ChinaChina

Ming & QingMing & Qing

1450 - 17501450 - 1750

Millenium – China 1500ish

Ming CHINAMing CHINA

13681368 – Mongols left China: – Mongols left China: – Silk Roads, Paper CurrencySilk Roads, Paper Currency

Ming Ming Rebuilt / Reclaimed Rebuilt / Reclaimed ChinaChina– Built Built strong Centralized Governmentstrong Centralized Government– Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy, Reintroduced Confucian Bureaucracy,

Civil Service ExamCivil Service Exam– Rebuilt agricultural foundationRebuilt agricultural foundation– Rebuilt & extended Great Wall Rebuilt & extended Great Wall – New capital: BeijingNew capital: Beijing

““Reconaissance of Indian Ocean Reconaissance of Indian Ocean Basin”Basin”

7 two-year voyages: monsoons7 two-year voyages: monsoons

Find deposed nephewFind deposed nephewExplore trade Explore trade oppsopps in in “Western Ocean”“Western Ocean”DiplomacyDiplomacy – Opened relations w/ 200 new Opened relations w/ 200 new

societies, incl. Egyptsocieties, incl. Egypt

Demonstrate strength, Demonstrate strength, PatrolPatrolTribute System: Tribute System: – Collect tributeCollect tribute– Gifts Gifts

Why choose Zheng He and Ma Huan?

Zheng He’s Treasure ShipZheng He’s Treasure Ship

1,608 ships built, of which these were the largest

Tap into Indian Ocean Basin TradeTap into Indian Ocean Basin Trade

Strait of Malacca

Land travel not reliable after fall of Mongols

.Calicut

Ming China: Chose Ming China: Chose SecuritySecurity over over Global DominanceGlobal Dominance

Zheng He recalledZheng He recalled

Rebuil t & added to Rebuil t & added to Great WallGreat Wall

Beij ing meansBeij ing means““ northern capital”northern capital”

Ming Elite:Ming Elite: Tradition, Tradition, Tradition!Tradition, Tradition, Tradition!

NEO-CONFUCIANNEO-CONFUCIAN– Self discipline, filial piety, Self discipline, filial piety,

obedience to authority,obedience to authority,

scholarshipscholarship

Hanlin AcademyHanlin Academy

Yongle EnclopediaYongle Enclopedia

Footbinding Stepped Up!Footbinding Stepped Up!

What does this tel l you about Women in Chinese Society?What does this tel l you about Women in Chinese Society?

Commoners: NO INNOVATION!!Commoners: NO INNOVATION!!

Literate populace Literate populace – Preferred “pop culture” Preferred “pop culture”

Romance of the Three KingdomsRomance of the Three KingdomsThe Dream of the Red BedchamberThe Dream of the Red BedchamberJourney to the West Journey to the West Block Printing Press, obviously!Block Printing Press, obviously!

Economy &Trade: Same Economy &Trade: Same products.products.– Increased population 2.5xIncreased population 2.5x

Merchants - Same Merchants - Same importance in society.importance in society.

– Still Not supported Still Not supported

Change to Social Hierarchy?Change to Social Hierarchy?

GentryGentry– wealthy land ownerswealthy land owners– most scholar bureaucrats most scholar bureaucrats

came from their ranks.came from their ranks.

– Could not be called as Could not be called as witnesses before judges, witnesses before judges, and other legal privilegesand other legal privileges

Social Hierarchy: Same as everSocial Hierarchy: Same as ever

PeasantsPeasants- - largest classlargest class– MOST IMPORTANT TO SURVIVAL OF MOST IMPORTANT TO SURVIVAL OF

CHINA CHINA most honorable most honorable..– Laborers, farmers, petty landlordsLaborers, farmers, petty landlords– Honest labor, provided food for whole Honest labor, provided food for whole

populationpopulation

Artisans / WorkersArtisans / Workers– Tailors, barbers, physicians, manufacturing Tailors, barbers, physicians, manufacturing – Employees of state, or of higher class familiesEmployees of state, or of higher class families– Higher Higher incomeincome than Peasants than Peasants

MERCHANTSMERCHANTS– Lowest statusLowest status, although could have , although could have hugehuge incomeincome

Roman CatholicismRoman Catholicism Arrival of Christianity Arrival of Christianity

Jesuit: Matteo Ricci Jesuit: Matteo Ricci 1500’s1500’sUsed European technology to Used European technology to impress!impress!

