POST-WWI FOREIGN POST-WWI FOREIGN POLICY AND WORLD WAR POLICY AND WORLD WAR

IIII

Unit VICUnit VIC

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Fundamental QuestionsFundamental Questions

►How did the United States foreign How did the United States foreign policy change from 1920 to 1945?policy change from 1920 to 1945?

►How did World War II expand the How did World War II expand the United States government?United States government?

Foreign Policy After World Foreign Policy After World War IWar I

►Wilson’s Fourteen Points and League of Wilson’s Fourteen Points and League of Nations disregarded by Irreconcilables Nations disregarded by Irreconcilables and Reservationists in the Senateand Reservationists in the Senate

►The horrors of WWI and the domestic The horrors of WWI and the domestic turmoil led the American public to return turmoil led the American public to return to isolationismto isolationism

►The U.S. during the 1920s pursued The U.S. during the 1920s pursued policies and initiatives to preserve and policies and initiatives to preserve and expand its global economic interests expand its global economic interests and world peaceand world peace

Foreign Policy in 1920sForeign Policy in 1920s► Washington Naval Washington Naval

Conference (1921)Conference (1921) Four-Power TreatyFour-Power Treaty

► Status quo in PacificStatus quo in Pacific Five-Power TreatyFive-Power Treaty

► USA, Britain, Japan, USA, Britain, Japan, France, ItalyFrance, Italy

► 5:5:3:1.75:1.755:5:3:1.75:1.75 Nine-Power TreatyNine-Power Treaty

► Reaffirming Open Door PolicyReaffirming Open Door Policy► Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)

Renounced aggressive military Renounced aggressive military actionaction

No provision for direct action No provision for direct action against waragainst war

► Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) Prevented economic recovery Prevented economic recovery

for European nations for European nations devastated by WWIdevastated by WWI

► Dawes Plan (1924)Dawes Plan (1924) Cycle of payments between Cycle of payments between

U.S. banks, German U.S. banks, German reparations, Allied war debtsreparations, Allied war debts

Building an Axis of Building an Axis of TotalitarianismTotalitarianism

► Desperate times called for desperate Desperate times called for desperate measures in some nations providing measures in some nations providing opportunities for fascists, dictators, and opportunities for fascists, dictators, and ultranationalistsultranationalists

► JapanJapan Ultranationalists controlled Japan and Ultranationalists controlled Japan and

pursued aggressive expansion in the Far pursued aggressive expansion in the Far EastEast

Manchuria Invasion – Manchukuo (1931)Manchuria Invasion – Manchukuo (1931)► ItalyItaly

Mussolini and FascismMussolini and Fascism► National solidarity over civil liberties and National solidarity over civil liberties and

individualismindividualism► Dictatorship and single party systemDictatorship and single party system► State corporatismState corporatism

► GermanyGermany Hitler and NazismHitler and Nazism

► Fascism with Jews and other minorities as Fascism with Jews and other minorities as scapegoatsscapegoats

FDR’s FDR’s Good Neighbor Good Neighbor PolicyPolicy

►Pan-American Conference (1933, 1936)Pan-American Conference (1933, 1936) Ended interventionist policies justified Ended interventionist policies justified

through Roosevelt Corollary, dollar through Roosevelt Corollary, dollar diplomacydiplomacy

Mutual defense against aggressive Mutual defense against aggressive European nationsEuropean nations

►Cuba and the Platt AmendmentCuba and the Platt Amendment Nullified Platt AmendmentNullified Platt Amendment Kept Guantanamo Bay naval baseKept Guantanamo Bay naval base

FDR’s Foreign Policy of the FDR’s Foreign Policy of the Great DepressionGreat Depression

►London Economic Conference (1933)London Economic Conference (1933) Global economic policies to stabilize Global economic policies to stabilize

currencies and thwart Depressioncurrencies and thwart Depression FDR withdrew to avoid impact on New FDR withdrew to avoid impact on New

DealDeal►Reciprocal Trade AgreementsReciprocal Trade Agreements

Reciprocated tariff decreasesReciprocated tariff decreases►Recognize the Soviet UnionRecognize the Soviet Union

Open up a new market in the wake of the Open up a new market in the wake of the DepressionDepression

American IsolationistsAmerican Isolationists► CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Midwest regionMidwest region Rural sectorsRural sectors Republicans and conservativesRepublicans and conservatives

► Nye CommitteeNye Committee Determined reason for U.S. entry Determined reason for U.S. entry

into WWI was for industrialists, into WWI was for industrialists, corporations, banks (“merchants of corporations, banks (“merchants of death”)death”)

► Neutrality Acts (1935-1937)Neutrality Acts (1935-1937) Oppose or prohibit assistance and Oppose or prohibit assistance and

trading with belligerent nationstrading with belligerent nations

► America First CommitteeAmerica First Committee Avoid possible entanglements with Avoid possible entanglements with

