf/ o;s} gu/lgj]znfO{ gh/cGbfh ug{ ;ls+b}g . tyflk k|tfk dNnsf];'bL3{ zf;gsfndf cfP/dfq sflGtk'/sf] /fhs'n /fd|/Ld'vl/t x'g ;s]sf] x'“bf To;} cg's"n pgn] o;sf] gu/lgj]znfO{ klg k'g;{+/rgf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf b]v]sf] x'g'k5{ .To;}n] sflGtk'/sf] gu/ lgj]zdf clGtd ;'/Iff k|aGw ug]{/fhf k|tfk dNnnfO{ oxf“g]/ la;{g ;ls+b}g .

To;f] t sflGtk'/sf] gu/ lgj]z If]qkmn eQmk'/sf]t'ngfdf lgs} lj:t[t b]vf k5{ . o;sf] If]qkmn lj:tf/sf]P]ltxfl;s cfwf/ b]vfpg clxn] lgs} uf¥xf] k5{ tfklgeQmk'/eGbf em08} bf]Aa/sf] ;+Vofdf o;sf 9f]sfx¿ lgld{tePsf kfOG5g\ . t/ klg sflGtk'/ gu/ lgj]zsf] u9k|fsf/ b]vfpg] dWosfnsf] cyjf zfxsflns s'g} klgdfglrq clxn];Dd km]nf k/]sf] 5}g .

k|:t't k+lQmsf/n] !) jif{ cufl8 sflGtk'/ gu/lgj]zsf 9f]sfx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s lgSof]{n ubf{ lglZrtul/Psf k|j]zåf/x¿sf] Ps;/f] cWoog tTsfn ‘;GWof6fOD;’ g]kfn efiff b}lgs kqdf k|sflzt 5g\ . ;+= @)^!tfsf ‘;GWof 6fOD;’ :yfgLo g]kfneflifs klqsf x'gfn]sf7df8f}+sf kf7sx¿n] sflGtk'/sf] k'/fgf] ;'/Iff w/f]x/s;/L gi6 eof] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kfP . sflGtk'/gu/ lgj]zdf plxn] sxf“ sxf“ k|j]zåf/ cyf{t\ 9f]sfx¿ljBdfg lyP, To;sf] Ps ;/f] cWoog Toltv]/ ePsf]lyof ] .

o;k|sf/ nf]k ePsf 9f]sfx¿sf] yftynf] k|i6ePkl5 To; cfwf/df sflGtk'/ gu/sf] P]ltxfl;s gS;f(Historical Map) sf]g{ ;lsg] / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ;+=

!*@% df sqf] sflGtk'/ gu/ /fhwfgL pQ/flwsf/dfkfPsf x'g\ eg]/ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;s} cg'knAw oyfy{ xfl;nug]{ hdsf]{ d]/f] /x\of] . To;sf nflu e"uf]n ljwfdfCartography sf] k|ljlw ckgfP/ sflGtk'/ gu/sf] k'/fgf]P]ltxfl;s gS;f lgdf{0f ug]{ sfdsf] nflu ldq >LOGb|gf/fo0f dfgGw/ -e"uf]n k|fWofks– lqlj_ l;t cg'/f]wub{} P]ltxfl;s ;j]{If0fsf] 7]nL lhDdf nufPsf] lyP“ . t/b'ef{Uo ;+= @)^* df pgsf] b'Mvb\ d[To' ePb]lv ;f] sfdcw'/} /x]sf] 5 . tyflk clxn];Dd kQf nfu]sf sflGtk'/dxfgu/sf 9f]sfx¿sf] ;+Vof !% k'u]sfn] eQmk'/eGbf to; gu/sf] If]qkmn s/La bf]Aa/ 7"nf] /x]sf] ef}uf]lnstYo phfu/ x'G5 .nlntk'/sf] ;'/Iff

ca nlntk'/ gu/ lgj]zsf] cWoogsf nflueg] ljz]if 9+usf] Pp6f cfwf/u|Gy g} xfdLnfO{ pknAw5 . Tof] xf] s"g' zdf{sf] ‘sLlt{ktfsf’ sfJo . ;+:s[tefiffdf g]=;+= &&@ df /lrt of] sfJo nlntk'/sf /fhf>Llgjf; dNnsf] :t'ltu|Gy xf] tfklg o;df Toltv]/ @^6f]nsf ;f+:s[lts ef}uf]lns ljj/0fsf;fy ;'?d} gu/lgj]zsf ;}4flGts kIf;d]t rlr{t kfOG5 . u|Gysf]k|f/lDes Znf]s ;ª\Vof ^ b]lv !) ;Dd % Znf]sdf Toxf“gu/ lgj]zsf ef}uf]lns ;+/rgfsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 .To;af6 eQmk'/–sflGtk'/df gu/ lgj]zsf] h'g l;4fGt /ef}lts ;+/rgf cjnDag ul/Psf 5g\ ;f]xLcg';f/ nlntk'/gu/ lgj]zdf klg cg';/0f ePsf] kfOG5 . Tolt eP/klg nlntk'/df Toltv]/ s'g–s'g 6f]ndf gu/ lgj]zsf9f]sfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ Tof] eg] st} v'nfP/ n]lvPsf] kfO“b}g .

nlntk '/ gu/lgj ]zsf ] rrf { ubf { pQ/dWosflns nlntk'/sf] dfq xfdL s]xL tYo cufl8 ;fg{;Sb5f}+ . g]=;+= ^$) df sflGtk'/df /Tg dNnsf] d[To'ePkl5 eQmk'/sf ;fy;fy} nlntk'/n] klg :jtGq x}l;otsf]k|of; yfn]sf] kfOG5 . To;dfly sflGtk'/ /fhwfgLdfg]=;+= ^$%–$^ df du/ftsf] xdnfn] ubf{ c? sdhf]/eO/fv]sf] cj:yfaf6 kmfObf p7fp“b} nlntk'/ ;fdGtdxfkfqx¿sf] rsrsL a9]/ lji0f' l;+xn] o;nfO{ :jtGq/fHosf] x}l;ot lbPsf] kfOG5 . nlntk'/ gu/ lgj]zsf]Oltxf; dWosfnsf] o;} cj:yfb]lv yfNg'kg]{ lglZrt5 . tyflk, o;sf] cWoogsf qmddf l;l4g/l;+x dNnsf]pbokl5 dfq nlntk'/ gu/ lgj]zn] ljz]if u|fx\otfkfPsf] s'/f klg la;{g ;ls+b}g . Toltv]/b]lv dWosfnsf]clGtd cj:yf;Dd nlntk'/ gu/ lgj]zsf k|j]zåf/x¿sf]


64

rrf{ kl/rrf{ Toxf“ eO/x]s} kfOG5g\ . ltg} cfwf/dfclxn];Ddsf] P]ltxfl;s cWoogaf6 nlntk'/ gu/ lgj]zsf!@ cf]6f 9f]sfx¿ lglZrt ul/Psf 5g\ . o;af6 klgnlntk'/ eQmk'/eGbf t lj:tf/ ePs} kfOG5 . o;sf]ljz]if cWoog ‘g]kfn efiff 6fOD;’ b}lgs ut sfl{t{s !&,@)&$ b]lv r}t @, ;+d z'qmaf/ t+;fkf}df k|sflzt 5g\ .

o;/L dWosflns pQ/f4{df sflGtk'/–eQmk'/–nlntk'/ gu/ lgj]zx¿ k|:6 eP klg cem ltgnfO{ ;'b[9ug{ pkgu/x¿ klg ag]sf 5g\ . o;df eQmk'/sf nflupkgu/ dWok'/ -l7dL_ v8f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . To:t}sflGtk'/df /Tg dNnn] g]kfn d08nsf] /fhwfgL ;f/]kl5o;sf] pkgu/sf ¿kdf 6f]vfnfO{ lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] :ki6x'G5 . To:t} nlntk'/ gu/sf] nflu klg pkgu/sf ¿kdfsLlt{k'/sf] ;'b[9 u9 k|0ffnL xfd|f] lglDt pknAw 5 .

o;k|sf/sf] /fhwfgL gu/ lgj]zsf] kIfdf yk;'/Iff lbg pkgu/x¿ lgld{t x'gfn] klg dWosfnsf]/fli6«o ;'/Iff cWoogdf tL pkgu/x¿sf] klg gu/lgj]zLo cWoog 5f8\g ;ls+b}g . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0fk[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ;+= !*!$ df u/]sf] sLlt{k'/dflysf]klxnf] xdnfaf6 P]ltxfl;s lgSof]{n lgM;[t x'G5 . nlntk'//fHosf] o; pkgu/ sLlt{k'/dfly bf];|f] xdnf ubf{ klgk[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] o;dfly ljho k|ft ug{ g;s]kl5pgL cfkm\gf] /0fgLlt g} ab\n]/ o;sf ef/f]x¿sf] Odfgvl/blaqmLsf] cwd /fhgLltdf 8'Ab} uPsf] tYo phfu/x'G5 .

g]kfn d08nsf] gu/ lgj]z k|;·df pko'{QmdWosflns cWoogaf6 s] lgisif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 eg] To;avtsf] cfly{s Oltj[Qdf /fli6«o ;'/Iff k4ltn] k|fyldstfkfPsf] s'/f v'n:t x'G5 . o; /fli6«o ;'/Iff k4ltdfljrng Nofpg] /fhgLltsf] yfngL eof] eLd;]g yfkfåf/f .pgn] cfkm\gf] afub/jf/ agfpg sflGtk'/ gu/ lgj]zdfblIf0fk"jL{ kvf{n eTsfP/ To;sf nflu ;fj{hlgs hUufxft kf/]sf lyP . To;kl5 pgs} l;sf] ub}{ pgsf efOx¿n]klg To:t} sfd ug{ yfn] . To;sf] b'ik|efj c+u|]h;“usf]o'4df b]vfk/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf ;]gfkltx¿ c+u|]hl;tbf];|f] l5dnsf] o'4df n8\bfn8\b} eLd;]g yfkfn] ;'uf}nL;lGwkq cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5gs kfOG5 . c+u|]h ;]gfkltcS6/ nf]gLn] g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL nlIft wfjf af]Ng]clek|fon] l;d/f jgsf] af6f] klxNofP/ dsjfgk'/sf]h·nL dfu{ kqm]kl5 cfkm"n] sflGtk'/sf] u9 kvf{n tf]8\bfsf]qf;n] eLd;]g yfkfdfly xfjL x'g k'Ubf pgn] ;'uf}nL

;lGwkq :jLsf/ ug{ cft'/ ePsf] dfgl;stf k|:6 x'G5 .cGtdf g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Lo gu/ lgj]z cWoog ubf{

dWosflns ;'/Iff k4lt k|fyldstfdf /x]sf] tYo g}phfu/ x'G5 . To;kl5dfq /fli6«o ;}lgs ansf] k|ZgdfOltxf; vf]tNg'kg]{ x'G5 . dWosfnsf] o; ;'/Iff k4ltsf]cg';/0f cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0fsfl;nl;nfdf klg rfn' /fVg' ckl/xfo{ ePsf] P]ltxfl;stflgSof]{n x'G5 .

k/Gt', ;+= @)!# ;fnb]lv g]kfndf /fli6«o of]hgfcfof]usf] k|f/De t eof], t/ o;sf] df}lns /fli6«o ;'/IffkIfdf eg] df}g /x]sf] kfOG5 . o:tf] cfjlws cfly{sof]hgfsf] ljZjdf k|f/De ug]{ k|0f]tf ;f]leot ?;n] cfkm\gf]/fli6«o of]hgfdf (Gosplan) /fli6«o ;'/Iff k4ltnfO{ s]5f8]sf] 5 / < To;s} l;sf] klg g]kfnn] lsg ug{ g;s]sf]xf] < t;y{ l9n} eP klg ca g]kfnsf] /fli6«o cfly{sof]hgfdf o;sf] d'ne"t ;'/Iff k4ltdf g} df}lns ;'wf/sf]ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .;fGble{s u|Gy ;"rL!= b]ljrGb| >]i7M /Tg dNn / pgsf] ;dsflns g]kfn

d08n, cfly{s g]kfn k|sfzg, @)%(@= of]uL g/xl/gfyM s"g' zdf{sf] ‘sLlt{ktfsf’, hubDaf

k|sfzg, nlntk'/, @)!*# ‘eQmk'/’ dfl;s, k"0ff{° @@&–@@(, @#^ eQmk'/ gkf

k|sfzg @)&#$= ‘vf]lk|ª’ @)&#, eQmk'/ ljsf; ;xof]u ;ldlt, @)&#%= afa'/fd cfrfo{M >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;+lIfKt hLjgL,

@)@%,;femf k|sfzg


65

eQmk'/ j8f g+= !, ;fljs j8f g+= !& OgfuMl:ytefh'kf]v/L # ;o #) jif{kl5 klxn]s} :j¿kdf b]Vg kfpg]ePsf] 5 . k'vf{n] l;h]{sf] ;DklQ hf]ufpg cfÇgf] 7fpFaf6;lqmo eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;lqmotfdfxfn} pQm kf]v/Lsf] ;kmfO tyf dd{t sfo{ ub}}{5 . eQmk'/ax'd'vL SofDk;sf] k|f·0fdf /x]sf] efh'kf]v/L s]xL jif{klxn] ;'Vvf d}bfgdf kl/0ft eO;s]sf] lyof] . pQmkf]v/L s'g} /fhf–dxf/fhfn] geO{ Pshgf eQmk'/af;Ln]agfPsf] lyof] . tTsfnLg ;dodf eQmk'/, sflGtk'/,nlntk'/ 5'§f5'§} /fHo 5FFbf snf–;+:s[ltb]lv /fhg}lts,;fdflhs, cfly{s x/]s dfldnfdf Pscfk;df k|lt:kwf{sf]cj:yfdf eQmk'/nfO{ pkTosfsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ /fHosf]¿kdf ljsf; ug{ /fhfnfO{ ;3fpg] k|d'v JolQmsf] gfdxf], efuL/fd k|wfgf· cyjf ‘efh's;’ . ‘efh's;’k|efjzfnL 5Fbf eQmk'/df /fVg nufPsf] pgsf] sLlt{‘efh'kf]v/L’ xf] .

eQmk'/ j8f g+= ! OgfuMdf cjl:yt of] kf]v/L‘efh's;’ n] agfPsf] x'gfn] ‘efh'of k'v'’ elgPsf] xf] .kl5 cke|+z eP/ efHof k'v' jf clxn] ‘efh'kf]v/L’gfdfs/0f ePsf] xf] . t/ b'Mvsf] s'/f of] kf]v/Lsf]lgdf{0f s'g ;dolt/ ePsf] eGg]af/] s'g} lnlvt k|df0fxfn;Dd k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . h]–h:tf] eP klg ‘efh's;’n] oxfF kf]v/L agfpg'k"j{ oxfFaf6 !)–!% ld6/ pQ/tkm{k|l;4 l;4kf]v/L alg;s]sf] tYonfO{ la;{g'x'Fb}g . To:t}oxL l;4kf]v/Laf6 s]xL b'/L klZrdlt/ k|l;4 /fgL kf]v/Lalg;s]sf] lyof] . h'g huHof]lt{ dNnn] lj=;+= !^*& dfeJo ;'gsf] gfu;lxt clt cfsif{s 9·df agfPsf] lyof] .

of] kf]v/L sflGtk'/, nlntk'/, eQmk'/sf cGo kf]v/LeGbf;'Gb/ / cfsif{s ePsf] x'“bf cfkm"nfO{ x/]s If]qdf ;j{>]i77fGg] sflGtk'/sf /fhf k|tfk dNnnfO{ c;x\o eO{ kf]v/Ldf;d]t tf]8kmf]8 u/L oxfFsf snfs[ltx¿ n'6]/ nu] . oxLlau|]sf] kf]v/LnfO{ kl5 /fhf lhtfldq dNnn] lj=;+=!&#$ df cfsif{s 9·n] k'gM lgdf{0f u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf]v'l;ofnLdf tTsfnLg sflGtk'/sf /fhf g[k]Gb| dNn /nlntk'/sf /fhf >Llgjf; dNnnfO{ eQmk'/df af]nfOPsf]lyof] . To;kl5 eQmk'/sf] klZrdtkm{sf] OgfuM If]q cltg} cfsif{s ¿kdf ab\lnPsf] lyof] .

