Population and Population and DevelopmentDevelopment

Critical IssuesCritical Issues

Size of PopulationSize of Population

• 1. Congestion- assessing population 1. Congestion- assessing population pressure on resourcespressure on resources

• 2. Adequate labor resources and 2. Adequate labor resources and human capital human capital

• 3. Strong local market development 3. Strong local market development and potentialand potential

Distribution of PopulationDistribution of Population• Population is rarely distributed evenly in any Population is rarely distributed evenly in any

region or state –Why?region or state –Why?• Population reflects resource base, soil fertility Population reflects resource base, soil fertility

and the urban patternand the urban pattern• Mountainous terrain or severe slope repels Mountainous terrain or severe slope repels

populationpopulation• River valleys often draw high density of River valleys often draw high density of

population as result of alluvial deposits and population as result of alluvial deposits and accessibilityaccessibility

• Historical factors also explain the unevenness Historical factors also explain the unevenness of population distributions of population distributions

Growth and Mobility of Growth and Mobility of PopulationPopulation• Measured in two ways:Measured in two ways:

• 1. Natural Change- excess of births over deaths 1. Natural Change- excess of births over deaths where dramatic decreases in mortality and where dramatic decreases in mortality and continued high fertility produce high rates of continued high fertility produce high rates of growth Example: Niger- 3.5% per annumgrowth Example: Niger- 3.5% per annum

• 2. Population Movement- such movement 2. Population Movement- such movement whether from outside region/nation or inside whether from outside region/nation or inside affects both sending and receiving areasaffects both sending and receiving areas

• a. Movements may be permanent (Migration)a. Movements may be permanent (Migration)• b. Movements may be temporary (Commuting or b. Movements may be temporary (Commuting or

Circulation) Circulation) • c. Forced movements- refugees fleeing military-c. Forced movements- refugees fleeing military-

political conflict or natural disasters- examples? political conflict or natural disasters- examples?

Structure of PopulationStructure of Population

• Refers to the Age and Sex Refers to the Age and Sex Composition of a Population and is Composition of a Population and is diagnosed with an Age-Sex Pyramiddiagnosed with an Age-Sex Pyramid

• Structure of PopulationStructure of Population has has important implications for labor important implications for labor force size and productivity and force size and productivity and raises as well the issue of the raises as well the issue of the dependency burdendependency burden

Population ConceptsPopulation Concepts

• Over-populationOver-population- exists whenever a - exists whenever a reduction in the population size would reduction in the population size would enable a smaller population to earn a enable a smaller population to earn a better living Symptoms: famine and out better living Symptoms: famine and out migrationmigration

• Under-populationUnder-population- where people are so - where people are so few that they cannot develop their few that they cannot develop their resources effectively to better their resources effectively to better their conditions of life conditions of life

• Carrying capacity-Carrying capacity- population that can population that can be supported by available resourcesbe supported by available resources

Measures of PopulationMeasures of Population• Population density-Population density- how much land in how much land in

relation to population: Two types of densityrelation to population: Two types of density• Man-land or Arithmetic DensityMan-land or Arithmetic Density: number of : number of

persons/ area—often unrealistic because it persons/ area—often unrealistic because it assumes an even distribution of peopleassumes an even distribution of people

• Physiological or Nutritional Density-Physiological or Nutritional Density- number of persons/ cultivated area—more number of persons/ cultivated area—more realisticrealistic

• Example: Japan 15 percent of land is cultivatedExample: Japan 15 percent of land is cultivated• Arithmetic density- 600 per sq mi Arithmetic density- 600 per sq mi • Physiological density- 4,000 per sq mi Physiological density- 4,000 per sq mi

Measures of PopulationMeasures of Population• Crude birth rate-Crude birth rate- Number of live births Number of live births

per 1K populationper 1K population• Fertility ratio-Fertility ratio- Number of children < 5 Number of children < 5

years per 1K women of child bearing age years per 1K women of child bearing age (15-44) (15-44)

• Crude death rate-Crude death rate- Number of deaths per Number of deaths per 1K population1K population

• Infant mortality rate-Infant mortality rate- Number of deaths Number of deaths 0-1 years/ Per 1K live births0-1 years/ Per 1K live births

• Dependency Ratio-Dependency Ratio- Young (< 15 years) + Young (< 15 years) + Aged (> 65 years)/ Adult (15- 64 years) Aged (> 65 years)/ Adult (15- 64 years)