European affairs in WWIIEuropean affairs in WWII Promote isolationism across the Promote isolationism across the

nationnation

The Axis Assaults and The Axis Assaults and AppeasementAppeasement

► ItalyItaly Invasion of Ethiopia (1935)Invasion of Ethiopia (1935)

► JapanJapan Invasion of China (1937)Invasion of China (1937)

► GermanyGermany Remilitarization of the Remilitarization of the

Rhineland (1936)Rhineland (1936) Aunchluss and the Aunchluss and the

Sudetenland (1938)Sudetenland (1938) Invasion of Poland (Sept. 1939)Invasion of Poland (Sept. 1939)

► Global ResponseGlobal Response Violations of Open Door Policy Violations of Open Door Policy

and Treaty of Versaillesand Treaty of Versailles League of Nations powerlessLeague of Nations powerless Soviet Union and Germany’s Soviet Union and Germany’s

Non-Aggression PactNon-Aggression Pact Munich Conference (1938)Munich Conference (1938) Poland invasion begins World Poland invasion begins World

War II in EuropeWar II in Europe

FDR’s Preparedness to Axis FDR’s Preparedness to Axis AggressionAggression

► FDR worried about further Axis expansion, but Americans FDR worried about further Axis expansion, but Americans preferred isolationismpreferred isolationism

► Convinced Congress to raise military budgetConvinced Congress to raise military budget► Preparedness as a means of defense of possible Axis invasion Preparedness as a means of defense of possible Axis invasion

of Western Hemisphereof Western Hemisphere► Cash and Carry (1939)Cash and Carry (1939)

Nation could buy American arms if paid in cash and used Nation could buy American arms if paid in cash and used own naval shipsown naval ships

Widely favored Great BritainWidely favored Great Britain► Selective Service Act (1940)Selective Service Act (1940)

Peacetime draftPeacetime draft► Destroyers-for-Bases (1940)Destroyers-for-Bases (1940)

Old American destroyers for U.S. military bases on British Old American destroyers for U.S. military bases on British territoriesterritories

Election of 1940Election of 1940► RepublicansRepublicans

Wendell WillkieWendell Willkie

►DemocratsDemocrats Franklin Delano Franklin Delano

Roosevelt for Roosevelt for unprecedented unprecedented third termthird term

Economic Economic expansion and expansion and threat of warthreat of war

““Arsenal of DemocracyArsenal of Democracy””► Four FreedomsFour Freedoms

Defense of speech, religion, Defense of speech, religion, from want, from fearfrom want, from fear

► Lend-Lease Act (1941)Lend-Lease Act (1941) Provide arms to Great Provide arms to Great

Britain on credit and Britain on credit and decisively pro-British decisively pro-British “neutrality”“neutrality”

► Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter FDR and Churchill meetFDR and Churchill meet Promote and secure self-Promote and secure self-

determination and free determination and free tradetrade

No pursuit of territorial No pursuit of territorial expansionexpansion

► ““Shoot on site…”Shoot on site…” American naval escorts American naval escorts

authorized to defend authorized to defend against German u-boat against German u-boat attacksattacks

Empire of Japan and Pearl Empire of Japan and Pearl HarborHarbor

► Japan’s aggressive expansion Japan’s aggressive expansion threatened American investments and threatened American investments and interests in Pacificinterests in Pacific

► Embargoes on JapanEmbargoes on Japan Prohibited trade of steel and oilProhibited trade of steel and oil Required Japan’s halt on Required Japan’s halt on

expansion and removal from expansion and removal from ChinaChina

► December 7, 1941December 7, 1941 Japanese surprise attack on U.S. Japanese surprise attack on U.S.

naval base at Pearl Harbor in naval base at Pearl Harbor in HawaiiHawaii

2,400 Americans killed2,400 Americans killed Pacific Fleet badly damagedPacific Fleet badly damaged ““a date that will live in infamy”a date that will live in infamy”

► U.S. Enters WWIIU.S. Enters WWII U.S. declares war on Japan (12/8/41)U.S. declares war on Japan (12/8/41) Germany and Italy declare on U.S.Germany and Italy declare on U.S. German invasion of Soviet Union German invasion of Soviet Union

(1942)(1942) AlliesAllies

► U.S., Great Britain, Soviet UnionU.S., Great Britain, Soviet Union

AxisAxis► Germany, Italy, JapanGermany, Italy, Japan

WWII Economic ImpactWWII Economic Impact► Production levels skyrocketed and essentially Production levels skyrocketed and essentially

ended the Great Depressionended the Great Depression GDP 1933: $56.4 BILLIONGDP 1933: $56.4 BILLION GDP 1941: $126.7 BILLIONGDP 1941: $126.7 BILLION GDP 1945: $223.1 BILLIONGDP 1945: $223.1 BILLION National debt skyrockets even beyond Depression National debt skyrockets even beyond Depression

spendingspending► 1929: $16.9 billion1929: $16.9 billion► 1935: $28.7 billion1935: $28.7 billion► 1941: $48 billion1941: $48 billion► 1945: $247 billion1945: $247 billion

