potato and tomato investment

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POTATO AND TOMATO PROCESSING OPPORTUNITIESINPAKISTAN

11"epared ByRobert K. Swanson

in collabontion withFakistan AgriBusiness CellPakistan. Ivlinistry of Food, Agricultureand Cooperatives

Block liB"Govenlment of Pakistan SecretariatIslamabad, Pakistan

November, 1993

United S t ' l t e ~ Agency forI n ~ m a t i o n a l Developmen

Room 518 Sixth AvenueP.O. Box 1028Islamabad, P a k i s ~ n

Toe report was prepared for the United States Agency far IntemlltionalDevelopment under Contract Nwnber 391-0492-C-OO-1790.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

IntroductionI. PAKISTAN

A. GeographyB. HistoryC. P0pulationD. LanguageE. ReligionF. CurrencyG. Political OrganizationH. Economic ProfileI. Business Infrastructure

II. INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN PAKISTANA. The New Investment LandscapeB. Key Changes in the Ec-anomic EnvironmentC. Investment OpportunitiesD. Routes of Er.tryE. Foreign InvestmentF. Foreign EmploymentJVisasG. Foreign Exchange/LoansH. Fiscal and Monetary IncentivesI. Foreign ParticipationJ. Investment Risks

III. OPPORTUNITIES IN PAKISTAN POTATOAND TOMATO PROCESSINGA. General Agriculture OverviewB. Opportunities in Potato ProcessingC. Opportunities in Tomato ProcessingD. Potential Joint Venture PartnersE. Lahore Horticultural Forum

128899101214

202121')')

222324242527

3032353941

IV. TYPES OF ENTRY INTO PAKISTAN POTATO ANDTOMATO PROCESSING 42V. ASSISTANCE AVAILABLE THROUGH PAKISTAN AGRIBUSINESS CELL 43VI. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON PAKISTAN

A. General InformationB. General GuidesC. Geography BookD. History BooksE. InvestmentITax GuidesF. Sources of Agriculture Information

454748495050


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INTRODUCTIONIn late 1988, the Government of Pakistan and the Ur:ited States Agency forInternational Development (USAID) Mission to Pakistan launched a project to determinethe factors constraining the growth of agribusiness in Pakistan. As this analysisprogressed, it became evident that Pakistan required a more focused approach to promoteagribusiness development. This resulted in the May, 1991 Pakistan Agricultural PolicyAnnouncement/Program and the November, 1991 establishment of the PakistanAgriBusiness Cell in the Pakistan Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Cooperatives.During 1991 and 1992, the Government of Pakistan embarked on a rapid program ofderegulation/liberalization of governmental/administrative regulations and privatization ofindustry which has significantly improved the investment climate in Pakistan.In the early 199(Ys, partially because of the Lahore Horticultural Investment Forumheld in August 1990, it was recognized that potato and tomato processing were twopotential areas for development in Pakistan, especially with the assistance and cooperation

of Multinational Companies who could provide technical, marketing and managementassistance as well as financial resources.To provide basic information for Multinational Companies, USAID contracted with

Robert K. Swanson to work with the Pakistan AgriBusiness Cell to develop a report on"Potato and Tomato Processing Opportunities in Pakistan".This report is the result! It is meant to furnish the management of MultinationalCorporations the basic information needed to decide whether to launch a detailedinvestigation of the significant Potato and Tomato Opportunities in Pakistan. It is based oninformation furnished the author and has been reviewed by the Pakistan AgriBusiness Celland the United States Agency for International Development in Islamabad.


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1. PAKISTANThe Islamic Republic of Pakistan emerged on the world map as an independent nation onAugust 14, 1947, as a result of the partition of British ruled India But Pakistan was newin name only. This land is where much of t h e ~ o u t h Asia subcontinents' culture andhistory originated.This Section provides a brief intrcxiuction to Pabstan's geography, h i s t o r y ~ population,language, religion, currency, political organization, economic profile and businessinflllstructure.A. Geography

HIGHLIGHTS Pakistan is located in South Asia subcontinent between 23

and 37 north latitude and 61 and 76 east longihlde.The country borders China, Afghanistan, Iran and India.

The country has diverse topography and extreme climaticvariations.

1. LocationPakistan, located in South Asia subcontinent, is bounded in the north by theHimalayan ranges and in the south by the Arabian Sea In the northeast, Pakistanshares a 595 : . border with China. In the west it has 2,252 km and 805 kmborders with Afghanistan and Iran respectively. In the east it shares a 1,610 kmcommon border with India. It is strategically situated on the northern edge of theIndian Ocean just tv the east of the Gulf.

2. Area and TopographyPakistan has an area of 769,W5 square kilometers -- covering the Himalayas,Karakoram and Hindikush Mountain ranges in the north; the fertile Indus basin inthe center and south; and the arid B a l ~ c h i s t a n plateau in the west.Out of the total area of 796,('1)5 sq kIn, about 475,884 (60%) forms a highlydifferentiated mountain terrain. The remaining 320,211 sq km (40%) is relativelyflat. The whole landmass except for the western rart is drained by the Indus Riversystem.The Indus basin, covering an area of about 16,100 sq km, is the most prosperousagricultural region of the country. The Indus R;ver, with its source in theHimalayas, flows almost the entire length of Pakistan. An extensive river system inthe Punjab is formed by five rivers, whose concurrence forms the Indus River.


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3. ClimateThe climate is characterized by extreme temperature variations across regions: coldin the areas surrounding high mountains; generally high telqJeratures inBaluchistan, Punjab and Sindh; and temperate climate in the coastal areas.Climatic variations are also pronounced during winter (December-March) andsummer (April-June) seasons. Winter temperatures generally range from 4 to 18centigrade, while in s u m m ~ r the average range is 30 to 40 centigrade.Rainfalls are usually scanty throughout the year, with major downpours during theJul='-September monsoon period. However, the deficiency of rain iscounterbalanced by the Indus River and its tributaries which supply a reliablesource of inigation.

B. HistorvHIGHLIGHTS

The geogrtiphical area covering Pakistan represents the ancientIndus Valley civilization and the historic silk route to Asia. Pakistan achieved indtpendence from British rule in 1947. The Eastern part of Pakistan separated in 1971 to emerge assovereign Bangladesh. Pakistan has alternated politically between democracy and militaryrule.1. Pre-Independence

The geographical area covermg Pakistan rer-resents the ancient !ndns Valleycivilization dating back nearly 5,000 years. The people are desce!ldants of variousracial and sub-racial groups (Arabs, Aryans, Greeks, Persians and Mongols) whoentered the.. Indian subcontinent through central and western Asia The Islamicinfluence started in 711 and culminated in a strong central empire until 17f!:7 whenBritish colonization achieved supremacy The removal of the titular Moghal rulerafter the First Indian War of Independence in 1857 formalized British control of thesubcontinent.

2. IndependenceThe year 1857 marked the beginning of a Muslim and Hindu movement againstEnglish colonialism and for the independence of the subcontinent. The British heldMuslims responsible for the first Indian War of Independence and declared themrebels. Under the British rule, the economic, cultural, and social gap betweenMuslims and Hindus gradually widened.


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At the close of the 19th century, the Muslims' political struggle gathered momentumdue to the growing concern of Muslims about British rule and the increasing HinduNluslim differences. In December 1906, Muslim leaders convened a conferenceand established a Muslim political organization, the All India Muslim League.In March 1940, the All India Muslim League convened a historic session at Lahore,under the Chairmanship of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, and the PakistanResolution was passed. It consisted of five paragraphs demanding that the northwestern part of the subcontinent where Muslims were in a majority be constitutedinto a 1 independent Islamic state.The Pakistan Resolution was opposed by the British in general and the Hindus inparticular, but Jinnah and other leaders of Muslim League continued a long andtedious dialogue, and at times violent debate, with British and Indian leaders. InJune, 1946 the Partition of India was agreed upon under the leadership of Jinnah.Pakistan emerged as an independent sovereign state on August 14, 1947, withJinnah as Governor General.3. 1947-71The decision to carve the subcontinent into a central, predominantly Hindu region,which would retam the name of India, and would be flanked on either side bv thedouble-headed state of Pakistan was a disaster. The main problem centered on thePunjab, the region encompassing the great Moslem city of Lahore and Amritsate,the holy city of the Sikhs. Partition of the country resulted in the migration ofmillions of people: the Moslems heading to Pakistan and the Sikhs and Hindusheading to India This mass migration was accompanied by unrest instigated onboth sides, which led to major clashes of unforeseen violence and feiOcity.Nor were the wholesale exchange of population and riots the only problems, forPakistan ended up short of many of the commercial skills the Hindus supplied and apoorly equipped military. Worse, borders were a subject of dispute. During thebuild up to independence Kashmir remained undecided on which way to go, butfinally the Rajah of Kashmir, Hari Singh, signed the instrument of accession toIndia. Subsequently an armed struggle took place, with Pakistan retaining a slice ofKashmir on the western side and the rest falling under Indian control. To this dayboth sides claim the predominantly Moslem region of Kashmir. Each time Indiaand Pakistan find themselves at odds, which has been often, theKashmir question is inevitably a central issue.In the long term Pakistan's most serious problem was simply the fact that therewere two Pakistans. When Pakistan emerged on the map, it was as a double-sidednation, with one side in the extreme west of the subcontinent, the other in theextreme east. West Pakistan comprised Sindh, \Vest Punjab, the North WestFrontier Province, Baluchistan and the former British political agencies in thenorthern region, while East Bengal and a great part of the Sylhet district formedEast Pakistan. The western half was always the dominant partner despite the factthat it was the Bengalis in East Pakistan who supplied the majority of the country's