/fgLkf ]v/L, l;4kf ]v/L, u 'x \okf ]v/L,Ogdfkf]v/Lh:tf kf]v/Lx¿n] el/Psf] of] If]qnfO{ cemcfsif{s agfpg] ;f]r ‘efh's;’ n] agfPsf] b]lvG5 .ToxL eP/ l;4kf]v/Lsf] blIf0ftkm{sf]] s]xL ;dy/, le/fnf]hUufdf ‘efh's;’ sf] cfFvf k/]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf To;;do sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf /fd|f–/fd|f ;Dkbf lgdf{0f ug]{k|lt:kwf{ g} rn]sf] lyof] . kf]v/Lsf] ;Gbe{df klg of]b]lvg cfpF5 . sf7df8f}+, eQmk'/ / nlntk'/df kf]v/Lsf]dWoefu;Dd hfg ldNg] k'nsf] Joj:yf;lxtsf kf]v/Lx¿lgdf{0f ul/Psf lyP . To;df klg sflGtk'/sf /fhfk|tfk dNnn] lj=;+=!&() df agfpg nufPsf] sflGtk'/sf]/fgLkf]v/Laf6 k|efljt eO{ ‘efh's;’n] ;f]xL z}nLdfefh' k'v' agfpg nufPsf] b]lvG5 . l;4kf]v/Lsf] blIf0fLefudf ag]sf] of] kf]v/L / o;sf] k[i7e"lddf b]lvg];"o{ljgfos h+unn] tTsfnLg ;dodf efh' k'v' cltcfsif{s ¿kdf lgdf{0f ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . kf]v/Lsf]zf]ef a9fpg jl/kl/sf] hUufdf km"nx¿ nufpg, ?vlj?jf/f]Kg kf]v/Lsf] blIf0fL efudf hUuf 5'6\ofPsf] lyof] .tL hUufdf g]jf/x¿sf] s'nb]jtfsf] k'hf -lbu' k'hf_ ug]{k/Dk/f oBlk k|rngdf 5 . cfÇgf k'vf{x¿k|lt ;Ddfgug{ s'nb]jtf k"hfn] oxf“sf] ;f+:s[lts kj{ pTyfgdf ;d]te"ldsf lgefPsf] b]lvG5 . o;cl3 eQmk'/ ;Nnf3f/Lsf]lbu' Bf]df /fhf huHof]lt{ dNnn] /fgLkf]v/L / otfOgfuMl:yt lbu' Bf]df l;4kf]v/L alg;s]sf] cj:yfdfOgfu u0f]zsf] blIf0flt/sf s'nb]jtf k"hf ug]{nfO{ ;lhnf]agfpg] x]t'n] efh' k'v' ag]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

‘efh'kf]v/L’ sf] plrt ;+/If0f / ;Da4{g x'gg;Sbf Ps ;do o;sf] Oltxf; bGTo syf h:t} aGgk'u]sf] lyof] . #) /f]kgL If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] ;f] kf]v/LdfkfgL c8\g g;Sbf s]xL bzsotf 3fF;] d}bfgdf kl/0ftePsf] lyof] . kf]v/Lsf] blIf0fL efudf cjl:yt eQmk'/

efh's; tyfefh'kf]v/Lsf]

Oltxf;

cf]d wf}e8]n


66

SofDk;n] kf]v/L jl/kl/ tf/jf/ Pjd\ kvf{n lgdf{0ful/+bf of] kf]v/L ;Lldt If]qdf ;+s'rg x'g k'u]sf] lyof] .kf]v/L :yfgLo hgtfsf] zf}rfnosf] lgsf; ÇofFSg] …8lDkªÚIf]qh:t} ag]sf] lyof] . To;dfly lhNnf kz' sfof{no,eQmk'/ SofDk;n] ;d]t kf]v/LnfO{ cglws[t ¿kdf k|of]uub}{ cfPsf] lyof] . kf]v/L ;fj{hlgs hUuf, lghL ejg /;/sf/L ejgn] 3]l/Psf] lyof] . o;}sf/0f of] kf]v/Ldfs'g} lbg cln;fg ejg 7l8g] xf] ls eGg] z+sf klgpAh]sf] lyof] .

t/ l9n} eP klg eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfsf] ;Dkbfk'gMlgdf{0f cleofg lgs} ;/fxgLo 5 . h;sf/0feQmk'/sf ;Dkbfk|]dL tyf snf–;+:s[lt If]qdf cfa4JolQmTjx¿df ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z k|jfx u/]sf] 5 . eQmk'/gkfn] lgoldt ¿kdf eQmk'/sf P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf:yn,v'nf If]q, kf]v/L cflb :yfgx¿sf] ;/;kmfO ug]{ sfo{qmdklg :jLsf/of]Uo 5 . ;kmfO{ sfo{df gu/kflnsfs}kbflwsf/Lx¿, sd{rf/L, u'ly, 6Ld, Sna / :yfgLohgtfsf] clgjfo{ / k|ToIf ;xeflutf u/fpg' csf]{;sf/fTds sfo{ xf] . P]ltxfl;s efh' kf]v/Lsf] pTvgg\/ kf]v/Lsf] gof“ :j¿kn] eQmk'/sf] Oltxf;df Pp6f gofFcWofo ylkPsf] 5 .

efh'kf]v/Lsf] pTvgg\af6 gof“–gof“ tYox¿ km]nfk/]sf 5g\ . rf/}lt/ dfcKkf cyf{t\ 7"N7"nf OF6fn] ;lhPsf]kf]v/Lsf] dWoefudf p7]sf] l9:sf]d'lg s'g} ljz]if dlGb/lgdf{0f ePsf] cg'dfg ToxfF k|fKt 9'·f / 6]/fsf]6fsfd"lt{x¿, l;+x, snz, tf]/0f cflbaf6 k|dfl0ft x'G5 .To:t} kf]v/Lsf] tLg txdf agfOPsf leQfx¿df ;d]t

OF6f nufPsf] / To;leq sfnf] df6f]sf] ;nfdL nufPsf]x'Fbf kf]v/L clt Jojl:yt ¿kdf agfOPsf] cfefif x'G5 .of] tLg txdWo] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] txsf] nDafO{ ! ;o #%ld6/ 5 eg] rf}8fO ! ;o !% ld6/sf] 5 . To:t} ;a}eGbftNnf] txsf] nDafO{ (* ld6/ 5 eg] rf}8fO{ *) ld6/sf]5 . kf]v/L tNnf] txdf dfq x'g'kg]{ / bf];|f] txdf kf]v/L3'Dg] af6f] ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . kf]v/Lsf] dWodfudfhfgsf] nflu blIf0f lbzfaf6 kSsL k'n /x]sf] ToxfFd'lge]l6Psf] OF6fsf] hun] k|:6\ofpF5 . xfn eQmk'/ SofDk;/x]sf] ejg cufl8sf] 7"nf] 9f]sf eP/ of] kf]v/L k|j]zdfu{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;afx]s k"j{, klZrd / pQ/lbzfaf6 v'8\lsnf]sf] dfWodaf6 kf]v/L;Dd hfg ldNg]u/L agfPsf] x'Fbf kf]v/Lsf] rf/} lbzfdf k|z:t ;fj{hlgshUuf ePsf] x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . kf]v/Lsf]d'xfg / lgsf;af/] Tolt e/kbf]{ hfgsf/L k|fKt 5}g .kf]v/Lsf] blIf0f–klZrd s'gfdf lk“wsf] ;txdf ag]sf]9n k|0ffnLsf] sf/0f kf]v/Lsf] kfgL ;'s]sf] x'g'k5{ .

kf]v/Lsf] pTvgg\k"j{ efh'kf]v/LnfO{ cfwf/agfP/ o;cl3 rn]sf] k|foM ;a} ls+abGtLx¿df ;TotfgePsf] tYo v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . efh'kf]v/L ;DaGwdfo;cl3 rn]sf] ls+abGtLx¿n] ‘efh's;’ Ps a]Odfg,if8\oGqsf/L, ;:tf] nf]slk|otf rfxg] JolQmsf] ¿kdf lrq0ful/GYof]] . l;4kf]v/Lsf] kfgL ;'sfpg, /fgLnfO{ v'zLkfg{ Ps} /ftdf efh'kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f x'“bf dWoefudfy'Dsf] afFsL /x]sf] h:tf rlr{t ls+abGtLx¿ rn]sf] kfOG5 .t/ pQm kf]v/Lsf] k'gMlgdf{0fn] oL ;a} tYox¿ e|ddfqePsf] b]lvg cfp“5 . kf]v/L lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf s'g}

k | fdf l0fs clen ]vx¿ /k '/ftŒjljb \x¿sf ] ;lqmotfdf ykcg';Gwfgof ]Uo ;fdu|Lx¿ e]l6Pdf‘efh's;’ Pj+ efh'kf]v/Lsf] P]ltxfl;soyfy{ aflx/ cfpg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf]5 ./fhf lhtfldq dNnsf] zf;gsfnsf]

cGtlt/ tTsfnLg dGqL ‘efh's;’ cema9L zltmzfnL ePsf ] Oltxf;n ]b]vfpF5 . lj=;+= !&#% lt/ eQmk'/b/af/df ‘efh's;’sf] zlQm a9]kl5pgnfO { x6fpg pgs } ;dsfnLgsflGtk'/sf dGqL nIdLgf/fo0f hf]zLn]cg]sf+} if8\oGq /r] . s]xL ;do ‘efh's;’efHof k'v' k'g{lgdf{0fsf] qmddf lvlrPsf] tl:a/


67n'sLn'sL lx+8\g' k/]sf] lyof] . kl5 nlntk'/sf] ;d{ygkfPkl5 nIdLgf/fo0f hf]zLsf] ktg eof] . efh's; k'gMb/af/df zlQmzfnL aGg k'u] . o;/L b/af/leq PshgfdGqLsf] zlQm a9]sf] tTsfnLg /fhf lhtfldq dNnnfO{vf;} km/s t k/]g . t/ dxTjfsf+IfL o'j/fh e"kltGb|dNnnfO{ of] s'/f c;x\o eof] . of] g]kfn ;+jt\ *!!÷!@lt/sf] 36gf xf] . o;} ;dodf ‘efh's;’n] cfÇgf] sLlt{/xg] p2]Zon] efh'kf]v/L agfpg nufPsf] b]lvG5 . oxfcjl:yt l;¢kf]v/L / gMkf]v/Laf6 k|efljt eP/eQmk'/sf Ps k|efjzfnL /fhf huHof]lt{ dNnn] g]=;+=&%! lt/ ;Nnf3f/Lsf] y'Dsf]df ;'gsf] gfu tyf ljleGgsnfs[ltn] l;+ufl/Psf] /fgLkf]v/L lgdf{0f ug{ nufP .To;tfsf pkTosfleq eQmk'/sf] /fgLkf]v/Lsf] ljz]ifrrf{ x'GYof] . sflGtk'/ / nlntk'/sf /fhfx¿ ldnL g]=;+=&*) lt/ of] kf]v/Lsf] snfs[lt n'6]sf] / kf]v/L IftljIftkf/]sf] lyof] . etmk'/sf] /fgLkf]v/Laf6 n'6]/ nu]sf]snfs[ltsf] efua08f cfkm"n] gkfpFbf nlntk'/sf /fhf>Llgjf; dNn sflGtk'/sf /fhf k|tfk dNnl;t l/;fPsf]tYo klg /f]rs 5 . sflGtk'/sf /fhf k|tfk dNn] etmk'/sf]/fgLkf]v/Lsf] l;sf] u/L sflGtk'/ /fHosf] pQ/k"jL{ lbzfdfg]=;+= &() df eJo kf]v/L agfpg nufPsf lyP . h'gclxn]sf] /fgLkf]v/L xf] . /fgLkf]v/Lsf] ;'Gb/tf /lgdf{0fz}nLn] To; ;dodf lgs} rrf{ kfof] .

etmk'/sf Pshgf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf 5f]/f‘efh's;’n] sflGtk'/sf] /fgLkf]v/Ls} z}nLdf eQmk'/dfklg To:t} cfsif{s kf]v/L agfpg] ljrf/ u/] . etmk'/sf]klZrd e]usf] ;Nnf3f/Lb]lv OgfuM If]q;Dd klx]n] g}l;¢kf]v/L, gM kf]v/L, /fgLkf]v/L, Ogdfkf]v/Lx¿n];lhPsf] lyof] . efh'kf]v/L lgdf{0fsf] nflu ‘efh's;’n]OgfuM sf] blIf0ftkm{sf] 7"nf] lbu' VoM /f]h] . l;¢kf]v/Lsf]7Ls blIf0ftkm{sf] le/fnf] hUufdf k"j{–klZrd nfDrf]cfsf/df kf]v/L agfpg] qmddf kf]v/Lsf] dWoefudfrf/kft] z}nLsf] d08kdf lzv/z}nLsf] a'hf{jfn dlGb/agfof] . kf]v/Lsf] dWoefudf k'Ug kf]v/Lsf] blIf0ftkm{k'n ag]sf] b]lvof] . efh'kf]v/Lsf] lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePkZrft\of] 7fp“ /d0fLo ag]sf] lyof] .

t/ kf]v/L lgdf{0f ;DkGgkZrft\ ‘efh's;’ sf]ktg eof] . g]=;+= *!^ efb| abL % sf] lbg e"kltGb|dNnsf] gfddf 6s kfPsf] cfwf/df o;sf] k'li6 x'G5 .of] kf]v/L s'g} /fhf dxf/fhfx¿n] agfpg nufPsf] ;DkbfgePs} sf/0f /fHon] of] kf]v/Lsf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gdf

s'g} Wofg lbPg . ‘efh's;’ sf] kl5Nnf] ;dosf] Oltxf;Tolt v'n:t 5}g . lj=;+= !&$% df eQmk'/ b/jf/dfd'Vo sfhL ag]kl5 ‘efh's;’ sf] zlQm PsfPs a9]sf]b]lvG5 . nlntk'/sf /fhf of]ug/]Gb| dNnsf] ;xfotf /;dy{g kfPkl5 ;jf{lws zlQmzfnL aGg k'u]sf] ‘efh's;’n] nlntk'/sf] ;xof]udf lj=;+= !&$^ df sflGtk'/dfcfqmd0f ug{ ;d]t k'u]sf] lyof] . cfkm"dfly cfqmd0f u/LkbRo't u/]sf] l/;df efuL/fdn] nIdLgf/fo0fsf] lj?4dfef/bf/x¿ ;·l7t ul/;s]sf lyP . lj=;+= !&$& dfsflGtk'/sf ef/bf/x¿n] cfÇg} 3/df ;'lt/x]sf ]nIdLgf/fo0fsf] xTof u/] . cfÇgf] j}/Lsf] xTofaf6 ‘efh's;’sf] af6f] cj/f]wd'Qm eof] . o;kl5 ‘efh's;’sf] zlQm /k|efj emg\ a9]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ To; ;dosf] ‘efh's;’sf] s'g} lnlvt Oltxf; e]l6Psf] 5}g . To;nfO{ ls+abGtLs}efiffdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ afWotf 5 .

