The 2007-2008 OUTLINE IN POLITICAL LAWby Dean Mariano F. Magsalin, Jr.

I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

A. Definition and Divisions of Political LawMacariola vs. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77 (1982)

B. Definition of Constitutional Law; Distinguished from Political Law C. Constitution

1. Definition and theoretical basis (The Social Contract Theory)2. Function3. Classification4. Essential qualities of a written constitution5. Parts of a constitution 6. Interpretation of the ConstitutionFrancisco v. House of Rep., G.R. No. 160261, Nov.10, 2003 7. Supremacy of the constitutionMutuc vs. Comelec, 36 SCRA 228 (1970)Alih et., al., vs. Castro, 151 SCRA 279 (1987)Manila Prince Hotel vs. GSIS, G.R. 122156, Feb. 3, 1997

II. AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION Article XVII, Sections 1,2 & 3 A. Amendment vs. Revision B. Proposal

1. By Congress2. By Constitutional ConventionGonzales vs. Comelec, 21 SCRA 774 (1968)3. By the people thru initiative (See R.A. 6735 August 4, 1989)Santiago vs. Comelec, G.R. 127325, March 19, 1997Lambino v. Comelec, G.R. No. 174153, October 25, 2006Lambino v. Comelec Resolution (November 21, 2006)

C. SubmissionTolentino vs. Comelec, 41 SCRA 702 (1971)

D. Ratification - Article XVII, Section 4, Paragraphs 1 & 2 E. The position of the Convention in our system of government

III. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

A. The Philippine Revolution and the Malolos Constitution B. The Organic Laws Under the American Period

1. Mckinley’s Instructions (Apr. 7, 1900)2. The Spooner Amendment (1901)3. The Philippine Bill of 19024. The Philippine Autonomy Act or Jones Law (1916)U.S. vs. Bull, 15 Phil. 259 (1910)

C. The Japanese Occupation D. The 1935 Constitution

Mabanag vs. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil 1 (1947) E. The 1973 Constitution

Planas vs. Comelec, 49 SCRA 105 (1973)Javellana vs. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30 (1973)Sanidad vs. Comelec 73 SCRA 333 (1976)Occena vs. Comelec, 104 SCRA 1 (1981)

F. The 1986 Provisional Constitution1.The Snap ElectionsPBA v. Comelec, 140 SCRA 455 (1985)2. The February 1986 Revolution3. Proclamation No. 1, February 25, 19864. Proclamation No. 3, March 25, 1986Lawyers League v. Pres. Aquino, G.R. 73748, May 22, 1986In Re Saturnino Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 (1986)

G. The 1987 Constitution1. The Constitutional Commission of 1986

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2. Proclamation No. 58 (February 11, 1987)3. When considered ratified - Article XVIII, Section 27De Leon vs. Esguerra, 153 SCRA 602 (1987)

IV. JUDICIAL REVIEW

A. Theory and Justification of Judicial ReviewAngara vs. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 (1936)Francisco v. House of Rep., G.R. No. 160261, Nov.10, 2003

B. Requisites of Judicial ReviewArticle VIII, Section 5(2)1. Actual Case or ControversyPrematurity:PACU vs Secretary of Education, 97 Phil. 806 (1955)Mariano vs Comelec, G.R. No. 119694 March 7, 1995Cutaran v. DENR, G.R. No. 134958, January 31, 2001

Montesclaros v. Comelec, G.R. No. 152295. July 9, 2002

Mootness:Atlas Fertilizer v. Sec, DAR, G.R. No. 93100, June 19, 1997Gonzales v. Narvasa, G.R. No. 140835. August 14, 2000Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, May 10, 2001Defunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 (1974)Exceptions to Mootness:Acop v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134855, July 2, 2002Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. 159085, February 3, 2004Pimentel v. Ermita, G.R. 164978, October 13, 20052. Proper PartyJoya vs PCGG, G.R. 96541, August 24, 1993Agan v. PIATCO, G.R. No. 155001, May 5, 2003CHR Employees Assoc. v. CHR, G.R. 155336, Nov. 25, 2004Citizen Standing:Tanada vs. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27 (1985)Chavez v. PEA and Amari, G.R. 133250, July 9, 2002Associational Standing: KMU Labor Center vs. Garcia, G.R. 115381, Dec. 23, 1994John Hay PAC. v. Lim, G.R. No. 119775, Oct. 24, 2003IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000Executive Secretary v. CA, 429 SCRA 781, May 25, 2004Kilosbayan v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110 (1994)Taxpayer’s Standing:U.S. v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166 (1974)ITF v. Comelec, G.R. No. 159139. Jan. 13, 2004Jumamil v. Café, G.R. 144570, September 21, 2005Voter’s Standing:Tolentino v. Comelec, 420 SCRA 438, January 21, 2004Legislative Standing:Ople v. Torres, 293 SCRA 141 (1998)Governmental Standing:People v. Vera, 65 Phil 56, November 16, 1937Facial Challenge:Estrada v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 148560, Nov. 19, 20013. Earliest OpportunityUmali v. Guingona, 305 SCRA 533 (1999)4. Necessity of Deciding Constitutional QuestionsArceta v. Mangrobang, G.R. No. 152895. June 15, 2004Mandatory NoticeMirasol v. CA, G.R. No. 128448, February 1, 2001

