AP REVIEW SESSION

1450-1750

Changes in Europe affect the whole world

• Note status of Europe pre-1450• 1450: Europe in early stages of

growth• 1750: Europe dominating world trade,

cause for population movements, governments, interactions w/ indigenous populations

REVOLUTIONS IN THOUGHT & EXPRESSION

IN EUROPE

The Renaissance(ch. 14)

• Post Black Death: increase in population, trade, middle class• Medieval Europe: Church and afterlife; local concerns for well-being• Crusades: brought ancient texts back from Islamic/Byzantine regions• Humanism: celebration of human achievements; poetry, history,

language, moral philosophy• Northern Italy: trade city-states• Art: real human figures, 3-D, palaces/cathedrals (Sistine Chapel)• Michelangelo, Leo da Vinci,• Spread to North and Western Europe• Art/artists commissioned by Church and secular leaders• Printing Press: Johannes Gutenberg (tech from Song China); allowed

texts in native languages• New writing: Machiavelli, Thomas More, Erasmus, Shakespeare

Protestant and Counter-Reformations (ch. 16)

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation:Role of printing press• 1517 Martin Luther/ 95 Theses• Lutherans, Calvinists• Henry VIII and Anglican

Church of England• Southern Europe: mostly

Catholic• Northern

Germany/Scandanavia: Lutheran

• Scotland (Calvinist), England (Anglican)

Counter-ReformationCounter-Reformation• Win back souls• Clarify position, supreme

authority of pope• Role of Jesuits: example

and conversions• Council of Trent 1545-

1563: Church’s positions, trials of heretics, Latin

The Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment (ch. 16)

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution• Role of Renaissance/Prot. Ref• 1543 Copernicus: Heliocentric

theory• 1632 Galileo: proved Helio

theory; question Church authority

• Works banned• Scientific method• Rift in society: Church vs.

Scientific findings

EnlightenmentEnlightenment• Reform society w/ rational laws

that governed society• Divine right vs. reason• Social ContractThe Dead Guys:Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679):

Leviathan; man evil, need good ruler

Locke(1632-1704): born free, inalienable rights

Rousseau (1712-1778): all men equal, majority rule

Voltaire; Montesquieu

DEVELOPMENTS IN SPECIFIC COUNTRIES AND

EMPIRES: 1450-1750• Spain/Portugal• England• France• Germany• Ottoman Empire

• Russia• India• China• Japan

Spain/Portugal (ch. 14, 15)

• 1469 King Ferdinand & Queen Isabella unite Spain

• Support of exploration; naval fleet• Charles V (Hapsburg, inherited empire), abdicated

in 1556. Phillip II took throne• Spanish Inquisition again, Dutch Netherlands

independent• Defeated by English in 1588• Gold from New World not enough to maintain

power

England (ch. 16)

• Henry VIII 1509-1547: Church of England• Elizabeth (Henry’s daughter): golden age• Elizabethan Age 1558-1603: commercial expansion,

exploration, colonization (joint-stock companies)• Religious battles- Puritans• English Civil War 1641: Oliver Cromwell• Establishment of English Commonwealth; Stuart

Restoration 1660-1688• Glorious Revolution 1688: bloodless, William & Mary of

Netherlands; English Bill of Rights 1689: monarchs Anglican and powers limited

France (ch. 16)

• 100 Year’s War: English out of France• 1598 Edict of Nantes: toleration b/t Catholics and

Hugenots (French Protestants)• Bourbon Kings until 1792• Cardinal Richelieu: advisor to Bourbons to strengthen Fr.

Crown; Cardinal Mazarin & Louis XIV• Louis XIV: “Sun King”; glorify France w/ arts; Versailles• Jean Baptist Colbert: mercantilist; warfare increase size of

Fr. Empire• Wars very costly, still center of the arts

German Regions (ch. 16)

• Holy Roman Empire lost parts of Hungary to Ottoman Turks in 1500s

• 30 Yr’s War (1618-1648) weakened HR Emperors• 1700s, Prussia (northern German city-sts) gaining power• 1555 Peace of Augsburg: end C vs. P wars, but 30 Yr’s

War ended it• 30 Yr’s War: France benefit, most powerful ctry; Prussia

dominate German territories• 1648 Peace of Westphalia: small German c-s independent-

Prussia

Ottoman Empire (ch. 19)

• End of Mongols = start of Ottoman Empire• 1453 Turks take Constantinople, end Byz

Empire; Christianity out, Islam in• Growth of empire = Janissaries• Selim I 1512- Islamic center @ Istanbul• Suleiman the Magnificent: 1520, golden

age, push to Eastern Europe- Hungary, siege of Vienna

Russia (ch. 20)

• Center of Orthodox Christianity after fall of Byzantines• 1480 Ivan III: no more Mongols; Ivan IV (the Terrible)

estab absolute rule; Cossacks used to expand East• 1613 Michael Romanov (Dynasty to 1917)- consolidate

power expand empire• 1689: Russia to Pacific Ocean, border w/ Qing Empire• Peter the Great: 1682-1725: Westernization; use of serfs• Catherine the Great: 1762-1796: enlightened despot,

westernization; expansion to Poland and Black Sea; use of serfs

India (ch. 19)

• 1526: Babur defeated Delhi Sultanate• Mughal Empire: united India, previously not done• Akbar: 1556-1605 religious toleration for H & I;

no more head tax or sati; allowed for mixing• Golden Age of art, architecture: Taj Mahal• Post-Akbar India: no religious toleration and Euro

involvement• Pre-1750: Europeans not seen as threat to India;

trade allowed

China (ch. 20)

• 1368-1644: Ming Dynasty; Confucian, civil service exam

• Zheng He!!! Why did he go? Why did he come back?

