portugal sb13 contribution of sustainable building to meet eu 20-20

EditorsLuís BragançaManuel PinheiroRicardo Mateus

PORTUGAL SB13 CONTRIBUTION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TO MEET EU 20-20-20 TARGETS

30 Oct > 1 Nov | 2013 | Guimarães | PORTUGAL

PORTUGAL SB13

CONTRIBUTION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TO MEET EU 20-20-20 TARGETS

Organized by

Universidade do Minho Instituto Superior Técnico

Partners

PORTUGAL SB13

CONTRIBUTION OF SUSTAINABLE BUILDING TO MEET EU 20-20-20 TARGETS

Editors

Luís Bragança

Manuel Pinheiro

Ricardo Mateus

© 2013 The authors

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any mean, without prior written permission from the Publisher.

ISBN 978-989-96543-7-2

Printed by Multicomp

1st edition, October 2013

Legal Dep. 365726/13

LEGAL NOTICE

The Publisher is not responsible for the use which might be made of the following information.

ForewordThe international conference Portugal SB13 is organized by the University of Minho, the Technical University of Lisbon and the Portuguese Chapter of the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment in Guimarães, Portugal, from the 30th of October till the 1st of November 2013.

This conference is included in the Sustainable Building Conference Series 2013-2014 (SB13-14) that are being organized all over the world. The event is supported by high prestige partners, such as the International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Federation of Consulting Engineers (FIDIC) and the International Initiative for a Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE).

Portugal SB13 is focused on the theme “Sustainable Building Contribution to Achieve the European Union 20-20-20 Targets”. These targets, known as the “EU 20-20-20” targets, set three key objectives for 2020:

A 20% reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels; Raising the share of EU energy consumption produced from renewable resources to 20%;A 20% improvement in the EU's energy efficiency.

Building sector uses about 40% of global energy, 25% of global water, 40% of global resources and emit approximately 1/3 of the global greenhouse gas emissions (the largest contributor). Residential and commercial buildings consume approximately 60% of the world’s electricity. Existing buildings represent significant energy saving opportunities because their performance level is frequently far below the current efficiency potentials. Energy consumption in buildings can be reduced by 30 to 80% using proven and commercially available technologies. Investment in building energy efficiency is accompanied by significant direct and indirect savings, which help offset incremental costs, providing a short return on investment period. Therefore, buildings offer the greatest potential for achieving significant greenhouse gas emission reductions, at least cost, in developed and developing countries.

On the other hand, there are many more issues related to the sustainability of the built environment than energy. The building sector is responsible for creating, modifying and improving the living environment of the humanity. Construction and buildings have considerable environmental impacts, consuming a significant proportion of limited resources of the planet including raw material, water, land and, of course, energy. The building sector is estimated to be worth 10% of global GDP (5.5 trillion EUR) and employs 111 million people. In developing countries, new sustainable construction opens enormous opportunities because of the population growth and the increasing prosperity, which stimulate the urbanization and the construction activities representing up to 40% of GDP. Therefore, building sustainably will result in healthier and more productive environments.

The sustainability of the built environment, the construction industry and the related activities are a pressing issue facing all stakeholders in order to promote the Sustainable Development.

The Portugal SB13 conference topics cover a wide range of up-to-date issues and the contributions received from the delegates reflect critical research and the best available practices in the Sustainable Building field. The issues presented include:

- Nearly Zero Energy Buildings - Policies for Sustainable Construction - High Performance Sustainable Building Solutions - Design and Technologies for Energy Efficiency

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- Innovative Construction Systems - Building Sustainability Assessment Tools - Renovation and Retrofitting - Eco-Efficient Materials and Technologies - Urban Regeneration - Design for Life Cycle and Reuse - LCA of sustainable materials and technologies

All the articles selected for presentation at the conference and published in these Proceedings, went through a refereed review process and were evaluated by, at least, two reviewers.

The Organizers want to thank all the authors who have contributed with papers for publication in the proceedings and to all reviewers, whose efforts and hard work secured the high quality of all contributions to this conference.

A special gratitude is also addressed to Eng. José Amarílio Barbosa and to Eng. Catarina Araújo that coordinated the Secretariat of the Conference.

Finally, Portugal SB13 wants to address a special thank to CIB, UNEP, FIDIC and iiSBE for their support and wish great success for all the other SB13 events that are taking place all over the world.

The Organizers Luis Bragança – University of Minho Manuel Pinheiro – IST - Tecnico of Lisbon University Ricardo Mateus – iiSBE Portugal

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Scientific Committee

Albert Cuchí Universidad Politécnica Cataluña, Spain

Manuela Almeida Universidade do Minho, Portugal

Aleksander Panek University of Warsaw, Poland

Maria Teresa Barbosa Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brasil

Alexander Passer Graz University of Technology Austria

Marina Fumo University of Naples, Italy

Andreas Rietz Fed. Inst. for Research on Building, Germany

Maristela Gomes da Silva University of Espirito Santo, Brasil

António Tadeu Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal

Mat Santamouris University of Athens, Greece

Appu Haapio VTT, Finland

Miguel Amado Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal

Charles Kibert University of Florida, USA

Natalie Eßig Hochschule München, Germany

Christian Wetzel Calcon, Germany

Nicolas Kerz Fed. Inst. for Research on Building, Germany

Dimitrios Bikas University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Nils Larsson iiSBE, Canada

Dorota Chwieduk Institut Techniki Cieplenj, Poland

Pekka Huovila VTT, Finland

Eduardo Maldonado Universidade do Porto, Portugal

Petr Hajék University of Prague, Czech Republic

Emilio MitreGBC España, Spain

Raymond Cole University of British Columbia, Canada

Fátima Farinha Universidade do Algarve, Portugal

Ricardo Mateus Universidade do Minho, Portugal

Fernando Branco Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal

Rogério Amoêda Green Lines Institue, Portugal

Frank Schultmann University of Karlsruhe, Germany

Ronal Rovers Zuyd University, The Netherlands

Gerd Hauser Technical University of Munich, Germany

Said Jalali Universidade do Minho, Portugal

Helena Gervásio Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal

Sungwoo Shin Hanyang University, Korea

Hipólito de Sousa Universidade do Porto, Portugal

Tarja Häkkinen VTT, Finland

Jaume Avellaneda Universidad Politécnica Cataluña, Spain

Teresa Ponce Leão LNEG, Portugal

Jorge de Brito Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal

Tomas Luetzkendorf University of Karlsruhe, Germany

Luís Bragança Universidade do Minho, Portugal

Tom Woolley University of Central Lancanshire, UK

Luís Simões da Silva Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal

Vanessa Gomes Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil

Manuel Correia Guedes Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal

Vasco Peixoto Freitas Universidade do Porto, Portugal

Manuel Duarte Pinheiro Instituto Superior Técnico, Portugal

Vítor Ferreira Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

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Contents

Foreword Luís Bragança, Manuel Pinheiro, Ricardo Mateus

Chapter 1: Nearly Zero Energy Buildings

Cost optimal building renovation with a net zero energy target for the Portuguese single-family building stock built before 1960 3