lhtfldqnfO{ s}b u/L sfG5L /fgL;Fu b/af/dfa:g] ‘efh's;’ n] afns e"kltGb|nfO{ dfg{ k7fPsf], t/;x[bosf hNnfbx¿sf] sf/0f e"kltGb|nfO{ dfg{ g;s]sf]sxfjt 5 . kl5 e"kltGb| dNn Pshgf l;sdL{sf] sfdug]{ tfdfª;Fu ltAat k'u]sf] / sfi7snf Pj+ o'4snfdfkf/·t ePkl5 eQmk'/sf rf/sfhLx¿sf] ;xof]udf eQmk'/b/af/ sAhf u/L /fhf ag]sf] syg 5 . oxL 36gfaf6cfÇgL cfdf nfndtL / sfsf pu| dNnnfO{ h]nd'Qmu/]sf] clg sfG5L cfdfnfO{ s}bdf /flvPsf] / ‘efh's;’nfO{ lgd{dtfk"j{s k|f0fb08 lbPsf] sxfjt 5 . o:t}sxfjt cg';f/ ;'s'n9f]sfdf n's]/ a;]sf] ‘efh's;’nfO{;dft]/ e}/j:yfg glhs} nu]/ 6fpsf] sfl6of] . ‘efh's;’sf] zj ;fj{hlgs k|bz{gsf] nflu ;Nnf3f/Ldf /flvPsf]lyof] . af6f]df cfjthfjt ug]{n] lk;fa km]g{] 7fpFdf pgsf]zj ufl8Psf] x'gfn] To; 7fpFnfO{ ‘Rjªfkfv]’ elgPsf]syg 5 . o:t} ls+abGtLn] el/Psf] ‘efh's;’ sf] Oltxf;jt{dfg ;dodf klg k|rlnt 5 .

xfd|f Oltxf;sf kfgfx¿df lhtfldq dNnn]‘efh's;’ sf] af/]df pNn]v u/]sf]n] ‘efh's;’ tTsfnLg;dosf] Ps k|efjzfnL JolQmsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] yfxf x'gcfpF5 . ‘efh's;’ n] eQmk'/ b/af/df slxn] k|j]zkfPsf] eGg]af/] olsg tYo geP tfklg pgL lj=;+= !&#%df d'Vo ef/bf/ eO;s]sf] yfxf x'G5 . pgsf] lj=;+= !&%#kl5 pgLaf/] st} pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPg . o; cy{df‘efh's;’n] !&–!* jif{ rf}tf/fsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf]b]lvg cfpF5 . cfÇgf] hLjgsfndf sflGtk'/ / nlntk'/;Fu


68

6Ss/ lnO{ eQmk'/sf] :jfledfg arfP tfklg cGtdflhtfldqsL sfG5L dxf/fgL;Fu gfd hf]l8P/ Ps 3[l0ftkfqsf] ¿kdf ab\gfdL kfpg'kof]{ . lk;fa km]g]{ 7fpFdfcfÇgf] zj ufl8g'k/]sf] sxfjtaf6 ‘efh's;’ sf] b'Mvb\cGTo ePsf] b]lvG5 .

eQmk'/sf] Oltxf;df eQmk'/ b/af/sf] rf}tf/f/x]/ cfÇgf] hLjgsfndf /fhfnfO{ /fhsfhdf ;3fpg]afx]s cfÇgf] gfdsf] Voflt sdfpg] JolQmdf ‘efh's;’sf] gfd cu|k+lQmdf cfpF5 . snf, ;+:s[lt, efiff, ;flxTok|]dLlhtfldq dNnaf6 cTolws k|efljt eP/ pgn] h'g sLlt{sdfP Tof] jf:tjdf r'gf}ltk"0f{ dfq 5}g, g]kfns} Oltxf;dfpNn]vgLo 5 . /fhfsf] cufl8 Pshgf ef/bf/n] cfÇgf]sLlt{ sdfpg' ‘efh's;’ sf] sf}zn b]lvg cfp“5 .‘efh's;’af/] lnlvt k|df0fsf] cefj eP klg eQmk'/dfpgaf6 ePsf sLlt{x¿ b'O{j6f 5 . pgn] lj=;+= !&#& dfcfkm' d'Vo sfhL x'Fbf eQmk'/af6 rfFu' hfg] sf;fg k'nagfpg nufPsf lyP . h'g k'nn] eQmk'/jf;Lx¿nfO{rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] bz{g ug{ ;lhnf] agfPsf] lyof] .

To;afx]s pgn] ;f]xL jif{ rfFu'gf/fo0f ;'gsf]>LjT; oGq ;d]t ck{0f u/]sf] ToxfFsf] clen]vaf6 yfxfx'G5 . /fhf g/]Gb| dNnsf] ;dob]lv rfFu'df sflGtk'/sf]cflwkTo /xFb} cfPsf] cj:yfdf rfFu'df ;f] sLlt{ /fVg;Sg' ‘efh's;’ sf] 7"nf] s'6gLlts ljho lyof] . lj=;+=!&)^ kZrft\ eQmk'/sf s'g} klg /fhfx¿ jf ef/bf/x¿n]rfFu'df s'g} sLlt{ /fVg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ‘efh's;’ n];f] sfo{ k'/f u/] . pgsf] csf]{ pNn]vgLo sfo{ efh'kf]v/Llgdf{0f g} lyof] . efh'kf]v/Lsf] pTvgg\kl5 ‘efh's;’af/] rn]sf ls+abGtLx¿af/] Psk6s gofF 9·n] ;f]RgafWo agfPsf] 5 . To:t} ‘efh's;’ ;Fu} gfd hf]l8Psfe"kltGb| dNnsf af/]df k|rlnt ls+abGtLx¿df ;d]t k'gMljrf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . e"kltGb| dNn tLg jif{sf] afns5Fbf ‘efh's;’ / sfG5L dxf/fgLsf] ldn]dtf]df h+unnu]/ dfg{ k7fPsf] t/ hNnfbsf] sf/0f afFRg ;kmneP/ ltAat k'u]sf] h'g cfVofg 5, Tof] tYo ;Totfsf]glhs k'u]sf] b]lv+b}g . j+zfjnLcg';f/ e"kltGb| dNnsf]hGd lj=;+= !&#! df ePsf] b]lvG5 . Toltdfq xf]Oglhtfldq dNnn] afns 5Fb} e"kltGb| dNnnfO{ /fhsfhdf;+nUg u/fP/ eljiodf of]Uo /fhf agfpg] k|of; u/]sf]pgsf clen]vx¿af6 :ki6 x'G5 .

lhtfldq dNnn] /fVg nufPsf ;'?sf k|foMclen]vx¿df 5f]/f e"kltGb|, efO pu| dNn / dGqL

‘efh's;’sf] gfd pNn]v 5 . lhtfldq dNnn] lj=;+=!&#% b]lv oL tLghgfsf] gfd ePsf] clen]v /fVgnufPaf6 Tolta]nf e"kltGb| dNn eQmk'/ b/af/d} /x]sf]tYo v'N5 . pgn] lj=;+= !&$% df bLIff lnPsf] / cfkm"o'j/fhsf] x}l;otn] ;d]t !&$*–$( lt/ eQmk'/ nfos'sf]9'+u]wf/f k'gMlgdf{0f Pj+ lyld by'kmn] agfpg nufPaf6!^–!& jif{sf] nSsf hjfg 5Fbf;Dd e"kltGb| eQmk'/b/jf/d} ePsf] tYo :ki6 x'G5 . To;f] eGb}df e"kltGb|dNn ;lhn} etmk'/sf] /fhf ag]sf] rflx+ kSs} xf]Og .

st}st} cfk"m hLljt 5Fb} e"kltGb| dNnnfO{lhtfldqn] /fhf agfPsf] klg pNn]v 5 . o;cl3sflGtk'/df k|tfk dNnn] afa' nIdLg/l;+xnfO{ s}b u/L/fhf ag]sf] b]lvg cfp“5 . nlntk'/df >Llgjf; dNnhLljt 5Fb} 5f]/f of]ug/]Gb| dNnn] afa'sf] lj?4 ;dfgfGt/;/sf/ u7g u/]sf] 36gfaf6 eQmk'/df To:tf] x'g gkfcf];\egL lhtfldq dNnn] cfÇgf] hLjgsfnd} e"kltGb| dNnnfO{lj=;+= !&%# df /fhf agfPsf] syg 5 . lj=;+= !&%# dfn]lvPsf] Ps u|Gysf] k'l:tsfdf :ki6;Fu …e"kltGb| dNnn]ljho k|fKt u/]sf] /fHoÚ eg]/ pNn]v tYodf :ki6tf 5}g .e"kltGb| dNn d'7e]bsf afah'b g} eQmk'/sf] /fhf ag]sf]b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ lhtfldq dNnn] cfkm" hLljt 5Fb} /fhltnsnufO lbP/ /fhf ag]sf] b]lvb}g . ‘efh's;’ n] sfG5Ldxf/fgLsf] if8\oGqdf e"kltGb|nfO{ dfg{ k7fPsf] ls+abGtLdfyf]/} ;Totf b]lvG5 .

To:t} k|foM Oltxf;sf/x¿ lj=;+= !&%# dflhtfldq dNnsf] d[To'kl5 e"kltGb| dNn /fhf ag]sf]df;xdt b]lvG5 . e"kltGb| dNnsf] gfd c+lst 6ssf] cfwf/dflj=;+= !&%# c;f]h !! ut] e"kltGb| dNn /fhf ag]sf]pNn]v 5 . t/ tn]h'leqsf] Ps ;lGwkqaf6 of] tYodfz+sf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . cyf{t\ e"kltGb| dNn /fhf x'Fbflhtfldq dNnsf] d[To' ePsf] b]lv+b}g . lj=;+= !&%#c;f]hdf e"kltGb| dNn /fhf eO;s]sf] t/ tn]h'leqsf]lhtfldq dNn / nlntk'/df of]ug/]Gb| dNnn] wd{sd{sf]dfldnfdf u/]sf] ;lGwkq lj=;+= !&%# kmfu'g z'Snsf]ePsf] x'Fbf Tolta]nf;Dd lhtfldq dNn hLljt ePsf]tYo v'Ng cfpF5 .

x'g t j+zfjnL Pjd\ clen]vx¿df :ki6;Fulhtfldq dNnsf] d[To'af/] pNn]v 5}g . o;}aLr lhtfldqdNnsf] d[To' pgsf 5f]/f e"kltGb| dNn /fhf ePsf] !#jif{ k5fl8 cyf{t\ lj=;+= !&^^ df dfq ePsf] tYo cfÇgfklt lbj+ut ePsf] ;Demgfdf nfndltn] tn]h'leq /fv]sf]


69

lhtfldq dNnsf] ;flnssf] clen]vaf6 k'li6 x'G5 .To:t} lhtfldq dNnsf] nfndltb]jL Ps hgfdfq /fgL/x]sf] ;Gb{edf oxfF sfG5L dxf/fgLsf] h'g sxfjtx¿ 5g\,Tof] e|dk"0f{ 7xl/G5 . cfh;Ddsf] cWoogn] lhtfldqdNnsf] nfndltafx]s bf];|f] /fgL gePsf] b]lvg cfp“5 .t/ oxfF sfG5L dxf/fgLsf] k|;+u cfPsf] 5 . pgL c?sf]xL geO{ lhtfldq dNnsf] efO{ pu| dNnsL /fgL x'g\ .lhtfldq dNn;FFu /fHosf] xs vf]Hb} u/]sf] pu| dNnnfO{x/]s 7fFpdf :yfg ldNb} u/]sf] k|df0f ;+o'tm ¿kdf pgsf]gfd c+lst clen]vx¿n] lbG5 . o;df pgsL cfdfkb\dfjtLsf] klg 7"nf] e"ldsf /x\of] . Tolta]nf hLljt/x]sL pgLx¿sf] cfdf kb\dfjtLn] b/af/af6 hf/L td;'stf8kqx¿df ;fIfL a;]]sf]af6 emg\ k'li6 x'g cfpF5 .To:t} j+zfjnLsf] Ps ck'i6 l6kf]6cg';f/ sfG5L dxf/fgLsf]d[To' o;cl3 g} cyf{t\ lj=;+= !&^$ df y+y' b/af/df s}bLcj:yfdf ePsf] b]lvG5 .

tTsfnLg ;dodf lj=;+= !&#% b]lv !&$*–$(;Dd nuftf/ e"kltGb| dNn / ‘efh's;’sf af/]dfclen]vx¿ k|fKt x'g' / To;kl5 Ps}k6s lj=;+= !&%# dfe"kltGb| dNnsf] 6s Pj+ clen]v b]vf kg'{ / lhtfldqdNn, sfG5L dxf/fgL Pjd\ ‘efh's;’sf] gfd st} pNn]vgx'g'af6 e"kltGb| dNnn] ljb|f]x u/L ;Qf sAhf u/]sf]:ki6 x'G5 . e"kltGb| dNnn] bLIff lnPsf] ;dolt/ eQmk'/b/af/df ‘efh's;’ cTolws zlQmzfnL ePsf] / pd]/a9\b} u/]sf] e"kltGb| dNnn] b/af/leqsf] l:ylt a'em\b}uPsf] cj:yfdf ‘efh's;’sf] k|efj Pj+ zlQmaf6 c;Gtf]ifePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . o'j/fh 5Fb} e"kltGb| dNnn] /fVgnufPsf] clen]vaf6 klg of] tYo :ki6 x'G5 .

lj=;+= !&%) tfsf eQmk'/ b/af/df lhtfldqdNn gfd dfqsf] /fhf /xg uPsf] t/ jf:tljs zf;gsf]nflu Psflt/ zlQmzfnL ‘efh's;’ / sfG5L dxf/fgLePsf] / csf]{tkm{ e"kltGb| dNn / rf/ sfhL -wf}sfhL,ef}sfhL, s;sfhL, ltldnfsfhL_ aLr zlQm;ª\3{if ePsf]lyof] . o; cfGtl/s snx ePsf] ;dolt/ lj=;+= !&%)–!&%@ ;Dd ‘efh's;’ sf s'g} clen]v e]l6Psf] 5}g .To:t} lhtfldq dNnsf s]xL clen]vx¿ e]l6P klg tn]h'leqdfq ;Lldt 5 . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] b/af/leqsf]cfGtl/s snxaf6 lhtfldq dNn lj/Qm eO{ wd{sd{dfnfu]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL ;dodf e"kltGb| dNnn] ljb|f]x ug{vf]Hbf zlQmzfnL sfG5L cfdf / ‘efh's;’ ldnL zf;grnfPsf] b]lvG5 . b/af/af6 s]xL ;do aflxl/Psf e"kltGb|

dNnn] ;]gf / rf/sfhLsf] ;xfotfn] lj=;+= !&%# df;Qf xTofPsf] b]lvG5 . o;df sfG5L cfdfnfO{ yy'+b/af/df s}b / lhtfldq dNnnfO{ tn]h'leq gh/aGbdf/fv]sf] / rt'/ ‘efh's;’ eQmk'/af6 efu]/ g'jfsf]6sf]lqz'nL gbL kf/L n'Sg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .

lhtfldq dNnsf efO{ pu| dNn o; of]hgfdfvf;} ;lqmo b]lvGg t/ cfkmg} >LdtLnfO{ eQmk'/b/af/leq s}b ul//fv]sf] cj:yf ;xh lyPg . kmn:j¿klj=;+= !&%% df sflGtk'/df z/0f lng k'u] / To;sf] Psjif{kl5 sflGtk'/sf ;]gf lnP/ lydL;Dd n8\g cfPsf]lyof] . t/ To;nfO{ e"kltGb| dNnn] bafPsf] lyof] .o;kl5 pu| dNnsf] cj:yf s] eof] clxn];Dd k|sfzdfcfPsf] 5}g . y+y' b/af/df s}b ul/Psf] pgsL >LdtLsf]lj=;+= !&^$ df d[To' ePsf] j+zfjnLn] atfpFF5 . afa'lhtfldq dNnn] rf}tl/ofsf] ¿kdf ‘efh's;’nfO{ a9Lk|fyldstf lb+bf eQmk'/ b/af/df pTkGg slrª\unaf6kl/lrt rt'/ e"kltGb| dNnn] cfÇgf] zf;gsfndf s'g}klg rf}tl/ofx¿nfO{ a9L k|fyldstf lbPg . dNnzf;sx¿s} ;Gtfg xfs' wAjf{n] rf}tl/ofsf] ¿kdf clwsf/hdfpg vf]h] klg ;kmn ePsf] b]lv+b}g . o;/L rt'/ Pj+dxŒjfsf+IfL e"kltGb| dNnn] tTsfnLg k|efjzfnL rf}tl/of‘efh's;’ nfO{ ;bfsf] lglDt x6fPsf] Oltxf; 5 .

jf:tljs Oltxf; h]–h:tf] eP klg ‘efh's;’sf]/x:odo Oltxf; ;“w} lhtfldq dNnsf] d[To' Pjd\ e"kltGb|dNnsf] ;Qf k|flKt;Fu ulx/f] ;DaGw ePsf] b]lvG5 .h;sf] af/]df xfd|f Oltxf;x¿ c:ki6 Pjd\ /x:odo g}5 . lsgeg] oxfF klg if8\oGqs} cGw cfpF5 . hxfFlhTg]sf] gfddf Oltxf; sf]l/G5 . clg xfg]{sf] gfddfcg]sf}+ em"6f nf~5gfo'Qm ls+abGtLx¿ /lrG5 . h'gls+abGtLx¿ ;'Gbf / k9\bf To:tf kfqx¿df ;b}j vngfosTjdfq e]l6G5 . To:t} Ps kfqsf] gfd xf]– ‘efh's;’ . pg}‘efh's;’ nfO{ ;Demfpg] pgsf] lslt{ xf] ‘efh'kf]v/L’ .;Gbe{ u|Gyx¿!_ dfl;s …eQmk'/Ú ;+Vof !%* -jif{ !* cÍ !, @)%& sflt{s_@_ rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] P]ltxfl;s ;fdu|L– df]xgk|;fb vgfn

#_ eQmk'/ lznfn]v ;"rL– z+s/dfg /fhj+zL$_ g]kfn pkTosfsf] dWosfnLg Oltxf;– ;"o{ljqmd 1jfnL%_ ldl8oen g]kfn -efu tLg_– 8L=cf/= /]UdL

^_ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;– 8f=k]zn bxfn&_ clen]v ;+u|x– !!*_ k"l0f{df– c+s #

(_ e"kltGb| dNn— :j= nLnfeQm d'g+sdL{


70

sfJo l;h{gfnf]shLjgsf] b[i6fGt/ b]zsf] lrq–-#_

ljuf]n

dNnsfnLg ;dodf d7, dlGb/, ;Qn, kf6L,r}To, laxf/, kf]v/L, Ogf/sf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / ;+/If0fa9L ePsf] b]lvG5 . rf8kj{, d]nf, 8fkmfehg, jfBjfbg,gfrufg, hfqf, uLt klg ToxL ;dodf a9L ljsf; ePsf]b]lvG5 . dlGb/, hfqf of rf8kj{ ePkl5 8fkmf ehg;“u}jfBjfbg / uLtsf] klg ljsf; eof] . hfqf kj{;“u ldNg]uLt n]lvof], ufOof] . g]jf/ ;d'bfodf k|To]s dlxgfem}+kj{÷rf8 x'GYof] . rf8nfO{ ldNg] u/L uLt ufOGYof] .pkTosfleq dfq xf]Og pkTosf aflx/ klg 8f“8f–8f“8fdf7"N7"nf b]jn÷dlGb/ agfP/ wfld{s :yn agfOof] . plxn]dflg;x¿ 6f9f–6f9f;Dd dlGb/ k'Uy], bz{g uy]{ . To;af/]klg uLt n]Vy], uLt ufp“y] . sltn] ofqf j0f{g ub}{ tsltn] ofqfsf] :d/0f ub}{ uLt /r] . o;/L g} eQmhgx¿rf/ gf/fo0fsxf“ k'Uy], gdf]a'4 eujfgsxf“ k'Uy] . oxf“gdf]a'4 eujfg;DaGwL Ps uLt k|:t't 5 .u'?h' ho gdf] >L a'4 eujfgn'lDagL jg; ljHofs .w' . a|x\dfg a“k'osf ;/:jtLg j;f nfosf, cnsfk'/of h'h' s'j]/g wgb|Jo nfosf ljHofs .!.jfo'b]jg Wjhf af]osf clUgb]jg w"k ygsf,j?0f gfd gfu/fhfg hnwf/f xfosf laHofs .@. dxfb]jg bd? yfosf gf/fo0fg z+v k'osf, hGd /fhfg b08 hf]gsfj n“l5gsfj laHofs .#.OGb|g 5qg s'osf leIf' u0fg Rjfdf]n ufosfcfsfzg :jfg jf uftsfj cfgGb /;g laHofs .$. g}CTo 1fgfs/ bSj nf]s ;lxtg, z]if gfuof Dxf; laHofgfj k"hf kmofj laHofs .%.jg uh /Tg ;fn >L ;'/]Gb| dxf/fhNxfsÅdf cgfy hg, u'?ofs] z/0f .^.

gdf]a'4;DaGwL n]lvPsf] of] uLtdf a|x\df /

;/:jtLsf] dfq xf]Og s'a]/, jfo'b]j, clUgb]j, dxfb]j,gf/fo0f cflbsf] lqmofsnfkaf/] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . a|x\dfn]a9f/]/, ;/:jtLn] ;hfP/, cnsfk'/sf /fhf s'j]/n]k};f r9fPsf] k|;· uLtdf 5 . uLtdf jfo' b]jn] Wjhf-em08f_ km/km/fPsf], clUgb]jtfn] w"k afn]/ ;'ulGwtagfPsf], dxfb]jn] bd? ahfPsf] / a?0f gfu/fhfn]hnwf/f axfPsf] pNn]v 5 .

plxn] ;'g]sf] e"tk|]tsf] s'/f clxn] klg a'9fkfsfx¿;'gfp“5g\ . kf6L–kf}jf / ;Qn–kf6Ldf a;]/ e"tk|]tsfs'/f ;'gfp“5g\ . gof“ k':tfsf] nflu Tof] avfg Psfb]zsf]syfh:tf] eP klg e"tk|]t;“u h'w]sf, jftlrt u/]sf,nv]6]sf] s'/f slxn]sfxL+ rrf{sf] ljifo aG5 . v]taf6l9nf] kms{bf, laxfg ;a]/} v]t hf“bf e"tk|]t;“u e]6 ePsf],afemfafem ePsf] syf ;'gfpg] j[4x¿ slt lat] t sltclxn] hLljt 5g\ . clxn] klg k|ltsfTds :j¿k e}/jgfr / b]jL gfrdf e'rf -e"t_ sf] gfr kfp“5f}+ . e'rf -e"t_ sf] :j¿k eolet b]lvG5 . j]ze"iff klg km/s9·sf] x'G5 . xftdf /x]sf] x8\8Lsf] 6'qmf vfPsf] clegoub}{ gfRg] z}nLn] lx+;|ssf] cg'e"lt lbG5 . /fIf;, b}To,e"t–k|]t cflb s'g} nf]s syfsf/n] agfPsf kfq x'g\ ofs'g} ;do sxL+ /fIf; jf b]jL–b]jtfx¿s} zf;g lyof], Tof]csf]{ kf6f] xf] . xfdL b]jL gfr / e}/j gfrdf z]/l;+xsf]dfq xf]Og /fIf; / b]jLsf] gfr klg x]5f}{+ . /fIf; / b]jLgfrdf b]jLn] ljho kfPsf] gfr x]5f}{+{ . nlntk'/sf] sflt{sgfr o;sf] csf]{ b[i6fGt xf] .

e"tk|]t;DaGwL n]lvPsf] Ps rlr{t / hf]lznf]uLt oxf“ k|:t't 5 ./Iff ofODxf >L u'x\osfnL;]js ofODxf s+sfnLs+sfnLg+ srdr of;fxfs g+ xfn] dfnL .!.

e"tof ;f“ s'lns'lncfkf cfkf gokm" u'lnu'lnlt+hs ltGx'of Kofvg+ x'ODxfsj+ s+sfnL .@.

hf]lugL a]tfn u'lnu'lngfuof lt;f plnplnb'i6 a'l4 b}To oftv8\u g+ Ko+bs kfln .#.

;ª\u|fd :oft u'lnu'lnafls bSj la;]jg ;'ln;'ln


71

v8\u hf]tf lblulblu vgfb}To :ofDx sfnL .$.

sfnL s[kf todfnLdtn;f r+bL bf; xfnLs/hf]/ ljglt z/0f lh jofl5u' t'ltkfnL .%.

e"tsf] :jefj, rl/q / cfgLafgLaf/] j0f{gul/Psf] of] ehgsf] uLtdf /Iff ug]{ u'x\osfnL / ;]jfug]{ s+sfnLsf] j0f{g 5 . b'i6 b}TonfO{ v8\un] k|xf/ u/]/dfl/Psf] of] uLtdf b]jL / bfgjsf] o'4sf] rrf{ 5 .o'4df s}of}+sf] d[To'kl5 af“sL /x]sfx¿ n'sLn'sL efu]sf]k|;·, b}TonfO{ dfg]{ sfnL b]jL;“u v'§f 9f]u]/ k'sf/ u/]sf]uLtdf pNn]v 5 . /fIf;, b}To eg]kl5 dflg;x¿ /Qmlkkf;', lx+;|ssf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf lnG5g\ .

l;l4g/l;+x dNnsf] kfnfb]lv ;'? ePsf] sflt{sgfrsf] rf}yf] lbg o'4snf x'G5 . gfrsf] ;'?df tLg lbgaf7f dfG5]x¿sf] aftlrt tyf v]n k|bz{g x'G5 . kf“rf}+lbg b]jLg[To, 5}6f}+ lbg hnzog, ;ftf}+ lbg a/fxnLnf /cf7f}+ lbg g[l;+x g[To x'G5 . g[Todf tLg lbg eQmk'/,sf7df8f}+ / nlntk'/sf snfsf/x¿n] Psn] csf]{nfO{3f]rk]r u/]sf x'G5g\ . ltgLx¿ 7§f u/]/ bz{snfO{x“;fp“5g\ . gfrsf] cfsif{0f a9fpg oL tLghgfaLr afhLyfK5g\, sf] eGbf sf] sd egL cfkm"nfO{ 7"nf 7fgL cf–cfÇgf] lhNnf of 7fp“sf] cgf}7f] cgf}7f] avfg u5{g\ /5Ss kf5{g\ .

afhLs} qmddf eQmk'/sf snfsf/ eG5g\ –xfdLsxf“ Pp6f uhasf] /fof]sf] ;fusf] af]6 pDof]{ .To;sf] kft 7"nf] eP/ a9\bf a9\bf eQmk'/ ;x/ g} 5f]lkof] .

sf7df8f} +sf snfsf/ eG5g\– sf7df8f} +df:joDe"sf] uh'/b]lv ;]tf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] uh'/;Dd dfs'/fsf]hfn a'g]/ af6f] agfof] . To;df rf/j6f 3f]8f bu'/fof] .

nlntk'/sf snfsf/ eG5g\ – rf]ef/ 8f“8fdfch·sf] nf}sf kmln/fv]sf] lyof] . To;leq cK;/fx¿uLt ufP/ gflr/x]sf lyP . To;a]nf Toxf“ Pp6f df5fcfOk'Uof] / To;n] nf}sf lgNof] . ToxL a]nf stfstfaf6Pp6f as'Nnf] cfof], To;n] df5fnfO{ vfof] . To; ;dodf7"nf] cf“wLa]x/L rNof] . as'Nnf] cf“wLa]x/Laf6 aRg d]/f]km'6]sf] s's'{Rrfsf] Kjfndf ;'Q k:of] . To;a]nf dnfO{ s]u?“ s] u?“ eof] . d]/f] ;fydf cfPsf b'O{hgf gf]s/ a]kQfeP . ;+of]un] cfh tL b'O{hgf gf]s/x¿ d]/} cufl8 b]vfk/] .

o;n] plxn] g} rlr{t, 7§f ug{], xf:oJoª\Uo ug]{snfsf/x¿ lyP eGg] ;ª\s]t u5{ .

dNn /fhfx¿ wd{k/fo0f snfdd{1, slj,kf}/fl0fs 1ftf, lrqsf/, ;+uLtsf/, ljåfg, /fhgLlt1,;'wf/s, wdf{Tdf, k/fqmdL, jL/, of]4f lyP . pgLx¿s}kfnfdf pkTosfdf sf7sf, 9'·fsf / O“6fsf dlGb/ ag] .dlGb/ leq / aflx/ d"lt{ agfP . clg lrqsnf, lzNksnf,x:tsnfsf] ljsf; eof] . snf / ;Dkbfx¿ ag] . clgjfBjfbg, gfrufg / uLt ag], agfOP . pkTosfdf

e}/j gfrdf dxfsfnLn] /fIf;nfO{ dfl//x]sf] b[Zo


72

b]jb]jLx¿sf] dlGb/n] el/of] . rf8jf8 kj{ ag] . clgj+zfjnL, 7\of;km', ;'j0f{kq, tfd|kq, lznfkq agfOof] .o;}sf] cfwf/df uLt aGof], uLt agfOP / Oltxf; aGof] .

xf], dNn zf;sx¿df klg sdhf]/L b]lvP ./fhu2Lsf] nflu Psn] csf]{nfO{ cf/f]k–k|Tof/f]k ug]{,u2L k|fKt ug{ if8\oGq ug]{ sfd eof] . zf;sx¿ km]l/P .dNn /fhfx¿sf klg ax'kTgL lyP . Psn] csf]{nfO{sdhf]/ 7fg] . cf–cfÇgf kIfsf /fgL / dGqLx¿ eP .kfl/jfl/s / dGqLx¿aLrsf] dgd'tfa a9\of] . /fHosdhf]/ eof] . ;Qfd'vL emu8f zfxsfndf eof],/f0ffsfndf eof] . Tof] /fhtGq x'“b} u0ftGq :yfkgfx'“bf;Dd sfod /x\of] .

To;a]nf /fhf, dGqLaLr ePsf] jfSo'4, if8\oGqsf]sf/0f /fHo ktg ePsf] Pp6f uLt oxf“ k|:t't 5 .

x]dg /fhf, ;fx|f z/L/of wlg h'of rf]g .w'.lemDxf drf b;] rf]g v'“ j ;dfgcfzf lg/fzf lgDxf /fgL h'of rf]gdrf ld;fof Vjn :jof cx+sf/ ofo dt]/fHo gf; h'O .!.

u'“u" n'vf b;] rf]g zq'of n“k' h'of;'a'l4 s'a'l4 lgDxf dGqL h'of rf]gs'a'l4of v“Gogf cx+sf/ ofodt]clgTo z/L/ .@.

ªfDxfsfhL an sof lyltgLlt ofgfrf]grGb|;"o{ lgDxf ;fl5 h'of rf]gw/d kfk hs /0fof vhfgfdg] db' d]j .#.

rfj lGxj lgDxf b"t hGd/fhf tf]tf tncx+sf/ /fhf gkf+ Njfo dg ofgfn'vf bsf] aGb ofgf ;x/; åfxf“ jof/fHo gf; ofO .$.

drf ld;f sflh dGqL yj yf; la;] jlgyd+ ofgfu' Hofof kmn kfj] h'Oj}/Lof /fHo h'O lrgf s'gf tOkm]lgj ;'gfg < .%.

