Population Population GeographyGeography

Demography – the statistical study of human populations

Graph Source: www.census.gov & www.wikipedia.org

At that time there were probably about 1 million humans on Earth

Graph Source: www.census.gov & www.wikipedia.org

When Darwin published When Darwin published On the Origin of On the Origin of Species Species there were there were 11 billionbillion humans humans

Graph Source: www.census.gov & www.wikipedia.org

When I was born there wereWhen I was born there were3.63.6 billionbillion humans humans

Densely Population Areas

• East Asia

• South Asia

• Southeast Asia

• Europe

• North America

WHERE ARE THE PEOPLE DISTRIBUTED?

Sparsely Population Areas

• arid lands

• tropical rainforests

• highlands

• high latitudes(coldlands)

PalestinianTerritories

Fertility Rate

1975-1980 7.39

1980-1985 7.00

1985-1990 6.43

1990-1995 6.46

1995-2000 5.99

2000-2005 5.57

2.1 is generally regarded as the replacement rate (the rate at which a population neither grows nor shrinks) in the developed world. In less developed countries this rate should be higher to account for so many children not reaching childbearing age.

Africa Fertility Rate

1975-1980 6.60

1980-1985 6.45

1985-1990 6.11

1990-1995 5.67

1995-2000 5.26

2000-2005 4.97

U.K.Total

fertility rate

1975-1980 1.72

1980-1985 1.80

1985-1990 1.81

1990-1995 1.78

1995-2000 1.70

2000-2005 1.66

Total Fertility Rate - the average number of children a women will have in her childbearing years. This rate varies from just over 1 (Japan, Italy) to around 7 (Niger, Mali). The U.S. rate is 2.

Doubling TimeDoubling Time• How long will it take for a population of a given area to double in size?

• Divide 70 by the annual population natural increase rate and you find the doubling time.

World = 58Sub-Saharan Africa = 30Uganda = 20 years Costa Rica = 80U.S.A. = 128 yearsDenmark = 333 yearsRussia = ?Japan = ?

Example: Bangladesh70 / R.N.I. => 70/2.09 = 33.5 years

Bangladesh with a population of 144.3 million people in 2005 will have approximately 288.6million people in 2038, if the population continues to grow at current rates.

Source: National Geographic Magazine

Demographic Transition Model

Demographic transition occurs in societies that transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as part of the economic development of a country from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economy. Usually it is described through the "Demographic Transition Model" (DTM) that describes the population changes over time.

Demographic Transition Model

Demographic transition occurs in societies that transition from high birth rates and high death rates to low birth rates and low death rates as part of the economic development of a country from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economy. Usually it is described through the "Demographic Transition Model" (DTM) that describes the population changes over time.

Demographic Transition Demographic Transition ModelModel

Population PyramidsPopulation Pyramids

10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10

0-4 yrs.

5-9 yrs.

10-14 yrs.

15-19 yrs.

20-24 yrs

25-29 yrs

30-34 yrs.

35-39 yrs.

40-44 yrs.

45-49 yrs.

50-54 yrs.

55-59 yrs.

60-64 yrs.

65-69 yrs.

70-74 yrs.

75-79 yrs.

80+ yrs.

AGE

PERCENT

Males(%)Females(%)

Italy, 2000

1

2

34

5

Analysis of Italy’s Population Pyramid

•1. Decline in Birth Rate

•2. Baby Boom

•3. Fewer men due to World War I and II

•4. More women due to: a. longer life expectancy and b. World Wars (I and II)

•5. More 75-79 yrs than 0-4 yrs. Signs of a future worker shortage and an overall declining population.

10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10

0-4 yrs.

5-9 yrs.

10-14 yrs.

15-19 yrs.

20-24 yrs

25-29 yrs

30-34 yrs.

35-39 yrs.

40-44 yrs.

45-49 yrs.

50-54 yrs.

55-59 yrs.

60-64 yrs.

65-69 yrs.

70-74 yrs.

75-79 yrs.

80+ yrs.

AGE

PERCENT

Males(%)Females(%)

Italy, 2025

10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10

0-4 yrs.

5-9 yrs.

10-14 yrs.

15-19 yrs.

20-24 yrs

25-29 yrs

30-34 yrs.