Manuela Almeida, Marco Ferreira, Micael Pereira

Zero-Energy-Buildings and their arrangement in Zero-Energy-Urban-Quarters in different climates: Derivation of design strategies based on climatic parameters, examples for building and urban quarter typologies and comparison with the existing ones 11

Udo Dietrich, Franz Kiehl, Liana Stoica

The first phase of a zero emission concept for an office building in Norway 19Torhildur Kristjansdottir, Sofie Mellegård, Tor Helge Dokka, Berit Time, Matthias Haase, Jens Tønnesen

Assessing design practices towards nearly zero energy buildings 27Patrícia Morais, Ana Tomé

Cost optimality and nZEB target in the renovation of Portuguese building stock. Rainha Dona Leonor neighborhood case study 35

Manuela Almeida, Ana Rodrigues, Marco Ferreira

Energy Performance of a Galician Hostel 43Ruth Dominguez Sanchez, César Bedoya Frutos

Monitoring of Indoor Climate of a Net Zero Energy Office in Flanders 51Griet Verbeeck, Elke Meex

The qualifications and professional competencies of architects on the energy efficiency of buildings. Are they prepared to embrace the 2020 targets? 59

Sílvia Fernandes, Rui Oliveira, Maria Isabel Abreu

Chapter 2: Policies for Sustainable Construction

Including sustainability into portfolio decisions: The example of the University of Vienna 69

Sigrid Niemeier, Harald Peterka

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Inspection and Diagnosis: A contribution to modern buildings sustainability 75Sara Amaral, Dulce Franco Henriques

Climate change effect on freeze-thaw cycles in Nordic climate 83Toni Pakkala, Jukka Lahdensivu, Arto Köliö

Energy rating of windows for the cooling season: a proposal for Europe 91Dimitrios Bikas, Katerina Tsikaloudaki, Konstantinos Laskos

A Qualitative Assessment of the UK Green Deal: Enabling Energy Efficiency of Buildings by 2050 99

David Oloke

Dividing indoor comfort limits by climate zones and describing it as a curve for the benefit of passive and low tech architecture design. 107

Gustavo Linhares de Siqueira, Udo Dietrich

The Primary Energy Factors Play a Central Role in European 2020 Targets Achievement 113

Lorenzo Leoncini

Sustainability in construction, between politics and economics. A comparison of the U.S. market and the Italian one. 121

Maria Antonia Barucco

Changing Mindsets; Identifying the Need for a Paradigm Shift in Construction Education 129

Conor McManus, Garrett Keenaghan, Maurice Murphy

Tomorrow’s sustainability: Devising a Framework for Sustainability Education of Future Engineers and Architects 137

Maria Olga Bernaldo, Gonzalo Fernandez-Sanchez, Ana Castillejo, Mª José Rodriguez-Largacha, Ana María Manzanero, Daniel Estévez, Maria Del Mar Cenalmor, Jesús Esteban

Chapter 3: High Performance Sustainable Building Solutions

Cost vs Benefits analysis in the implementation of sustainable construction principles in a residential building 145

Sérgio Martinho, Constança Rigueiro, Ricardo Mateus

Water reuse for domestic consumption - A key element for environmental and economic sustainability 153

José Coimbra, Manuela Almeida

Energy consumption and thermal comfort of a passive house built in Romania 161Cristina Tanasa, Cristian Sabou, Daniel Dan, Valeriu Stoian

Post Occupancy Evaluation of University Eco Residences: A Case Study of Student Accommodation at Lancaster, UK 167

Hasim Altan, Mohamed Refaee, Jitka Mohelnikova

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Computational modelling of the thermal behaviour of an ETFE cushion using IES 175Eleni Dimitriadou, Andy Shea

Natural fibre reinforced earth and lime based mortars 183César Cardoso, Rute Eires, Aires Camões

Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Buildings: Rapid Changes with Substantive Improvements 191

Armando Silva Afonso, Carla Pimentel Rodrigues

The energy of water: An evaluation of direct electricity savings due to strategies of water preservation in a social housing compound 199

Antonio Girardi

Comparison of costs of brick construction and concrete structure based on functional units 207

Soheyl Sazedj, António J. Morais, Said Jalali

Sustainable Daylighting Design in Southern European Regions 213António J. Santos

Moisture buffering and latent heat effects in natural fibre insulation materials 221Neal Holcroft, Andy Shea

Potentialities of using PCM in residential buildings in Portugal 229Olli Mustaparta, Sandra Silva, Dinis Leitão

Home automation controller for a water-flow window 237Luis J. Claros Marfil, J. Francisco Padial Molina, Vicente Zetola Vargas, Graciela Ovando Vacarezza, Juan Miguel Lirola Pérez, Benito Lauret Aguirregabiria

Concept and International State of Building Commissioning Activitie’s 243Filipe Silva, João Pedro Couto

Sustainable Social Housing - The User Focus 251Jan Johansson

Tradition in Continuity: thermal monitoring in vernacular architecture of farmsteads from northeast Portuguese region of Trás-os-Montes 259

Joana Gonçalves, Ricardo Mateus, Teresa Ferreira, Jorge Fernandes

The contribute of using vernacular materials and techniques for sustainable building 269Jorge Fernandes, Ricardo Mateus, Luís Bragança

Chapter 4: Design and Technologies for Energy Efficiency

Urban Form and Daylighting: Examining daylighting conditions with regard to building block typologies 279

Dimitra Tsirigoti, Katerina Tsikaloudaki, Dimitrios Bikas

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Lighting Research & Development aligned to the demands for lower energy usage combined with better quality and a more holistic building design

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Kevin Kelly, James Thomas Duff

Energy and water use patterns in Portuguese secondary schools – main relationships. Seven school cases analysis. 295

Patricia Lourenço, Manuel Duarte Pinheiro, Teresa Heitor

Parametric analysis of the energy demand in buildings with Passive House Standard 303Meri Cvetkovska, Andrej Andreev, Strahinja Trpevski, Milos Knezevic

Evaluating determinants of energy use in higher education buildings using artificial neural networks – an enhanced study 311

David Hawkins, Dejan Mumovic

Energy efficiency of photovoltaic façade for different latitudes in Portugal 319Helenice Maria Sacht, Luis Bragança, Manuela Almeida

Bioclimatic buildings strategies for the climate of Araras city, São Paulo - Brazil 327Juliana Nascimento, Helenice Maria Sacht, Luis Bragança

Protocol of control for the model of building energetic efficiency in existing buildings 335Ángel Rubio González

Towards adaptive control systems: Bayesian models for energy efficiency 339Roberta Ansuini, Albero Giretti, Massimo Lemma, Roberto Larghetti

Sustainable Energy Management for Underground Stations: Potential Savings through Lighting Upgrade 347

Roberta Ansuini, Albero Giretti, Massimo Lemma

Energy Assessment and Monitoring of Energy-Efficient House 355Libor Šteffek, Petr Jelínek, Milan Ostrý

Chapter 5: Innovative Construction Systems

ECODOR: sustainable proportion for concrete sleeper 365Maria Teresa Barbosa, Mariana Maia, José Castañon, Zelia Ludwig