C. Functions of Judicial Review Mitra vs Comelec, 104 SCRA 58 (1981)Salonga vs Cruz-Pano, 134 SCRA 438 (1985)Javier v. Comelec, 144 SCRA 194 (1988)

D. The Exercise of Judicial ReviewYnot vs. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 (1987)

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E. Effect of Declaration of UnconstitutionalityNew Civil Code, Article 7Serrano de Agbayani vs PNB, 38 SCRA 429 (1972)

F. Partial UnconstitutionalitySalazar vs Achacoso, 183 SCRA 145 (1986)

V. THE STATE A. Concept and Definition

Distinguished from nationCIR v. Campos Rueda, 42 SCRA 23 (1971)

B. Territory1. Definition2. Components3. The Philippine Archipelago - Article I

a. Article III, Treaty of Parisb. The US-Spain November 7, 1900 Treatyc. The US-Great Britain January 2, 1930 Treatyd. R.A. 3046 (June 17, 1961)e. R.A. 5446 (September 8, 1968)f. P.D. No. 1596, June 11, 1978 (other territories)g. P.D. No. 1599, June 11, 1978 (200 Mile EEZ)h. U.N. Convention on Law of the Sea

Reagan vs CIR, 30 SCRA 968 (1969)People vs. Gozo, 53 SCRA 476 (1973)

C. PeopleDefinitiona. As InhabitantsArticle III, Section 1 & 2 Article II Sections 15 & 16b. As ElectorsArticle VII, Section 4 Article XVI, Section 2Article XVIII, Section 25c. As CitizensArticle II, Section 1 & 4 Article III, Section 7

D. Government1. DefinitionGovernment of the Rep. of the Philippines defined Section 2 (1) Administrative Code of 1987People v. SB, G.R. No. 145951, August 12, 2003MIAA v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 155650, July 20, 20062. Constituent vs Ministrant FunctionsACCFA v. CUGCO, 30 SCRA 649 (1969)Valmonte vs. Belmonte, 170 SCRA 256 (1989)3. Parens PatriaeGovernment vs. Monte de Peidad, 35 Phil. 728 (1916)Cabanas vs. Pilapil, 58 SCRA 94 (1974)Gonzales v. Marcos, 65 SCRA 624 (1975)4. De Jure Government/Criteria for Legitimacy5. De Facto governmentsa. Kinds & CharacteristicsCo Kim Cham vs. Valdez, 75 Phil 113, 371 (1946)Lawyer's League v. Aquino, G.R. no. 73748, May 22, 19866. Government distinguished from Administration7. Other classifications of Governments

a. based on accountability to the peopleb. presidential vs. parliamentaryc. national, local, federal

E. Sovereignty1. Definition2. Dual Aspect, Kinds & Characteristics3. Dominium & Imperium4. Effects of Change in SovereigntyMacariola vs. Asuncion, supra6. Effects of Military Occupation7. Territorial, personal and extraterritorial jurisdiction8. Acts of State

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Harvey vs. Commissioner, 162 SCRA 840 (1988)

VI. CITIZENSHIP

A. Definition B. Importance of Citizenship

Lee. V. Dir. of Lands, G.R. No. 128195, October 3, 2001 C. Modes of Acquiring Citizenship D. Who are Philippine Citizens - Article IV, Section 1

1. Citizens at the time of adoption of the 1987 Constitutiona) Citizens under the 1935 Constitution

i. Philippine Bill of 1902 & Jones Lawii. The Caram Ruleiii. Those whose fathers were citizens

Republic v. Chule Lim, G.R. No. 153883, January 13, 2004iv. Those who elected upon reaching majority agev. Those who were naturalized

b) Citizens under the 1973 Constitutioni. Those already citizensii. Those whose fathers and mothers are citizensiii. Those who electediv. Those who were naturalized

2. Those whose fathers & mothers are citizens3. Those who elect Philippine Citizenship4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.

