Poor Power Quality (PQ)Are Developing Economies at Risk?

By

Manas Kundu

Country Co-Ordinator, APQI

Delivered At

2nd India Back Up Power Executive Summit and Awards Banquet-2013

By Frost & Sullivan

( 12 June,2013), New Delhi

Outline

• Power Scenario in India

• Power Quality – Definition

– Provisions and Regulations

– Economic Loss

– Power Quality in Buildings

• Asia Power Quality Initiative

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3

Power Scenario in India

Power (March 2013)

THERMAL 151531 MW

HYDRO 38491 MW

RES 27542 MW

NUCLEAR 4780 MW

TOTAL 223344 MW

4

Kwh per-capita consumption

2010 2011

India 819 879

World (Average) 2975 3000

Energy(MU)

Peak(MW)

Reqd 995500 135453

Avlb 908504 123294

Gap -86926 -12159

% -8.7% -9%

Outlook of Power Situation in next two plan period

Region Energy (MU) Peak Demand (MW)

2013-14 Required Availability Surplus/Deficit %

Required Availability Surplus/Deficit %

NEW Grid 738693 727719 -1.5% 105553 107963 + 2.3%

SR Grid 309840 250583 -19.1% 44670 33001 - 26.1%

NEW+SR Grid

1048533 978302 -6.7% 150223 140964 -6.22%

5

State systems having energy shortage of 10-26% and power shortage of 7 -34%.

Punjab, Rajasthan, UP, Uttarakhand, AP, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Bihar.

12th & 13th Plan Requirement

Energy Requirement (BU) Peak Load (MW)

2012 -17

12th plan end(I)1403 197686

12th plan end (II) 1489 209339

12th plan end

(18th EPS)1354 199540

2017-22

13th plan end1993 289667

6

Capacity addition planned:

• 12th plan – Thermal 76000MW, Hydro 11000 MW, Renewable 30000 MW

• 13th Plan – Thermal 93400MW

• Capacity (especially Thermal or Nuclear) planned is not achievable based on past trend.

7

Power Quality – The Definition

8

Power Quality

Power Quality is a measure of ideal power supply system

• Quality of Supply (QoS)

– Continuity or Reliability (24 X 7)

– Supply Quality

• It looks into the

�Voltage magnitude

�Frequency

�Wave shape

• QoS refers to maintaining a near sinusoidal voltage to a bus at rated magnitude and rated frequency.

Power Quality –Not always the same

• Different perspective

… even among the same group of end users

PQ

9

Why Power Quality has become important?

For past 100 years, utility’s job has been to keep ‘lights on’. For today’s high-tech factories, that is not enough.

• Increased use of non linear loads and power electronic equipment with low immunity

• Create PQ problems; also affected by PQ problems

• Consumers are more aware

• Instruments available to measure PQ indices such as power factor, harmonics and displacement factor

• Power quality is a financial problem – not a technical problem alone.

10

11

Power Quality – Provisions & Regulations

EA 2003 Provisions

• Suspension of Distribution License when failed to maintain quality of electricity [Section 24 (1)(a)]

• CERC to adjudicate dispute with reference to PQ in Regional Grid system between RLDC and Regional System users [Section 29(5)]

• SERCs to adjudicate dispute with reference to PQ in State Grid system between SLDC and State System users [Section 33(4)]

• District Co-ordination Committee to review the quality of power supply and consumer satisfaction [Section 166(5)(b)]

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• CERC to specify and enforce the standards with respect to quality, continuity and reliability of service by licensees. [Section 79(1)(i)]

• Central Advisory Committee to advise CERC on matters relating to PQ [Section 81(ii)]

• SERCs to specify and enforce the standards with respect to quality, continuity and reliability of service by licensees. [Section 86(1)(i)]

• State Advisory Committee to advise SERC on matters relating to PQ [Section 88(ii)]

13

EA 2003 Provisions

EA 2003 – Electricity Act, ERC – Electricity Regulatory Commission, CEA –Central Electricity Authority, BIS – Bureau of Indian Standards

PQ Regulations

• CEA have notified PQ standards

• IEGC and State Grid Code by ERCs

• Supply Code, SOP, Distribution Code, PQ monitoring committee by ERCs

• PQ issues addressed in TO/ARR by ERCs

• Equipment standards by BIS

• Review of regulations in line with International practice

• Forum Of Regulators constituted WG on PQ

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Ancillary ServicesCERC staff paper in Apr’13