Technical solutions and industrialised construction systems for advanced sustainable buildings 371

Eugenio Arbizzani, Paolo Civiero

A project contribution to the development of sustainable multi-storey timber buildings 379

Catarina Silva, Jorge Branco, Paulo Lourenço

ARGAD: High Performance Mortar 387Maria Teresa Barbosa, White Santos

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Lightweight steel framed construction system 395Cláudio Martins, Paulo Santos, Luís Simões Da Silva

Assessment and monitoring of a student residential building using an innovative execution solution 403

Pedro Andrade, Safira Monteiro, Helena Gervásio, Milan Veljkovic

Chapter 6: Building Sustainability Assessment Tools

Space design quality and its importance to sustainable construction: the case of hospital buildings 413

Maria de Fátima Castro, Ricardo Mateus, Luís Bragança

The Development of Building Materials Embodied Greenhouse gases Assessment System (SUSB-BEGAS) for Supporting the Green Building Certification System (G-SEED) in Korea 421

Sungwoo Shin, Seungjun Roh, Sungho Tae

Can sustainability rating systems fairly assess construction solutions under assessment? 427

Joana Andrade, Luís Bragança

Defining best practices in Sustainable Urban Regeneration projects 435Guilherme Castanheira, Luís Bragança, Ricardo Mateus

An investigation of Indicators, Metrics, and Methods Used to Measure and Quantify Green Buildings’ Occupancy and Usage 443

Mohamed Ouf, Mohamed Issa, Shauna Mallory-Hill

From lighthouse projects to sustainable building stock 451Christian Wetzel, Rosemarie Dressel

Modelling Moisture and Site-Related Information for Sustainable Buildings 457Christina Giarma, Dimitris Kotzinos

Comparison of two sustainable assessment tools on a passive office in Flanders 465Elke Meex, Griet Verbeeck

Spatial Quality Assessments for Building Performance Tools in Energy Renovation 473Fernanda Pacheco, Annemie Wyckmans

AQUA certification system and the design of buildings 481Maria Aparecida Hippert, Luiz Felipe Dutra Caldeira

The implicit definition of ‘utility’ in the sustainable building assessment methods 489Joan Puyo Collet, Albert Cuchí Burgos

A Review of Research Investigating Indoor Environmental Quality in Green Buildings 497

Ahmed Radwan, Mohamed Issa, Shauna Mallory-Hill

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Sustainable Construction Key Indicators 505Catarina Araújo, Luís Bragança, Manuela Almeida

Chapter 7: Renovation and Retrofitting

Renovation project / sustainable rehabilitation centre headquarters district of Porto - Portugal. 515

Lurdes Duarte, Luís Narciso, Luis Calixto

Strategies for regeneration of widespread building heritage in Italy 523Paola Piermattei

Environmental Impacts of Elementary School Building Renovation - Comparative Studies 531

Jiri Sedlák, Zuzana Stránská, Karel Struhala, Petr Jelínek

Regenerative Universities? The role of Universities in Urban Regeneration Strategies 539Duarte Marques Nunes, Ana Tomé, Manuel Duarte Pinheiro

The integration of sustainable solutions in Portuguese old building architecture 547Rui Oliveira, Maria Isabel Abreu, Jorge Lopes

The Collective Self-Organized (CSO) housing approach: improving the quality of life towards nearly zero energy strategies 555

Silvia Brunoro

Technologies, strategies and instruments for energy retrofitting of historic cities 565Carola Clemente, Federica Cerroni, Paolo Civiero, Paola Piermattei, Mauro Corsetti, Pietro Mencagli, Leonardo Giannini

The inhabitable greenhouse 573Mathilde Petri, Mette Rasmussen

Criteria for thermal rehabilitation of hotels in Gran Canaria 581Maria Eugenia Armas Cabrera, Jaume Avellaneda Diaz-Grande

Optimization of the sustainability during the refurbishment operation of a residential building 589

Isabel Mateus, Ricardo Mateus, Sandra Monteiro da Silva

Thermal Rehabilitation for Higher Comfort Conditions and Energy Efficient Buildings 597

Mihai Cinca, Olga Bancea

Energy efficient envelope for renovation of terraced housing 605Andrea Boeri, Jacopo Gaspari, Danila Longo

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Chapter 8: Eco-Efficient Materials and Technologies

Using MCDA to Select Refurbishment Solutions to Improve Buildings IEQ 615Sandra Silva, Manuela Almeida

Which architecture has proven to be successfully climate responsive? Learning from traditional architecture by looking at strategies for resource efficient and climate responsive constructions 623

Sonja Schelbach, Udo Dietrich

Research into natural bio-based insulation for mainstream construction 631Ceri Loxton, Elie Mansour, Robert Elias

Bioclimatic solutions existing in vernacular architecture - rehabilitation techniques 639Débora Ferreira, Eduarda Luso, Sílvia Fernandes, Jorge Vaz, Carlos Moreno, Rafael Correia

Overview of Technological Industrialized Solutions for Temporary Facilities in Construction Sites 647

Christine Miranda Dias, Sheyla Mara Baptista Serra

Chapter 9: Urban Regeneration

Science of complexity for sustainable and resilient urban transformation 659Serge Salat

Sustainable tall building and vertical compact city 677Sung Woo Shin

Solar urban planning to the EU 20-20-20 targets 697Miguel Amado, Pedro Rodrigues, Francesca Poggi, João Freitas

Power of a Million Small 709Pedro Faria

Urban Regeneration. Developing strong sustainable urban design perspectives 719Duarte Marques Nunes, Ana Tomé, Manuel Duarte Pinheiro

Nearly zero energy applied to urban zones – Main Challenges and Perspectives 727Giorgio Borlin, Manuel Duarte Pinheiro, Maria Beatriz Marques Condessa

ICT supporting energy efficiency improvements in urban and rural neighbourhoods 735Mari Sepponen, Martine Tommis

Monitoring and Evaluation of urban regeneration processes. The case of Cova da Moura. 743

Ana Valente

How to address sustainability at the city level 751José Amarilio Barbosa, Luís Bragança, Ricardo Mateus

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Chapter 10: Design for Life Cycle and Reuse

Building connections and Material recovery: from deductive to inductive approach 763Claudia Escaleira, Rogério Amoêda, Paulo Cruz

Against Over-materialization. Architecture of Negatonnes 771Leszek wi tek

Opportunities and obstacles of implementing transformable architecture 775Mieke Vandenbroucke, Wim Debacker, Niels De Temmerman, Anne Paduart

Multiple design approaches to transformable building: construction typologies 783Waldo Galle, Niels De Temmerman

Condition monitoring and durability assessment of straw bale construction 791Andrew Thomson, Pete Walker

Innovative Sustainable Architecture: constructive processes and materials 799Mariana Pinto, Pedro Henriques

Chapter 11: LCA of sustainable materials and technologies

Carbon footprint impact of balcony glazing in Nordic climate 809Kimmo Hilliaho, Jukka Lahdensivu

Assessment of carbon footprint of laminated veneer lumber elements in a six story housing – comparison to a steel and concrete solution 817

Lars Gunnar F. Tellnes, Torhildur Fjola Kristjansdottir, Magnus Kron, Sigurd Eide

Designing Model House Based on the Cradle-To-Cradle Methodology 825Inês Ramalhete, Miguel Amado

LCA “from cradle-to-cradle” of energy-related building assemblies: Promoting eco-efficient materials 837

José Dinis Silvestre, Jorge de Brito, Manuel Duarte Pinheiro

Reducing fossil based energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the construction sector 847

Pedro Henriques, Álvaro Pereira

Life Cycle Assessment of an ETICS system composed of a natural insulation material: a case study of a system using an insulation cork board (ICB) 855

Marta Matos, Liliana Soares, Luis Silva, Pedro Sequeira, Joaquim Carvalho

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Chapter 12: Thematic Session - Smart Regions: which strategies?