► EmploymentEmployment Unemployment: 1.2% in 1944Unemployment: 1.2% in 1944 Labor unions significantly grew in membershipLabor unions significantly grew in membership

► AgricultureAgriculture Federal government demanded crop/food productionFederal government demanded crop/food production Farm incomes rose dramatically and tenant farming Farm incomes rose dramatically and tenant farming

significantly decreasedsignificantly decreased Some farmers migrated toward industries/citiesSome farmers migrated toward industries/cities

► 17% decline in farm population by 194517% decline in farm population by 1945► IndustryIndustry

War-based productionWar-based production Technological innovation and newer Technological innovation and newer

industries/businessesindustries/businesses► Financing the WarFinancing the War

Revenue Act of 1942Revenue Act of 1942 War bondsWar bonds

► Economic BenefitsEconomic Benefits Keynesian economics proven with government Keynesian economics proven with government

intervention and productive resultsintervention and productive results Significant increase in relative incomes especially for Significant increase in relative incomes especially for

lower and middle classeslower and middle classes G.I. Bill (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act) G.I. Bill (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act)

(1944)(1944)

War bonds helped thegovernment finance thewar

WWII Expands the Federal GovernmentWWII Expands the Federal Government► FDR and executive agencies given broad powers to facilitate the war effortsFDR and executive agencies given broad powers to facilitate the war efforts

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (1943) allowed government to nationalize Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act (1943) allowed government to nationalize industries threatened with strikesindustries threatened with strikes

Federal Bureaucracy Expands and EvolvesFederal Bureaucracy Expands and Evolves► New Deal to war agenciesNew Deal to war agencies► Civilian employment: 1 million to 4 millionCivilian employment: 1 million to 4 million► Business and manager types hired into agenciesBusiness and manager types hired into agencies

► War AgenciesWar Agencies War Production Board (WPB)War Production Board (WPB)

► Virtual nationalization of industries which transformed production for war useVirtual nationalization of industries which transformed production for war use Office of Price Administration (OPA)Office of Price Administration (OPA)

► Prices, wages, and rents locked and frozen for consumer goods to avoid war Prices, wages, and rents locked and frozen for consumer goods to avoid war inflationinflation

► Rationing of goods to supply war effortsRationing of goods to supply war efforts Ration booksRation books Mandated national speed Limit: 35 MPHMandated national speed Limit: 35 MPH

► Limited consumerist societyLimited consumerist society Office of CensorshipOffice of Censorship

► Absolute discretion to limit or prohibit certain war-related information and Absolute discretion to limit or prohibit certain war-related information and communicationcommunication

Office of War Information (OWI)Office of War Information (OWI)► Similar to Committee of Public Information (WWI)Similar to Committee of Public Information (WWI)► Government information service used for promotion of patriotism through Government information service used for promotion of patriotism through

various mediums of information and entertainmentvarious mediums of information and entertainment► Industry and DefenseIndustry and Defense

More emphasis on productive components of the economyMore emphasis on productive components of the economy Continued spending and development after WWIIContinued spending and development after WWII

War Productions BoardWar Productions Board

Office of War InformationOffice of War Information

OPA and Ration BooksOPA and Ration Books

WWII in American SocietyWWII in American Society► WomenWomen

Women assumed jobs left by menWomen assumed jobs left by men► 5 million women entered the workforce, 5 million women entered the workforce,

including industrial employmentincluding industrial employment► Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter

Women in the militaryWomen in the military► 200,000 women assumed non-combatant 200,000 women assumed non-combatant

roles as nurses, typists, communication roles as nurses, typists, communication operatorsoperators

► BlacksBlacks Factory jobs opened up for blacks and more Factory jobs opened up for blacks and more

left the South heading north and westleft the South heading north and west Resentment based on racism led to some Resentment based on racism led to some

violence and race riotsviolence and race riots Smith v. Allwright Smith v. Allwright prohibited denial of voting prohibited denial of voting

in primariesin primaries Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) (1942) (1942)

► Initiated sit-ins and boycottsInitiated sit-ins and boycotts► MexicansMexicans

Braceros allowed for Mexican farmers to work Braceros allowed for Mexican farmers to work on farms with little immigration red tapeon farms with little immigration red tape

Zoot suit riots due to white resentmentZoot suit riots due to white resentment► NativesNatives