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export earnings. Basically the only real connection between the two halves was thatthey were both followers of Islam. And stretcht>ri between them was hostile India.The new Pakistan govennent faced the many difficulties with courage and politicalresourcefulness. The initial great influx of refugees from India was graduallyhandled, but the refugee problem was not a passing phase. In East Pakistan,mutual Hindu-Muslim mistrust caused the movement of populations to be resumedon a considerable scale in subsequent years.The personal prestige of Jinnah, assisted by his lieutenant, Liaquat Ali Khan, heldtogether the two are


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declared war against Pakistan. The Pakistan army lost the -var in the east, resultingin the creation of the independent country of Bangladesh.4. 1971 - Present

Accepting responsibility for the political situation in Pakistan, President Yahyaresigned on December 20, 1971, and Bhutto became the undisputed leader offonner West Pakistan. Bhutta's declared policy of Islamic Socialism brought fewchanges, but his populism was successful. He became increasingly autocratic,however, suppressing criticism, silencing opponents, and employing militantmethcxis against the restive Pashtuns and Baluchs. A new constitution was adoptedon April 10, 1973, and Bhutto became prime minister of Pakistan.In January, 1977, BhutLo announced that ~ l e c t i o n s would be held within t"'':0months, unfolding a national charter of peasant refonn. Nine opposition partieshastily patched together the Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) and launched ademand for the Islamic way of life in Pakistan. The campaign was marked byopposition candidates complaining of discrimination. The results were a sweepingvictory for Bhutto's PPP, although they were denounced as fraudulent by the PNA.Mounting protest soon brought chaos to Karachi and other major cities, whereBhutto was compelled to callout the army and proclaim martial law.To avoid total dmos, the chief of staff of the army, General Mohammad Zia ulHaq, took uver as chief administrator of martial law on July 5, 1CJ77. His earlyefforts to create an acceptable political alternative had only limited success. Heannounced that elections would be held in 90 days, but it was clear that Bhutto wasthe only politician of mass appeal. In early September, Bhutto was arrested ar:.dcharged with attempted murder (he was sentenced to death the following March),and on September 16, Zia was proclaimed president of Pakistan.By this time the PNA was split, with almost all elements demanding early elections,plus the intrcxiuction of a full Islamic ccxie of laws. Zia had already imposedIslamic criminal punishments, which were formally made law in February, 1979.Bhutto was hanged on April 4, 1979, following a Supreme Court review of hiscase. In October elections were postponed indefinitely, political parties and strikeswere banned, and the press was submitted to strict censorship.The Soviet invasion of AfJhanistan in December, 1979 becamecentral to Pakistan's internal and foreign affairs. Zia began a militarybuildup supported by the United States and by other Islamic countries and opposedby India. The influx of millions of refugees from Afghanistan helped Zia acquiresignificant foreign economic aid. In March, 1981, Zia announced a provisionalconstitutional order that allowed martial law to continue indefinitely and gave thepresident power to amend the constitution.Partisan political activity was allowed to resume gradually, but it remained subjectto official scrutinv. A December, 1984 r e f e r f ' ~ d u m confirmed Zia's Islamizationpolicy, although the results were sharply and at times violently contested byopposition groups. in February, 1985 non-party elections were held for both the


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National and Provincial A s s e m b l i e s ~ by October an amended version of the 1973Constitution had been reinstated, and at the end of the year, Zia officially declaredthe end of martial law.In April, 1986, Benazir Bhutto, the only G ~ u g h t e r of Zulfikar Ali Bnutto, returnedfrom exile in England and France to lead Pakistan People's Party (PPP). In1988 Zia dissolved the National and the Provincial Assemblies, as well as thegovernment. He announced new elections would be held in Novemter, 1988.Zia's plans were cut short by his death in a plane crash on August 17, 1988,which h-s still not been explained The chairman of the Senate, GhulamIshaq Khan, assumed power as acting president as dictated by the Constitution. Heproclaimed a state of emergency, although he assured the country that the electionswould take place as planned.In November, 1988, Pakistan had its first open election in more than ten years.The PPP won 93 of the 205 contested seats in the National Assembly, slightly lessthan a majority. However, Benazir Bhutto said she had enough support to form acoalition, and on December 1, 1988, she became the first woman in mcx.lern historyto lead a Muslim nation. Eleven days later she received a vote of confidence, andIshaq Khan was elected to a five-year tenn as president.The PPP, led by Benazir Bhutto, formed a government at the National Level and inSindh and a coalition government in NWFP. Opposition Parties succeeded informing governments in Baluchistan and the Punjab which were hostile to theBhutto Government during her term in office. Both Bhutto's PPP and the IslamicJamhavri Ittehad (IJI) led by the then Chief Minister of Punjab Nawaz Sharif, triedunsuccessfully to oust eachother through moving no-confidence motions. OnAugust 6, 1990, President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed Bhutto's Governmentand dissolved the National and Provisional Assemblies on various charges whichhad not been proven by any court in the country.In October, 1990, general elections were held. The IJl won 105 out of the 206contested national assembly seats, whereas the PPP held only 45. The IJl formed anational government and the government in the Punjab, as weli as coalitiongovernments in Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan. The former Chief Minister ofPunjab, Nawaz Sharif, was elected Prime Minister.During 1991 and 1992, the Sharif Government embarked on a rapid program ofderegulation, liberalization of governmental/administrative regulations andprivatization with the active support of the business community.On April 18, 1993, Ishaq Khan dissolved the National Assembly and dismissedSharif on charges of subverting the Constitution, mismanagement, nepotism andconuption, (similar to the charges levied against Benazir Bhutto two years earlier),appointed a caretaker government and announced elections for the NationalAssembly on July 14, 1993.


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However, Nawaz Sharif appealed the President's action to the Pakistan SupremeCourt and on May 26, 1993, the Supreme Court reinstated Sharif as Prime Ministerand cancelled the July 14, 1993 election.Quoting the May 29, 1993 issue of The Economist:

"Even by the standards of Pakistan's lively politics, it wasan unusual event. The Supreme Court decided, by tenvotes to one, that the dismissal of April 18th was "withoutlawful authority and of no legal effect If It s view was thatthe president 's decision to sack the government contraveneda section of the constitution upholding fundamental politicalrights. "Immediately President Khan and Prime Minister Sharif and their supporters began apower struggle, and Ms. Bhutto threatened protest marches in major cities. On July19, 1993, after military warnings that the political instability could lead to martiallaw (again), both Khan and Sharif resigned. A caretaker government under WasimSajjad, formerly Chairman of the Senate, as President and \1oeen A. Qureshi, aWorld Bank economist, as Prime Minister, was installed and new elections ,"erescheduled. As officials of the caretaker government couldn't run for election, andas the military wanted an "honest" election, this was probably the fairest election inPakistan history.The general elections were held on October 6, 1993 for the National Assembly, andon October 9, 1993 for the Provincial Assemblies. Ms. Benazir Bhutto's PakistanPeople's Party and its alliance won the election and Ms. Bhutto w a ~ elected theLeader of the House after obtaining 121 votes against Nawaz ShaI-;t", who received72 votes. She was sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan on October 19, 1993.Moreover, the Pakistan People's Party and its allies has also formed governmentsin the Punjab and Sindh Provinces. In NWFP, t'Ar. Sharirs party -- PML(N) -and its allies have formed the government, whereas in Baluchistan, a coalitionGovernment comprised of various parties has been installed.


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C. PopulationHIGHLIGHTS

PopulationPopulation DensityPopulation GrowthMalesFemalesRural Population

est 120.0 million151.0 per sq km3.1 % p.a.est 66.0 millionest 54.0 million

70.0 % 1. Since Independence four Census operations were conducted in 1951, 1961, 1972and 1981. According to these surveys the total population was 33.8 million, 49.9million, 63.3 million and 83.78 million respectively. The 1991 census was not

completed but it is estimated the total population is currently approximately 120million with 66 million males, 54 females.2. Pakistan ranks 7th in the world in total population and has the 3rd highestpopulation density.3. Pakistan's population is growing much faster than the average for developingcountries. According to a recent World Bank Report, Pakistan's popluation growthrate is 3.1% against an average 2% for developing countries.4. It is estiuated that 70% of Pakistan's population is rural and 50% of the laborforce is engaged in farming/agriculture.5. At the present rate of growth, Pakistan's population will exceed 160 million by theyear 2000, and 200 '1lillion by the year 2010.

D. LanguageHIGHLIGHTS

Official LanguageCommon Language

EnglishUrdu

1. English is the language used in official correspondence and generally in business.Apart from English, the common language of Pakistan is Urdu, which linksnumerous linguistic groups.2. There are, however, a number of regional languages. Balochi is spoken in mostparts of B a l o c h i s t a n ~ Pashto in North-West Frontier Province and also in someparts of B a l o c h i s t a n ~ Punjabi in the P u n j a b ~ and Sindhi in the province of Sindh.Seraiki is widely spoken in Southern Punjab and its adjoining areas Balochistan andSindh.


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E. ReligionHIGHLIGHTS

Religion Islamic1. Pakistan is one of the nine Muslim countries of the world.2. The people of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan lead their lives according to Islamand they believe in one God, one Prophet Mohammad and one Holy Book, theGlorious Quran. The Holy Quran lays down the principles of their faith and life.

F. Currenc)::HIGHLIGHTS

Currency Pakistan RupeeRs.29.75 = $1urrent ValueAs of September 1, 19931. The Pakistan Rupee is divided into 100 paisas.

Paper notes are in denominations of Rs. 1,2, 5, 10,50, 100,500 and 1000.Coins of 5, 10,25 and 50 paisas are in very limited circulation.

