Report on

Post Lintel Structure

CONTENT

Introduction -01

Building as Structure -02

Classification of structural System -03

General Properties -04

Definition -05

History -06

Concept -07

Meterals -08

Post -09

Lintel -10

Foundation-11-12

Span Material Relations-13

Cantilever Beans-14

Failures-15

CONTENT

00

Failures-15

Advantage-16

Disadvantage-17

Force on structure-18

Load-19-21

Load & support in conostuction -22

THERMAL MOVEMENT OF STRUCTURAL STEEL-23

Other Structure & bridge structure-24-27

Modern Uses -28

Examples - 29-31

Conclusion -32

INTRODUCTION

Building systems can be post-and-lintel, vaulted or internal structures. There are several ways to build according to the type and location. How to build depends on the technological level of the community that builds and the needs they manifest.

In any case, the construction system uses by a community reflects part of his personality as the building is a way to transform the environment adapted to the human needs. Ever since man left the shelter that provided the cave, until now, there have been three different building systems: lintel, domed and internal structures.

The building method of post and lintel has been used for centuries.

All structural openings have evolved from this system, which is seen in pure form only in framed structures, because the posts of doors, windows, ceilings, and roofs normally form part of the wall.

Post and lintel construction is recognized by its simple vertical and horizontal design, in which a pair of vertical supports are set in the ground or a foundation, and a horizontal structure is balanced on top of them.

01

Building as a structure

Building as a structure :

A building is a structure, or a system. On a system of organized elements, which are these elements ?

A building can serve as a structure in many ways, depending on the purpose of it to the human been, the place were it is built or to understand reason.

- Skin- Importance of the Location. Landmark-Tall buildings: feet, torso, head- Patrimonial structure-Shelter-Shell

02

Classification of the Structural Systems

Classification of the Structural Systems:

MASSIVE STRUCTURES: They are those in which the resistance and the stability are obtained by means of the mass, even though the completely solid structure not.

RETICULAR STRUCTURES: It consists of a network of assembled elements

SUPERFICIAL STRUCTURES:They can have high performance due to his double function like

structure and surrounding, they can be very stable and strong.

SYSTEMS FORMED BY BARS. With adjustments of bars very diverse structural schemes can form, of which I could become one first subdivision between triangular adjustments, type armor, and adjustments type frame. In the first external loads they resist essentially by axial forces in the members. In the adjustments nontriangulados, or type frame, the transmission of the loads implies the appearance of sharp flexion and.

SYSTEMS WITH PLATES. By means of vertical adjustments (walls) and horizontals (slabs) systems of diverse characteristics can be formed, those that in general can be denominated type drawer. The over position of plates simply supported in a single direction and walls, Integra a system equivalent to the post and the threshold and that has similar limitations. The lack of continuity in the supports makes very vulnerable before accidental actions that can introduce vertical tensions or sharp efforts in the connection.

03

The general properties

The general properties:

Form: natural, remolded or reconstituted.

Weight : like contributor to the gravitational loads of the structure.

Fire resistance:combustion, conductivity, point of fusion and general behavior of high

temperatures.

Coefficient of thermal expansion: related to the dimensional changes due to the temperature variations.

Durability: resistance to the climate, insects and wearing downs.

Appearance:natural or modified.

04

Definition

Definition

Is a simple construction method using a lintel, header, or architrave as the horizontal member over a building void supported at its ends by two vertical columns, pillars, or posts. This architectural system and building method has been commonly used for centuries to support the weight of the structure located above the openings created by windows and doors in a bearing wall.

A structure is formed generally by an adjustment of basic elements. The adjustment must take advantage of the peculiar characteristics, each element obtain the most efficient form of the global structural system, fulfilling the restrictions imposed by the operation of the construction and many other aspects.

05

History

HistoryI

From prehistoric times to the Roman Empire, the post and lintel system was the root of architectural design. The interiors of Egyptian temples and the exteriors of Greek temples are delineated by columns covered by stone lintels. The Greeks opened their interior spaces by substituting wooden beams for stone, since the wood required fewer supports. The development of the arch and vault challenged the system but could not diminish its importance either in masonry construction or in wood framing, by its nature dependent on posts and beams .

Ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman architects made extensive use of Post-and-lintel construction to support the roofs of temples and public places. Such ancient structures as Stonehenge, in Britain, were constructed on the post-and-lintel system, which was the basis of architecture from prehistoric to Roman times. The interiors of Egyptian temples and the exteriors of Greek temples are delineated by columns covered by stone lintels. The Greeks substituted wooden beams for stone because the wood required fewer supports and opened up the interior spaces.