NxfsDxfof efjg yj dg /fhf gfkleg dleg lgu" gfk gfk jO;'a'l4of v“ Gogf leg Hofv“ ofjdg] db' d]j .^.

uLtsf] ltlyldlt / /rgfsf/ c1ft eP klguLtdf /fhf–dxf/fhfx¿sf] cxª\sf/, s'a'l4sf dGqLx¿sf]3';3';] afgLn] ;ª\u|fd ePsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . ax'kTgL

x' “bf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿aLr x'g] emu8f, cxª\sf/,/fhflj?4 n8\g] /ftlbg b"t 5f]8]/ s'/f] a'em\g], kfksf]kmn ef]Ug'kg]{ x'“bf ;'a'l4sf] s'/f ;'g]/ c;n sfd ug'{kg]{;Gb]z of] uLtdf pNn]v 5 . ;x/leqsf ;a} 9f]sf aGbu/]/ /fHo gf; ug{ of /fhu2L cfÇgf] xftdf lngul/Psf] o'4sf] ;ª\s]t uLtdf 5 .

g]jf/ /fhfn] cfÇgf] /fHosf] ;'/Iffsf] lglDt;x/sf] rf/} lb;fdf 9f]sf agfPsf] / kvf{n nufPsf]s'/f eQmk'/ ;x/df xfn;Dd /x]sf] 9f]sf / kvf{nn]yfxf x'G5 . Rofx\dfl;+x 9f]sf, efjf{rf] 9f]sf, d·ntLy{sf]9f]sf / Jof;L 9f]sf o;sf b[i6fGt x'g\ . o;afx]s cGoqklg 9f]sf / 9f]sfsf cjz]ifx¿ cBflk 5g\ .

g]kfndf klxn] ;lt hfg] k|yf lyof] . of] k|yf;j{;fwf/0f gful/saLr dfq xf]Og /fhb/af/df klg/x]5 eGg] s'/f ‘laHofnIdL ljb]zg+ Yo+s xn’ eGg] rlr{tuLtn] yfxf x'G5 . of] uLt ;ltk|yfdf cfwfl/t 5 ./0faxfb'/ zfx sfzLaf6 kms]{kl5 g]kfnsf ef/bf/ /:jod\ cfÇgf] /fgLn] cg]s hfnem]n u/L km;fPsf] cf/f]kdf/fgL laHofnIdL -/fh /fh]Zj/L_ nfO{ b/af/af6lgsfN5g\ . x]nDa'df al;/x]sL /fgL laHof -lahof_nIdLnfO{ z]/axfb'/ zfxdfkm{t :jfdL /fhf /0faxfb'/zfxsf] xTofsf] va/ kfPkl5 /fgL :yfgLo hgtf;“u labfdfUb} ;lt hfg afWo ePsf] uLtdf pNn]v 5 . ;lt hfg'cl3 pgn] uLjf{0fo'4 / nflgys'nfO{ e]6\g] OR5f /flvg\ .t/ b/af/sf] cfb]z 5}g egL e]6\g lbO“b}g . cGttM /fgLlaHofnIdL 3f6df k'uL /fdgfdsf] gfp“ lnO{ lrQfdfhlng\ . ;tL k|yfh:tf ] cGwljZjf;df hsl8Psf]laHofnIdLsf] uLt k|:t't 5 .

dxf/fgL laHofnIdL ljb]zg y]gs] xn,x]n+u'of k/jt rf];+ jf; /] .w'.

y :jof k/jt sf] :jof ;d'b/;d'b/ x'g'g'g' xfn /] .!.

nvtf]g] t'+jfrf;, cfn+ ofo tkl/;>L :jfldof va/ g]gf jgf /] .@.

k|hfof bof bt rf}3/f bosf landxf/fgL cfgGbg rf]g /] .#.

b'Mv ;'v tgsf rf]gf >L :jfldof va/ g]gf;lt ljHofo dfn wsf wfn /] .$.

x]n+u'of k/hf efh' lh ;lt jg]dfnk/hfof ldvf; vf]la tn /] .%.

cg+lg;] ;lt laHoft ah|of]lugL y]gs] xncg n'of 5lnsly 5fof lan /] .^.


73

;Sj b]zof k~r k/djL/l;+ b'jf¥of ;lxtcg dfO{oft jfhg ;osf laHoft /] .&.

;Sj b]zof k~r k/dfg xl/jL/ l;+ k|wfgof 5];+cg 5];+ d]hdf ;+s] xn /] .*.

cgln;] lnxf“ ljHoft >L r+u'gf/f+ Yogsn laHoftcg bfogf z+v 5fof lan /] .(.

cgln;] lnxf“ laHoft >L u'x]Zj/L Yogs] xncg n'“of 5q5fof lan /] .!).

cglg;]+ lnxf laHoft >L kz'klt Wogs] xncg n'“of Rjfdf]n 5fof lan /] .!!.

cglg;]+ lnxf“ laHoft >L :jfldof b/;g oftcg :jrfs pnf kfln ef]sk'n /] .!@.

cglg;] lnxf“ laHoft ho afuLZj/L Yogsn laHoftcg n'ef]tof tfof] 5fof lbn /] .!#.

cglg;]+ lnxf“ laHoft Wjfsfklt rk/fl; toflano“ b]z] jg] db' wfn /] .!$.

cglg;]+ lnxf“ laHoft Gxj+ 3f6 Yogsn laHoftcg dxf/fgL g'un bfof Vjn /] .!%.

o]+ b]zof sflh ef/bf/ lh sfoof b/;g dlapplh{ db'wsf xf]s'd h'n /] .!^.

jfof] h'h' jfof] k'tf lul/jfg h'4 ljqmd zfxlhu' d'n] vlr km]t's] /] .!&.

jfof] k'tf d}h' nflg ys'+ d'n] elt rf]g jfof]5g jfof sf/g;+ jg] /] .!*.

dxf/fgL laHofnIdL dfd ofu' Vjfn :jofcg ;fx]a h'h'+ ldvf; vf]la tn /] .!(.

xfo h'h' xfo k'tf k/hfoft b'Mv ljo dt]5g /fHo ly/ ofo kmo dfn /] .@).

dxf/fgL laHofnIdL l;+k; yfxf+ laHoftdxf/fgL /fdgfd sfn /] .@!.sflh wfo eLd;]g yfkf dGqL wfo eLd;]g yfkf

csfng 5tf l;o dfn /] .@@.dxf/fgL :ju{jf; h'n cg rf]sf] b'lgof bSsf]ldvf; vf]la tof vf]n /] .@#.

b/af/af6 lgsflnPsL dxf/fgL laHof -lahof_nIdL x]nDa'df lgjf{l;t hLjg latfO/x“bf cfÇgf] :jfdL/0faxfb'/ zfx lat]sf] va/;“u} ;tL hfg] va/ k'¥ofOof] .b'Mv si6sf ;fy hLjg latfO/x]sL /fgLnfO{ :yfgLohgtfn] rf}3/f agfPkl5 dfq} pgn] cfgGbsf] cg'e"ltul/g\ . b'Mv ;'v la;]{/ al;/x]sL dxf/fgLnfO{ :jfdLsf]d[To'sf] va/ ;'g]kl5 ;tL hfg'kbf{ /fgL / k|hfsf] x[bodfrf]6 kg'{ :jfefljs xf] . ;tL hfg k|hf;“u labf dfUb}/fgLah|of]lugL, ;Sj - _ sf xl/jL/dfg l;+sf] 3/,rf“u'gf/fo0f, u'x]Zj/L, kz'klt k'u]/ pgn] :jfdL/0faxfb'/sf] bz{g u/L tLgk6s 3'd]/ kfp 9f]lug\ .

Toxf“af6 kmsL{ ho jfuLZj/L, ;x/sf ljleGgåf/ x'“b} b/jf/ k'u]/ 5f]/LnfO{ e]6\g] OR5f JoQm ubf{cfb]z 5}g egL e]6\g lbO“b}g . 5f]/f uLjf{0fo'4nfO{ e]6\gglbPkl5 k|hfnfO{ b'Mv glbg 5f]/fnfO{ cfu|x ul/g\ .To;kl5 pgL nf; hnfpg /flvPsf] bfp/fdf a;L/fdgfdsf] gfp“ lnO{ lrQfdf hlng\ .

of] uLtsf] ;f/ xf] . uLt b'MvfGts / dfld{s5 . ;/sf/n] agfPs} cGwljZjf; / ;+:sf/n] ubf{ nfdf];do;Dd hgtfn] dfq xf]Og, /fhkl/jf/sf ;b:on] klgb'MvkfP . >Ldfg\;“u ;tL uP/ s;}sf] ;'v x'g] xf]Og .

;tL k|yf x6fpg'kg]{ dfu a9\of], hgbafa a9\of] .;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfljk/Ltsf] ;f] k|yf rGb|zdz]/sf]kfnfdf !(&& c;f/ @% b]lv cGTo eof] . klxn] s;};“u;fk6L ln+bf klg Jofhsf] ¿kdf 5f]/f 5f]/LnfO{ laqmLug'{kYof]{ of sdf/fsdf/L /fVg] k|yf lyof] . efph' laufg]{k|yf lyof] . oL k|yfx¿ ;fdGtL ;+:sf/sf b[i6fGtx¿x'g\ . /0faxfb'/ zfxsf kf“r kTgLdWo] ljhof -/fhsflt{s gfr


74

/fh]Zj/L_ klxnf] kTgL x'g\ . uLjf{0fo'4 t];|f] kTgLsflGtb]jLsf k'q x'g\ . /0faxfb'/ zfx lj=;+= !*%* dfsfzL uPsf lyP .

eQmk'/df efn' gfr klg rlr{t lyof] . ljz]ifu/Lof] gfr ufO{hfqfsf] ;dodf b]vfOGYof] . a'9fkfsfsf]egfOcg';f/ ufO{hfqfsf] a]nf eQmk'/ ;x/df /x]sf ;a}k/Dk/fut gfrufg b]vfpg'kYof]{ . eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn]k/Dk/fut gfrufgsf] k|ltof]lutf u/]kl5 klxn] b]vfpg5f]8]sf] of] gfr km]l/ b]vfOPsf] lyof] . clxn] of] gfrb]vfPsf] kfO“b}g . ljz]ifu/L efn' gfr egkfsf] ;fljsj8f g+= !& -xfn j8f g+= !_ af6 NofOGYof] / 6f]n–6f]ndfb]vfOGYof] . of] gfr klxn] Sjf708f}+ 6f]naf6 klg b]vfOg]u/]sf] atfOG5 . nf]k x'g nfu]s]f of] efn' gfrsf] Pp6fk'/fgf] uLt oxf“ k|:t't 5 .;+jt\ bf]nl5 j Gx}bof ldlt;3/3/} l;kfO“ hf]ªfjg] nf]s b'lgof“ ;f]n jO{ /] .!. ;}Go bsf] d'gsfj c xn jfg /] kz'k+l5 efn'oftf :ofªf j jfg]g' of] x/ifg Dx]tn /] [email protected];+x Aof3| clh+u/ cg]g bj /]wg'vjfg xlyof/ hf]ªf j jfg]g' of] x/ifg bsf] /] .#. l;sf/L, lvrf l;kfxL+ 5Dxf Gxkfnfs 5f]j /] efn'h'jf h'+u] nfdf ;f] jO{ lemlk ;sn] jªf j hf]g]g' .$.nfdfh'g dGq ofgf efn' Djfsf sfO{ /]l;kfO g+ dGq :ofªf ljOu' :jj 3]/f laof rf]g]g' .%. xg'dfg3ft] u+uf; df]n Nx'o jfg]g' bsf] kfk r'osfj 5f]of] jfg]g' yf] x/ifg yj 5]; /] .^.nf]s k+r d'gsfj ehg ofo] /]/fdgfd hk ofªfj jfg] g'of] a}s'07 jf; /] .&.

of] efn'sf] uLtdf g]kfn ;+jt\ !)&) pNn]v5 . o; uLtdf s'g} Ps ls;fgsf] ds}af/Ldf efn' k;]/ds} vfPsf] k|;· 5 . efn'n] ds} vfP/ ;vfk kf/]kl5l;kfxL+, ;]gf lnP/ hgtf ds}af/Ldf efn' dfg{ k'u] .l;+x, af3, clhª\u/ x'g] eon] wg'ifjfg / xltof/ lnP/;a}hgf k'Ug' cl3 lzsf/L s's'/ / l;kfxL+ k7fp“y] .efn'sf dflns h'+u] nfdfn] dfl/Psf] efn'nfO{ dGqn]arfpg] x'“bf h'+u] nfdfnfO{ ;dfTg'kg]{ / nfdfsf] dGq e·ug{ rf/}lt/ 3]/f u/]/ a:g'kg]{ syg 5 uLtdf . uLtsf]cGTodf xg'dfg3f6sf] u+ufdf :gfg u/]/ ePe/sf] kfkkvfnL nf]sk~r ldnL v';L;fy ehg ug]{ k|;ª\u of]efn' uLtdf pNn]v 5 .

of] efn' gfrsf] uLt ldq nIdLgf/fo0f/fhnj6dfkm {t efjf {rf ] l :yt dlg; ' Gb/ uf0f ]z

8fkmfehgdfkm{t lnOPsf] xf] .efn' gfrdf Ps efn', l;sf/L, dGq hfGg]

nfdf / l;kfxL+ x'Gy] . uLt ufp“b} efn' gfRbf /dfOnf]x'GYof] . To;dfly snfsf/aLrsf] jftlrt 76\of}nL,Joª\UofTds x'GYof] / bz{snfO{ dgf]/~hg lbGYof] . o:tf]efn' gfr klxn] klxn] ufO{hfqfsf] a]nf k|To]s jif{ 6f]n–6f]ndf NofOGYof] / :yfgLo 6f]njf;Lx¿n] x]y]{ . dgf]/~hglnGy] . ca gof“ k':tfn] efn' gfr x]g{ kfp“5 ls kfp“b}g,lrGtfsf ] ljifo ag] ] ]sf ] 5 . efn' gfrsf k'/fgfsnfsf/x¿dfkm{t of] gfr b]vfpg kfP, gof“ k':tfn] klghfgsf/L kfp“y] . klxn] o:tf gfrx¿ x]g{ 6f]nel/ bz{sx'Gy] . cfhef]ln 3/3/d} lkmNd, 6]ln;[ª\vnf x'g] ePsf]n]/ gof“ k':tfsf] Wofg guPsf] x'“bf bz{sx¿ klg sddfqx'Gy] . slt gfrufgx¿ k'/fgf snfsf/x¿ lalt;s]sf] /j[4 x'g yfn]kl5 b]vfpg g;s]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ klgk/Dk/fut df}lns gfrnfO{ hLjGttf lbO/xg' h?/L 5 .;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lk'nf+u' Do] M ;°ns 7fs'/nfn dfgGw/

afv+ M k|]daxfb'/ s;f

dlg;'Gb/ u0f]z 8fkmfehg, efjf{rf]

g]kfnL nf]s;flxto M r'8fdl0f aGw'

k'?vf lklgu' Dxu;k'?vf lklgu' Dxu;k'?vf lklgu' Dxu;k'?vf lklgu' Dxu;k'?vf lklgu' Dxu;– l;l4r/0f >]i7

lhld x] k'?vflklgu' lxrMlt d'gfM bofRj+u' Yj lhu' b]lalnlaln hfofRj+u' cldu' x] dfof–dltgf vM lhu' Dxo\nv b'Go jl;gf Rj+u' Yj wlt{ cld;+ x] vM lkt xMu'jf–kmo\, v'l;afM, lgefM dwf:o]+ yMt Yjof lg+lt+ ÇofMu' .