2. The Pakistan Rupee is being devalued against the dollar and other strong currencies... and the devaluation against the dollar is currently accelerating.Year1990, Dec. 311991, Dec. 311992, Dec. 311993, Sept. 1

Rs Per $l21.9824.8725.6329.75

3. While the PakistaJl Rupee and foreign currencies are freelyexchangeable within Pakistan , the Pakis tan Rupee cannot beexchanged fo r foreign currencies outside of Pakistan.


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G. Political OrganizationHIGHLIGHTS

Pakistan has a federal system which is comprised of a FederalGovernment and four Provincial Governments in Sindh,Baluchistan, Punjab and North West Frontier Province al1d tlieIslamabad Capital Territory. Pakistan separates the legislature, executive (tlld judiciarybranches. Pakistan has a large governmental bureaucracy.1. Overall

Pakistan has four Provincial Units consisting of Baluchistan, Punjab, Sindh and theNorth West Frontier; plus the Islamabad Capital Territory; and, FederallyAdministered Tribal Areas where, because of the strong historical conventions, theapplication of national laws is selective.The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, as amended, and the statutes framed thereunder,regulates the affairs of Pakistan defines, among other subjects, principles of policy;fundamental rights; relations between federation and provinces; and. rights andobligations of the legislature, executive and judiciary branches.

2. Legislaturea. Pakistan has a bicameral legislative system, consisting of a lower house, theNational Assembly, representing the four Provinces, Islamabad CapitalTerritory and Federally Administered Tribal Areas on a population basis; and,an upper h O \ . ~ s e , the Senate, representing the four Provinces, Islamabad CapitalTerritory and Federally Administered Tribal Areas.b. Elections to the National Assembly are based on direct adult franchise.c. Elections to the Senate are indirect through an electoral college comprised of

provincial assemblies (for Senators from each of the four Province..:;) and (heNational Assembly (for Senators representing the Islamabad Capital Territoryand the Tribal Areas).3 . Executive

a. The President, elected by the members of National Assembly, Senate andProvincial Assemblies, is the Head of the State. He is elected for a fixed termof five years.


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The President in turn appoints the four Provincial Governors, the Chief Justiceof the Supreme Court and the Chief Justices of the provincial High C o u ~ . s . Inaddition, the President appoints the three anned services chiefs.Under the Eight Amendment of the Constitution, the Presider.t candissolve the National and/or Provincial Assemblies and call forfresh elections under certain circumstances (which are currem:lyunder dispute).

b. The Chainnan of the Senate is elected by the Senate and is deputy Head ofState. Senators are elected by the Provincial and National Assemblies for three0 r six year tenns,with special seats reserved for technocrats.

c. The Prime Minister is elected by the National Assembly and he appoints theCabinet of Ministers. Under Pakistan's constitution, party based eltetions forthe National Assembly are required to be held within a five year period.

4. Judiciarya. Pakistan's judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Coun, thecC'untry's highest court. The provincial High Courts fOlm the second tier.b. The judiciary can overrule legislation deemed to be un-Islamic. The 1991Shariat Act provides for the law to be interpreted according to Islamic principleswhen ambiguity exists, but preserves the ultimate sovereignty of theparliamentary process.

5. Federal-Provincial Relationshipa. The 1973 Constitution provides for exclusive jurisdiction of the FederalParliament over 67 subjects specified in the Federal Legislative List andconcurrent jurisdiction of the Federal Parliament and the Provincial Assemblyover 47 subjects indicated in a Concurrent Legislative List. Residual matters,not enunciated in the Federal Legislative List and the Concurrent LegislativeList, are within the exclusive .1omain of Provincial Assemblies. In the event ofan inconsistency between the Federal and Provincial laws, the former prevaiis.b. In pract!ce, the Federal Government has a very dominant role in

political and economic management.6. Federal-Provincial Administration

a. The Government of Pakistan has a vertically organized administrative systemmanned by a large b u r e ~ u c r a c y , the hard core of w r n ~ h is comprised of arelatively small group of officials belonging to the various functional groups ofthe prestigious Central Superior Services. The members of t ~ l e Central SuperiorServices dominate the Federal agencies and also occupy k ~ y positions in theProvincial Governments.


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b. The Secretariat of the Government of Pakistan is organized along functionalMinistries controlled by politically nominated M i n i s t e r : ~ and Ministers of States.Each Ministri has Division, headed by a Secretary, a career bureaucrat, with adownward chain of Additional Secretary, Joint Seczetary, Deputy Secretary andSection Officer. The functions of each Division as well as inter-divisionrelationships are governed by the R.ules of Business, 1973, as amended.

c. The Federal bureaucracy has an important role ill the development of privatebusiness through monetary, fiscal 3.nd trade policy planning. Th e Ministries ofFinance and Economic Affairs, Industries, and Commerc:e in particular haveprominent roles in relation to private business. The Ministry of Food,Agriculture a nd Cooperatives serves as ~ e n t r a l clearing house inall matters r el at in g t o a gr ic ul tu re .d. Analogous to the Federal Secretariat, each Province has a similar ProvincialSecretariat though the Divisions are referred to as Departments. The Provincesare also divided to geographical zones along Division, Districts and SubDistricts (referred to as tehsils 0;" talukas), headed by career civil servants calledCommissioners, Deputy Commissioners and Assistant Commissioners underthe respective Provincial Government. These public functionaries areresponsible for law and order maintenance as well as coordirration ofdevelopment work within their geographical jurisdiction.

H. E c o n o ~ n i c ProfileHIGHLIGHTS

Gross Domestic Product Ilas growll annually by a 7espectablei.8% during tile last three decades . . . and 6.1% in 1991 and1 9 9 2 . Current per capita income ill 1991/92 prices is about Rs 10,400. Today tile Government is encouraging privatiz.ation.Pakistan's ecunomy is characterized by features typical of less developed economies,including high population growth rate, low density of social services, deficit budgets,negative balance of payments, and rudimentary state of development of economicinstitutions. During the last three decades, however, the economy has successfullyweathered several adverse internal and extern:}} developments (esy .,dally the separationof Eastern Pakistan in 1971, the oil supply shock of 1974, and the burden of about 3million Afghan refugees since 1979), and has achieved an average annual growth rateof Gross Domestic Product of 5.8% to 6.1% highlighting the underlying economicresilience.Pakistan today is distancing itself rapidly from the experience of the 1970's when theconcern with equity issues found expression in an extended direct role forgov'emmental intervention in the economic develnpment process.


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Today, as indicated in the recent election campaign, there is a consensuswithin main Pak istan political parties that the road to p r ~ s p e r i t y lies inencouraging increased private sector par ticipation in all spheres of theeconomy.1. National Incorlle

a. At a constant 1980/81 cost factor, Pakistan's Gross National Product in fiscalyear (July 1 to June 30) 1991/92, was around Rs 484 billion ($20.2 billion atthe 1991/92 exchange rate of $1 = Rs 24).b. At a current cost factor, P a k i s t a n l ~ Gross National Product in fiscal year1991/92 was estimated to be Rs 121.5 billion ($50.6 billion).c. At a current cost factor, this resulted in a Per Capital Gross Income in fiscal

year 1991/92 of approximately Rs 10,358 ($431.58).2. Public Finances

a. Pakistan has traditionally relied unon controlled deficit financing as publicresources continue to fall .'hort ot mounting recurring non-development andnon-recurring development expenditures. Revised estimates for the fiscal year1991/92 indicate resources at Rs 221 billion against e x p e n d i t u r ~ s of Rs 278billion or a deficit of Rs 57 billion, ($2.2 billion). The Budget for fiscal year1992/93 projects resources at about Rs 248 billion against expenditures of Rs293 billion, or a deficit of Rs 45 billion ($1.73 billion at today's exchange rateof $1 =Rs 26.73).b. The deficit financing problem may increase as the United States continues toreduce its military and non-militaryAID to Pakistan, due to the PresslerAmendment. Currently, all U.S. Government aid to Pakistan Governmentorganizations will stop by December 31, 1993, although some U.S.Government AID to private Pakistan organizations may continue.c. In the future, Pakis tan will have to rely more on the private sectorfor development activities, restrict expansions in the non-development budget expenditures, and improve tax administrationto generate larger revenues. These directions are well recognized

by the current Government.3. Balance of Payments

a. Increasing imports, mounting debt servicing and military expenditures and onlyminor increases in commodity exports, plus declining cash remittances fromoverseas Pakistanis have combined to result in a difficult and growing balanceof payments situation. Reliable figures are difficult to obtain on the magnitudeof Pakistan's total balance of payment deficit due to the secrecy on militarypurchases; however, the Balance of Payments deficit is increasing each year.


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b. The Govemment of Pakist:m is in the process of implementing an exportoriented development s t r a ~ ( .::y which may help reduce balance of paymentsdifficulties in the future.I. Business Infrastructure

HIGHLIGHTS Skilled work force is available in large urban centers. Extensive physical structure exists but is unevenly distributed. The financial s y : ~ ~ m includes commercial banks, specializedfinancial institutions and stock markets.1. Labor Force

a. Pakistan's population is estimated at 120 million and is growing annually at arate of 3.1%. The labor force is estimated at about 34 million with an estimatedunemployment rate of over 16%. There is, however, a considerableunderemployment, possibly at high as 30%. Further, approximately a millionof the trained, skilled and semi-skilled work force are presently employed in theMiddle East.

b. Current literacy estimates are at best guess, but the general feeling is that 25-30% of the population over 15 years of age is literate.

c . Although specific skill shor tages could be encountered, thesupply situation of formally and informally trained work force isgenerally satisfactory in large urban centers.2. Physical Infrastructure

a. Sea PortsPakistan has four sea ports (Karachi, Mohammad Bin Qasim, Gawader andPasni), of which two (Karachi and Mohammad Bin Qasim) located around thecountry's largest city of Karachi, handle all imports and exports.Dry ports also exist at Lahore, Rawalpindi and Sialkot.

0. AirportsKarachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Peshawar and Quetta Airports provideinternational handling of cargo and passengers. Karachi, in particular. isconnected with all major cities of the world.The state,managed Pakistan International Airlines is a world airline providingboth international and domestic services.


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c. RailwaysPakistan has a railway network spread over approximately 8,800 km.

d. RoadsPakistan has an extensive road network, of which approximately 120,700 kIn(60% paved) is currently being expanded and upgraded.

e. TelecommunicationsThe state sponsored Pakistan Telecommunication Corporation manages about amil:ion telephone lines, around 4,000 public call offices, and 3 gatewayexchanges that link the country with the international communication system.Recently, the public telecommunication network has been goingthrough a major expansion/upgrading. Private enterprises have alsobeen a l l o w ~ d to initiate cellular telecommunication services.

f. EnergyCommercial energy demand in Pakistan is fast outracing energy supplies withthe result that demand management is being vigorously pursued particularlythough harder energy prices and electricity load shedding in defined summerand winter periods in accordance with pre-determined well publicizedschedules.Currently numerous projects, public and private, are underway to increaseelectncity power generation.Natural gas and petroleum are generally in good supply and because of theabundant supply of natural gas, co-generation plants are being installed in manyfacilities throughout Pakistan.

g. Financial SystemThe financial system in Pakistan is comprised of the following CommercialBanks, Specialized Banks, Non-Bank Financial Institutions (NBAs),Investment Institutions and Stock Exchanges:

Commercial B?.nksPublic Sector Banks First Women Bank Limited Habib Bank Limited National Bank of Pakistan United Bank of Pakistan


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Private Sector Banks Allied Bank of Pakistan Ltd. Askari Commercial Bank Ltd. Bank AI-Habib Ltd. Bolan Bank Ltd. Habib Credi t & Exchange Bank. Indus Bank Ltd. Mehran Bank Ltd. Metropolitan Bank Muslim Commercial Bank Ltd. Prime Commercial Bank Ltd. Soneri Bank Ltd. Union Bank Ltd.Foreign Banks ABN AMRO Bank. AI-Baraka Islamic Investment Bank. American Express International Banking Corporation ANZ Grindlays Bank Bank of America Bank of Oman Bank of Tokyo Banque Indosuez Chase Manhattan Bank CitiBank Deutsche Bank Doha Bank Emirates Bank International Ltd. Falsal Islamic Bank Habib Bank AG Zurich Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation International Finance, Investment and Commerce Banke Pan African Bank Rupali Bank Societe Generale French Bank Standard Chartered Bank

Specialized BanksNameAgricultural DevelopmentBank of Pakistan (ADBP)

Federal Bank forCo-operatives

FunctionProvides credit facilities to agriculturaliand persons engaged in cottage industrin rural areas.rv1eets the credit needs of ProvincialCo-operative Banks.


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Industrial DevelopmentBank of Pakistan (lDBP)

Non-Bank Financial Institutions (NBRs)NameBa.nkers Equity Limited(BEL)Equity Participation Fund(EPF)

House Building FinanceCorporation (HBFC)National DevelopmentFinance Corporation (NDFC)

Pakistan Industrial Creditand InvestmentCorporation (PICIC)Pak-Kuwait InvestmentCompany (PKIC)Pak-Libya Holding Company(PLHC)

Regional DevelopmentFinance Corporation(RDFC)

Saudi-Pak Industrial andAgricultural InvestmentCompany (SPIAIC)Small Business Fi nanceCorporation (SBFC)

Provides financial assistance in the establishment of new industrial units andexpansion, modernization and replacement needs of existing industrial units inthe private sector.

FunctionProvides equity support and other formsof financing to major projects.Provides equity support to small andmedium sized industrial units in theprivate sector in less developed areas ofthe country.Provides finance for the construction ofhouses.Meets the long and medium term andworking capital needs of public andprivate sector enterprises.Provides long and medium tenn loans tolarge scale industries in the private sector

Provides financial assistance to bothprivate and public sector projects.Provides foreign currency loans, participates in equity investment andunderwrites public issues.Provides financial assistance for settingup of new units as well as formodernization and expansion of existingunits and to promote investment in lessdeveloped areas of Pakistan.Meets the industrial and agricultural needof the private sector.

Finances cottage and small scale mdustnesmall business enterprises and artisansengaged in productive activity.


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Investment InstitutionsNameInvestment Corporation ofPakistan (lCP)

National In vestment Trust(NIT)

Investment Banks(Various)

Leasing Companies(Various)

Stock Exchanges Karachi Lahore Islamabad

FunctionProvides f a c i l i t i e ~ for investment inshares to private individuals, floats closeended mutual funds, underwrites newshares and provides bridge financing inconsortia with nationalized commercialbanks.Manages an open ended mutual fund andserves as an instrument for the promotioof savings and investment in shares,ModaIaba Certificates and Participation T

C e r t i f i c ~ t e s (PrCS) of public limitedcompanIes.Deal in money and capital markets and pfinancing and provide corporate financialserVIces.Provide lease financing to meet fixedindustrial requirements, as weB as officeequipment.

Pakistan's financial markets have also recently witnessed the introduction ofseveral financial instruments founded on the concept of profit and losssharing. Illustrations of such instruments are: Musharika, where thecustomer and the financial institution are in a temporary partnershiparrangement for sharing the business profits in predetermined ratios;Modaraba, which is a general or specific purpose fund raised through apublic subscription and is managed by a management company; and.Participation Term Certificates. a form of convertible debenture, where thefinancial institution enters into a partnership with the customer forparticipation in the profit and loss of the business.


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h. Incorporated CompaniesThere were 30,016 companies incorporated in Pakistan as of March, 1993(iatest figures available), of which 533 have foreign capital. A list of the majorinternational companies active in Pakistan is included in Section II.


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. INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN PAKISTANA. The New Investment LandscapeDuring 1991 and 1992, the Government of Pakistan embarked on a rapid program ofderegulation, liberalization of governmental/administrative regulations and privatizatioiunparalleled in Pakistan's history -- which is significantly changing theinvestment landscape.Initiative is steadily being shifted from the public to the private sector through acontinued reduction in official approval procedures, emphasis on free market forces ana major privatization program. In parallel there has been a shift to self-reliance, awayfrom foreign aid- ar.j financial assistance from international financial institutions.Foreign exchange controls have been substantially eliminated as Pakistan moves to fullconvertibility of the Rupee. Restrictions on foreign investment in Pakistan have beenremoved, and cumbersome procedures relating to foreign investment in Pilistan arebeing abolished and approval requirements eliminated in most cases or reduced to aminimum in the remaining. Capital and profits can no-.v easily be transferred out of thecountry in hard currency. Investor confidence resulting from deregulation is attractingforeign interest and investment.While these effo rts w e r ~ begun by the Government of Pakistan, underPrime Min is te r Nawaz Sharif after his elect ion on October 24, 1990,there is every indica tion these policies will be continued. Pu bHcpronouncements by all the major political parties during the 19'93election campaign, have indicated support o f continued deregulation andprivatization.Furthermore, the international financial community (Asian Bank, InternationalMarketing Fund, World Bank, etc.), and many of the countries granting major aid toPakistan (Germany, Japan, United Kingdom, United States, etc.), have been pushingPakistan to implement these policies and would exert extreme pressure and probablyfurther reduce aid support if these policies were significantly changed or hindered in thfuture.Optimism about the Pak is tan economy is also shared by investorsabroad. Major Japanese, United Kingdom and United States investment houses haveexpressed interest in the local stock exchanges, and the first Pakistan equity fund wasfloated by Citibank and Morgan Grenfell during 1992, and has been followed by otherfloatationslinvestments, etc Domestic and foreign expressions of interest in the privatsector projects are on the increase.


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B. Key Changes in the Economic Environment1. Deregulation

Few or no permissions required to set up projectsFree entry to foreign investorsElimination of foreign exchange restrictions

2. PrivatizationThree nationalized banks transferred to private sector, with more to followOver 100 industrial/commercial companies offered for sale/many sold or beingsoldForeign participation in airport and highway construction andtelecommunications

3 . Opening of Financial SectorNew Commercial banks establishedForeign banks established -- and more comingNew investment banks establishedA growing number of leasing companies and "modarabas"Pakistan equity funds floatedStock markets expanded

C. Investment OpportunitiesPakistan's economic potential lies in the expansion and diversification of its industrialbase. Sufficient industrializatiC'''1 exists to allow rapid development in new areas ofactivity, serving both domestic and international markets. Traditional industries arealso capable of enhancement through vertical integration and value adding.Opportunities in Pakistan contrast with those arising out of theliberalization of the East Block economies. Pakistan has surpassed the level ofindustrialization of the East Block, and therefore does not require massive write-offs ofindustrial units outmoded beyond rehabilitation, nor does Pakistan have the rampantinflation and currency devaluation of many East Block countries.In Pakistan opportunities exist in new industry and expansion. These investmentopportunities can best be exploited through better management and strategic planning,


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superior exploitation of international markets, access to international and venture capitalfinancing, joint ventures and technical assistance.As a result of \vide-ranging economic reform, several potential opportunities, in varioussectors, now clearly exist. Active, fresh involvement by foreign companies is alreadyevident in various infrastructure projects. This involvement is manifested by bothmanagement input and financial commitment, in the form of equity and debt financing,and technical assistance.There are, however, an even greater number of unexploited opportunities. Furtherinfrastructure projects with potential include container and storage terminals, as well aswater management systems. Other opportunities exist, for example, in the chemicaland pharmaceutical sectors in basic medicines, fertilizers, pesticides and inorganicchemicals.However, given Pakistan's availability and diversity of local produce (rice, meat, fruit,vegetables), many of the greatest opportunities exist in the exporting of agribusinessproducts. Pakistan is weil situated for trade with the Middle and Far East, India andJapan. The Government's foreign policy is moderate and positive, and Pakistancontinues to enjoy a privileged relationship with China Because of its regionallocation, Pakistan stands to make significant gains as it and its neighbors' economiesgrow.