Amazing facility for languageAmazing facility for language

Preached similarity of messages of Preached similarity of messages of Jesus & Confucius:Jesus & Confucius:– Book: “The True Meaning of the Lord of Book: “The True Meaning of the Lord of

Heaven”Heaven”

Papal declaration against ConfucianismPapal declaration against Confucianism

1528 1627

Decline Decline of Mingof Ming

1500’s1500’sPortuguesePortuguese competition in traditional Chinese trading areas competition in traditional Chinese trading areas - Macau, but not - Macau, but not ININ China…stealing business. China…stealing business. PiratesPirates raided port cities… stealing business. raided port cities… stealing business. Matteo Ricci Matteo Ricci European religion & technology to China. European religion & technology to China.

1600’s: 1600’s: Floods (canals & rivers overflowing) Floods (canals & rivers overflowing) FaminesFamines Peasant revoltsPeasant revoltsQing warriors from ManchuriaQing warriors from Manchuria invited to end peasant revoltsinvited to end peasant revolts1644 - Qing ousted Emperor - 1644 - Qing ousted Emperor - Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven

1644 - 1644 - 19121912

OUTSIDERS! OUTSIDERS! – ethnic Northern elite ethnic Northern elite

(Manchurians)(Manchurians)

– Forbade Chinese learning Forbade Chinese learning the Manchu languagethe Manchu language

– Forbade intermarriageForbade intermarriage

Film: The Last Emperor (R rat ing)

““Queue”Queue”Symbol of Ming Symbol of Ming

SUBMISSIONSUBMISSION to Manchu ruleto Manchu rule

Compulsory for all males. Compulsory for all males.

Penalty: Penalty:

Execution for Treason. Execution for Treason.

Even the EMPERORS were Even the EMPERORS were

Confucian Scholars!Confucian Scholars!

- - KangxiKangxi (1662-1722) (1662-1722)

- - QianlongQianlong (1735 –1795)(1735 –1795)

Expansion: Expansion: Added Taiwan, Mongolia, Central Asia, Tibet. Added Taiwan, Mongolia, Central Asia, Tibet.

Vassal statesVassal states: Vietnam, Burma, Nepal. : Vietnam, Burma, Nepal. NOT NOT just TRIBUTARYjust TRIBUTARY!!!!

Chinese Luxuries for Chinese Luxuries for

SILVER!!SILVER!!

Manila GalleonsManila Galleons

• 110 110 Manila galleons set sail in the 250 Manila galleons set sail in the 250 years of the Manila-Acapulco galleon years of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade trade

1565 to 18151565 to 1815

ZacatecasZacatecas

POTOSIPOTOSI

European PressureEuropean Pressure

Portuguese, Dutch, Portuguese, Dutch, EnglishEnglish – – arrivals through arrivals through 1700’s1700’s: :

MERCHANTS!?!MERCHANTS!?! Tributary Envoys?Tributary Envoys? Tea, silk, porcelain Tea, silk, porcelain For European / Japanese For European / Japanese SILVER SILVER

Chinese opinion of Foreigners Chinese opinion of Foreigners –Emperor Qianlong: Letter to Emperor Qianlong: Letter to King George III, 1793King George III, 1793 … … p. 906p. 906

Qianlong to King George IIIQianlong to King George IIIUseless to Try to Learn from US – you are that far behind!

If you assert that your reverence for Our Celestial dynasty fills you with a desire to acquire If you assert that your reverence for Our Celestial dynasty fills you with a desire to acquire our civilization, our ceremonies and code of laws differ so completely from your own that, our civilization, our ceremonies and code of laws differ so completely from your own that, even if your Envoy were able to acquire the rudiments of our civilisation, you could not even if your Envoy were able to acquire the rudiments of our civilisation, you could not possibly transplant our manners and customs to your alien soil. Therefore… nothing would be possibly transplant our manners and customs to your alien soil. Therefore… nothing would be gained. gained.