• Aims to introduce Ancillary Services in Indian Electricity

Market - Regulation (2)(1)(b) of the CERC (Indian

Electricity Grid Code), Regulations, 2010 (IEGC)

– PQ

– Reliability

– Grid security / stability

– Optimum Utilization of resources

• 3 Types

– Active Power; Frequency Support Ancillary Services

– Reactive Power, Voltage Control Ancillary Services (VCAS) &

– Black Start Ancillary Services (BSAS)

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Reliability =>

Network costs

Quality

Co

sts

PQ costs

Total Social Costs

Optimum

Capex / QoS conflict?

KEMA 2007

Providing higher quality will generally require higher costs – conflicting incentives

Regulatory system should provide guidance on what level of quality to choose

= > establishment of explicit quality regulation

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Power Quality – Quantum of Economic Loss

• Duration of the interruption

• Perceived reliability level

• Timing

• Advance notice

• Consumer dependency

Cost influence factors

Source: KEMA 2005

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damages per outage per kilowatt power €/kW,per industrial company, related to outage duration

0,00

20,00

40,00

60,00

80,00

100,00

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16outage duration (h)

eu

ro/k

W

paper production

chemical industry

cement production

steel production

medical equipment

workshop garage

Paper

Chemical

Cement

Steel

Medical

Garage

Source: EPQU Magazine volume 1 issue 2

Consumer dependancy and duration characteristics

KEMA Study 2005

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What about the global cost of poor power quality ?

Poor power quality costs European business

more than 150 billion Euro a year

Several companies are losing up to 10% of their turnover to poor Power

Quality

Total wastage due to poor power quality in the service &

modern building sectors is under reported

Source : 2007-08 PQ survey in EU

20

PQ Cost Summary

Industry Services Total

Sector

0

20

40

60

80

100

PQ

co

st

bln

€

8528,0%

1,50,5%

86,528,5%

4,61,51% 1,8

0,6%

6,42,11%

0,20,06%

1,10,35%

1,30,41%

51,216,89%

2,10,71%

53,417,6%

4,11,36%

00,02%

4,21,38%

Dips_and_short_interruptions

Long_interruptions

Harmonics

Surges_and_transients

Flicker_unbalance_earthing_and_EMC

PQ cost in EU >150 bln €

Dips 52,5 € bln Short inter. 34 €bln

Industry Services Total

Sector

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

PQ

co

st

bln

€

1,40,45%

0,90,28%

2,20,73%

41,313,62%

3,31,08%

44,614,69%

3611,85%

20,65%

37,912,5%

63,620,97%

0,40,13%

6421,1%

2,90,94%

0,10,04%

30,98%

Labor

WIP

Process_slowdown

Equipment

Other_cost

21

PQ is Expensive to IndustryEstimated Annual Cost of PQ Problems to All Business Sectors by Region ($US Billions)

Nation-wide Survey of nearly 1,000 companies

Total PQ Cost Across U.S. Regions = $15 billion to $24 billion

Source: EPRI IntelliGrid, “The Cost of Power Disturbances to Industrial and Digital Economy Companies,” Palo Alto, June 2001

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

PQ Disturbance

Power Outage

Cost of PQ and Reliability to the U.S. Economy

Total Annual Cost of Power Outages and PQ Disturbances by Business Sector

Cost of:

$14.3$6.2

$34.9

$66.6-135.6

Source: Primen

Study: The Cost

of Power

Disturbances to

Industrial &

Digital Economy

CompaniesDigitalEconomy

ContinuousProcessMfg.

Fabrication& EssentialServices

Other USIndustry

$Billion

TOTAL$119 - $188 Billion

40% GDP 60% GDP EPRI IntelliGrid

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India Survey – To Assess Economic Impact of Poor Power Quality faced by various industries

24

100

46

43

41

13

15

10

20

46

4

6

12

18

11

18

8

3

6

9

18

2

5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Others

Textile

Pulp & Paper

Power Generation

Metals

IT

Food Processing

Eletrical Goods

Chemicals & Fertilisers

Cement

Automotive

Response Received Questionaiire Sent

Estimated loss to India of close to USD 10 Bn in direct losses in poor power quality and operating environment related downtime.(Study by Emerson Group and MAIT)

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India Survey - Problem Faced

• Big challenge to survey the various power quality problems that are existing in industries.