• 1644: Qing Dynasty (Manchu from north); Kangxi 1662-1722, Qianlong 1735-1795

• Expansion of Chinese empire while closing off to outside world

• Canton System• McCartney Mission 1793

Japan (ch. 20)

• 1185 Kamakura -> 1500 Ashikaga ->• 1600-1868 Tokugawa Shogunate: capital to Edo

(Tokyo); seclusion from outside• Class system, decentralized• Industrial families• Closing of Japan to prevent spread of foreign

influence (Dutch allowed at Deshima)• Regional “outer” lords profited from illegal trade

EUROPEAN EXPLORATIONand

EXPANSION

Pre-1450: land travel; Indian Ocean & Med. Sea linked up w/ routes thru Persia, Arabia, N.Africa, C. Asia from Silk Road

Portuguese and Spanish Explorations (ch. 15)

Portugal• Geography• Royal family supported

exploration• Prince Henry the

Navigator, • 1488: Dias rounds

southern tip of Africa• 1497: Vasco da Gama,

rounds Cape of Good Hope; E. Africa, India

• Control of Brazil

Spain• United; F & I financed

explorations• 1492: Columbus thought

China/India located where Americas are- found Cuba and West Indies

• 1494- Treaty of Tordesillas

• Spain controlled most of C & S. America;

Explorers and Technology(ch. 15)

God, Gold, GloryVespucciCabotPonce de LeonVasco de BalboaMagellanPizarro vs. AtahualpaCortes vs. MontezumaDrakeHudson

Technologies• Lateen sails• Astrolabe• Magnetic Compass• Three-Masted Caravels

Impact of Explorations: New World Empires

(ch. 15, 17)• 1519: Cortes to Mexico; Aztecs; no horses-Montezuma thought Cortes a god, sent gold-Cortes and men took capital, decimated empire1531: Pizarro meets Atahualpa (Incan emperor);

Incas destroyed, Pizarro in control of region by 1535

Patterns of Dominance: 1) Isolation = vulnerability2) Spanish military tech; steel, horses 3) established

practices of forced labor, conversion, empire building from Europe

LABOR SYSTEMS(ch. 17, 18)

Social Hierarchy:

Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos native Americans

Encomienda System(ch. 17)

• Viceroys ran Spanish empire “New Spain”• Natives divided among Peninsulares for labor• Discovery of silver in Peru and Mexico in 1540s

meant more demand• Mita system: Amerindians forced to work 6

months/yr (every 7 yrs) in mines, farms, textile factories

• African slave labor introduced as Amerindian population declined

African Slave Trade/Atlantic System (ch.

18)• Portuguese took slaves in early explorations

• Demand from New World plantations

• African rulers cooperated w/ slavers– why?

• Atlantic System: food, goods, weapons for people; Triangle Trade, etc.

• What motivated Euros? Africans?

Demographic ShiftsEnvironmental Changes

Columbian Exchange• Whole civilizations wiped out: Arawak,

Aztec, Inca• European emigration• Forced migrations• Growth of middle class in Europe; power of

colonial gov’ts growing• Massive changes from 1450!!!

The Columbian Exchange

• New foods, animals, resources to New World

Europe/Africa to Americas: horses, pigs, goats, chili peppers, sugar cane

Americas to Europe/Africa: squash, beans, corn, potatoes, cacao

• Diseases, weapons, people transferred

A New Global Economy

• Age of Exploration b/c of financing, support by gov’t and rulers

• Banking; Church gave in to state interests• Joint-stock companies got royal charters for colonies• Colonies or monopolies on trade routes• British East India Co, Dutch East India Co.• Mercantilism- all about the mother country; raw

materials and markets • Resentment in colonies

Comparisons

• Compare European monarchies w/ land-based Asian Empires

• Compare labor systems: Atlantic slave trade; plantation vs. encomienda systems

• Compare the building of empires in Asia, Africa, Europe: how was power consolidated? Who had control? Who lost it?

• Compare Russia’s interaction w/ West and China or the Ottoman Empire

The Big Picture!

Questions to consider:1. Why did Europe become the dominant power

1450-1750? Why were some European nation-states develop vast empires?

2. How did the various non-European cultures interact w/ Europeans? Why? Consequences?

3. How did the global economy change from 1450-1750?

4. How were the world’s civilizations impacted?