Energy Performance Certificate: A valuable tools for buiding-to.grid interaction? 865Marta Oliveira Panão, Hélder Gonçalves

Smart battery management systems: towards an efficient integration of Electrical Energy Storage Systems in Smart Regions 871

António Gano, Hugo Silva, João Correia, Maria Martins

The NetZEBs in the near Future. Overview of definitions and guidelines towardsexisting plans for increasing nZEBs 879

Laura Aelenei, Hélder Gonçalves, Daniel Aelenei

Nudging Residential Consumers to Save and/or Defer Energy Consumption 887Lucy Ting, Hélder Leite, Luís Barreira

Enabling Self-Healing Strategies in a Smart Grid Context 893Hélder Leite, Luís Moreira, Nuno Silva

Value materials and energy flow to toward energy independence: agro-forest and urban biorefineries 897

João Nunes

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1 INTRODUTION

The new concept of buildings for the future involves a range of building materials and systems that place major emphasis on the issue of sustainability and energy efficiency. This requires for a deeper approach to these issues in order to help professionals to focus on the implementation of real solutions for the buildings.

Bearing in mind that an integrated design process has become the norm and that energy effi-ciency has become one of the priorities of a building project, design project teams must start looking at energy and performance issues early on and throughout the whole design and opera-tion process. Architects belong to the group of professionals who will most likely make up the first design concept together with the client and other investors and consultants. As a building is designed, all the aspects of sustainability, bioclimatic solutions and buildings physics can be considered from the initial step, which will help engineers to achieve higher levels of optimiza-tion of the building energy performance. Additionally, the recast Energy Performance of Build-ings Directive - EPBD - (European Parliament and Council of the EU 2010) requires that from 2020 onwards, all new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings and, therefore, architects need to acquire, in a short/medium term, the sufficient knowledge to deal with these recent require-ments. Thus, it is important to analyze whether sustainability and energy efficiency has been sufficiently discussed through the architecture degree courses and how prepared these profes-sionals currently are, as well as how they are putting these subjects into practice in their design projects. The architects’ role is undoubtedly important in the initial design phase of a building because they are the main responsible for defining many of the sustainable construction me-thods and techniques.

The qualifications and professional competencies of architects on the energy efficiency of buildings. Are they prepared to embrace the 2020 targets ?

Sílvia Fernandes Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Department of Construction and Planning, Bragança, Portugal [email protected]

Rui Oliveira Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Department of Construction and Planning, Bragança, Portugal [email protected]

Maria Isabel Abreu Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Department of Construction and Planning, Bragança, Portugal [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The recast Energy Performance of Buildings Directive requires that from 2020 onwards, all new buildings are nearly zero-energy buildings. This new concept requires a strong implementation of sustainable construction methods and techniques as well as the integration of renewable energy technologies in building architecture. Among the stakeholders, architects in-tervene at an early stage of any building construction process. A survey and expert interviews were conducted, and a review of literature was carried out, followed by a comparative analysis of the structures and degree syllabuses of Portuguese architecture degree courses. The most common problems reported were the lack of dissemination of the EPBD requirements and the need to improve access to regulations, tools and methods, as well as best practices. The conclu-sion drawn from these results is that it is essential to raise architects awareness towards the im-portant role that they can play in the implementation of these new requirements.

Chapter 1 - Nearly Zero Energy Buildings

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2 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY

The focus of this paper is to give an evidence-based image of how deeply the subjects related to sustainability, energy efficiency and bioclimatic solutions are being learned by architecture de-gree courses undergraduates as well as of how these subjects are being put into practice in the design projects. As well as this, it reports on the barriers architects feel that they are facing no-wadays and on their expectations about these matters for the near future.

In order to reach the aim of this study, a literature review was carried out, followed by a comparative analysis of different structures and degree syllabuses of architecture degree courses in Portugal. The analysis focused on the scientific areas and degree syllabuses of the course units in order to find out to what extent the subjects are part of the undergraduate learning out-comes. The statutes and regulations of Professional Orders and other Associations were also re-viewed so as to understand the actual requirements and framework related to professional quali-fications. In addition to this, a survey and expert interviews to architects were conducted. Based on the questionnaire structure and feedback, some additional interviews were held.

The inquiry and the interviews involved a total of 40 architects. The respondents work mainly in design project in Northern Portugal and their ages range from 26 to 55 years old. About 22 of the respondents have a Master’s degree, 17 have a license degree and one has a license degree and a post-graduation. They all obtained their qualifications between 1986 and 2012, respective-ly. The majority of the respondents (70%) attended private higher education institutions and the other 30% attended state higher education institutions. About 50 architects were invited to an-swer the questionnaire, from recent graduate architects to more professional experienced archi-tects.

The inquiry consisted of 30 questions, the majority being close answer questions. Some of the respondents recorded their answers directly on the questionnaire form whereas others were in-terviewed, in which cases the respondent followed the questionnaire as well as the normal pro-cedures recommended for these cases by Yin (2002).

3 GOALS AND CHALLENGES OF THE RECAST EPBD

According to INE (2011), energy consumption in buildings in Portugal represents about 30% of the total consumption (17.7% in the domestic sector and 12% in services). Furthermore, the energies used in buildings tend to be depleted, and Portugal, as well as the other European Un-ion countries, greatly depend on energy when compared with other countries (79% of imported energy in 2011) (Conselho de Ministros 2013). As far as climate change and energy are concerned, the European Parliament proposed a plan of action, the “Climate and Energy Package: Triple 20’ targets until 2020”, whose goals are as follows: a 20% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels; raising the share of energy consumption produced from renewable sources to 20% and a 20% improvement in ener-gy efficiency until 2020.

According to Commission of the European Communities (2008) energy efficiency represents one of the goals of the climate and energy package, being one of the main means to reduce C02. The buildings sector represents one of the fields of action. The directive 2010/31/EU, of May 19 2010 (Energy Performance of Building Directive - EPBD) recast the directive 2002/91/CE, and consolidated that goal.