D. Routes of Entrv1. Entry in Pakistan may have the objective of exploiting potential in the populous,developing domestic market, or more broadly, the development of a low cost base

to serve regional markets.2. Three major entry options are available:

Establish a fully owned and controlled private company (assets up to Rs. 100million).Establish a public limited company, retaining majority control but seekingpublic particiJX'.tion through floatation. This serves to reduce the foreigncorporation's level of equity exposure to achieve the same level of operations-first, because the general public shares iil the equity and, secondly, because thelocal company can assume debt independently.Establish a company in cooperation with joint venture partners, who supplylocal expertise, management and capital. This may be as a private or publiccompany, in which case it can have the benefits of point two above.

E. Foreign Investment (As Applied To Agribusiness)1. There is no restriction on foreign investment and Governmental approval is notrequired. Projects in Pakistan can even be set up with 100% foreign equity.


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2. Under the Foreign Private Investment (Promotion and Protection) Act, theguarantees provided foreign investors include:Remittance of profit and capi t a l ~Remittance of appreciation of capital investmer,.;Foreign private investment shall not he subjected to more taxation on incomethan those applicable to investment made in similar circumstances by citizens ofPakistan; andRelief from double taxation

3. Foreign Investment is also entitled to the following:Foreign nationals employed in Pakistan are pennitted to send monthlyremittance to the country of their domicile up to 50% of the net income;Foreign nationals returning from Pakistan are permitted to transfer their totalsavIngs;Foreign investors being creditors of industrial undertaking are also entitled torepatriation of foreign currency with the ~ e r m s and conditions of the Joans.

4. Foreign private investment is also entitled to all concessions of duty-free import ofmachinery and income tax holiday as permissible to local investors without anydiscrimination.Pakistan guarantees to foreign investment are comparable to anycountry in the world.

F < Foreign Employment/Visas1. Expatriate Employment Policy

The requirement for a work permit for managerial and technical personnel hasbeen eliminated.2. Visa Poli


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G. Forei gn Exchange/Loans1. Possession of F-oreign Exchange

There is no restrictions on resident Pakistanis, non-resident P2.kistanis, foreignersor foreign companies on bringing in, possessing or k;.l:ing out foreign currency_Currency declarations are not required.

2. Reconversic:l FacilitvAny authorized dealer will reconvert any amount of local currency into foreignexchange on production of a receipt of encashment of foreign exchange. There isno lim;t on this.

3. Foreign Currencv AccountsAll resident and non-resident Pakistanis, foreigners and foreign controlledcompanies can maintain foreign currency accounts, which can be operated in

f o ~ e i g n exchange in any form.4 . Foreigo Loans

There are no permissions required regarding foreign company loans, rate of interestor repayment, unless such loans are guaranteed by the Pakista.'1 Government.

5. Fixed Capital LoansThere are no restrictions on foreign companies raising domestic credit for fixedcapital loans, or to meet fixed investment requirements.

6. Working Capital LoansForeign controlled manufacturing/processing companies exporting 50% or more oftheir production can borrow working capital from domestic ir.stitutions withoutlimit. Other foreign controlled manufacturing/processing companies, includingthose which do not export and sell in the domestic market, can arrange rupee loansequal to their equity investment.

7. Rupee Loan Agreement Foreign Exchange CollateralForeign currency account holders cail obtain r lpee loans on the collateral of theirforeign currency account balances.

H. Fiscal and Monetary IncentivesPakistan's fiscal, monetary and trade policies have been significantly adjusted toprovide incentives for investment, with the major changes including:


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1. Single Level CompanY Income TaxVarious past levels of income tax, super tax and surcharges have been mergedunder a single income tax levy -- and a phas::d reduction of this tax will be in effectwith income year 1992-93, (assessment yea 1993-94). The reduction will be asfollows:

Assessment Year Public Companes Others1993-94 42% 52%1994-95 39% 49%1995-96 36% 46%1996-97 33% 43%1997-98 30% 40%

.., Specific Tax Incentives....A th ree year income tax holiday is allowed to allcompanies/industries commencing operations before June 30,1995 . .. with the three year holiday effective from the datecommercial operations begin.An eight year income tax holiday is admissible for all companies who establishindustrial operations in specific backward areas of Pakistan. In addition, theseindustries established in backward areas have been exempted from the levy ofimport duties and sales taxes on imported machinery.A five year income tax holiday is available to all industries established indefined rural areas and numerous other tax exemptions and incentives areavailable to operations established in defined rural areas.

3. Special Tax Incentives for Approved Industrial Estates (Current and To Be EstablisheExemption of all (100%) custom duties in some approved industrial estates, withothers having exemptions on 75% or 50% of custom duties.

4. Income Tax Rebates for Exports EarningsIncome tax on export earnings are only taxed, at the most , 1%. In some cases,this is reduced to .75% or .5%.

1. Foreign ParticipationMultinational Companies' participation in Pakistan predates the country's inception. leIestablished a soda ash works in 1942, and its business has since grown to include paintspharmaceuticals, polyester fiber and general chemicals. Other multinationals suchUnilever, Shell, Mitsubishi and Philips, also saw an early opportunity and benefitted.The local subsidiary of Unilever is the second largest listed company in terms of marketcapitalization, and also the largest consumer products company in Pakistan.


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The flow of foreign equity into Pakistan increased as the country developed andopportunities arose. Foreign pharmaceutical companies were among the firstmultinationals to set up operations in Pakistan. They are r e ~ p o n s i b l e for the devel0pmentof the pharmaceutical industry and represent the greatest numbers of IT1Jltinational'i inPaJrjstan.Pakistan's predominantly agro-based economy has given rise to the development ofancillary industries, serving the agricultural sector. Exxon was the first private companyto set up a urea fertilizer plant in the 1960's; Hercules followed in joint venture with theDawood Group. The farm equipment industry sta.rtf>f1 flourishing as mechanization ofagriculture took place. Massey Ferguson, Fiat and Belarus capitalized the opportunitythrough joint ventures with iocal concerns. The agro-chemicals and pesticides industry isled by multinationals.Multinationals have also contributed to the country's infrastructure devdopment (dams,power generation, telecommunications, hospitals). Currently many companies are active,for example. the French group SOGEO recently completed the construction of the newKarachi airport terminal, and a Japanese led consortium is constructing a nationalhighway.In addition to subsidiaries ar..d joint ventures, there are many licensing and technicalsupport arrangements with local entrepreneurs. In the 1970's and 80's. the number ofentrants was limited by regulatory constraints; today, however, deregulation allowsforeigll investors full participation in the economy.Examples of foreign participation in Pakistan are shown in the foHowing table.KEYQUOTED PUBL ICCOMPRNY SUBS 10 IRR IES OF MULTI NRTI ONRlSUNQUOTED COMPANIES, LOCAL OFFICES, FRANCH:SES, TECHNICAL ASSISTAJOINT VENTURES WITH LOCAL PARTNERS

i . AUTOl\'IOBILE & ENGINEERINGSIEMENS, SINGERAEG, CITOH, EXIDE, KOMATSU, LUCAS, MITSUI, VARITYHIND, HONDA, NISSAN, SUZUKI, TOYOTA


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2. CHIi.:MICALS & PHARMACEUTICALSRBBOTT, BERGER, BOOTS, CIBR-GE IGY, COlMRN, CYRNRM 10,GlRHO, HDEeHST, ICI, PRRKE DRU IS, RECK ITT, SANDOZ,

SM ITH Kli NE BEECHRM, WELLCOME, WYETHBASF, BAYER, EXXON, JOHNSON & JOHNSON, MERCK, PFIZER,ROCHE, SAM YANG, SEARLE, STERLING PRODUCTS,SQUIBB, WARNER LAMBERT

HERCULES3. CONSUMER PRODUCTS & FOOD

UNllEUERCARGILL, COCA COLA, COLGATE, EASTMAN KODAK,GENERAL FOODS, HEINZ, PEPSICO, PROCTER & GAMBLECPC, GILLETTE, NESTLE

4 . ELECTRONICS & ELECTRICALPHiliPSBICC, DAIKIN, EPSON, HITACHI, IBM, MITSUBISHI,

NCR, SAMSUNG, TOSHIBASONY

5 . HOTELSHOLIDAY INN, MARRIOTT, RAMADA, SHERATON

6. OIL & GASBURMAH, CALTEX, GULF, HUNT, KUWAIT PETROLEUM,OCCIDENTAL, PHILIPS, PREMIER,

SHELL, UNION TEXAS7 . TRANSPORT & COMMUNICATIQNS

ALCATEL, CABLE & WIRELESS, DHL, ERICSSONJ. Investment Risks

Although Pakistan currently is more demographically and economicallystable than it has been for decades, and more economically stable thanmany East Block and Third World countries, there still are major


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inves(ment risks which should be considered in making a decision onwhether to inyest in Pakistan.1. Changes in Government

Pakistan, as many developing countries, has seen several sudden changes ofGovernment, leading in many cases to the suspension of the democratic process andthe imposition of military rule. This has been offset somewhat by the continuedoperation of a stable, professional civil service.Political risk insurance for investments in Pakistan is available.

2. CorruptionBy any standards, Western or Third World, Pakistan has a major corruptionproblem at all levels. While steps have been taken in recent years to reducecorruption at the higher levels of business and gOVf>-nment, it still is widely prevalent.Conducting business in such an environment is a challenge withobvious risks.