5]“, a'“ j VoM Soa yfo\afo\ ;stf+ vM k'?vflklg x] 5]“ u"NjfgfM, VofgfM, :ofgfM j l;gfM Yj}t ;bf+ Djfsf tMu'ufM, Wjk NxfsfM, s+emfM rLsfM yYofMyfo\ dfy+ j+sfMuf+, kfM, b], n“k' cld;+ :j+u' hLjg u'“lv emLu' Ajn+sfM .

lhu' Ko], lhu' 3'6', lhu' lto k'Go g+ vM k'/vflklgu' lx rMltcldu' Dxu; vM, :jod\ lh x] g+ GÅo}k':o Rj+Sot y'u' ;[li6l5+Sot, le+Sot, o}k':o Rj+Sot yg lhof+ lnkf j}lk+tcfo\a" lh ;bf+ v]n'OtfM y]+ hMof g+ hMt'+ HjLt .

-;fef/M v]n'OtfM, g]=;+= !!)@ Dxk'hf_

;Gbe{M l;l4r/0f >]i7 hGd lbj;


75

ko{6s z'Nsx]dGt

ufO{hfqf kj{sf] /dfOnf] lbg lyof] . eQmk'/df‘l3+tf+ l3l;’ gfr tyf k/Dk/fut gfrx¿sf] gu/ kl/qmdfx'“b} lyof] . hfqf x]g{sf lglDt cfGtl/s ko{6sx¿sf]3'O“rf] nfd} lyof] . ljb]zL ko{6sx¿ klg ;d"x–;d"x u/LToxL le8df ;fd]n lyP . ‘lulg Tjfª\ lugL Tjfª\ l3+tf+l3l; 6\jfª\’ afhfsf] af]ndf afns, o'jf–o'jtL tyfcwa}+;] snfsf/x¿ tfn ldnfO{ gfRb} u/]sf] ;fx|} cfsif{sb]lvGYof] . ;a}sf] cg'xf/ x“l;nf] lyof] . ;a} /dfO/x]sflyP . sfnf] afbnn] 3fd 5f]lkPsf] lyof] . kl;gfn]z/L/ lgy'|Ss} leh] tfklg udL{ eg] lyPg . ufO{hfqfsf]dgf]/~hg ln+b} ;dfh;]jL /fdbfOn] eQmk'/ gu/ PsrSs/ nufP . To;sf/0f pgL ysfO dfg{ / ef]sd]6fpg uNnLsf] af6f] x'“b} 3/ kms{b} lyP . ToxL uNnLsf]af6f] x'“b} Ps ;d"x ljb]zL ko{6sx¿ cfp“b} lyP . tLko{6sx¿dfly /fdbfOn] uf}0f u/L lgofn] . tL ko{6sx¿sf];d"xdf Ps hgf g]kfnL o'jf klg lyP . ;fob pgL ufO8lyP . z+sfn' cf“vf 3'dfp“b} ufO8n] ko{6sx¿nfO{ nUb}lyof] . t/ /fdbfOnfO{ tL ko{6sx¿ l6s6 sfp06/5n]/ cfPsf] cg'dfg u/], lsgls ltgLx¿sf] xftdf a|f];// l6s6 lyPg .

/fdbfOn] ;a}sf] cg'xf/ lgofNb} dgdf s'/fv]nfpg yfn]– z'Ns ltl/;s]sf ko{6sx¿sf] xft–xftdfeQmk'/sf] a|f];/ / k|j]z l6s6 x'GYof] t/ logLx¿sf] xftt vfnL 5 . logLx¿ kSs} sfp06/ 5n]/ gu/ k|j]zug]{x¿ x'g\ /fdbfOn] c7f]6 u¥of] .

P /fdbfO ¤ s'O/]x¿nfO{ lsg lgofNg' ePsf] <kf6Ldf a;L tf; v]ln/x]sf] led]rfn] ck/em6 k|Zgu¥of] . pm ;w}+ kf6Ldf tf; v]nL lbg latfpg] uYof]{ .lgjf{rgsf] a]nf cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ kf6L{sf] nxnx}dfk|rf/ cleofgdf lx“8\g] uYof]{ . Pp6} kf6L{sf] em08f d'gLa:g'k5{ eGg] afWotf p;nfO{ lyPg . cfly{s ;xof]ugug]{ kf6L{sf] gfd} ln+b}gYof] . oL s'O/]x¿n] lagf z'Nsgu/ k|j]z u¥of] ls h:tf] nfUof] ¤ /fdbfOn] hjfkmlbP .

wQ]/L ¤ To;df lsg 6fpsf] b'vfpg] < ko{6sz'Ns lt/f];\ of glt/f];\ tkfO{+nfO{ s] dtna ¤ jf:t} gu/]t eO xfNof] lg . tkfO“ gu/kflnsfsf] sd{rf/L xf]Og,

hgk|ltlglw klg xf]Og . r'k nfu]/ a;] t eO xfNof] lg ¤s] ko{6s z'Nsaf6 tkfO{+nfO{ sldzg cfp“5 ls s;f]/fdbfO < led]rfn] lhDd]jf/LxLg k|Zg u¥of] . led]rfsf]k|Zg ;'g]/ /fdbfOsf] kfOtnfb]lv l/; p7\g yfNof] tfklg‘l/;fPsf] a|fDx0fn] j]b k9\b}gg\’ eGg] pvfg ;lDem l/;nfO{bafO ;Demfpg yfn]–s'/f] To;f] xf]Og led]rf ¤ s'/f a'em,xfdL oxL gu/sf gu/jf;L xf}+ . oxL+ hGDof}+– oxL+ dg'{k5{ .To;sf/0f gu/nfO{ gf]S;fg x'g] s'/fdf / gu/jf;LnfO{gf]S;fg x'g] s'/fnfO{ hf]ufpg' xfd|f] st{Jo xf] . tL ljb]zLko{6sx¿n] k|j]z z'Ns gltl/sg gu/ 3'Dg yfNof] eg]gu/jf;LnfO{ gf]S;fg x'“b}g / ¤

8\ofs k/] klg gfkmf eP klg gu/jf;LnfO{‘a]n kfSof] xif{ g la:dft\’ s] gu/kflnsfn] ko{6g z'Nsp7fP/ gu/jf;LnfO{ efuaG8f u/L lbPsf] 5 < jflxoft ¤hfg';\ cfÇgf] sfddf ¤ led]rfn] cfb]z lbof] .

led]rfn] ko{6s z'Nsaf/] nfk/jfxL ljrf/ JoQmu/] tfklg l/;nfO{ lgoGq0f ub}{ /fdbfOn] ko{6s z'Nsaf/]ljutsf Oltxf; atfpg yfn]–

nf} ;'g led] ¤ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ ;+/If0f ug]{ljifodf g]kfnsf k'/fgf gu/x¿em}+ xfd|f] eQmk'/ gu/klg cu|k+lQm d} 5 . oxf“sf kf6L–kf}jf, d7–dlGb/,ljxf/, kf]v/L, ;8s tyf uNnLsf af6fx¿ k'/fg} :j¿kdfhL0ff]{åf/ ug]{ sfd lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf 5g\ . To;}sf/0f of]gu/ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"lrdf 5 . g]kfn 3'Dg cfpg] ljb]zLko{6sx¿ eQmk'/sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] b[Zofjnf]sg gu/Lkms{g' k/] ;fx|} lrQ b'MvfP/ hfG5g\ eGg] s'/f ;'Ggdfcfp“5 . of] hLjGt ;f+:s[lts gu/ xf] . o;nfO{ gfrufgsf]/fhwfgL klg eGg] u5{g\ .

ljutsf lbgx¿df gu/kflnsfsf] cfly{s ;|f]tsdhf]/ x'gfsf] sf/0f c;+Vo P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfx¿ nf]keO;s]sf] s'/f a'9fkfsfx¿ eGg] u5{g\ . ;"o{d9L ba'sf]dxfb]j dlGb/, t'nf5]+ 6f]nsf] huGgfy dlGb/ tyf pgfG;orf]sleqsf dxŒjk"0f{ rf]sx¿, xfd|f] cf“vfaf6 cf]em]nkl/;s]sf 5g\ .

ljZjsf ljsl;t b]zx¿n] ko{6sx¿;“u z'Nsp7fP/ cf–cfÇgf] P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfx¿ ;'/lIft ubf{ /x]5g\eGg] s'/f xfd|f hgk|ltlglwx¿n] yfxf kfP . To;sf/0feQmk'/ gu/ cjnf]sg ug{ cfpg] ljb]zL ko{6sx¿;“uz'Ns p7fpg] efjgf hfUof] . gu/kflnsfn]


76

gu/jf;Lx¿sf] /fo–;'emfj ;+sng u/L ko{6sz'Ns p7fpg] s'/f af]8{ a}7sn] lg0f{o u¥of] . To; lg0f{osflj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;d]t lj/f]w u/]sf] lyof] . lg0f{olkmtf{ lng bafa lbPsf] lyof] . :yfgLo lgsfo :jfoQzf;g x'gfsf] sf/0f xfd|f hgk|ltlglwx¿n] ;/sf/sf]bafa c:jLsf/ u/] . eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] ko{6s z'Nsp7fO 5f8\of] t/ cfÇg} vNtLaf6 z'Ns ltg'{kg]{ ;Dem]/:yfgLo s]xL Jofkf/Lx¿n] klg lj/f]w hgfPsf lyP tfklgTof] ;kmn x'g ;s]g . xfn of] ko{6s z'Ns eQmk'/gu/sf] d'Vo cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t ag]sf] 5 . ko{6s z'Nsp7fpg gkfPsf] eP g ;Dkbfx¿ hL0ff]{4f/ x'Gy] g t;/;kmfO g} ug{ ;lsGYof] . oBlk ko{6s z'Ns l:y/cfly{s ;|f]t eg] xf]Og . o;df gu/jf;Ln] Wofg lbg'k5{ ./fdbfOn] led]rfnfO{ ;Demfpg]–a'emfpg] k|of; u/] .

nf} led] ¤ ltdLnfO{ yfx} 5– ltd|f] 6f]nsf] kf6L,B5]+, jlx klxn] s'g cj:yfdf lyof] eg ¤

‘Tof] t ;a} g} 3/kftfn} lyof] lg ¤ led]rfn]hjfkm lbof] . xf] s, ca Tof] k'gMlgdf{0f ePg t <’ /fdbfOn] pQ/;“u} k|Zg ;f]lwxfn] . ‘Tof] t hL0ff] {4f/eO;Sof5 ¤’ led]rfn] 5f]6s/Ldf hjfkm kmsf{of] .

ToxL ko{6s z'Nsaf6 kf“rtn] dlGb/, e}/j gfysf]dlGb/, l;4kf]v/L, sdnljgfos kf]v/L, ljleGg sn]hx¿tyf hg:jf:Yo sfof{no ;~rfng ePsf x'g\ . ca s] of]ko{6s z'Ns hgtfnfO{ af“8]sf] xf]Og t < /fdbfn] sl:;P/k|Zg u/] . led]rfn] oyfy{ 1fg kfPsf] cg'ej u/]kl5/fdbfOn] gu/kflnsfdf df]afOnaf6 ;"rgf lb+b} eg]–k|d'vHo" ¤ ljb]zL ko{6sx¿ ljgf z'Ns gu/ k|j]z ub}{ 5g\x } .


77

;dfhdf k|rlntcGwljZjf; M slt;To slt c;To

;x k|f=8f= an/fd sfo:y

cGwljZjf; To:tf s'/f x'g\, h;df s'g}k|fdfl0fstf x'Fb}g, t/ klg hLjgsf] k|To]s df]8df To;nfO{af]s]/ lx+8\g' kl//x]sf] x'G5 . cfhsf] h:tf] j}1flgsljrf/ cyf{t\ s'g} klg s'/fsf] lgikIf, :jtGq / ts{;ut9+un] ljrf/ ljdz{ ug]{ k4lt k|frLg ;dosf] ;dfhdfljsf; eO;s]sf] lyPg . ctM w]/} s'/fx¿ k|fdfl0fscfwf/ljxLg eP tfklg dfgj ;dfhn] c“ufNg k'Uof],h;nfO{ kl5sf ;dfhn] k/Dk/fsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ u¥of] .o;/L k|To]s dflg;sf] wd{, ;+:s[ltdf cGwljZjf; 3'nldnePsf] kfOG5, s]jn :t/ / u'0fdfq leGg x'G5 . h:tf]†cufl8 a9]sf] ;dfhdf yf]/} / k5fl8 k/]sf] ;dfhdf a9LkfOG5 . xfd|f] b]z g]kfn klg ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fn]k5fl8 k/]sf] 5, h;n] ubf{ oxfF cGwljZjf; Aofks¿kdf k|rlnt /x]sf] kfOG5, h'g hLjgsf] k|To]slqmofsnfk, wd{sd{ cflbdf of] k|z:t e]l6G5 . oBlk;dfhn] dfGb }df, k/Dk/fn] :jLsfb } {df s'g } klgcGwljZjf;nfO{ ljZjf; ug}{k5{ eGg] afWotf s;}nfO{ klg5}g, t/ klg grfxFbf grfxFb} klg k|foM ;a}n] To;nfO{af]s]/ lx+l8/fv]s} x'G5 . xfn} dfq klZrd g]kfnsf] s}nfnL,s+rgk'/lt/ Pp6L yf? o'jtLnfO{ af]S;Lsf] cf/f]kdf xl/afa'eGg] wfdLn] b]ptf cfPsf] eGb} af]S;L eufpg d/0ff;Ggx'g] u/L s'6lk6 u/] . of] ;a}sf ;fd' lbgbxf8} ePsf]36gf lyof] . of] dfgj clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] r/d;Ldflyof] . t/ klg cGwljZjf; egL yfxf kfpFbf kfpFb} klg;dfhn] o:tf s'/fnfO{ ;xh 9+un] lnPsf] b]lvG5 . To:t}klZrd g]kfnsf] kxf8L k|b]zdf /xg] dlxnfx¿nfO{dlxgfjf/L x'Fbf k|rlnt 5fpk8L k|yfsf] cGwljZjf;n]si6s/ hLjg ef]Ug afWo kf/]sf] 5 . t/fO{sf] dw];L

;d'bfo, lxdfnL e]usf afl;Gbf, pkTosfsf] g]jf/;dfhnufot ;a}lt/sf dflg;x¿df cGwljZjf;;DaGwLwf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;dfhdf k|rlnt cGwljZjf;nfO{ d"ntM b'O{efudf /fv]/ cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . h:t}M !_ wfld{sk/Dk/f;“u ;DalGwt cGwljZjf;, @_ ;fdflhs hLjg;“u;DalGwt cGwljZjf; .