The biggest novelty about the recast EBPD (European Parliament and Council of the EU 2010) is that it makes it mandatory for buildings to be nearly zero-energy buildings after 2021 (NZEB “Nearly Zero Emissions Building”). Besides this, it also points towards the importance that retrofitting existing buildings assumes as an opportunity to take sustainable measures and improve their energy performance. Energy certification remains mandatory and the demands concerning energy efficiency will tend to increase. According to EPBD, a building with nearly zero energy needs is a building with a very high energy performance. The nearly zero or very low energy needs must be covered by energy from renewable sources produced locally or near-by. According to Aelenei (2012), the main issue is the annual energy balance between consump-

Portugal SB13 - Contribution of Sustainable Building to Meet EU 20-20-20 Targets

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tion needs and production. The International Energy Agency (IEA 2013) and through the Solar Heating & Cooling Pro-gramme, Task 40 and ECBCS Annex 52, is working on a definition of the net zero-energy buildings (nZEB) in order for the various member states to standardize the main guidelines to be followed based on experimental projects which relate different countries’ realities as far as con-struction and building use are concerned. According to Aelenei et al. (2011), zero energy balance buildings (NZEB) can be considered as an evolution of Low Energy Consumption Buildings or Passive Houses. Passive approaches play a crucial role in addressing NZEB design as they directly affect the heating, cooling, venti-lation and lighting loads put on the buildings mechanical and electrical systems, and indirectly, the strive for renewable energy generation, in Aelenei et al. (2012). Thus, the optimization of architectural design is pointed out by several experts as one of the key measures to reduce ener-gy needs.

In a recent European study elaborated by the Architects Council of Europe (2012) about the practice of architecture, the respondents agreed that energy efficiency is a key driver in the de-sign of buildings today. The results show that 50% “strongly agree” and 40% “slightly agree”, approximately 10% disagree, among which 2% “strongly disagree”. The same study assessed how architects feel towards the competence to design a NZEB (Nearly Zero Energy Building). The percentage of architects who feel “very competent” and “competent” depends on the coun-try, but it varies from 32% in Sweden to 80% in Austria. Portuguese architects’ answers reveal a percentage of 60%. The study shows that there is no improvement from 2010 until now con-cerning how competent architects feel to design a Nearly Zero Energy Building in Europe. On the other hand, the answers to the question about how often respondents are currently asked by clients to design with NZEB standards or through regulation showed that a little more than half of the respondents are asked less than 10% of the time, and only 13% of the respondents are asked more than 50% of the time. These and other studies lead to the conclusion that architects are relatively aware of the advantages of these matters but the implementation in buildings is still far from being a current practice.

4 THE ARCHITECTURE PROJECT DESIGN AND ARCHITECTS’ QUALIFICATIONS 4.1 The evolution of the architecture requirements and its contribution to sustainability The adaptation of construction to climate as well as the use of local and natural resources gave rise to vernacular architecture. The industrial revolution marked the appearance and spread of new materials and technologies, thus marking the rupture with the traditional solutions. As a re-sult of the dazzle of technological development, together with the low cost of fossil fuels, the balance between climate, culture and local materials was disturbed. The answer consisted of ap-plying artificial solutions which consume energy in order to meet comfort needs. The oil crisis as well as the environmental disturbances and the great energy dependency on non-renewable resources are all concerns resulting from the society’s contemporary lifestyle. In Portugal, these concerns have been felt and expressed in various ways. Besides the international and European energy and environment policies which result in national directives and requirements increa-singly more specific, some buildings assessment and certification methodologies have also ap-peared. Some of these methodologies, such as energy certification, are mandatory, but others are voluntary, such as sustainability assessment methods. Meanwhile, new concepts have been ap-pearing and architecture has been constantly described as “Green”, “Eco-friendly”, “Bioclimat-ic”, “Passive”, “Sustainable”, etc. Moura (2007) disagrees with these adjectives used to describe architecture, claiming that “There is no eco-friendly, intelligent or sustainable architecture. There is only good architecture.” The same author refers that “architecture does not have to be sustainable. In order to be good, architecture is implicitly sustainable.” Unfortunately, this is not always the case, and Simon & Graham (2006) said “debates about sustainable architecture are shaped by different social interests, based on different interpretations of the problem, and characterized by quite different pathways towards a range of sustainable futures”. Anyway, these tools and new concepts promote sustainability.


61

The design of a new building involves the drafting of a range of projects, namely the archi-tecture project and partial specialties projects. Portuguese Law n. 31/2009 of July 3 describes the design project as “the coordinated set of written and drafted documents, integrating the main project and the other projects, which define and characterize the functional, aesthetic and con-structive conception of a construction work (…)” The same law describes the main project as “the one which defines the features imposed by the function of the construction work and represents the matrix for the other projects which condition it and are conditioned by it.” There-fore, the architecture project of a building represents the main project, which means that the other projects must respect it as a matrix. In Portugal, the transposition of the first EPBD (European Parliament and Council of the EU 2002) gave rise to a new regulation for buildings thermal behavior – RCCTE (2006), whose ap-plication is mandatory in a new building design project, as well as it is the building energy certi-fication. The RCCTE changed significantly the calculation methodology and introduced new requirements regarding the buildings surrounding environment as well as the mandatory instal-lation of solar collectors. It is possible to say that the demands regarding the quality of the ther-mal project increased significantly with the introduction of the Buildings Energy Certification System (SCE) as a consequence of the project’s validation by a qualified expert and the issuing of the respective certificate. These new requirements and demands also condition the architec-ture project in various respects, namely: the increase of the thermal insulation and walls thick-ness; the treatment of thermal bridges and the integration of solar collectors. These were some of the novelties resulting from the current legal requirements which implied a change in the buildings architectural design. These new requirements gave rise to the devel-opment of new constructive solutions, such as: ventilated façades, prefabricated insulation sys-tems, heat pumps, and photovoltaic systems, among others. The recast EPBD brought about an even bigger challenge as it is necessary to implement practices which are allied to the current technology and which are sustainable throughout the building life cycle. It is important to highlight that the new national law which transposes this directive was passed by the Council of Ministers in June 2013, in which a review of the existing national law was carried out and several scattered laws were assembled into a single law.

4.2 The architect’s role in the context of sustainability and EPBDThe recast EPBD refers that “Member States should enable and encourage architects and plan-ners to properly consider the optimal combination of improvements in energy efficiency, use of energy from renewable sources and use of district heating and cooling when planning, design-ing, building and renovating industrial or residential areas”. The recognition of the importance of the architects’ role in the implementation of this directive is unanimous.

In the Directive n. 2008/C319/05 of December 13 on the Council’s Conclusions regarding Architecture, it is assumed that “architecture, a subject of cultural creation and innovation, namely technological, represents a notable illustration of what culture can give to sustainable development due to its impact on the cultural dimension of cities as well as on the economy, on the social cohesion and on the environment.”

In turn, in the 12th Congress of Architects promoted by the Portuguese Order of Architects (2009), the need for the creation and implementation of an Architecture public policy was ex-pressed, in the light of what happens in most countries in the European Union. Such policy should imply, among other goals, the promotion of sustainable construction best practices, ener-gy efficiency and the fight against climate change with regard to buildings, cities and land-scapes. In addition to this, such policy should also value culture and citizenship, as well as arc-hitects’ professional practice.