One of the earliest and most renowned post and lintel example is the prehistoric Stonehenge monument in England, where massive stone blocks were placed in a circle in the support-and-overhead design. Pure post and lintel construction also can be found in a variety of early shelters, including huts, cottages and stables. The Romans developed a variation of post and lintel construction with the arch, which added stability and support, and by the Catholic Church in Europe with the introduction of buttresses to support massive cathedral walls.

06

Concept

Concept

Post and lintel, or in contemporary usage Post and beam, is a simple construction method using a lintel, or header as the horizontal member over a building void supported at its ends by two vertical columns, pillars, or posts.

This architectural system and building method has been commonly usedfor centuries to support weight, such as a roof or deck, depending on

the vertical posts it rests on. It can support a huge amount of weight, and is effective for reinforcing tall buildings or heavy structures. The post refers to the vertical support, which is paired with an identical support to form the full design. Posts can be columns, poles or beams, modified to meet as architectural designs.

There are two main force vectors acting upon the post and lintel system: weight carrying compression at the joint between lintel and post, and tension induced by deformation of self-weight and the load above between the posts. The two posts are under compression from the weight of the lintel (or beam) above.

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07

Material

Material.

The posts must support the lintel and its loads without crushing or buckling. Post material must be especially strong in compression . Post and lintel construction can incorporate wood, metal and stone. Stone has this property and is more versatile in its use as a post than as a lintel. Under heavy loads, stone is superior to wood but not to iron, steel, or reinforced concrete. When used in doorways, wood and steel are the most common materials. Depending on building requirements and ordinances, the supports in windows may be made of plastic or fiberglass, while wood or metal form the surrounding frame. Masonry posts, including those of brick, may be highly efficient, because loads compress the joints and add to their cohesiveness .The most important detail about post and lintel construction is the pieces must fit together exactly, so they are often prefabricated in mills and shops, and then assembled on-site.

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Post and lintel system

Post and lintel system :

Two upright members (post, columns, piers)

Third member (lintel, beam, girder, rafter)

The basis for the evolution of all openings

To support the weight of the structure located above the openings

Post :

The job of the post is to support the lintel and its loads without crushing or buckling. Failure occurs, as in lintels, from excessive weakness or length, but the difference is that the material must be especially strong in compression. Stone, which has this property, is more versatile as a post than as a lintel; under heavy loads it is superior to wood but not to iron, steel, or reinforced concrete. Masonry post, including those of brick, may be highly efficient, since the loads compress the joints and add to their cohesiveness. Although monolithic stone columns are used, they are extravagant to produce for large structures, and columns are usually built up of a series of cylindrical blocks called drums.

The job of the post is to support the lintel and its loads without crushing orbuckling. Masonry post, including those of brick, may be highly efficient, since theloads compress the joints and add to their cohesiveness.

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Post and lintel system

Beam:

The job of the beam or lintel is to bear loads that rest on it, alsoincludes its own wheigth

-The beam has to be able to do this without deformor breakMade of wood, stone, steel or reinforced or pre-tensioned concrete

Stone lintels must be short, weak in bending

Materials strong in bending, bigger span, greater openings

Mansory lintels are inefficient cohesiveness of mortar

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load

BEAM or

LINTEL

Foundation

Foundation:

A foundation is a structure that transfers loads to the ground.Foundations are generally broken into two categories:

shallow foundations

deep foundations.

Shallow foundations

A shallow foundation is a type of foundation which tranfers buildingloads to the earth very near the surface, rather than to a subsurface layeror a range of depths as does a deep foundation. Shallow foundations includespread footing foundations and slab-on grade foundations

Deep foundations.:

A deep foundation is a type of foundation. Deep foundations are distinguishedfrom shallow foundations by the depth they are embedded into the ground. There are many reasons why someone would recommend a deep foundationover a shallow foundation, but some of the common reasons are very largedesign loads, a poor soil at shallow depth, or site constraints (like propertylines). There are different terms used to describe different types of deepfoundations including piles.

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Foundation

Retaining wall :

A retaining wall is a structure that holds back earth from a building or other structure. Retaining walls stabilize soil and/orrock from downslope movement or erosion and provide supportfor vertical or near-vertical grade changes. Cofferdams and bulkheads, structures that hold back water, are sometimesalso considered retaining walls. Retaining walls are generallymade of masonry, stone, brick, concrete, vinyl, steel or timber. They also decompose over time.