!_ wfld {s k/Dk/f; “u ;DalGwt!_ wfld {s k/Dk/f; “u ;DalGwt!_ wfld {s k/Dk/f; “u ;DalGwt!_ wfld {s k/Dk/f; “u ;DalGwt!_ wfld {s k/Dk/f; “u ;DalGwtcGwljZjf;—cGwljZjf;—cGwljZjf;—cGwljZjf;—cGwljZjf;— ;dfhdf u/]sf cg]sf}+ cg}lts sfo{sf] k|folZrtdlGb/df uP/ s]xL r9fpFb}df x'Fb}g . t/ g]kfnL ;dfhdfo; lsl;dsf] cGwljZjf; Aofks ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .jf:tjdf cfkm"n] u/]sf s's[Tox¿af6 aRg O{Zj/nfO{ s]xLe]6L r9fP/ IfDo x'g] eP hf] sf]xL klg ck/fw sd{ ug{lt/nfnflot x'G5g\ . ;dfhdf g}lts d"No–dfGotfx¿ ;dfKteP/ hfG5g\ . cfbz{, ;Rrl/qtf, ;bfrf/, Odfgbf/LtfeGg] s'/fsf] s'g} cy{ g} /xFb}g . k|frLg ;dosf dflg;x¿n];dodf kfgL kfg]{, s[lifkm;n /fd|f] ul/lbg], ;a}lt/ ;'v,zflGt / ;d[l4 km}nfpg], k|fs[lts k|sf]k, b}jL ljklQsf36gfx¿ x'g glbg] Pp6f cb[Zo zlQm, hf] ;j{zlQmdfg 5,lg/fsf/ 5 eGg] 7fg] / To;}nfO{ O{Zj/sf] ¿kdf dfGgyfn] . cfsf/ljxLg ¿ksf] O{Zj/ x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ kl5sf;dfhn] dfg]gg\ . To;}n] d"lt{ agfpg yflnof] . p;n] h]klg ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] p;nfO{ ;aeGbf ;'Gb/ agfOof] .To; d"lt{nfO{ eJo ¿ksf] dlGb/ agfP/ :yfkgf ul/of] .To;kl5 k"hfljlw, kz'aln, g/alnsf] rng rNg yfNof] .t/ of] wd{ xf]Og, s]jn cGwljZjf; xf] . dxfslj nIdLk|;fbb]jsf]6fsf cg';f/ dlGb/df hfFb}df wd{ k|flKt x'Fb}g, ;Rrfwd{ t bLg–b'MvLx¿sf] ;]jfaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . dxfTdf ufGwLsf]egfOdf dflg;sf] ;]jf ug'{ g} ;fFrf] cy{df O{Zj/sf] ;]jf ug'{xf] . jf:tjdf cb[Zo zlQmsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] O{Zj/ g td"lt{df x'G5, g t dlGb/df g} a:g] ub{5 g s'g} lsl;dsf]k"hf jf kz'alnsf] dfu u5{ . of] t k|To]s dflg;sf] dgdfa;]sf] x'G5 . a'9fkfsfx¿ eGg] u5{g\ ædg r+uf tf] nf]6fd]u+uf ¤Æ cyf{t\ cfÇgf] dg kljq 5 eg] O{Zj/ vf]Hg cGt st}uO/xg'kb}{g . cfÇg} dgsf] cGt/ s'Gt/df vf]hL x]/] k'U5 .olb dgdf sk6 5 eg] dlGb/ hfFb}df dfq s]xL k|flKtx'g]jfnf 5}g .

g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;gftgsfnb]lv k|rlnt wd{dfj}1flgstf 5 ls 5}g eGg uf¥x} 5 . t/ klg ;fdflhs;+:sf/, /Lltl/jfhx¿ cflb ;a} k/Dk/fb]lv wd{s} cfwf/dfrNb} cfPsf 5g\ . o;nfO{ alxisf/ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf


78

5}g . ljleGg kj{ ljz]ifsf cj;/df b]jb]jLsf dlGb/dfltgnfO{ v';L kfg{ lbOg] kz'aln nufotsf alnx¿ ;j{yfcGwljZjf; x'g\ . dflg;nfO{ cfÇgf] zf/Ll/s tGb'?:tLsfnflu df;' vfg' knf{, Tof] a]Un} s'/f xf] . t/ o;sf nfluO{Zj/nfO{ bf]ifL agfpg' plrt b]lv+b}g . o; ;Gbe{df oxfFPp6f pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . h:tf]M lxGb'wd{zf:qcg';f/ u0f]z eujfgn] aln lnPsf] sxL+ klgb]lv+b}g, t/ xfd|f] ;dfhdf 6f]n6f]ndf /x]sf u0f]znfO{s'v'/f, xfF;, af]sf, /fFuf] cflbsf] aln lbg] k/Dk/f /x]sf]5 . u0f]zsf] k"hf ubf{ k+rdsf/ljlwn] k"hf ul/G5 cyf{t\dT:o, df;, dlb/f;lxtsf] ;Dx]o\ahL r9fP/ k"hf ul/G5 .oBlk o; k/Dk/fnfO{ oxfFsf] cfÇg} df}lns k/Dk/f eGg]ul/G5, t/ j}lbs b]jtf s'g}n] klg /Qmaln :jLsf/]sf]j0f{g wfld{s u|Gy, k'/f0fx¿df e]l6+b}g . o;/L blIf0fPlzofsf] s'g} klg lxGb' ;dfhdf gePsf] k/Dk/f xfd|f];dfhdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} oxfFsf] ;dfhdf u0f]zsfcfs[lto'Qm eGbf cgfs[t cyf{t\ :j¿k a]u/sf k|:t/ d"lt{x¿Hofb} k|Voft / zlQmzfnL clg P]ltxfl;s dflgG5g\ .

lk5l8Psf] ;dfhdf cfÇgf sdL–sdhf]/L, 8/,qf;, eo cflbsf sf/0fn] ubf{ dflg;nfO{ s;}sf] z/0fdfkg'{ cfjZos eof] . s;sf] z/0fdf kg]{ eGbf ;[li6sf]k|f/Deb]lv g} o; r/fr/ hutnfO{ Aojl:yt 9+un] rnfpFb}cfPsf] Pp6f cb[Zo zlQm, hf] lg/fsf/ 5, ;j{JofkL 5,To;s} z/0fdf kg'{ /fd|f] b]Vof] . oBlk O{Zj/nfO{ cem}klg sfNklgs zlQm 7flgG5 . o;sf] k|df0f cem} klge]l6Psf] 5}g tyflk xfdLn] o;nfO{ af]s]/ lx+8g' kl//fv]sf]5 . lsgls dflg; / jftfj/0fLo kof{j/0f cyf{t\ hLj/ hutaLrsf] ;DaGw ;bf ;Gt'lnt alg/xf];\ eGgfsfnflu klg b]jL–b]jtfnfO{ l/emfpg' kl//x]sf] 5 .

g ]k fnL ;dfhdf k |rlnt csf ] {y/Lsf ]cGwljZjf;df e"t, k|]t, lkzfr, jL/, jfo' cflb x'g\ .To:t} tGqdGq, af]S;L, wfdL, emfFqmLdf klg oxfFsf afl;GbfljZjf; ub{5g\ . oL s'/fx¿sf] k|fdfl0fstf dfkg ug]{s'g} cfwf/ cfh;Dd e]l6Psf] 5}g .

@_ ;dfh;“u ;DalGwt cGwljZjf;— @_ ;dfh;“u ;DalGwt cGwljZjf;— @_ ;dfh;“u ;DalGwt cGwljZjf;— @_ ;dfh;“u ;DalGwt cGwljZjf;— @_ ;dfh;“u ;DalGwt cGwljZjf;— oxfFk|rlnt ;a} ;fdflhs d"No–dfGotfx¿ k|fdfl0fs / pkof]uL5}gg\ . lk5l8Psf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] g]kfnL ;dfh k/Dk/f/ wfld{s ljZjf;df cfwfl/t 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdfclzlIftx¿s} afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . j:t'ut 1fgljgf g]kfnL;dfhnfO{ cGwljZjf;af6 6f9f /fVg ;ls+b}g .

s'g} gofF sfd z'? ug{ jf st} hfFbf z'e d'xt{ jf

z'e lbgsf] ;fOt lgsflnG5 / lgwf/df /ftf] 6LsfnufOG5 . ;fdflhs ljZjf;cg';f/ ;ftfsf s]xL lbgdfqz'e x'G5g\ . o;}n] s'g} sfd ug{, st} 6f9f hfg, sk8flsGg cflb lglZrt af/x¿df dfq ug'{kb{5 eGg] dfGotf5 . z'e lbg jf lglZrt\ ;fOtx¿ vuf]n zf:qLo k+rf·/ Hof]ltifLo ul0ftsf cfwf/df lgSof}{n ug]{ ul/G5 .To:t} cfÇgf] hLjgdf s'g} 7'nf] b'Mv–si6 jf ljklQ cfOk¥of]eg] To;nfO{ k"j{hGdsf] kfk ;Demg] g]kfnLx¿sf] dfGotf5, h'g dfGotf s'g} klg k|sf/n] ts{;ut, tYok/s,lj1fg;Ddt b]lv+b}g . b'Mvsf] a]nf s]jn cfÇgf] dgsf] axkf]v]sf] dfq xf] . g]kfnL ;dfhdf y'k|} cGwljZjf;x¿kfOG5g\, h'g g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf afws x'g\ . st}hfFbf la/fnf]n] af6f] sf6\g', l/Qf] ufu|L e]l6g' cflbnfO{ckzs'g dflgG5 .

o;k|sf/ g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljljw k|sf/sfcGwljZjf;x¿ cBfkL k|rlnt 5g\ .;Gbe{ u|Gy ;"rL– yfkf, s[i0f axfb'/, d}g c:k}S6 ckm ;f];n, Osf]gf]lds P08 P8ldlg:6«]l6e

lxi6«L ckm df]8g{ g]kfn, sf7df8f}+M clDasf yfkf, O{=;+= !(** .

– a/utL, PGgL, u8\;, d}g P08 6]/L6f]/L, Go"lbNnLM dgf]x/ klAn;;{,O{=;+= !((% .

– j}B, l6=cf/= / cGo, ;f];n lxi6«L ckm g]kfn, Go" lbNnLM cgdf]nklAns]zg k|f=ln=, O{=;+= !((# .

– /]UdL, l8=cf/=, d]l8oen lxi6«L ckm g]kfn, bf]>f] efu, snsQfMs]=Pn= d'vf]kfWofo, O{=;+= !(^^ .

– n]eL, /a6{ cfO=, d];f]sHd, lbNnLM df]tLnfn agf/;Lbf; klAn;;{,O{=;+= !((@ .

8fF8f / kfgLdf 5fofF b]Vg' eof] xf]nf . t/ lrqdf dlxnf / aRrfsf]cfs[lt b]Vg' eof] t <

hlt tf5\of] Tolt 7"nf] x'g] s] xf] <

lrqnfO{ 3'dfP/ x]g'{xf];\ .

pQ/ – vfN8f] vg]sf] .


79

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsfn] @)&$ ebf} !@ ut]b]lvgd'gfsf] ¿kdf egkf #, $ / ^ j8fdf Ps–Ps hgf g;{/ :jf:Yo :jod\;]ljsfx¿dfkm{t\ 3/b}nf]df gl;{ª ;]jf ;'?u/]sf] xf] . j8fjf;Lx¿af6 To; sfo{sf] ;sf/fTds k|ltlqmofk|fKt ePsf] cfwf/df afFsL & j6f j8fx¿df @)&% j}zfv( ut]b]lv pQm sfo{qmd ;'? ePsf] xf] .

eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf ( g+= j8fdf j8fjf;Lcfb/0fLo bfh'efO lbbLalxgLx¿nfO{ 3/b}nf]df gl;{ª ;]jfk|bfg ug{ g;{sf] ¿kdf d vl6/x]sf] 5' eg] d]/f] ;fydf (hgf :jf:Yo :jod\;]ljsf lbbLx¿ x'g'x'G5 . xfdLx¿ x/]slbg laxfg & ah]b]lv ( ah];Dd pkrf/ ;fdu|L;lxthgtfsf] 3/3/df k'lu/x]sf 5f}+ . j8fsf] klZrdL e]uaf6;'? ul/Psf]n] of] n]v n]Vbf;Dd xfdL gfukf]v/L, yfnf5]+,oftf5]+, afns'df/L, bQfqo, ltgf5]+, ;sf]nfg, u5]+, rf]kmn,nfdufn / u?8s'08df 3/b}nf] ul/;s]sf 5f}+ . o;qmddf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;fdfGo /f]usf] klxrfg,bL3{/f]uLx¿nfO{ pkrf/df ;xof]u, ;'Ts]/L, afnaRrf /Ho]i7 gful/sx¿nfO{ :ofxf/;';f/ ug{ l;sfpg], 3fp ;kmfug]{, s[lqd lk;fa gnL km]g]{, cf}ifwL vfP gvfPsf] x]g]{ /cf}ifwL ;]jg ug{] tl/sf l;sfpg] nufotsf sfo{x¿ u/]sf5f}+ . o;;“u} kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL nut;°ng ug]{ sfo{ klg u/]sf 5f}+ .

xfdLn] $ ;o !! kl/jf/sf @ xhf/ # ;o %&;b:ox¿sf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL tYof° ;+sng ubf{ w]/} ;+VofdfpRr /Qmrfk / dw'd]x /f]u km]nf kf/]sf 5f}+ . afy /f]u,bd /f]u / d'6' /f]usf la/fdLx¿ w]/} b]lvPsf 5g\ . To:t}dfgl;s /f]u, yfO/fO8, sf]n]:6]/f]n / SofG;/ /f]usflj/fdLx¿ klg s]xL ;+Vofdf e]l6Psf 5g\ . o; If]qsf ;a}afnaflnsfx¿n] g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf ;a}vf]kx¿ k"0f{ ¿kdf nufO;s]sf] hfgsf/L kfPsf 5f}+ .

gu/af;Lx¿sf] hLjgz}nLdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;“u}/f]uLx¿sf] k|s[lt klg km/s ePsf 5g\ . klxn]sf lbgx¿df

lbgx'Fh;f] v]tdf jf Hofnf dhb'/Ldf clwsQd kl/>d ug]{/ ;fdfGo vfgkfgdf ;Gt'ng ldNg] x'Fbf bL3{/f]ux¿ sddfqb]lvGy] . a? kfgL k|b"lift x'Fbf jf lj/fdLx¿sf] x]/rfx ug]{ljlwaf/] hfgsf/L gx'Fbf emf8fkvfnf, cfpF, Ifo/f]u, x}hf,6fOkmfO8h:tf xfjf / kfgLsf] dfWodaf6 ;g]{ ;?jf /f]ux¿w]/} ;+Vofdf b]lvGy] . t/ xfnsf lbgx¿df zf/Ll/s s;/tsd ug]{, lrNnf] lk/f] a9L vfg] / jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fn]pRr /Qmrfk, dw'd]x, bd h:tf /f]ux¿ nfu]sfbL3{/f]uLx¿sf] ;+Vof a9L b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ .

3/b}nf] hfg] qmddf ! ;o $% hgfnfO{ pRr/Qmrfk / ^@ hgfnfO{ dw'd]x /f]u nfu]sf] / clwsf+zn]lgoldt cf}ifwL ;]jg ul//x]sf] e]l6Psf] 5 . pRr /Qmrfk-k|];/_ ;fdfGo /f]u h:t} b]lvG5 . o; /f]usf k"j{nIf0fx¿af/] w]/}nfO{ /fd|f] hfgsf/L gx'Fbf jf:tf gug]{rng 5 . ;f¥x} g} geP;Dd lrlsT;ssf] k/fdz{ glng] /:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf hFrfpg ghfg] xfd|f] afgLn] ubf{ klg;d:of k}bf u/]sf] xf] . pRr /Qmrfksf la/fdLn] 8fS6/sf];Nnfxdf Psrf]l6 cf}ifwL ;]jg u/]kl5 hLjge/ cf}ifwLvfO/xg'k5{ eGg] a'emfOsf] sf/0f klg xQkQ :jf:Yo;+:yfdf hFrfpg ghfg] / 3/]n' pkrf/ ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{vf]Hg] k|j[lQ klg gePsf] xf]Og . o; /f]unfO{ a]jf:tf ubf{kIf3ft / x[bo3f6 klg x'g;Sg] vt/f / o;n] la/fdLsf]Hofg} hfg ;Sg] tyf hLjge/ z/L/sf c+ux¿ grNg] /ckf+u x'g]af/] xfdL sd}dfq ;r]t 5f}+ . j8fdf 3/b}nf] ubf{o:tf] ;d:of b]v]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] tL lj/fdLx¿sf] An8k|];/ gfk]/ cf}ifwL ;]jg u/] gu/]sf] hfgsf/L lnPsf 5f}+/ uDeL/ ;d:of ePsfnfO{ t'?Gt :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf hFrfpgcfu|x u/]sf 5f}+ . /f]uaf/]sf unt a'emfOnfO{ k|i6 kfg'{xfd|f] bfloTj xf] .

pRr /Qmrfksf la/fdLx¿n] Psrf]l6 8fS6/nfO{hFrfP/ pxfFsf] ;Nnfxdf lgoldt cf}ifwL ;]jg ul//x] klg;do ;dodf 8fS6/nfO{ cfÇgf] :jf:Yo k/LIf0f u/fpg'k5{

3/b}nf] gl;{ª ;]jfn]eQmk'/sf j8fjf;Lx?df;sf/fTds ;Gb]z k|jfx

u/]sf] 5;ljgf b'jfn–j8f g;{, egkf (


80

eGg] hfgsf/L gePsf klg kfOPsf] 5 . /f]uLn] Psrf]6Ldfq 8fS6/nfO{ b]vfP/ k'Ub}g . cfkm"n] cf}iflw ;]jg ubf{:jf:Yo ;'wf/ cfPsf] 5 jf 5}g egL a'e\mg / cf}ifwL;]jgsf] dfqf a9fpg] jf 36fpg]af/] k/fdz{ lng klga/f]a/ 8fS6/sf] k/fdz{ lng h?/L 5 . ;do–;dodf;fdfGo /Qm k/LIf0f u/]/ klg cfÇgf] :jf:Yo cj:yfaf/]hfgsf/L xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . 3/b}nf] hfg] qmddf xfdLlog} s'/fx¿ u5f}{+ .

pRr /Qmrfk / dw'd]x j+zfg'ut klg x'g;S5 .To;}n] a'jf, cfdf, xh'/a'jf jf xh'/cfdfdf klg o:tf] /f]u5 ls egL hfgsf/L lng' cfjZos 5 . oL /f]ux¿ pd]/a9]kl5 dfq nfU5 eGg' ;xL xf]Og . hLjgz}nLdf cfPsf]kl/jt{gsf] sf/0f sd pd]/sf o'jf o'jtLx¿df klg oL/f]ux¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . To;}n] lrNnf]lk/f] gvfg], af];f]o'Qmvfgf sd vfg], lgoldt Jofofd ug]{, :jR5 xfjfsf] nfluljxfgL ;dodf lx+88'n ug]{, lgoldt :jf:Yo kl/If0f ug]{sfo{df s~h':ofO{ gu/f}+ eGg] xfd|f] cfu|x xf] .

dw'd]x /f]usf] cy{ xfd|f] /utdf lrgLsf] dfqfa9L jf 36L x'g' xf] . xfdLn] vfPsf] vfgfdf /x]sf] lrgLsf]dfqfnfO{ z/L/sf ljleGg efux¿df u|GyLx¿af6 lg:sg]OGhfOdx¿sf] dfWodaf6 6'q\mofpg] / To;af6 z/L/sfnflu cfjZos pmhf{ k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ lgoldt ¿kdf eO/x]sfx'G5g\ . t/ ljleGg sf/0fn] /utdf /x]sf] lrgLsf] dfqfnfO{6'q\mofP/ pmhf{df kl/0ft ug{ g;Sbf /utdf lrgLsf] dfqa9\g hfG5 / dw'd]x /f]u nfU5 .

/utdf lrgLsf] dfqf crfgs a9\bf / crfgs36\bfsf] b'j} cj:yf vt/fo'Qm x'G5 . lgoldt ¿kdf /utsf]k/LIf0f ubf{ pQm s'/f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . dw'd]x /f]usf];dod} pkrf/ ubf{ :jf:Yo cj:yfdf ;'wf/ klg cfpF5 /

z/L/sf cGo c+ux¿ klg :j:y x'G5 .dw'd]xsf /f]uLx¿n] ljz]iftM cfFk, s]/f, c+u'/,

lnrL, va'{hf gvfFbf a]z x'G5 . s'g} klg kmnkm"nsf] /;glkpFbf /fd|f] x'G5 . w]/} ;do ef]s} a:g' klg x'Fb}g,slDtdf b'O{ 306fsf] km/sdf yf]/} yf]/} vfgf jf vfhfvfg'k5{ .

:j= gf/fo0feQm av'G5]+hGd M @))( sflt{s !$ lgwg M @)&% h]7 !&hGd M @))( sflt{s !$ lgwg M @)&% h]7 !&hGd M @))( sflt{s !$ lgwg M @)&% h]7 !&hGd M @))( sflt{s !$ lgwg M @)&% h]7 !&hGd M @))( sflt{s !$ lgwg M @)&% h]7 !&

xflb{s ;dj]bgf

o; gu/kflnsfsf sd{rf/L /fh]zav'G5]+sf k'hgLo lktf gf/fo0feQmav'G5]+sf] b'Mvb lgwgdf ulx/f] zf]sJoQm ub}{ zf]s;GtKt kl/jf/hgdfw}o{wf/0fsf] nflu xflb{s ;dj]bgf

JoQm ub{5f}+ .eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf kl/jf/


81

As we were getting rather tired ofwaiting, we heard the distant rattle ofmusketry up the valley, the echo reverberatingfrom side to side. There was an instantexclamation of delight, as this firing showedthe elephants were approaching. It proceededfrom parties of sepoys stationed at variouspoints in the jungle wherever there was a pathwhich seemed likely to afford a line of retreator escape to elephants. They wereaccompanied by numbers of villagers andothers with sticks and stones, which theyrattled so as to increase the noise wheneverthe elephants came near. The sepoys wereordered always to reserve their fire till theelephant was close on them, then to fire blankcartridge in a volley in his face ; at the sametime the stones and sticks were rattled andknocked together so as to add to the noise.This was always sufficient ; and the elephantretreated, generally much faster than he hadcome. At every turn, on either side, wheneverthey attempted to quit the valley and get intothe jungle, a volley of musketry met them andfrightened them back, at the same time that acrowd of tame elephants, with an army ofbeaters, &c, were driving them on from behind.Thus their only course was forward, along thecourse of the valley towards our stockade. Asthey came nearer and nearer the reports ofmusketry became more frequent ; sometimeson one side, sometimes on another. Then allwas silent for some time, when musketry washeard again, but unfortunately in the distance; the elephants had evidently doubled back.The excitement now became very great.Presently the reports were again heard comingnearer and nearer, and more frequent ; stillnothing was seen. At last, after one very nearreport, a cloud of white smoke rising from thejungle about a mile from us showed us the exactwhereabouts of the herd; they had charged inthat spot and been met by a volley. Anotherreport and another in rapid succession, eachaccompanied, or rather preceded, by a cloudof white smoke. Then silence for a few

minutes. Suddenly a succession of rapiddischarges of musketry on the opposite side ofthe valley, but still among the jungle, showedthat the elephants were trying to force theirway in that direction. They were, however, sosteadily met by the sepoys, who never flinched,that they were always driven back. Stillnothing, save the clouds of white smoke risingfrom different spots on the hill-sides, could beseen. Presently the discharges became morefrequent and much nearer, and at last a whitecolumn of smoke was seen to emerge from thetrees, only about half a mile from us, close tothe point where the valley opened out to ourview. We knew that the herd must be at thatpoint. As the beaters came on behind them,we could now distinguish the distant voicesand shouting of the men ; discharge rapidlysucceeded discharge. Suddenly all was silenceagain, and we shortly heard the firing again,but at some distance; the elephants hadevidently made good a charge and brokenthrough the line of beaters. Presently,however, the smoke, the rapid firing, and theshout of the beaters showed us again that theherd was approaching, and ere long, at the edgeof the jungle, half hidden by the bushes, wedescried the head and neck of an elephantpeering round to see if the ground were clearfor her to emerge into the open. Apparentlysatisfied by seeing no one in front, and hearingthe firing, &c. behind, she came out, followedby a young one ; then another female with heryoung one ; then two or three more, followingeach other at short intervals, each one alwaysstopping a little to reconnoitre before she leftthe protection of the jungle. On they came insingle file at a good trot across the open groundon the side of the stream, which latter theyforded two or three times, the young onescantering on by their mothers’ sides. Theypassed close under the hill where we all were,evidently not aware of our presence, as wekept strict silence. On seeing the stockadestopping their further progress, they were atfault. Collected together, apparently todeliberate, and then following the largest, they

Henry Ambrose Oldfield's

25


82turned and tried to enter the woods on the hillopposite to us by a pathway which led into thejungle. They were, however, all of a sudden,on nearing it, assailed with such a discharge ofmusketry from men concealed there that theyagain recoiled into the open ground ; they thenturned, with a view of returning again to thejungle they had first quitted ; but at thismoment from it emerged a large party of tameelephants, with two large “ must “ onesaccompanying them. In all directions the firingcontinued, closing gradually in on them, so asto confuse and frighten them still more. In aminute the tame elephants, each with twomahauts on it, were mixed up in a mass withthe wild ones, firing and shouting going on allthe time. The hustling and pushing weretremendous, and it was impossible to makeout the exact mode of throwing the lasso, or,in fact, often to distinguish the tame from thewild ones. All of a sudden a wild one burst fromthe crowd. We thought it had escaped, butwe’re delighted at seeing that the lasso wasfixed round her neck, and two large elephantswere in close attendance upon her ; they wereevidently letting her tire herself by running andpulling against the ropes, as an angler lets alarge fish play and run off with the line beforehe attempts to land him.

Out came presently another wild one,similarly accompanied, from the confusedmass, in which elephants wild and tame—mahauts hopping about like mad monkeys ontheir backs and vociferating violently as theywere hurling ropes and picking them up again—were all blended together in the centre; whilein a sort of outer ring were the two large “must”elephants standing as still as possible,stationed at points to cut off all retreat intothe jungle in case a wild one should succeed indetaching herself from the mob. Thiselephantine mass kept swaying backwards andforwards till they came close on the edge ofthe river, where, overhung by precipitous rock,it was very deep. In rushed the wild onesclosely pursued and accompanied by the tameones, as well as by their own young ones. Thewater was soon over their heads, but still thescrimmaging went on; the mahauts clung, likeleeches, with wonderful tenacity to theirelephants, as the water deepened each mahautraising himself into a standing position on the

elephant’s back ; so that as the elephant swamalong you could see the tip of his trunk onlyabove the water, and about a yard behind it theblack head and shoulders of the mahaut, all ofwhom, partly by treading, partly by swimming,managed to keep to their own elephants.

There must have been altogetherabout twenty elephants in the water together,all pushing, wallowing, fighting, trumpeting,rolling like a party of hippopotami having afrolic, and the little mahauts popping up anddown here and there among them, busy intaking advantage of the confusion to securethe ropes round the wild ones’ necks. After afew minutes in the water, the wild ones,probably finding themselves fatigued by thestruggle, made a rush towards the shore,hoping to gain the jungle again. But it was toolate. During the melee the mahauts hadmanaged to secure the lasso round the neck ofevery one of the wild elephants, seven in all ;so that there was no chance of escape.However, the knot in the lasso of one of themhad unfortunately in some way got wrong andbecome a mere noose or running knot. As theelephant plunged violently on reaching theshore, the mahauts, unaware of this, gave herhead, with a view of letting her run a little andso tire herself out. She suddenly stopped,staggered for a moment, and falling heavilyforward, rolled over on her side quite dead.The noose had evidently suddenly tightenedduring her struggles, and she was strangled.Seeing what had happened, the mahautsinstantly cut the rope ; but it was too late, shewas quite dead. It was a great pity, as she wasthe finest elephant of the batch. She had ayoung one with her, a few months old, andabout as large as a small heifer. This young one,despite the confusion and noise around it,would not abandon its mother ; but, utteringmoans and whines, kept trying to coax her torise, lifting up her trunk, stroking her about thehead, pushing her gently, and whenever anyof the tame elephants were brought up to thespot the little thing charged them with thegreatest fury. It was curious to see the quietway in which its charges were received by thetame ones, who, with their trunks, gently putthe youngster aside, taking no more notice ofher than a mastiff or a bloodhound would of alap-dog’s puppy. (To be continued)


83

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/fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u@$*= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u M@$*= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u M@$*= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u M@$*= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u M@$*= /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u M -!_ g]kfndf Ps /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u /xg]5 h;df cWoIf / cGo rf/hgf ;b:o /xg]5g\ .

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84

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85

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;+ljwfgn] :yfgLo txnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfPsf] 5 . t/ Jojxf/df clwsf/lbg s~h':ofO“ u/]sf] dfq xf]Og s'l07t;d]t kf/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;n] Psflt/ b]z/ hgtfsf] ;]jf ug{ vf]Hg] / rfxg] hgk|ltlglwx¿ c;Gt'i6 b]lvPsf 5g\ eg] csf]{lt/k|fKt clwsf/sf] b'¿kof]u u/]sf], sfo{Ifdtf k|bz{g gu/]sf] rrf{ klg kqklqsfdflg/Gt/ cfO/x]sf 5g\ . k|fKt clwsf/sf] ;b'kof]u gx“'bf ;+ljwfgsf] pbfQ efjgfaf6:yfgLo txdfk{mt b]z / hgtf nfeflGjt x'gaf6 al~rt ePsf 5g\ . hgtfsf] lxt /;]jfdf slyt hgk|ltlglwx¿af6 csd{0otf k|bz{g x'g' b'Mvsf] s'/f xf] . clwsf/ ;xLJolQmsf] xftdf k'Ubf / unt JolQmsf] xftdf k'Ubf kl/0ffd klg km/s b]lvg' :jfefljs5 .

b]zsf :yfgLo txdf lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] kf“r jif]{ sfo{sfnsf] Ps jif{k"/f x“'bf;Dd eQmk'/ gkfsf hgk|ltlglwx¿n] ;do / cj;/sf] clwsQd ;kmntf;fy;b'kof]u u/]sf] bfaL ug{ ws dfGg'kg]{ st} b[li6uf]r/ x“'b}g . of] ;'vb\ kIf xf] . oBlk8]9 bzs hgk|ltlglwljxLg cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ hgk|ltlglwx¿n] cfÇgf] st{Jolgjf{xdf ljleGg ;d:of cg'ej u/]sf 5g\ . k/Gt' To;df lg/fz jf xtf; b]lv+b}gg\ .of] s'/f eQmk'/ gkfsf k|d'v ;'lgn k|hfkltn] kbaxfnLsf] Ps jif{ k'u]sf] cj;/dfcfof]lht sfo{qmddf JoQm dGtJoaf6 a'e\mg ;lsG5 . pxf“n] :ki6} eGg'ePsf] 5–r'gf}tLaf6 efu]/ xf]Og 86]/ ;fdgf ub}{ cl3 a9\b} 5f}+ . To;}n] laxfgn] lbgsf] ;+s]tu/]em}+ lat]sf] Ps jif{sf sfdn] af“sL rf/ jif{ klg ;sf/fTds / pknlAwd'ns x'g]cfzf / ljZjf; ;Dk|]if0f u/]sf] 5 . eQmk'/ gkfn] cfÇgf] jfrf / nIo af“sL sfo{sfndf;kmntf;fy k"/f ug]{ c7f]6 / gu/jf;Lsf] ck]Iff ;fsf/ x'g] cfzf ug'{ /lQe/ cGoyfx'g]5}g . oBlk eQmk'/ gkfsf] sfd–sf/afxLsf] ;xL / lgikIf d"Nof°g ;r]t gu/jf;Lx¿n]ug]{ g} 5g\ .

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