• Industries are not aware of importance of power quality and standards, so they do not pay attention to respond to the PQ questionnaire.

• Many of the industries are not willing for PQ assessment to be done in their premises as they do not have necessary instrumentation and infrastructure

• Many of them are not interested to know about solutions to PQ problems.

• Large industry with CPP does not recognise impact of long/short interruptions

Main Power Quality ProblemCapacitor Bank Failure

Computer ScreenFreeze

Loss of Data Overheating of Motors

Flickering of Lights

Metals ���� ���� ���� ����

Paper & Pulp ���� ���� ����

Electricals Goods ���� ���� ���� ����

IT ���� ����

Plastic & Rubber ���� ����

Food processing ����

Power Generation ���� ���� ���� ���� ����

Education ���� ����

Pharma ���� ���� ���� ����

Cement ���� ���� ����

Automobile ���� ����

Aviation ���� ���� ����

Services ���� ����

Telecom ���� ����

Textile ���� ���� ����

Chemicals /Fertilizers ���� ����

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Conclusions of India Survey

• Almost all industries suffer due to various power quality problems. Many industries are not even aware of various PQ problems like harmonics, flickers etc.

• A must to educate and create awareness among industries regarding power quality.

• Reliable power and Quality power shall help enhance productivity and GDP growth

• ERCs may deliberate on this issue for evolving policy decision

• National Standard body must initiate steps to introduce PQ standards for immunity of equipment /industrial products

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Power Quality in Buildings

Power Quality in Buildings : Are Impacts so Important ?

Power quality

->analysis of the variation of voltage, current & frequency on the power system

Poor power quality

->any variation of these parameters from the nominal ones that leads to a

problem

as experienced by the end user

->Failure of equipment

or power supply->Mis-operation ->Safety issue

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PQ issues in buildings are identified (1/2)Electrical Equipment Power Problem symptom Primary PQ disturbance

category

Air conditioning Premature compressor failure

Voltage variation

ATM machine Processing unit damageIncorrect data

Transients

Audio system Unit damage EMI/RFI

Bar code scanner Scanner damageWrong scanning

Transient/EMI/RFI

Check approval system Unit damageIncreased service call

Voltage variation/transients

Computerized reservation system

Data loss/data error Voltage variation

Copy machine Touchpad damageIncreased service calls

Transient

Data processing Data loss/corruption Voltage variation

Source : EPRI- PQ Techwatch – extract - commercial buildings

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PQ issues in buildings are identified (2/2)Electrical Equipment Power Problem symptom Primary PQ disturbance

category

Digital scale Unit damage Transient/EMI/RFI

Elevators Component damageIncreased service calls

Voltage variation

Energy management Loss of control Transient/EMI/RFI

Fax machine Unit damageN°°°° of poor communication

Transient/EMI/RFI

Fire/security system False alarmUnit damage Increased service calls

Transient/EMI/RFI/voltagevariations

HVAC equipment Compressor failureIncreased service calls

Voltage variation

Lighting control Unit damageBrightness or dimness in lights Flickering of lights

Voltage variation/transients

Simplex clock system Incorrect time EMI/RFI

Source : EPRI- PQ Techwatch – extract - commercial buildings

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So why creating/upgrading high PQ building is such an issue ?

The site potential responsibility in creating its own PQ issues is not known or understood

PQ upgrade costs are overestimated

IS risk analysis is done but no PQ risk analysis

No internal competencies are available to identify PQ issues

Decision makers are not aware of PQ threats to their assets

PQ events costs & impacts are really underestimated

PQ events are perceived as unpredictable whereas they can be anticipated

PQ solutions are not included in the building RFP & the development budget

Lack of communication between architect & electrical design engineers on PQ design issues

No PQ parameters monitoring is performed

The risk is known but a reactive strategy is adopted to postpone the investment

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Is really someone else to blame ?