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13

14

Cantiliver beam

Cantiliver Beam

.

Failure occurs when the material is

to weak or the span is to long to support the load.

This makes the beam bend or break.

This aspect combined with others can cause many structural

accidents, destroying the structure like a house of cards

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Advantage:

Building TimeHomes constructed with a post and beam construction method can usually be assembled quicker that other types of construction. The frame and insulated wall sections of a home are usually preassembled in a shop and then transported to the site where the home is built. This allows the mortise and tenon joints to be premilled at a remote location, saving time at the building site.

AestheticsPost and beam construction is generally considered to be more aesthetically pleasing than other types of construction because the wood is exposed on both the interior and exterior of the home. This is a subjective judgment that is obviously up to the individual viewing the home.

Fire ResistanceSome building codes classify building materials into five different types based on the combustibility or fire resistance capability. Post and beam construction materials are classified as Type IV material, and the construction method is known for delaying the spread of exterior fires into the interior

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Advantage

Energy EfficiencyThe post and beam construction method is considered more energy efficient than houses constructed using alternative methods because it is easier to insulate the home. In a post and beam construction, cold air can penetrate only through the joints in between the individual timber beams. The insulation used has less of a cold air flow to protect against.A home constructed with wood studs nailed together and then covered with exterior and interior panels allows cold air to infiltrate anywhere along the frame, making it more difficult to insulate.

Online ReferencesMany online sites exist to provide information on post and beam homes. Some of the sites include the Timber Frame Forum, and the Timber Engineering Reference Center. The URLs for these two sites are in the Resources section of this article.Open Living SpacesHomes that are constructed using post and beam methods have larger interior living spaces than houses constructed using alternative methods. This is because the timber frames are strong enough to avoid the use of interior load-bearing walls.

Disadvantage:

The biggest disadvantage to a post and lintel construction is the limitedweight that can be held up, and the small distances required betweenthe posts.

The tension induced by deformation of self-weight and the load abovebetween the posts.

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Disadvantage

18

Force on structure

19

Load

Gravity Loads

Gravity loads include all forces that are acting in the verticalplane (see Figure 2). These types of forces are commonlybroken down into dead loads and live loads in auniform pounds per square foot loading nomenclature.Dead loads account for the anticipated weight of objectsthat are expected to remain in place permanently. Deadloads include roofing materials, mechanical equipment,ceilings, floor finishes, metal decking, floor slabs, structuralmaterials, cladding, facades and parapets. Liveloads are those loads that are anticipated to be mobile ortransient in nature. Live loads include occupancy loading,office equipment and furnishings.

Horizontal Loads

Forces created by wind or seismic activity are considered to act in the horizontal plane. While seismic activity iscapable of including vertical forces, this discussion will be based only on horizontal forces. The majority of thissection will address wind forces and how they are transferred to the primary structural systems of the building (seeFigure 3).

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Load

Seismic

Seismic activity induces horizontal forces, and attimes, vertical loads. The discussions in this publicationwill focus on horizontal forces imposed duringseismic activity. Forces created during a seismic eventare directly related to weight or mass of the variouslevels on a specific building. During seismic activityhorizontal diaphragms behave like wind load transferswith respect to the primary lateral load resistingsystems. However, the induced forces are much moresensitive to the shape of the building and the positioningof the lateral load resisting systems. It isadvantageous to consider a very regular buildingplan in areas of the country with significant seismicactivity.

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Load

Braced Frames Cross Bracing

Perhaps the most common type of braced frame is the cross-braced frame. A typical representation of a crossbraced frame is shown in Figures 5 and 6. Figure 5 shows a typical floor framing plan with cross bracing denotedby the dashed-line drawn between the two center columns. The solid lines indicate the floor beams and girders. A typical multi-floor building elevation with cross-braced bays beginning at the foundation level is shown in

A Figure 6. While only one bay is indicated in Figure 6 as having cross bracing, it must be understood that manybays along a given column line may be necessary to resist the lateral loads imposed on a specific structure. Oneor more column lines having one or more bays of cross bracing may be necessary as well. It is important to establishearly on in the development of any project the location of braced bays. These considerations are typical toall of the braced frames discussed in this publication.

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Load & support in conostuction

Lintel Beam Girder Rafter

Post Columns Piers

Simple construction method Upright members: posts, columns or piers Hold a third member horizontally: lintel, beam, girder or rafter.In this system acts two forces, compression and tension.Post and lintel construction-pieces must fit together exactly.