“No Thank You;” not interested in trading for your products

I have but one aim in view, namely, to maintain a perfect governance and to fulfil the duties of I have but one aim in view, namely, to maintain a perfect governance and to fulfil the duties of the State: strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute the State: strange and costly objects do not interest me. If I have commanded that the tribute offerings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit offerings sent by you, O King, are to be accepted, this was solely in consideration for the spirit which prompted you to dispatch them from afar. Our dynasty's majestic virtue has penetrated which prompted you to dispatch them from afar. Our dynasty's majestic virtue has penetrated unto every country under Heaven, and Kings of all nations have offered their costly tribute by unto every country under Heaven, and Kings of all nations have offered their costly tribute by land and sea. As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. land and sea. As your Ambassador can see for himself, we possess all things. I set no value I set no value on objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactureson objects strange or ingenious, and have no use for your country's manufactures.

I am being nice, but please don’t push me

It behoves you, O King, to respect my sentiments and to display even greater devotion and It behoves you, O King, to respect my sentiments and to display even greater devotion and loyalty in future, so that, by loyalty in future, so that, by perpetual submission to our Throneperpetual submission to our Throne, you may secure peace and , you may secure peace and prosperity for your country hereafter. ..You, O King, from afar have yearned after the blessings prosperity for your country hereafter. ..You, O King, from afar have yearned after the blessings of our civilisation, and in your eagerness to come into touch with our converting influence of our civilisation, and in your eagerness to come into touch with our converting influence have sent an Embassy across the sea … have sent an Embassy across the sea … I have already taken note of your respectful spirit of I have already taken note of your respectful spirit of submission, submission, have treated your mission with extreme favour and loaded it with gifts, besides have treated your mission with extreme favour and loaded it with gifts, besides issuing a mandate to you, O King, and honouring you with the bestowal of valuable presents. issuing a mandate to you, O King, and honouring you with the bestowal of valuable presents. Thus has my indulgence been manifested.Thus has my indulgence been manifested.

Regarding Christianity:Regarding Christianity:

Regarding your nation's worship of the Lord of Heaven, it is the same religion as Regarding your nation's worship of the Lord of Heaven, it is the same religion as that of other European nations. Ever since the beginning of history, sage Emperors that of other European nations. Ever since the beginning of history, sage Emperors and wise rulers have bestowed on China a moral system and inculcated a code, and wise rulers have bestowed on China a moral system and inculcated a code, which from time immemorial has been religiously observed by the myriads of my which from time immemorial has been religiously observed by the myriads of my subjects. There has been no hankering after heterodox doctrines. Even the subjects. There has been no hankering after heterodox doctrines. Even the European (missionary) officials in my capital are forbidden to hold meetings with European (missionary) officials in my capital are forbidden to hold meetings with Chinese subjects; they are restricted to their appointed residences, and may not go Chinese subjects; they are restricted to their appointed residences, and may not go about propagating their religion. The distinction between Chinese and barbarian is about propagating their religion. The distinction between Chinese and barbarian is most strict, and your Ambassador's request that barbarians shall be given full most strict, and your Ambassador's request that barbarians shall be given full liberty to disseminate their religion is utterly unreasonable.liberty to disseminate their religion is utterly unreasonable.

In Closing… In Closing…

It may be, O King, that the above proposals have been wantonly made by your It may be, O King, that the above proposals have been wantonly made by your Ambassador on his own responsibility, or peradventure you yourself are ignorant Ambassador on his own responsibility, or peradventure you yourself are ignorant of our dynastic regulations and had no intention of transgressing them when you of our dynastic regulations and had no intention of transgressing them when you expressed these wild ideas and hopes.... If, after the receipt of this explicit decree, expressed these wild ideas and hopes.... If, after the receipt of this explicit decree, you lightly give ear to the representations of your subordinates and allow your you lightly give ear to the representations of your subordinates and allow your barbarian merchants to proceed…landing and trading, the ordinances of my barbarian merchants to proceed…landing and trading, the ordinances of my Celestial Empire are strict in the extreme… Should your vessels touch the shore, Celestial Empire are strict in the extreme… Should your vessels touch the shore, your merchants will assuredly never be permitted to land… but will be subject to your merchants will assuredly never be permitted to land… but will be subject to instant expulsion. In that event your barbarian merchants will have had a long instant expulsion. In that event your barbarian merchants will have had a long journey for nothing. Do not say that you have not been warned. journey for nothing. Do not say that you have not been warned.