35-39 yrs.

40-44 yrs.

45-49 yrs.

50-54 yrs.

55-59 yrs.

60-64 yrs.

65-69 yrs.

70-74 yrs.

75-79 yrs.

80+ yrs.

AGE

PERCENT

Males(%)Females(%)

Italy, 2050

http://marketplace.publicradio.org/display/web/2007/11/22/why_italian_men_wont_leave_the_nest/#

Mammoni: “Mama’s Boy”

Extremely High Birth and Death Rates

http://www.biyokulule.com/February_%201990s(4).htm

http://www.islamic-relief.com/submenu/appeal/somalia_crisis.htm

Persistent Poverty and Violence

Stable Population Growth

Post War Baby Boom and Declining Birth Rate

http://www.economist.com/world/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9539825

http://kotaku.com/gaming/only-in-japan/strange-japanese-game-center-name-226261.php

What factors influence What factors influence population distribution?population distribution?

►Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors----►What type of natural resources What type of natural resources

are in the area? Does it have oil, are in the area? Does it have oil, or arable land or access to water?or arable land or access to water?What is the climate like?What is the climate like?Does it have capital resources Does it have capital resources such as transportation and such as transportation and technology?technology?

►Economic factorsEconomic factors----What is the economic What is the economic development like?development like?

What are the resources like?What are the resources like?►Political factorsPolitical factors----

What is the government What is the government policy?policy?

Are there many conflicts?Are there many conflicts? Is it a rural/urban area?Is it a rural/urban area?

What are the characteristics of What are the characteristics of human populations?human populations?

►Birth and Death ratesBirth and Death rates--How many people per 1000 How many people per 1000 are born or die in a year?are born or die in a year?

►Age DistributionAge Distribution----How many people are in How many people are in each age category?each age category?

►Male/Female distributionMale/Female distribution----Are there more males or more Are there more males or more females? Why?females? Why?

►Life ExpectancyLife Expectancy----How old can you expect to How old can you expect to live?live?

►Infant MortalityInfant Mortality----How many children die before How many children die before their second birthday?their second birthday?

►Urban /RuralUrban /Rural----Where do most people live? In Where do most people live? In the city/country?the city/country?

►GDPGDP---- Is the country’s GDP high or Is the country’s GDP high or low?low?

►EthnicityEthnicity----Does the population have one Does the population have one dominate ethnicity or many and dominate ethnicity or many and do they get along?do they get along?

►LanguageLanguage----Do the people speak one language Do the people speak one language or do they have multiple or do they have multiple languages?languages?

►ReligionReligion----Do the people share the same Do the people share the same religion or do they have multiple religion or do they have multiple ones?ones?

►EducationEducation----Are the people highly educated?Are the people highly educated?

What factors influence What factors influence population growth rates?population growth rates?

►Does the country have modern Does the country have modern medicine and hygiene practices?medicine and hygiene practices?

►What is the level of the average What is the level of the average education?education?

►Is the country industrialized and Is the country industrialized and do the people live in urban areas?do the people live in urban areas?

►What is the level of economic What is the level of economic development? Does the country development? Does the country have a primary, secondary, or have a primary, secondary, or tertiary economy?tertiary economy?

►What is the government’s policy What is the government’s policy toward growth? Are there any toward growth? Are there any restrictions?restrictions?

►What role do women play in the What role do women play in the society?society?

Push factors of immigrationPush factors of immigration►Push factorsPush factors are factors are factors which force people to move.which force people to move.OverproductionOverproductionreligious persecutionreligious persecutionlack of job opportunitieslack of job opportunitiesagricultural declineagricultural declineconflictconflict

Political persecutionPolitical persecutionNatural hazards--droughts, Natural hazards--droughts, floods, famines, volcanic floods, famines, volcanic eruptionseruptions

Limits on personal Limits on personal freedomfreedom

environmental environmental degradation (decline)degradation (decline)

Pull factors of immigrationPull factors of immigration►Pull factorsPull factors attract people attract people to an areato an areaReligionReligionEconomic opportunityEconomic opportunityLand availabilityLand availabilityPolitical freedomPolitical freedom

Ethnic and family tiesEthnic and family tiesArable landArable land

What is the impact of migration What is the impact of migration on regions?on regions?