3. CrimeSince the mid-1980's, crime levels have been on the rise, particularly in Karachi andrural Sindh. The local business community suffered from armed robbery andkidnapping, and areas of rural Sindh were rendered unsafe for travel due to outlawbands. In response there has been a drive against illegal weapons, legislation hasbeen introduced aimed at reducing the incidence of violent crime, and the Army hasbeen active in Karachi and rural Sindh. As a result, crime in Karachi and rural Sindhhas materially decreased and the local business community indicates that the criminalactivities have been significantly reduced.Many areas of Pakistan have been subject to a US State DepartmentTravel Advisory since June S, 1992 because of the i n c ~ e a s e in crimeand the itenls discussed later (Sections 5, 7 and 8).

4. Devaluation of the RupeeThe Rupee, since it freely f l u c t u a ~ e s , has seen steady devaluation and therefore, thevalue of local investments in foreign currency terms continually erodes. Lately therate of devaluation has increased.The State Bank of Pakistan offers a comprehensive foreign exchange coverage scheme,so that the foreign currency requirement of a project, contributed by way of loan capital,can be protected against adverse exchange rate movements.


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5. Further Sanctions by the United States GovernmentThe US Government has cut all military aid to Pakistan and will complete all non-militaraid to the Pakistan Government by December 31, 1993 -- due to the 1985 SolanzAmendment to the US Foreign Assistance Act and the Pressler Amendment. MinorUSAID help to private organizations in Pakistan, as those engaged in social programs,may continue; however, these will be at a relatively low financial level.In late August 1993, because of a belief that China transferred long-range missiletechnology to Pakistan, the US Government imposed further trade sanctions on Pakistan

6. Intellectual Property ProtectionAt present, Pakistan's copyright and patent legal protections are minimal and where theyexist, enforcement is usually ineffective and penalties for violation extremely weak.However, efforts are underway to correct this situation.

7. Islamic FundamentalismThe various Islamic Fundamentalism movements' anti-Western rhetoric, recent attacks oWesterners in Egypt and probable involvement in the World Trade Center bombing isanother investment risk.Despite the anti-Western actions, most analysts feel that Islamic Fundamentalists are morconcerned about mitigating change in their own or other Islamic countries than in theWestern world. In nations like Pakistan, the Islamic Fundamentalists' appeal stems fromthe failure of Governments to give the growing urban population the employment,housing and basic services. Most of the Muslims appear to be looking forjustice at home, not connict abroad.

8. WarWith IndiaIn the forty-six years since it became an independent nation, Pakistan andIndia have fought three wars, and the bitterness between predominantlyHindu India and Moslem Pakistan continues today.


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III. OPPORTUNITIES IN PAKISTAN POTATO AND TOMATO PROCESSINGA. General Agriculture Overview

The economy of Pakistan is largely based on agriculture,farming, which produces food and crops and rorest products, is Pakistan's largestprivate sector;agribusinesses, including inputs to farming and the collection, storage, processingand dis'iribution of farm and forest products is Pakistan's second largest privatesector.

Since the early 1980's, farm and forest production has grown in excess of 4% perannum, with agribusinesses growing at a slower 1% rate.Agriculture accounts fo r approximately 25% of Pakistan's GrossDomestic Product, and employs 50% of the labor force.Currently, the principal agricultural crops are wheat, rice, sugar cane, tobacco and cottonwhile the horticultural industry is one of the major growth areas. Pakistan is compared toCalifornia in its ability to grow a complete range of horticultural crops. The country isalso gaining experience in producing internationally acceptable varieties of fruits andvegetables.As Pakistan has an abundance of fertile soil, suitable weather patterns, agood irrigation system, relatively low farm production costs, majoravailability of semi-skilled farm laborers and industrial workers, and astrategic location for exporting products, long-term it should become amajor expor te r o f fresh and processed horticultural products.The markets of the land-locked countries of Afghanistan and the Central Asian Republicsespecially offer good export opportunities. The fact that Pakistan is a member of both theEconomic Co-operation Organization (ECO) and the South Asian Association forRegional Co-operation (SAARC) further expands the potential of target markets ofPakistan warranting installation of efficient sized plants of almost any industrial activity.1. Current Exports of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

Although Pakistan has a considerable p r o d u ~ t i o n base for fruits and vegetables, itsexport record is poor -- averaging about 5% of its production. The reasons are manybut can be summarized as follows:Lack of appropriate management, marketing and business systems;Lack of good planting material;Lack of technical knowledge at grower level regarding correct time ofplanting/harvesting (state of development and maturity);Lack of cooling facilities to remove field heat and maximize shelf life;


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Poor cold storage facilities and trained staff to run cold storage for fruit andvegetables;Poor internal transport Few reefer lonies are being used to transport produce Unreliable rail network for goods traffic and orJy Karachi-Lahore expressservice carries refrigerated unitsLack of grading facilities (except for citrus in some areas) and lack of expertise inpackhouse management and quality control;Lack of suitable internationally acceptable boxes and cartons for strength andwater-repellence;Poor facilities at seaports;Lack of suitable facilities at airports;Poor enforcement of quality grading and phytosanitary regulations.

While progress is being made in correcting the above constraints, it will take manyyears to significantly reduce these problems and most international agriculture reportsindicate it will be well into the 21st Century before Pakistan could achieve majorexports of fresh horticultural products.

2. Current Processing Facilities Domestic Market for Processed Fruits and VegetablesAt present, there are limited canned, dehydrated or frozen fruit and vegetableprocessing facilities operational in Pakistan, although the opportunities to establishsuch facilities, especially for export products, are significant. In only two areas,processing of kino oranges by Cargill and dates by Unilever, has any MultinationalCorporation entered the market in any significance.The reasons for the limited current processing facilities are due to:a. Lack of management, technical and marketing (for export) experience/expertisewithin local Pakistan companies;b. Previous governmental constraints (pre 1991-92) on Multinational Companies'involvement/investment in Pakistan;c. Lack of domestic market for processed fruits and vegetables due to widespreadbelief in the minds of Pakistani ';0nsumers that nutritional values are almost

completely lost during the processing of fruits and vegetables -- especially duringdehydration.3. The combination of availab'e, relatively low cost fruits and ,'egetables,an extensive, difficult and long-term timeframe in developing freshexport markets and an undeveloped domestic "processed" market,presents a major opportunity for Multinational Companies going italone (as Cargill and Unilever have done), or with Joint Ventures todevelop food processing ventures initially b a s ~ d on exports.Eventually as the domestic consumer spending levels increase andeating habits change, local markets win develop.


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B. Opportunities in Potato Processing1. Production

As i 'ilistan Governmental figures are believed to significantly understate the size ofPaktstan's annual potato crop, the Pakistan-Swiss Potato Development Project'sprojections of potato yields in Pakistan are considered to be a better base by mostmembers of the Pakistan agribusiness community.a. Annual Production

19901992 1,300,000 tons1,600J)()() tonsSource: Pak-Swiss Potato Development Project

b. Annual Production Potential- if desired19961998 3,000,()()() tons4,OOO,OOO tons

Source: Pak-Swiss Potato Development Projectc. Production Varieties - Current

AjaxBartinaCardinalCleopatraDesireeDiamantKondorMultaMunilloPatronesSpartaUltimus

d. Potential Varieties - New

With High Dry Matter Content,Good for Chipping & Processing

xxXXX

Source: Pak-Swiss Potato Development Project

P a ki st a n f ar me rs /f ar m organizations are very willing (and in factanxious), to try new potato varieties !! seeds are available a nd thereis a market for the new varieties.


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e. Production AreasWhile potato crops are grown in all agricultural areas of Pakistan, over 60% ofthe annual potato crop is grown in the Central Punjab, where two and sometimethree crops annually are produced (or could be if there was sufficient demand),and in the Southeast NWFD.

f. Prcxluction SeasonalityMajor harvest in the January-March period, when about 66% of the annualcrop reaches the market.Th e spring harvest, representing about 14% of total production, reaches themarket from April to June.Th e summer crop, representing about 20% of the total production, begins toreach the market in mid-October and lasts through December.

g. UsesIt is estimated that in 1991 and 1992, about 94% of the Pakistan potato crop wasused fresh domestically, 3% processed (chips) and 3% exported. Exportsignificantly declined in the late 1980's/early 1990's due to the wars inAfghanistan and the Gule and should grow to 6-8% of the domestic crop by1995 (assuming no new wars).

h. PricesLike many commodities, potatoes are subject to cyclical price fluctuationsbetween high and low prices -- and in Pakistan the cycle from low to high pricesis about three years. These fluctuations are attributed to relative elasticity ofsupply coupled with price inelasticity of domestic demand, combined with the factthat minor output is used for processing or export.Th e Agricultural Marketing and Storage Ltd. (AMSL), a parastatal organizationbacked by the Federal Cooperative Bank, is directed by the Pakistan Governmentto buy potatoes when prices fall below an intervention level set annually by theAgricultural Price Commission. However, in practice this intervention systemhas not been effective and usually only benefits the large farmer, if it benefitsanyone.A 1992 Private Survey estimated that th e farm price of Pakistanpotatoes which would be best fo r processing was 60% to 650/0 ofthe farm price of similar varieties in Eastern Europe and Turkey,and 40 % to at most 50% of US or Western European farm prices.


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I . WastageAlthough exact figures are impossible to obta in , i t is estimated that20% to 400/0 of Pakistan's potato crop goes to waste each year dueon-farm losses at harvest, on-farm losses because of poor storage,losses in transit due to poor transportation/handling/storage, and insome years major oversupply.