Fierce Protection Fierce Protection of Chinese Cultureof Chinese Culture

1724- Christianity 1724- Christianity banned banned

1757- European 1757- European Merchants Merchants Restricted to CantonRestricted to Canton

(Guanzhou).(Guanzhou).– Rising class of merchants Rising class of merchants

in Chinese coastal citiesin Chinese coastal cities

Portuguese used Macao and Goa in India as their bases for trade with China.Guangdong is the province in which Guangzhou is situated. Later the British would be ceded the Islands of Hong Kong in the Treaty of Nanjing.

Importance of Silver & Asian Trade Importance of Silver & Asian Trade Silver “went around the World, and made the World go ‘Round.Silver “went around the World, and made the World go ‘Round.””

1500-18001500-1800 – ¾ of New World – ¾ of New World silversilver eventually wound up in China eventually wound up in China– Replaced Mongol paper currency; China’s & Japan’s silver mines were Replaced Mongol paper currency; China’s & Japan’s silver mines were

insufficient; Bullion for tax payment; Only really desirable trade good from insufficient; Bullion for tax payment; Only really desirable trade good from outside. outside.

Bulk of Bulk of world’s populationworld’s population, economic activity, trade – Asian*, economic activity, trade – Asian*

– Asia was 60% Asia was 60% of world population in 1500; of world population in 1500; 66%66% by 1750. by 1750.

By 1775 By 1775 Asia produced 80% Asia produced 80% of everything in the world = 2/3 of world population of everything in the world = 2/3 of world population produced 4/5 of world’s goods. produced 4/5 of world’s goods. – Europeans were 1/5 of world population in 1775; along with Africa & Americas, Europeans were 1/5 of world population in 1775; along with Africa & Americas,

shared production of 1/5 of world’s goods.shared production of 1/5 of world’s goods.

Similarities with Other EmpiresSimilarities with Other EmpiresCultural Insularity – closed off to Cultural Insularity – closed off to EuropeansEuropeans

Absolute RulerAbsolute Ruler

ExpansiveExpansive

Empires based on CommerceEmpires based on Commerce

Professional BureaucracyProfessional Bureaucracy

ButBut… Golden Age of Scholarship for Elite, … Golden Age of Scholarship for Elite, not for Commonersnot for Commoners

ButBut… Already had gunpowder.… Already had gunpowder.

ButBut… no sultanate of women. … no sultanate of women.

CHINA by 1750CHINA by 1750

Unlike EuropeUnlike Europe

… …..China had ..China had no aspirations no aspirations to conquer to conquer the rest of the world, or even interact with the rest of the world, or even interact with it much.it much.

……....CommercialismCommercialism in China did not in China did not change society, but change society, but survivedsurvived on a limited on a limited basis basis despite society and the despite society and the government.government.

JAPANJAPAN

BUKUFUBUKUFU – “Tent Government” – “Tent Government”

Rule by Shogun was supposed to Be temporary!

Emperor as figurehead.Warring Daimyo 1467 - 1573

Portuguese ArrivalPortuguese Arrival

1542- 1542- Traded Guns for Chinese Traded Guns for Chinese products products

1552- 1552- MissionariesMissionaries– St. Francis Xavier St. Francis Xavier

One of 1One of 1stst Jesuits (Goa, Ceylon, Malacca, Jesuits (Goa, Ceylon, Malacca, Canton)Canton)

Jesuits controlled port city of Nagasaki flourished.Jesuits controlled port city of Nagasaki flourished.100 years later, only few Japanese had 100 years later, only few Japanese had

converted.converted.

……Followed by Dutch and British…Followed by Dutch and British…

Jesuits Everywhere…Jesuits Everywhere…

Tokugawa ShogunateTokugawa Shogunate

Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Ieyasu – Unified Japan after turmoil of “Country at War Period” - Competing Daimyo

– Reestablished ordersocial, political, and

international relations

– Emperor powerless

1600- 1868

Alternate AttendanceAlternate AttendanceSankin-kōtai Sankin-kōtai 参勤交代参勤交代

Daimyo allowed only one castle.

Samurai restricted to Castle Towns.

Daimyo families lived in Edo – hostages.