Navajo code during WWIINavajo code during WWII Many Natives left reservations for military Many Natives left reservations for military

service or factory jobsservice or factory jobs

Japanese in World War II U.S.Japanese in World War II U.S.► Americans of Japanese descent Americans of Japanese descent

remained loyal to U.S. as civilians and remained loyal to U.S. as civilians and soldierssoldiers 442nd Infantry of Nisei servicemen 442nd Infantry of Nisei servicemen

became the most highly decorated became the most highly decorated group during WWIIgroup during WWII

► Japanese internment campsJapanese internment camps Irrational fear of Japanese infiltrationIrrational fear of Japanese infiltration Executive Order 9066Executive Order 9066 Over 100,000 Japanese immigrants Over 100,000 Japanese immigrants

and Americans forced from homes and Americans forced from homes and businesses to internment camps and businesses to internment camps around western regionaround western region

Germans and Italians were placed in Germans and Italians were placed in separate camps but nowhere near separate camps but nowhere near the number of Japanesethe number of Japanese

► Korematsu v. United StatesKorematsu v. United States (1944) (1944) Supreme Court ruled internment Supreme Court ruled internment

camps constitutional in wartimecamps constitutional in wartime

Election of 1944Election of 1944► Republicans

Thomas E. Dewey Campaigned

against New Deal elements

► Democrats Unprecedented

4th term due to war and popularity

Selects Harry S. Truman as VP to ensure party unity► Assumes

presidency upon FDR’s death in April 1945

Atlantic TheaterAtlantic Theater

► Soviets held at Soviets held at Stalingrad and pushed Stalingrad and pushed west toward Germanywest toward Germany

► Americans/British Americans/British launched Operation launched Operation Torch in North Africa Torch in North Africa (1942)(1942)

► Italian Invasion (1943)Italian Invasion (1943)► D-Day (June 6, 1944) D-Day (June 6, 1944)

opened western frontopened western front► Unconditional surrender Unconditional surrender

by Germany on May 7, by Germany on May 7, 1945 (V-E Day)1945 (V-E Day)

Pacific TheaterPacific Theater► Japan controlled Japan controlled

most of Far East most of Far East and Southeast and Southeast AsiaAsia

► Battle of Midway Battle of Midway (June, 1942)(June, 1942) Destroyed most of Destroyed most of

Japanese fleet and Japanese fleet and turning pointturning point

► Island-hoppingIsland-hopping► Not without a Not without a

fight…fight… Leyte Gulf (Oct Leyte Gulf (Oct

1944)1944)► kamikazeskamikazes

Iwo Jima (Feb-Mar Iwo Jima (Feb-Mar 1945)1945)

Okinawa (Apr-June Okinawa (Apr-June 1945)1945)

Atomic BombsAtomic Bombs►Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project► ““utter destruction” or utter destruction” or

invasion?invasion?► August 6, 1945 on August 6, 1945 on

HiroshimaHiroshima► August 9, 1945 on August 9, 1945 on

NagasakiNagasaki► Japanese surrender Japanese surrender

on September 2, on September 2, 19451945 V-J DayV-J Day

War ConferencesWar Conferences► Teheran (Nov 1943)Teheran (Nov 1943)

Agree to open western Agree to open western front against Germanyfront against Germany

► Yalta (Feb 1944)Yalta (Feb 1944) German occupation zonesGerman occupation zones New peace organization - New peace organization -

United NationsUnited Nations► Potsdam (July-Aug 1945)Potsdam (July-Aug 1945)

Japanese surrenderJapanese surrender War crimes trial - War crimes trial -

Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials Disputes over “spheres of Disputes over “spheres of

influence” between U.S. influence” between U.S. and Soviet Unionand Soviet Union

World War II CostsWorld War II Costs

►70 million deaths or 4% of world population70 million deaths or 4% of world population 25 million military25 million military 45 million civilians45 million civilians GenocidesGenocides

►HolocaustHolocaust►Nanking MassacreNanking Massacre

►United StatesUnited States Over 300,000 casualtiesOver 300,000 casualties $320 billion cost$320 billion cost Government spending soared with $250 billion Government spending soared with $250 billion

debtdebt

World War II LegacyWorld War II Legacy

►World War II was deadlier and costlier World War II was deadlier and costlier than World War Ithan World War I

►United Nations established with U.S.A. United Nations established with U.S.A. membershipmembership

►SuperpowersSuperpowers War devastated old European powers and War devastated old European powers and

Japan; China recommenced civil warJapan; China recommenced civil war UNITED STATES and SOVIET UNIONUNITED STATES and SOVIET UNION

►Capitalism and CommunismCapitalism and Communism►Individualism and Collective SocietyIndividualism and Collective Society►Soon engage in the Cold WarSoon engage in the Cold War