2. Production Potentiala. Pakistan farmers/farm organizations feel the production of potatoes and specificpotato varieties good for processing could be significantly improved in Pakistan ithe following constraints were reduced:

(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)

Limited supply of good quality seed and little advice/reason to change;Inefficient use of inputs such as fertilizer, pesticides and water;Limited technical informationihelp available on disease and pest build-upand their control;Limited availability of cold storage facilities;Limited availability of decent transport;Limited export help/facilities, etc.;Limited cash flow, limited access to credit facilities for potato growers(especially small farmers);Limited uses in processing (mainly chipping currently).

b. All of the above constraints could be materially reduced by aMultinational potato processor entering Pakistan and advising andassis ting with farmers/farm organizations in Pakistan.3. Potato Processing/Processed Potato Domestic Market

a. Currently there are only two small semi-automated potato dehydrating facilitiesoperating in Pakistan, and they are only supplying the Pakistan military or PIAAirlines.b. There are currently no significant domestic processed potato products (canned,dry or frozen) other than potato chips on the R!kistan domestic consumer market.

It is anticipated, however, that the market for both dehydrated and frozenproducts will grow, as domestic incomes increase and eating habits change:major restaurant/institutional food providers enter Pakistan;major snack companies require dehydrated potato products for producingshaped snacks for the Pakistan domestic market;


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fast food restaurants as Burger King, McDonald's and Wendy's enter thePakistan market and seek frozen potato processing. (Burger King is alreadyin Thailand and Malaysia, McDonald's has announced it's entering India withMuttonburgers and is already in Thailand and Malaysia, and Wendy's isreportedly studying entry into Southeast Asia and the Subcontinent).the middle and upper class of Pakistan seek dehydrated and frozen consumerproducts as they adapt to Western standards;

Also, as potatoes are often served in Pakistan in sauce or in combination withother vegetables. and in "Western type" casseroles, there is a significant potentialfor dehydrated potatoes products once the consumer is educated on theiradvantages/uses.4. Potato Processing Export Market

While it is estimated the domestic market for processed potatoes will increase slowly,the export market offers the greatest opportunities, especially for dehydrated andfrozen potato products.

C. Opportunities in Tomato Processing1. Production

As Pakistan Governmental figures are believed to significantly understate the size ofthe annual Pakistan tomato crop, it is impossible to make accurate projections;however, the following ranges are felt to be reasonable.a. Annual Production

19901992

b. Annual Production Potential19961998

208,000 tons225,000 tonsSource: Statistics Division. Government of Pakistan

4OO,000 tons6OO,000 tonsSource: Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan


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c. Production Varieties - CurrentName Year Released CharacteristicsRed Top 1969 Early maturity, dwaIf plant, fruit oblongRoma 1969 Early maturity, dwarf plant, small fruit sizeT-I0 1964 High yield, good qualityT-43 1964 High yield, good quality, small fruit size

Source: Pt"esent Status of Veeetable Crop andSeed Production in Pakistan, by M.H. Bhatti-National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad

d. Production Varieties - Currently Under Trial at National Agricultural Research CenterEvaFestanlimaMoneymakerRiograndele

e. Prcxiuction Varieties - NewPakistan farmers/farm organizations are very willing to try newtomato varieties if seed are available and there is a market for thenew var ieties.

f. Prcxiuction AreasWhile tomato crops are grown in all agricultural areas of Pakistan, it is estimated50% of the annual tomato crop is grown in the Central Punjab where two andsometimes three crops are prcxiuced annually (or could be if there was sufficientdemand), and the Southeast NWFD.

g. Production SeasonalityMajor harvest in the January-March pericxi, when about 60% of the annualcrop reaches the market.Spring harvest in April to June represents about 20% of total production.Summer crop reaches the market beginning in October, and again isestimated to be about 20% of total production.


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h. UsesIt is estimated that in 1991 and 1992, about 85% of crop was used freshdomestically, 10% processed and 5% exported. Export significantly dedinoo "1the late 1980's/early 1990's due to the wars in Afghanistan and The Gulf, andshould grow to 8% to 10% by 1995 (assuming no new wars).

t. PricesLike many commodities, tomatoes are subject to cyclical price fluctuationsbetween high and low prices -- and in Pakistan, the cycle froM low to highprices is three to four years. The fluctuations are attributed to relative elasticityof domestic demand, combined with the fact that minor output is used forprocessing or export.A 1992 Private Survey estimated that the farm price of Pakistantomatoes which could be used in processing was 60% of the farmprice of similar varieties in Eastern Europe and 40% of US orWestern European Farm prices.

J. WastageAlthough exact figures are impossible to obtain, it is e ~ t i m a t e d that 20% to 40%of Pakistan tomato crop goes to waste each year, due to on-fann losses atharvest, on-fann losses because of poor storage, losses in transport due to poortransportation/handling/storage, and in some years major oversupply.

2. Production Potentiala. Pakistan fanners/farm organizations feel the production of tomatoes and specifictomato varieties good for processing could be significantly improved in Pakistanif the following constraints were improved:(1) Limited supply of good quality ~ d and little advice/reason to change;(2) Inefficient use of inputs such as feltilizer, pesticides and water;(3) Limited technical infonnation/help available on diseases and pest build-up

and their control;(4) Limited availability of cold storage facilities;(5) Limited availability of decent transport;(6) Limited export help/facilities, etc.(7) Limited cash flow, limited access to credit facilities for tomato growers(especially small fanners);(8) Growing but still limited used in processing (mainly tomato paste andjuice).

b. All of the above constraints could be materially reduced by a Multinationaltomato processor entering Pakistan and working with fanners/fannorganizations.


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3. Tomato Processing/Processed Tomato Domestic Marketa. Currently the tomato processing (canning, concentrates, t')mato ketchup)facilities in Pakistan are:

Campan\' Annual CapacityTons

Ahmad Fruits 760

Benz Industries Ltd. 20,000

Food Technology Section, UnknownAgri Research InstituteTarnab, PeshawarFrontier Vegetables 200K.K. & Co. 1,500Military Farms,Kobat Road, Peshawar UnknownMitchells Fruits 10,000

Okara Fruits andVegetable Co-Op UnknownPeshawar Food Industry 1,000Sarjad Foods 200Shezan International Ltd. 8,500

Main Products

Syrup, Juice, Jams, Jellies,Pickles, KetchupCanned Fruits, Vegetablesand JuicesTomato Ketchupand Concentrates

Fruits and VegetablesFruits and VegetablesTomato Ketchupand ConcentratesCanned Fruits, Vegetablesand JuicesTomato Ketchupand ConcentratesFruits and VegetablesFruits and VegetablesCanned Fruits, Vegetables,Juices and Concentrates

Sources:-AgriBusiness Cell-"Study of Trade, Price and Institutional P o l i c i e ~Needed fOi Procurement, Processing,Marketing and Export of PerishableCommodities". 1989..


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4. Tomato Processing Export MarketWhile the domestic market for processed tomato products is found to grow 5% to10% a year, the export market offers the greatest opportunities, especiallv if theproduct quality can be improved to meet EC and Japanese standards.

D. Potential Joint V ~ n t u r e PartnersDuring the process of gathering information for this report, officers of the followingPakistan companies indicated they would like to meet with any Multinational Companiesinterested in establishing a Potato and/or Tomato Processing Joint Venture:1. Ahmed Food Industries (Pvt.) Ltd.D-112Nuarus Road

S.LT.E.Karachi 16, PakistanTelephone: (92-21) 296049Telex: 24651 AHrv1ED PK

2. Farm Aids (Pvt.) Ltd.201-Nizam Chamber7 Sharah-e-Fatima JinnahLahore, PakistanTelephone: (92-42) 304448Fax: (92-42) 869284Telex: 47074 FARM PK

3. Hunza Valley Food Industries (Pvt.) Ltd.2/30 AI-Yusuf ChambersShahrah-E-LiaquatKarachi, PakistanTelephone: (92-21) 2620570Fax: (92-21) 2628823

4. Ice Pac Ltd.8/3 RoorImtiaz Plaza85 The MallLahore, PakistanTelephone: ( 9 2 - 4 ~ ) 879902


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5. Ip.temational MultiFoods Ltd.1106-1110-903-604 Kashif CentreShahrah-e-FaisalKarachi, PakistanTelephone: (92-21) 522093 or 528010Fax: (92-21) 5683010Telex: 20642 HvtF PK

6. Mitchell's Fruit Farms (Pvt.) Ltd.3-B, LOA ComplexLawrence RoadLahore, PakistanTelephone: (92-42) 301038 or 360795Fax: (92-42) 369904Telex: 44060 MFFLL PK

7. Shezan International Ltd.BundRoadOffMultan RoadLahore, PakistanTelephone: (92-42) 419671

8. Sinsas Enterprises Ltd20 Chinar RoadUniversity TownPeshawarTelephone: (92-521) 41619

9. UDL Industries Ltd.1st RoorHotel MetropolaAbdullah Haroon RoadKarachi, PakistanTelephone: (92-21) 513581Fax: (92-21) 5681437Telex: 20356 UOL PK

10. Unico Industries (Pvt.) Ltd.5/32-33 Arkay Square Ext.Shahrah-e-LiaquatKarachi, PakistanTelephone: (92-21) 2424193Fax: (92-21) 312948


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In addition, there are other food companies, farmers and private individuals who may beinterested in joint venture discussions. (See Section IV for help in contacting the abovecompanies and others who may be interested injoint venture discussions.)E. Lahore Horticultural Forum 1994

Currently, a Lahore Horticultural Forum is being organized and once the details arefinalized, invitations aslong with all the related information will be sent to prospectiveparticipants.


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. TYPES OF ENTRY INTO PAKISTAN POTATO AND TOMATO PROCESSINGA. Multinational companies considering entry into the Pakistan Potato and TomatoProcessing areas should primarily consider one of the following initially:

subsidiary companyjoint venture company with local partner(s)licensing a local companyAlso, a Multinational Company may want to use Cargill (see Section III.E.) or otherlocal companies as a Contract Packer.

