population of the earth: 1450-1750 growth, decimation, and relocation from experiencing world...
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Population of the Earth: 1450-1750
Growth, Decimation, and Relocation
From Experiencing World History (Ch. 14) by Adams et. al.
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Introduction 2 phenomena:
· increase in Eurasian population· expansion across world oceans
Population expansion in · Eurasia· China· Russia
Old World diseases travel to New World How do we know?
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The Atlantic Crossings: Frontiers by Sea
First population change came from commercial goals that spread diseases
Small group of investors sent small # of sailors
Gaunche of the Canary Islands Virgin soil epidemics African slave trade
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The Columbian Exchange
Columbus’ voyage - - > biological invasion
90% of native Americans died during 1st century of contact with Europeans & Africans· No crowd diseases· No animal diseases
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The Columbian Exchange
Columbian Exchange: concept historians use to explain what happened when Western civ. reached into the Atlantic and the Americas· Plants, animals, diseases, insects, pests,
weeds, people· Transform society and ecosystem of the
Americas· 1493 influenza· Brutal Spanish men· 1518 Smallpox (brought by West African slaves;
spread from Newfoundland to Brazil)
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Plantation Complex
1550 - plantations were in operation Many killed by
· Disease· Violence· Slavery
Reduced fertility Increase in suicides, infanticides Overgrazing Demographic void by natives filled by Africans African diseases: yellow fever, deadly malaria
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African Migration
In 1600, the Caribbean had @ 80,000 persons compares to 6,000,000 in 1492
High African/European/Native American mortality
Mixed-parentage descendents became acclimated to the conditions (mestizos)
95 % of Africans go to the Caribbean & South America; 5% go to North America
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Other Population Retreats
Sub-Saharan Africa - - > new crops increased population; slave trade decreased population (slave ships, warfare) = no population growth
Australia/Pacific Oceania - - > late 1700s; decimated by disease
Asians exported as indentured servants
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Population Revolutions: Impacts on China
China· Population gains - - > inadequate food supply· 16th C. epidemics· Ming unity and peace - - > population increase· New American foods (maize, peanut, sweet potato)· E. 1600s 1/3 of population lost
· Climate change· Political disintegration
· 1700 population triples · Early marriage· Reduction in death rates· Climate shifts· Improved hygiene· Use of herbal drugs
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Population Revolutions: Impacts on Europe
Population stability in 1650s Unlike China
· Family system – late marriages· Resisted introduction on American foods
1475-1620 - - > 50% population gain Urbanization Agricultural Revolution - - > more livestock feed;
increased soil fertility; cultivation Increased need to agriculture labor Introduction of corn & potatoes Lower infant death rate
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Asia India:
· cooling trend - - > reduced participation
· Diseases· Agriculture and trade
Southeast Asia· Comparatively low growth b/c of
fertility· Women restricted third children· Warfare
Japan· Cooling trend· Decreased warfare