►LanguageLanguage--multiple languages--multiple languages►Religion and religious freedomReligion and religious freedom►Customs/traditionsCustoms/traditions--exchanged--exchanged►Cultural landscapeCultural landscape--diffusion--diffusion►DiffusionDiffusion--is the spreading of --is the spreading of ideas and traitsideas and traits

What is some evidence of What is some evidence of culturalcultural interaction?interaction?

►The spreading (diffusion) of The spreading (diffusion) of US culture to other regions US culture to other regions of the worldof the world

►popularization of other popularization of other cultures’ traditions in the cultures’ traditions in the USUS

Spatial Divisions as Forces of Spatial Divisions as Forces of Conflict and CooperationConflict and Cooperation

Spatial divisionsSpatial divisions are are regions of the Earth’s regions of the Earth’s surface over which groups of surface over which groups of people establish social, people establish social, economic and political economic and political control. Spatial divisions control. Spatial divisions may generate conflict and/or may generate conflict and/or cooperation.cooperation.

Examples of Spatial Examples of Spatial DivisionsDivisions

►NeighborhoodsNeighborhoods

►School districtsSchool districts

►Cities and CountiesCities and Counties

►Election DistrictsElection Districts

►Regional DistrictsRegional Districts

►StatesStates

Reasons for Spatial DivisionsReasons for Spatial Divisions

Why are spatial divisions Why are spatial divisions necessary at the local and necessary at the local and regional levels?regional levels?

1) Desire for government to be 1) Desire for government to be closer to home;closer to home;

2) need to solve local problems 2) need to solve local problems andand

3) need to administer resources 3) need to administer resources more efficientlymore efficiently

Reasons for ConflictReasons for Conflict►How do spatial systems generate How do spatial systems generate conflict? conflict?

►1) Citizens may argue over boundaries;1) Citizens may argue over boundaries; 2) Citizens may have low tolerance for 2) Citizens may have low tolerance for different cultures;different cultures;

3) Citizens may 3) Citizens may fight/compete over scarce fight/compete over scarce resources andresources and

4) Citizens and/or 4) Citizens and/or politicians may try to gain politicians may try to gain political advantagepolitical advantage

Political Advantage?Political Advantage?►Yes, spatial divisions can be created Yes, spatial divisions can be created in order to manipulate an electoral in order to manipulate an electoral area, usually by altering the area, usually by altering the boundaries. This is known as boundaries. This is known as gerrymanderinggerrymandering. This is done to . This is done to gain an unfair gain an unfair political advantage political advantage

in an election.in an election.

Reasons for CooperationReasons for Cooperation1) Natural disasters1) Natural disasters2) Economic advantages 2) Economic advantages (attracts new businesses)(attracts new businesses)

3) Cultural similarities—ethnic 3) Cultural similarities—ethnic backgroundsbackgrounds

4) Addressing regional issues 4) Addressing regional issues like waste management, like waste management, magnet schools and magnet schools and transportation.transportation.

Urban DevelopmentUrban Development►Urbanization, or the Urbanization, or the growing of cities, was growing of cities, was triggered by triggered by industrialization.industrialization.

►Patterns of urban Patterns of urban development occur development occur according to site and according to site and situation.situation.

Site and situationSite and situation

►Site and situation are Site and situation are important geographic important geographic concepts when studying the concepts when studying the growth of cities.growth of cities.

►Site Site is the actual location is the actual location of a city.of a city.

►SituationSituation is another is another name for relative locationname for relative location—the location of a city —the location of a city with respect to other with respect to other geographic features, geographic features, regions, resources, and regions, resources, and transport routes.transport routes.