S. Multinationals should be prepared to offer advice/assistance to the local Pakistancompany in each of the following general areas in addition to in-plant quality control andtechnical advice, marketing advice, management support and especially export help tointernational markets:1. Planting materials, seeds, variety s e l e c t i o n ~2. Pre-harvest advice as to correct time of plantinglharvesting (state of development andharvesting);3. Post-harvest advice/assistance, including use of cooling facilities to remove fieldheat and maximize shelf life, storage, transportation, etc.;4. Grading advice;5. Quality control assistance.

C. Although it is impossible to estimate how a Multinational company will choose toestablish Pakistan operations, it has been estimated by two Pakistan Venture Capitalinvestigations that to establish a quality potato or a tomato processing plant in Pakistan itwould cost a minimum of $4,(X)(),OOO, excluding the land cost and the cost of gettingfacilities, (i.e., electricity, power, roads, telephone lines, water) to the plant.


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ASSISTANCE AVAILABLE THROUGH PAKISTAN AGRIBUSINESS CELLA. In November, 1991, Pakistan AgriBusiness Cell was established within the PakistanMinistry of Food, Agriculture fute Cooperatives (MINFAC), with the general objecti

of promoting private agribusiness in Pakistan.The specific objectives of the AgriBusiness Cell include the

development of agribusiness data and resource material,promotion of local and foreign private investment in agribusiness,provision of investment enabling services to local and foreign investors, as well abeing the catalyst in the collaboration between the public and private sector toexpand Pakistan's international agribusiness investments, andadvising MINFAC and other Pakistan Governmental Agencies on policies,procedures and incentives needed to stimulate Pakistan agribusiness developmentB. The AgriBusiness Cell has assisted in the development of this proposal and is anxiouto help Multinational Corporations in the investigation and establishment of

agribusiness ventures or joint ventures in Pakistat1.Specific services/support the AgriBusiness Cell offers a Multinational Corporationinclude

collecting infonnation and resource material,arranging meetings with Pakistan Governmental Officials/Agencies and assistingdiscussions/negotiations with these institutions,arranging meetings with The Ferieration of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce &Industry, The Overseas Investors Chamber of Commerce & Industry and localChambers of Commerce & Industry,arranging meetings with Non-Government Organizations, as the FarmersAssociates Pakistan Guarantee Ltd., and the Pakistan Swiss Potato DevelopmentProjectarranging meetings with the local management ofMultinational Corporations activin Pakistan,identifying potential joint venture partners and arranging meetings with suchparties,identifying attorneys, chartered accountants ana management/developmentconsultants to aid in project planning and implementation, andproviding assistance in arranging accommcxlations and travel in Pakistan.


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C. Contacts with the Agribusiness Cell should be made through the following:Mr. Amer RazaCoordinatorAgriBusiness CellMinistry of Food, Agriculture and CooperativesBlock "B"Government of Pakistan SecretariatIslamabad, PakistanTelephone:Fax:Telex:

(92-51) 820162(92-51) 8227035844MINFA


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VI. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AVAILABLE ON PAKISTANIn addition to the assistance available through the Pakistan AgriBusiness Cell(described in Section 'v) and the contact data which will be available through the LahorHorticultural Forum II (described in Section III), further information on Pakistan canbe obtained through the following sources:A. General Infonnation from

Pakistan Embassy - UK35/36 Lowndes Square,London SW1X 9JNUnited KingdomTelephone: 071-235-2044 or 772-0110Fax: 0 7 1 ~ 1 6 - 8 4 2 7Telex: 51-290226Pakistan Embassy - US2315 Massachusetts Avenue N.W.Washington. D.C. 20008Telephone: (202) 939-6200Fax: (202) 387-0484Consulate General of Pakistan .. US12 East 65th StreetNew York, New York 10021Telephone: (212) 879-5800Fax: (212) 517-6987Consulate General of Pakistan - US

1 ~ 5 0 Wilshire Boulevard; Suite 1100Los Angeles, California 90024Telephone: (310) 441-0167; or 395-3921Fax: (310) 441-9256


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Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and IndustriesFederation HouseShahrah-e FirdousiMain Clifton~ a r . a c h i , ~ s t a n

Telephone: (92-21) 532179Fax: (92-21) 532587Overseas Investors Chamber of Commerce and IndustryChamber of Commerce BuildingTalpur RoadKarachi, PakistanTelephone: (92-21) 222557Fax: (92-21) 237275Pakistan Export Promotion BoardFinance& Trade CenterMain Shahrah CenterKarachi, PakistanTelephone: (92-21) 522390Fax: (92-21) 516205Pakistan Investment Promotion"BureauKandawala BuildingM.A. Jinnah RoadKarachi, PakistanTelephone: (92-21) 7146149Fax: (92-21) 2415977Pakistan Venture Capital, LtdFourth RoorState Life BuildingNo.1, I.I. Chundrigan RoadKarachi, PakistanTelephone: (92-21) 2423895

F a ~ : (92-21)2423892Telex: 24614 POLKA PK


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PAKISTAN MINISTRIESMinistry of FinanceBlock APak SecretariatIslamabad, PakistanTelephone: (92-51) 821707Ministry of IndustryBlock APak SecretariatIslamabad. PakistanTelephone: (92-51) 820235Fax: (92-51) 825130

US AIDP.O. Box 102818 Sixth Avenueislamabad, PakistanTelephone: (92-51) 824071 or 824004Fax: (92-51)824086World BankP.O. BO X 102520-A Shahrah-e-JamhuriatIslamabad, PakistanTelephone: (92-51) 819781Fax (92-51) 824807

B. Genc1l1 Guides:A TRAVELLER'S GUIDE TO PAKISTANby Hilary Adamson and Isabel ShawThe Asian Study GroupPost Office Box 1552Islamabad, PakistanPrepared by two Westerners who lived in Pakistan for severalyears.


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INSIGHT GUIDES - PAKISTANedited by Tony HallidayAPA Publications (HI


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D. History BooksBREAKING THE CURFEW - A POLITICAL JOURNEY THROUGHPAKISTANby Emma DuncanArrow Books Limited20 Vauxhall Bridge RoadLondon SW1V 28AUnited KingdomA rich account of ihe politics, society and economics of Pakistan,updated in 1990 by an Economist journalist.FOUNDING FATHERS OF PAKISTANedited by Professor Armad Husan DawiBangsons Printers Ltd.Islamabad, PakistanGOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN PAKISTANby Mushtaq AhmadRoyal Book CompanyP.O. Box 7737SaddarKarachi - 3, PakistanJINNAH OF PAKISTANby Stanley WolpertOxford University PressKarachi, PakistanA b i o g r ~ p h y of the founding fathers of PakistanPAKISTAN, A POLITICAL PROFILE 1947-1988by Ahmed Shaja PushaSan-E-Meet Publications22 Shahra-E-Pakistan (Lower Mall)Lahore, PakistanTHE GREAT DIVIDE - BRITAIN-INDIA-PAKISTANby H. V. HodsonOxford University PressKarachi, Pakistan


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THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PAKISTAN AND ITS PEOPLEby Ahmed AlxlullaTanzeem Publishers446 BahadurabaudKarachi, Pakistan

E. InvestmentfTax GuidesINVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN PAKISTANby Pakistan Investment BoardPrime Minister's SecretariatGovernment of PakistanIslamabad, PakistanTAXATION STRUCTUREOF PAKISTAN, 1992-93by Finance DivisionFinance DivisionGovernment of PakistanIslamabad, Pakistan

F. Sources of Agricultural InformationAGRICULTURE & ~ 1 A R K E T I N G STORAGE LTD.Ali PlazaFazal-ul-Hag RoadBlue Area, Opp. G. 6/3Islamabad, PakistanTelephone: (92-51) 216362A Governmental Organization providing agricultural informationand m a r k ~ t i n g / s t o r a g e assistance for major a g r ~ ~ u l t u r a l crops.FARMERS ASSOCIATES PAKISTAN GUARANTEE LTD55 Bridge ColonyLahore, PakistanTelephone/Fax: (92-42) 370006A private Non-Governmental Organization providing services toindividuals and institutions related to agriculture.


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PAKISTAN-SWISS POTATO DEVELOPMENT PROJECfH. No.2St. 72F. 8/3Islamabad, PakistanTelephone: (92-51) 852442A private, Swiss funded potato project which has collectedinformation on the potato industry in Pakistan and is doingsignificant work in improving potato production in Pakistan.

ASSISTANCE IN PAKISTAN CAN ALSO BE OBTAINEDTHROUGH ATTORNEY'S, CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS ANDMANAGEMENT/DEVELOPMENT CONSULTANTS, THE NAMESOF WHICH CAN BE OBTAINED THROUGH THE PAKISTANAGRIBUSINESS CELL AND/OR THE PAKISTANEMBASSIES/CONSULATES.


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POTATO AND TOMATO PROCESSING OPPORTUNITiESIN

PAKISTAN

FINAL SUMMARY AS OF DECEMBER 13, 1993

I . Basic AssignmentIn late 1988, tile Government of Pakistan and the United States Agency forInternational De\'elopment (USAID) Mission to Pakistan launched a project todetermine the factors constraining the growth of agribuc;iness in Pakistan. As thisanalysis progressed, it became evident that Pakistan required a more focused approachto promote agribusiness development. This resulted in the May, 1991 PakistanAgricultural Policy AnnouncementJProgram and the November, 1991 establishment oftne Pakistan AgriBusiness Cell in the Pakistan Ministry of Food, Agriculture andCooperatives.During 1991 and 1992,

potato and tomato investment

Documents