4.3 Qualifications for the practice of architecture According to Portuguese Law 31/2009 of July 3, from October 31 2014 onwards, architecture design projects will be drafted and signed by architects who are members of the Order of Archi-tects only. The duties of the design project’s authors include the compliance with the norms and law in force and the application and justification of the solutions which comply with the re-quired demands; the guaranty of aesthetic, functional and feasibility levels of the project and


62

construction work; the guaranty of a joint work with the project’s coordinator in the harmoniza-tion of the written and the designed elements in order to ensure integrity and coherence. In the construction phase, designers must provide technical assistance.

The design of a building involves the drafting of the architecture project (matrix project) by an architect or by a team of architects, as well as the drafting of specialties projects by engineers of various specialties. Ideally, this group of technicians would work in the same physical space and as a team. According to The Architects Council of Europe (2012), technicians’ work is of-ten done in an individual and isolated way, without any team spirit. However, one of the techni-cians involved in the project has to take the role of the project coordinator. In the construction of buildings, the architect or one of the architects in the team often takes that role. The project coordinator has to ensure the articulation among the project team with regard to the construction work features, the compatibility between the various projects and the compliance with law and regulations concerning each specialty, so that the interpretation of the project by the various stakeholders of the construction execution is unequivocal. Therefore, the project coordinator must have technical knowledge in several areas.

According to the same Law n. 31/2009 of July 3, architects can also play the role of construc-tion manager and of “engineer”. These figure must ensure the execution of the construction work and the compliance with the execution project, and the “engineer” must check the execu-tion of the construction work. Both must ensure the compliance with law and regulations. How-ever, in order to be able to play these roles, architects, as well as other technicians, are subject to a set of minimum requirements and exceptions related to work experience and others.

Architects assume a crucial role in the constructive process, either as designers or as coordi-nators, project managers, engineers or construction managers. Also, architects are usually the ones who establish communication with the project client. Therefore, they must be able to iden-tify the client’s comfort and habitability needs, and they must have the knowledge required to ensure that those needs are met, implementing optimized solutions as far as energy performance and environmental and economic sustainability are concerned, and giving priority to passive so-lutions.

5 COMPETENCIES ACQUIRED IN ARCHITECTURE DEGREE COURSES

According to Portuguese Law 74/2006 of March 24, the Architecture curricular training confers the Master’s degree with 300 ECTS (European Credit Transfer System). The degree course is proposed by the higher education institution and is then assessed and accredited by the Portu-guese Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Agency by Regulation n.º 504/2009 of December 18. The first 180 ECTS confer the license degree. The Order of Architects confers the title of architect to the graduates who “are in possession of certificates stating the academic qu-alifications foreseen by the Application Regulation, n.1 article 2, (license degree in Architecture in a course certified before March 24 2006, or integrated master’s degree in Architecture with a course syllabus certified after March 24 2006)”, or alternatively, who are in possession of a training certificate in architecture registered in the European Directive 2005/36/CE of Septem-ber 7 (European Commission 2005). The candidates to the title of Architect must also attend a traineeship and are subject to mandatory training sessions as well as to passing an exam of “Knowledge Verification in Status and Deontology."

According to the research done on the structure of the Architecture degree courses taught in Portugal, the weight of the subjects related to energy efficiency and energy technologies represents between 5 and 6 ECTS among the total 300 ECTS for each cycle of studies, and such subjects can also be approached in the Project curricular units, although only as autodidactic re-search in most cases. In the face of the importance of the topic, the low incidence of these sub-jects throughout the courses seems insufficient to the adequate preparation of the future gra-duates. According to Byrne (2013), some areas, such as resource management and energy efficiency, have been absent from architecture degree courses and retrofitting has always been a disregarded area in architecture.

However, the market has increasingly been providing an offer of extracurricular courses and training sessions. Currently, there is an offer of courses addressing energy efficiency and sus-tainable construction, namely some master’s degrees and post-graduations as well as more spe-


63

cific courses such as the Passive House Norm. Also, there are seminars, conferences, and work-shops promoted by various entities. Most, if not all the training offer is held on the coastal area and at times which make it difficult for professionals from the inland area to take part. The time to implement and put the new requirements of the recast EPBD into practice is short. It is im-portant that the architects’ curricular training addresses buildings energy efficiency and renewa-ble energies.

6 CURRENT POSISTION OF ARCHITECTS TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

6.1 State of knowledge, barriers and drivers The results of the study enable us to make some considerations on the state of knowledge, the barriers, and the drivers of architects regarding this issue. With regard to the architects’ motiva-tions and positive considerations, we highlight the ones in Table 1. With regard to the barriers felt by architects, we highlight the ones in Table 2.

Table 1: Main positive considerations and drivers 1 Working in team and in the same physical space makes decision making easier and increases the

Project quality, as problems and doubts are sorted out more easily.2 SCE brought more transparency into the information to provide to the client, increased the Project

quality as well as the stakeholders’ accountability.3 There is an environmental awareness and architects are open to the adoption of sustainable solu-

tions 4 Professionals are already adopting strategies such as: solar exposal of façades and insulated fene-

stration; shading; natural lighting; insulation equipment incorporation; and thermal bridges treat-ment.

Table 2 – Main barriers 1 Law regarding the buildings energy certification system (SCE) is considered quite specific and bu-

reaucratic, thus difficult to implement, especially in retrofitting cases. (The law in force demanded changes in the construction habits, namely: the integration of solar collectors; the increase of insula-tion thickness; the increase in number and quality of constructive details; and the increase of the project drafting time.)

2 SCE increased the costs to the client.3 Architects consider the adoption of some sustainable and passive solutions and technologies diffi-

cult to put into practice, especially due to: lack of knowledge, even regarding energy benefits; lack of the client’s awareness; low expression in the market; and increase of costs.

4 There is still a very low implementation in buildings of passive bioclimatic strategies, such as: Trombe walls; annex greenhouse; green roofs and walls; evaporative cooling;

5 The idea prevails that the implementation of active solutions such as acclimatization systems, hot water preparation, and renewable energy incorporation leads easily to the energy class increase and, therefore, the implementation of other passive solutions is neglected.

6 Some architects consider there is still a lack of expert engineers to support architects in the design of these building sustainable solutions.

7 There is the perception that the Portuguese Order of Architects does not provide an accessible and sufficient promotion of knowledge updating.

With regard to the knowledge concerning bioclimatic/low energy consumption projects/solutions, 62.5% of the respondents find it insufficient. In turn, most of the knowledge they have was acquired through training sessions and self-initiative research. About 36 of the 40 respondents intend to attend courses in this area in a short time. Some specialists believe that training for engineers and architects in this area should be differentiated and that architects should be informed and advised about the best solutions by specialized engineers.

Over 60% of the respondents have knowledge regarding passive/bioclimatic strategies such as: Trombe walls; green roofs; geothermal acclimatization; annex greenhouse and evaporative cooling.

Little more than half of the respondents take the design project economic feasibility into ac-count when adopting passive strategies. However, only 37.5% of the respondents get clients’ feedback on economic savings and comfort levels through the solutions adopted.