Source : 2000 PQ workshop – Reliable meters

70% of PQ problems occur in the facility

•Transformers overloading

•Insulation break down

•Conductor Overload

•Unbalanced loading

•Carbonization of contacts

•Harmonic contamination

30% of PQ problems have external causes

•Unexpected, no easy

anticipation

•Lightning

•Storms

•Underground cable damage

•Vandalism

•Overhead network damage

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Power quality events are expensive for speculative – poor quality buildings

Power quality event Average costs

Surge or transient 120 000 – 180 000 Euro

Long interruption 90 000 Euro

Short interruption, service sector 18 000 – 36 000 Euro

Voltage dip 2000 – 4000 Euro

Source : 2007-08 PQ survey in EU

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Is risk analysis & actions enough to protect the building activity ? (1/2)

Type of threat Consequences Counter measures

Destruction of the air conditioning system

•Disk failure, deterioration of data•Servers stop operating•Deterioration of the supports•Building unusable

•Redundancy of air con equipment•Protection of technical site•Recovery plan & back up resources

Destruction of electrical feed equipment (transformers, cabinet..)

Cf above •Regularly tested electrical generator•Separation of incoming cables & electrical transformer stations•External back up resources•Rapid reaction contract•Respecting the user loads recommended by the manufacturers•UPS + secured shutdown of the machines

Destruction of the main ups

•Disk failure, deterioration of data•Servers stop operating

•Network switcher•Back up UPS with automatic switch over•Securitization of the area where the UPS is located•External back up resources•Maintenance contract

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Is risk analysis & actions enough to protect the building activity ? (2/2)

Type of threat Consequences Countermeasures

Prolonged power outage

•Total/partial business activity interruption•Loss of data•Malfunctions when rebooting

•Power generator test regularly•Separate incoming cable & electric transforming station•External back up sources•UPS with a system to shut down the servers securely•Contract with energy supplier for restabilising services warranty

Deficiencies in the electrical power supply (micro-outage & surges)

•Loss of data•Deterioration of equipment•Repeated interruptions in business activity

•Establishment of control interfaces between the incoming cables & the equipment : dynamic or static

Source : CLUSIF – 2004 – extract from “business contingency plan”

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Modern buildings risk management approach should be extended to a high PQ approach

IS risk management approach focused on the continuity of the

information system & security

High PQ approach is a

practical hands-on & business

methodology to avoid all costly events within the

building

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The High PQ approachA PQ audit or design analysis identifies possible threats that may

impact PQ

Mitigation technique propositions are made

Solutions investment scenario & choice

Implementation

PQ control through Reliability Centred Maintenance

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Asia Power Quality Initiative

APQI INDIAA neutral collaborative platform shared by National Support Network (NSN) Partners to promote education and awareness and facilitate

policy / regulatory changes.

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APQI India - National Support Network

Reach out to manufacturing industries

Reach out to electrical engineers and designers

Provide technical content

Support dissemination

• Business intermediaries

• Academics, consultants, PQ advocates

• PQ equipment suppliers, contractors

• Professional associations, institutes, societies

• Specialized media, event organizers

Provide official endorsement,

Lead policy and regulatory activities

• Policy makers, utilities

Activities

In last two years we conducted twelve national seminars under the theme of ”Total Power Quality Management (TPQM)jointly with support of various organizations and national industry associations

Interactive sessions on Elect Safety and Power Quality organised

for building consultants and contractors at five places,

planned ( Bangalore, Ludhiana, Gurgaon, Noida, Kochi)

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Academics

End-users•Maintenance professionals

•Building & facility managers

•Property developers

•Architects

Electricity & Energy professionals•Design engineers

•Qualified contractors,

•Installers…

Regulators

APQI now reaches over 100,000 individuals per year

APQI already reaches 7 countries

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Learning from APQI : A focus around 3 Missions

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Education & training fine tuned

for individuals

A referencefor all PQ matters

in Asia

Lead the dynamic through adequate

knowledge management &

E-dissemination

Print publications

Electronic library

A network of European /Asian

PQ experts

(standardization/certification

body participation)

Leads appropriate PQ EU

study (PQ Survey,

PQ Regulation report)

Website

Forums

Seminars

Webinars

Observation and Suggestions

• Power sector opens up in deregulatory mode making windows for ancillary services

• All possible wind(including off-shore), solar, hydro and pumped storage power plants may have to be added to the System with 100% PQ

• Energy Storage Technologies are entrusted with onerous responsibility by policy makers to ensure large scale renewable deployment

• Buildings in service sector economy can not afford poor PQ environment – opportunity for Power Cleaning equipment n services

• It is digital world and that demands networked environment – APQI offers you that platform to make the voice on PQ, not simple availability but quality too, heard.

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Join & Contribute by Sharing Your

Learning To Resolve The Issues

of The Nation

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