Daimyo lived in Edo 6 months each year- Daimyo lived in Edo 6 months each year-

VERY EXPENSIVE TRIPS!VERY EXPENSIVE TRIPS!

Need Shogun approval to:

– Repair or change

Castle– Marry– Shogun assigned land

A Castle Town

Samurai Samurai WOMENWOMEN??????

Imports: Ceramics, Tea, Silk, Animal skins. Imports: Ceramics, Tea, Silk, Animal skins.

Exports: SILVER, Gold, CopperExports: SILVER, Gold, Copper with China, with China, Korea, other Asian nations. Korea, other Asian nations.

Taxes collected by Daimyo in Rice: 40%Taxes collected by Daimyo in Rice: 40%

1612 – Outlawed Christianity – Catholicism “destabilizing.” 1612 – Outlawed Christianity – Catholicism “destabilizing.”

1616- Restricted western trade to 2 ports, including Nagasaki1616- Restricted western trade to 2 ports, including Nagasaki

1622- Execution of 120 missionaries & converts1622- Execution of 120 missionaries & converts

1629- Thousands of Japanese Christians executed1629- Thousands of Japanese Christians executed

1635- No Japanese may leave/return! 1635- No Japanese may leave/return!

1636 – Dutch trade permitted, at a manmade island in the harbor.1636 – Dutch trade permitted, at a manmade island in the harbor.

All Japanese registered at a Shinto or Buddhist temple. All Japanese registered at a Shinto or Buddhist temple.

1637-38- Shimbara Rebellion- Catholic Samurai & peasants. Portuguese 1637-38- Shimbara Rebellion- Catholic Samurai & peasants. Portuguese expelled and some executedexpelled and some executed

1644- Last Jesuit killed or re-converted1644- Last Jesuit killed or re-converted

Some trade continued with Chinese, some Dutch, a little British; Some trade continued with Chinese, some Dutch, a little British;

otherwise, otherwise,

- - - -

. .

““Dutch Learning”Dutch Learning”Anatomy, Medical Science, Botany, AstronomyAnatomy, Medical Science, Botany, Astronomy

“NATIVE LEARNING” IsolationIsolation JapaneseJapanese culture culture thrived:thrived:– Buddhism & Shintoism Buddhism & Shintoism – Unique Japanese Art forms Unique Japanese Art forms

Scrolls, Scrolls, wood-block painting…wood-block painting…

……Japan had its own renaissance…but strictly for Japan had its own renaissance…but strictly for

Japanese Consumption!Japanese Consumption!

““Floating WorldsFloating Worlds””Escapist Popular Culture for Literate City Escapist Popular Culture for Literate City Dwellers Dwellers

What should Samurai do in the City when they are not fighting? What should Samurai do in the City when they are not fighting?

““Floating WorldsFloating Worlds””

ProseProse– Ihara Saikaku’s “The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love” (erotic)Ihara Saikaku’s “The Life of a Man Who Lived for Love” (erotic)

PoetryPoetry – HaikuHaiku

The red blossom The red blossom bends bends and drips its dew to the and drips its dew to the ground. ground. Like a tear it falls.Like a tear it falls.

Old Pond.Old Pond.A Frog Jumps.A Frog Jumps.Sound of Water. Sound of Water.

- Ba- Basho

The wind of Mt. Fuji The wind of Mt. Fuji I've brought on my I've brought on my fan! fan! A gift from Edo.A gift from Edo.

TheatreTheatre

KabukiKabuki– MassesMasses– Painted facesPainted faces– MenMen

BunrakuBunraku– PuppetsPuppets– ElitesElites

Tea housesTea houses

Public baths Public baths

GeishaGeisha

BrothelsBrothels

Controlled Population Growth Controlled Population Growth

““Thinning Out the Thinning Out the Rice Shoots”Rice Shoots”

– Contraception, abortion, infanticideContraception, abortion, infanticide– Wide spread famine event – little ice age Wide spread famine event – little ice age

perhaps?perhaps?– Almost Zero Population Growth 1700-1800Almost Zero Population Growth 1700-1800

Advanced Forest Management Policy:Advanced Forest Management Policy:– Reduced logging; increase trees plantedReduced logging; increase trees planted– Decrease Ship building, fuel, clearing Decrease Ship building, fuel, clearing

landland

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