About 75% of the respondents do not take the law in force into account in the architectural design of low energy consumption buildings. As well as this, 87.5% of the sample does not have


64

knowledge regarding 2010 EPBD. Also, 70% do not have knowledge of the requirements after 2020 regarding nearly zero-energy consumption buildings (NZEB), or consider the regulation on energy efficiency well-adapted to the building retrofitting specificities.

In general terms, the implementation of an architecture policy is inexistent, and so are metho-dologies which favor the implementation of bioclimatic solutions and the quantification of their economic and environmental benefits. The inexistence of practical examples adapted to the dif-ferent regions of the country is also transversal and causes contempt towards the principles which support the solutions implemented in vernacular architecture, which is also visible as far as the law in force is concerned. This contributes to the conditioning of wider retrofitting prac-tices.

6.2 Recommendations and improvement actions Based on the results of this study, it is possible to put forward some recommendations and im-provement actions, presented as follows:

- The existence of an architecture policy focused on sustainable development and energy effi-ciency, with a more practical implementation feasibility and containing examples;

- The adaptation of the learning outcomes and syllabuses of the architecture degree courses curricular units, placing emphasis on subjects regarding sustainable building, energy efficiency, renewable energy systems and energy retrofitting.

- The promotion of courses/training sessions focusing on NZEB, bioclimatic solutions, ener-gy efficiency, renewable energy and sustainable construction;

- A higher focus of the law in force on building retrofitting; - The provision of technical Thematic Guides/Catalogues containing successful building

practices and examples adapted to each region, among other elements; - A higher level of freedom of action regarding building retrofitting; - The promotion of research on methodologies adequate to the incorporation of various bioc-

limatic solutions and mechanisms to accelerate their integration process in the SCE. Town Councils can promote their implementation by reducing the Property Taxes on NZEB.

7 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The aim of this study was to understand the level of preparation and knowledge that Portuguese architecture experts have regarding sustainability and energy efficiency issues. The new directive brings about more changes regarding construction requirements and me-thods. The conclusion drawn from the study was that architects play a crucial role as decision-makers, coordinators and communicators with the client, since not only do they integrate the project from the very beginning, but they are also given the qualification to perform these tasks. However, the study shows that most of the architects inquired recognize that their degree course did not provide them with sufficient skills or tools to implement sustainable and bioclimatic so-lutions in buildings. As well as this, the degree course syllabuses register a low number of ECTS, and consequently few learning outcomes concerning these issues throughout the learning process.

The respondents generally agree that the SCE contributes to improve the project and the con-struction work quality as well as the stakeholders’ accountability. However, it also requires for a higher level of knowledge concerning the implementation of constructive and system solutions. Thus, team work improves the quality of the work, but is hardly put into practice. The results also show that the respondents consider that legislation, bureaucracy and costs related to SCE influence many of the technical options, especially as far as older buildings retrofitting is con-cerned. Many architects have been demanding more training and more tools for decision sup-port, as well as further clarification of the regulations. Thus, it is necessary to develop and pub-lish clear and specific information on the implementation of practical examples of passive and energy efficiency solutions adapted to each region.

In conclusion, the achievement of NZEB in the end of 2020 attending sustainability does not appear to be an easy process, as it requires the effort and cooperation of various stakeholders as well as the mobilization of various resources. Furthermore, it seems clear that there is still some


65

way to go towards raising the architecture professionals’ awareness of the important role they play in this domain. Thus, it is necessary to accelerate the creation of mechanisms which help them feel and actually be better prepared to embrace the challenges set by the new regulation and the goals for 2020.

REFERENCESAelenei L. & Aelenei & D. Gonçalves, H. 2011. Net Zero-Energy Buildings – An overall look at the

main underlying concepts. Sustentabilidade na Reabilitação Urbana: O novo paradigma do mercado da construção (Conferência Nacional). Portugal, Guimarães: iisbe.

Aelenei, L.& Aelenei, D.& Gonçalves, H. 2012. Design issues for net zero-energy buildings. ZEMCH2012 - International Conference, Glasgow, 20-22 August 2012, UK.

Byrne, G. 2013. A arquitetura ficou sozinha no seu castelo. Diário Imobiliário. 21 de Maio. Carnaxide: Diário Imobiliário.

Architects Council of Europe & Mirza and Nacey Research. 2012. The Architectural Profession in Eu-rope 2012. Architects – the Individual. A Sector Study Commissioned by the Architects Council of Eu-rope: Chapter 4. UK: Architects Council of Europe.

Commission of the European Communities. 2008. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament. 2008. The Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions 20 20 by 2020. Europe's Climate Change Opportunity. COM(2008) 30. Brussels.

Conselho de Ministros. 2013. Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.º 20/2013 de 10 de Abril. Diário da República. 1.ª série - N.º 70.

Conselho de Ministros. 2013. Comunicado do Conselho de Ministros de 13 de Junho de 2013. (available in http://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/os-ministerios/ministro-da-presidencia-e-dos-assuntos-parlamentares/documentos-oficiais/20130613-cm-comunicado.aspx).

Decreto-lei n.º 80/2006 de 4 de Abril de 2006. Regulamento da Caraterísticas do Comportamento Térmi-co de Edifícios – RCCTE. Diário da República 1ª série A n.º 67. Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda.

European Parliament and Council of the EU. 2002. Energy Performance Building Directive - EPBD. 2002. Directive 2002/91/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002. The energy performance of buildings. Official Journal of the European Union. Brussels.

European Parliament and Council of the EU. 2010. Energy Performance Building Directive - EPBD. 2010. Directive 2010/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010. Official Journal of the European Union. Brussels.

European Commission. 2005. Directive n.º 2005/36/CE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005. The recognition of professional qualifications. Official Journal of the European Union. Brussels.

International Energy Agency. 2013. EBC Annual Report. Energy in Buildings and Communities Pro-gramme. AECOM Ltd on behalf of the International Energy Agency. (available in http://www.ecbcs.org/).

INE. 2011. Inquérito ao Consumo de Energia no Sector Doméstico 2010, Edição 201. Lisboa: DGEG. Lei n.º 74/2006 de 24 de Março de 2006. Regime jurídico dos graus e diplomas do ensino superior. Diá-

rio da República, 1.ª série - N.º 60. Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda.Lei nº 31/2009 de 3 de Julho. Aprova o regime jurídico que estabelece a qualificação profissional exigí-

vel aos técnicos (…). Diário da República, 1.ª série - N.º 127. Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda.Moura, E.S. 2007. Entrevista. Jornal El Pais de 30 de Junho 2007. Madrid: Jornal El Pais. Ordem dos Arquitetos. 2006. Boletim n.º 165, de Outubro de 2006. Lisboa: Ordem dos Arquitectos. Ordem dos Arquitetos. 2009. Moção de orientação global, Arquitetura para Todos: uma Política Pública

de Arquitetura para Portugal. 12º Congresso dos Arquitectos, 10-12 December 2009. V.N.Famalicão.Regulamento nº 504/2009 de 18 de Dezembro. Regime dos Procedimentos de Avaliação e Acreditação

das Instituições de Ensino Superior e dos seus Ciclos de Estudos. A3ES. Diário da República.Imprensa Nacional Casa da Moeda.