SiteSite

►Harbor Sites: NY City, Harbor Sites: NY City, Alexandria, Egypt; Istanbul Alexandria, Egypt; Istanbul TurkeyTurkey

►Island sites: Paris, Hong Island sites: Paris, Hong Kong, SingaporeKong, Singapore

►Fall line sites: Richmond, VAFall line sites: Richmond, VA►Confluence sites: Khartoum, Confluence sites: Khartoum,

Sudan; Pittsburg, PASudan; Pittsburg, PA

►Hilltop sites: Rome, Hilltop sites: Rome, Athens, JerusalemAthens, Jerusalem

►Oasis Sites: Damascus, Oasis Sites: Damascus, SyriaSyria

►Sites where rivers Sites where rivers narrow: London, Quebec narrow: London, Quebec CityCity

SituationSituation►Istanbul—Command of straits Istanbul—Command of straits and land bridge to Europeand land bridge to Europe

►Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Mecca, Saudi Arabia; Varanasi (Benares), India—Varanasi (Benares), India—Focal point of pilgrimageFocal point of pilgrimage

►Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Samarkand, Uzbekistan; Xi’an, China; Timbuktu, Mali; Xi’an, China; Timbuktu, Mali; Singapore—Cities that grew Singapore—Cities that grew up around trade routesup around trade routes

►Capetown, S.Africa—Supply Capetown, S.Africa—Supply station for shipsstation for ships

►Omaha, Nebraska; Omaha, Nebraska; Sacramento, California—Sacramento, California—Cities that grew up along the Cities that grew up along the U.S. Transcontinental railroadU.S. Transcontinental railroad

►Novosibirsk,Vladivostok-Novosibirsk,Vladivostok-Cities that grew up along the Cities that grew up along the Trans-Siberian RailroadTrans-Siberian Railroad

Functions of towns and citiesFunctions of towns and cities►Security and defenseSecurity and defense►Religious centersReligious centers►Trade centers (local and Trade centers (local and long distancelong distance

►Governmental Governmental administrationadministration

►Manufacturing centersManufacturing centers►Service centersService centers

Examples of a city changing Examples of a city changing functions over timefunctions over time

►Rio de Janeiro—was the Rio de Janeiro—was the capital but now is a tourist capital but now is a tourist attraction (Brasilia)attraction (Brasilia)

►Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania—early function was for frontier early function was for frontier defense, then shifted to steel defense, then shifted to steel manufacturing, and now is manufacturing, and now is the home to many diverse the home to many diverse servicesservices

►New York City—has changed New York City—has changed from a center of coastal and from a center of coastal and transatlantic trade to a transatlantic trade to a center for the Great Lakes center for the Great Lakes and Erie canal region to and Erie canal region to worldwide trade and financesworldwide trade and finances

►Mining towns– once the Mining towns– once the resources were gone, many resources were gone, many towns became “ghost towns”towns became “ghost towns”

What influence do urban areas What influence do urban areas have on their region and country?have on their region and country?

►They are the home to They are the home to monuments which help bring monuments which help bring pride and develop nation-pride and develop nation-building.building.

►They are transportation and They are transportation and communication centers.communication centers.

►They are natural attractions for They are natural attractions for immigrants.immigrants.

►They are the seed beds for They are the seed beds for new ideas and new ideas and technologies.technologies.

►Their diversity helps lead Their diversity helps lead to creativity in the arts.to creativity in the arts.

►Many are the home to Many are the home to major Universities which major Universities which provide educational provide educational opportunities.opportunities.

►They are the headquarters They are the headquarters and regional outposts of and regional outposts of major corporations.major corporations.

►The major media outlets The major media outlets have their centers there have their centers there (newspapers, radio, and (newspapers, radio, and television).television).

What problems are associated What problems are associated with growth of urban areas?with growth of urban areas?

►Transportation problems, Transportation problems, especially since the automobile.especially since the automobile.

►Rich and poor neighborhoods are Rich and poor neighborhoods are usually isolated from one usually isolated from one another. another.

►As overcrowding occurs, As overcrowding occurs, providing essential services providing essential services (water, sewage, electricity) is a (water, sewage, electricity) is a problem.problem.

►Air, water, and noise Air, water, and noise pollutionpollution

►Sprawl (spreading) of urban Sprawl (spreading) of urban areas takes agricultural land areas takes agricultural land out of production.out of production.

►Rapid migration results in Rapid migration results in “shantytowns” on the edge “shantytowns” on the edge of Latin American, Asian, of Latin American, Asian, and African cities.and African cities.

►In developing countries, In developing countries, major cities are more major cities are more connected to the outside connected to the outside world than to less world than to less developed regions in their developed regions in their own countriesown countries