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THERMAL MOVEMENT OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

THERMAL MOVEMENT OF STRUCTURAL STEEL

Change in steel length = (0.0000065) × (Length of steel) ×(Temperature differential)

If a building with a large rectangular floor plan is exposedto a temperature differential of 60° Fahrenheit,

andhas expansion joints at every 200 ft in the longdirection (see Figure 15), the horizontal movement inthat direction

will be as follows:Change in steel length = (0.0000065) × (200 ft) ×(60° Fahrenheit)

= 0.08 ft= 0.94 in.

Basic Vibration Terminology

Dynamic Loadings. Dynamic loadings can be classified as harmonic, periodic, transient and impulsive as shownin Figure 18. Harmonic or sinusoidal loads are usually associated with rotating

machinery. Periodic loads arecaused by rhythmic human activities such as dancing and aerobics,and by impactive equipment. Transient loads

occur from movement of people and include walking and running.Single jumps and heel-drop impacts areexamples of impulsive loads.

Period and Frequency. Period is the time, usually in seconds, between successive

peak excursions in repeating

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Oters structures

25

Oters structures

beam bridge:

A beam bridge is a rigid,, horizontal structure that rests on two end supports, and carries traffic loads by acting structurally as a beam. It is adirect descendant of the log bridge, now more normally made from shallow steel "I". It is frequently used in pedestrian bridges and for highway overpasses and flyovers. As is its ancestor, this bridge is in structural termsthe simplest of the many bridge types.

cantilever bridge

A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers: structures that projecthorizontally into space, supported on only one end. For small footbridges,the cantilevers may be simple beams; however, large cantilever bridgesdesigned to handle road or rail traffic use trusses built from structural

Steel or box girders built from prestressed concrete. The steel truss cantilever bridge was a major engineering breakthrough whenfirst put into practice, as it can span distances of over 1500 feet,and can be more easily constructed at difficult crossings by virtue ofusing little or no falsework.

arch bridge

An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrainedby the abutments at either side. A viaduct may be made from aseries of arches.

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Oters structures

Arch bridge

An arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrainedby the abutments at either side. A viaduct may be made from aseries of arches.

Truss bridge

A truss bridge is a bridge composed of connected elements (typicallystraight) which may be stressed from tension, compression, or sometimesboth in response to dynamic loads. Truss bridges are one of the oldest typesof modern bridges. This type of bridge structure has a fairly simple designand is particularly cheap to construct owing to its efficient use of materials

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Oters structures

Suspension bridge

A suspension bridge is a type of bridge that has been madesince ancienttimes as early as 100 AD. Simple suspension bridges, foruse by pedestrians and livestock, are still constructed, based upon the ancient Inca rope bridge. Suspended from twohigh locations over a river or valley, simple suspension bridges follow a shallow downward arc and are not suited for modernroads and railroads. Advances in materials and design led tothe development of the suspended-deck suspension bridge, a modern bridge capable of carrying vehicles and light rail. Instead of the deck following the downward arc of the mainload-bearing cables (or chains), these cables are suspended between towers, and vertical suspender cablescarry the weight of the deck below, upon which trafficcrosses. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or toarc slightly upward for additional clearance.

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Modern Uses

Modern Uses

Today, most post and lintel construction has a third component, the wall, which adds additional support and hides the post and lintel design within the framework. It can still be seen in doorways and columns, in which the space between the vertical supports is open. Variations on post and lintel design can be found in bridges, complex archways and crossbeams, sometimes with cable support adding extra stability. Because post and lintel construction is so simple, it forms the base for the entrances to modern buildings that do not feature curves, which add stability.

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EXAMPLES

The Parthenon, GreeceSt. Paul’s Cathedral, London

Temple of Horus at Edfu, Egypt

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EXAMPLES

The Parthenon, GreeceSt. Paul’s Cathedral, London

Temple of Horus at Edfu, Egypt

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EXAMPLES

Stonehenge, England.

Temple of Karnak, Egypt.

Glass House, Philip Johnson,

Connecticut.

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Conclusion

Form prehistoric times, the post and lintel

System has been used for all kinds of structures.

Since the Roman and Egiptian temples to the

evolution of frames and archs, the post and lintel

system has remained as the basic idea.

Even now modern buildings use a basic post

And lintel system idea. The engineers had

combined these two elements to create a

mushroom columns. This is column that has a slab

at the end making it a column with support fuction

it can become the ceiling of a structure.