Simon, G. & Graham, F. 2006. Reinterpreting Sustainable Architecture: The Place of Technology. Jour-nal of Architectural Education 54: Issue 3.

Yin, R. K. 2002. Case Study Research, Design and Methods. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.


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Author Index

Abreu, M. I. 59, 547 Aelenei, D. 879 Aelenei, L. 879 Afonso, A. S. 191 Almeida, M. 3, 35, 153, 319,

505, 615 Altan, H. 167 Amado, M. 697, 825 Amaral, S. 75 Amoêda, R. 763 Andrade, J. 427 Andrade, P. 403 Andreev, A. 303 Ansuini, R. 339, 347 Araújo, C. 505 Arbizzani, E. 371 Avellaneda, J. 581 Bancea, O. 597 Barbosa, J. A. 751 Barbosa, M. T. 365, 387 Barreira, L. 887 Barucco, M. 121 Bernaldo, M. O. 137 Bikas, D. 91, 279 Boeri, A. 605 Borlin, G. 727 Bragança, L. 269, 319, 327, 413,

427, 435, 505, 751 Branco, J. 379 Brito, J. 837 Brunoro, S. 555 Burgos, A. C. 489 Cabrera, M. E. A. 581 Caldeira, L. F. 481 Calixto, L. 515 Camões A. 183 Cardoso, C. 183 Carvalho, J. 855 Castanheira, G. 435 Castañon, J. 365 Castillejo, A. 137 Castro, M. F. 413

Cenalmor, M. D. M. 137 Cerroni, F. 565 Cinca, M. 597 Civiero, P. 371, 565 Clemente, C. 565 Coimbra, J. 153 Collet, J. P. 489 Condessa, M. B. 727 Correia, J. 871 Correia, R. 639 Corsetti, M. 565 Couto, J. P. 243 Cvetkovska, M. 303 Cruz, P. 763 Dan, D. 161 De Temmerman, N. 775, 783 Debacker, W. 775 Dias, C. M. 647 Dietrich, U. 11, 107, 623 Dimitriadou, E. 175 Dokka, T. H. 19 Dressel, R. 451 Duarte, M. L. 515 Duff, J. 287 Eide, S. 817 Eires, R. 183 Elias, R. 631 Escaleira, C. 763 Esteban, J. 137 Estévez, D. 137 Faria, P. 709 Fernandes, J. 259, 269 Fernandes, S. 59, 639 Fernandez-Sanchez, G. 137 Ferreira, D. 639 Ferreira, M. 3, 35 Ferreira, T. 259 Freitas, J. 697 Frutos, C. B. 43 Galle, W. 783 Gano, A. 871 Gaspari, J. 605

Author Index

907

Gervásio, H. 403 Giannini, L. 565 Giarma, C. 457 Girardi, A. 199 Giretti A. 339, 347 Gonçalves, H. 865, 879 Gonçalves, J. 259 González, A. R. 335 Haase, M. 19 Hawkins, D. 311 Heitor, T. 295 Henriques, D. 75 Henriques, P. 799, 847 Hilliaho, K. 809 Hippert, M. A. 481 Holcroft, N. 221 Issa, M. 443, 497 Jalali, S. 207 Jelínek, P. 355, 531 Johansson, J. 251 Keenaghan, G. 129 Kelly, K. 287 Kiehl, F. 11 Knezevic, M. 303 Köliö, A. 83 Kotzinos, D. 457 Kristjansdottir, T. 19, 817 Kron, M. 817 Lahdensivu, J. 83, 809 Larghetti, R. 339 Laskos, K. 91 Lauret, B. 237 Leitão, D. 229 Leite, H. 887, 893 Lemma, M. 339, 347 Leoncini, L. 113 Linhares de Siqueira, G. 107 Lirola, J. M. 237 Longo, D. 605 Lopes, J. 547 Lourenço, P. 295 Lourenço, P. B. 379 Loxton, C. 631 Ludwig, Z. 365 Luso, E. 639

Maia, M. 365 Mallory-Hill, S. 443, 497 Mansour, E. 631 Manzanero, A. M. 137 Marfil, L. C. 237 Martinho, S. 145 Martins, C. 395 Martins, M. 871 Mateus, I. 589 Mateus, R. 145, 259, 269, 413,

435, 589, 751 Matos, M. 855 McManus, C. 129 Meex, E. 51, 465 Mellegård, S. 19 Mencagli, P. 565 Mohelnikova, J. 167 Molina, J. F. 237 Monteiro, S. 403 Morais, A. 207 Morais, P. 27 Moreira, L. 893 Moreno, C. 639 Mumovic, D. 311 Murphy, M. 129 Mustaparta, O. 229 Narciso, L. 515 Nascimento, J. 327 Niemeier, S. 69 Nunes, D. M. 539, 719 Nunes, J. 897 Oliveira, R. 59, 547 Oloke, D. 99 Ostrý, M. 355 Ouf, M. 443 Pacheco, F. 473 Paduart, A. 775 Pakkala, T. 83 Panão, M. O. 865 Pereira, A. 847 Pereira, M. 3 Peterka, H. 69 Petri, M. 573 Piermattei, P. 523, 565 Pinheiro, M. D. 295, 539, 719, 727,

837


908

Pinto, M. 799 Poggi, F. 697 Radwan, A. 497 Refaee, M. 167 Ramalhete, I. 825 Rasmussen, M. 573 Rigueiro, C. 145 Rodrigues, A. 35 Rodrigues, C. 191 Rodrigues, P. 697 Rodriguez-Largacha, M. J. 137 Roh, S. 421 Sabou, C. 161 Sacht, H. 319, 327 Salat, S. 659 Sanchez, R. D. 43 Santos, A. 213 Santos, P. 395 Santos, W. 387 Sazedj, S. 207 Schelbach, S. 623 Sedlák, J. 531 Sepponen, M. 735 Sequeira, P. 855 Serra, S. 647 Shea, A. 175, 221 Shin, S. 421, 677 Silva, C. 379 Silva, F. 243 Silva, H. 871 Silva, L. 855 Silva , L. S. 395 Silva, N. 893 Silva, S. M. 229, 589, 615 Silvestre, J. D. 837 Soares, L. 855 Šteffek, L. 355 Stoian, V. 161 Stoica, L. 11 Stránská, Z. 531 Struhala, K. 531

wi tek, L. 771 Tae, S. 421 Tanasa, C. 161 Tellnes,L. G. 817

Thomson, A. 791 Time, B. 19 Ting, L. 887 Tomé, A. 27, 539, 719 Tommis, M. 735 Tønnesen, J. 19 Trpevski, S. 303 Tsikaloudaki, K. 91, 279 Tsirigoti, D. 279 Vacarezza, G. O. 237 Valente, A. 743 Vandenbroucke, M. 775 Vargas, V. Z. 237 Vaz, J. 639 Veljkovic, M. 403 Verbeeck, G. 51, 465 Walker, P. 791 Wetzel, C. 451 Wyckmans, A. 473

Author Index

909


910

911

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