E. Natural Born Citizens - Article IV, Section 2Advantages of natural born citizens

Article XII, Section 8Article VII, Sections 2 & 3Article VI, Sections 3 & 6Article VIII, Section 7 (1)Article XI Section 8Art. IX-B Section 1(1)Art. IX-C Section 1(1) Art. IX-D Section 1(1)Article XII, Section 20Article XIII, Section 17 (2)

1. Those whose fathers and mother are citizens. 2. Those who elect Filipino citizenship3. Reacquisition of natural born citizenship by repatriationTecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004In re Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999 Co vs HRET, 199 SCRA 692 (1991)Villahermosa vs Commissioner, 80 Phil 541 (1948)Bengzon v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, May 7, 2001

F. Naturalization1. By Judicial Proceeding

a) Com. Act No. 473 (Revised naturalization Law) Sections 2,3,4,5,7,8,15 & 18b) R.A. No. 530 Section 1 - effect on the wife and children

Republic vs De La Rosa, G.R. No. 104654, June 6, 1994Republic vs. Liyao, 214 SCRA 748 (1992)Moya Lim Yao v. Commissioner, 41 SCRA 2922. By Administrative Proceeding (R.A. No. 9138)3. By Direct Act of Congress3. Denaturalization

G. Loss of Citizenship - Article IV, Section 3

Coquilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 151914, July 31, 2002

Yu vs Santiago, 169 SCRA 364 (1989) H. Reacquisition of Citizenship

Com. Act. No. 63, Section 1(2)Frivaldo vs. Comelec, 174 SCRA 245 (1989)Frivaldo vs. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727 (1996)

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Altarejos v. Comelec, G.R. No. 163256. Nov. 10, 2004)Tabasa v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 125793, August 29, 2006Angat v. Republic, GR. No. 132244, September 14,1999

Jao vs. Republic 121 SCRA 358 (1983) I. Dual Citizenship

R.A. No. 9225 (September 17, 2003)Nicholas-Lewis v. Comelec, G.R. No. 162759, August 4, 2006

J. Dual Allegiance - Article IV, Sections 4 & 5 (See Sec. 40, R.A. 7160, Local Govt. Code)

Aznar vs Comelec, G.R. No. 83820, May 25, 1990Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630 (1999)Valles v. Comelec, G.R. 137000, August 9, 2000

VII. DOCTRINE OF STATE IMMUNITY1. Basis - Article XVI, Section 32. When is a suit against a State?Republic vs. Feliciano, 148 SCRA 424 (1987)Phil. Agila Satellite v. Lichauco, G.R. No. 134887, July 27, 20063. Express Consent

a. Money claims arising from contractAct. No. 3083C.A. no. 327 as amended by P.D. No. 1445

Sayson vs. Singson, 54 SCRA 282 (1973)Republic vs. Purisima, 78 SCRA 470 (1977)

b. Torts committed by special agents - NCC Article 2180Meritt vs Government, 34 Phil. 311 (1916)

c. Incorporated Government Agencies(Note: Unincorporated Agencies exercising principally

proprietary functions may be sued)PNB vs. CIR, 81 SCRA 314 (1978)SSS vs. CA. 120, SCRA 707 (1983)Rayo v. CFI, 110 SCRA 450 (1981)Farolan v. CTA, 217 SCRA 298 (1993)4. Implied Consent

a. Government submits itself to the court’s jurisdiction b. The State itself files a complaint

RP vs. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 85384, Feb. 28, 1990Froilan vs. Pan Oriental Shipping Co., 95 Phil. 905 (1954)Lim vs. Brownell, 107 Phil. 344 (1960)

c. Government entering into business contractsMalong v. PNR, 138 SCRA 63 (19850Fontanilla v. Maliaman, 194 SCRA 486 (1991)

d. When Inequitable for government to claim immunitySantiago vs. Republic, 87 SCRA 294 (1978)Amigable vs; Cuenca, 43 SCRA 360 (1972)5. Suits against Municipal CorporationsTorio vs. Fontanilla, 85 SCRA 99 (1978)6. Suits against Foreign StatesThe Holy See vs. Hon. Rosario, Jr., December 17, 1994 U.S.A. vs. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487 (1985) U.S.A. vs. Guinto, G.R. No. 76609, Feb. 26, 1990 Minucher v. CA, G.R. No. 142396, February 11, 2003 Rep. of Indonesia v. Vinzon, G.R. 154705, June 26, 2003 7. Suits against International Agencies WH0 v. Aquino, G.R. No. L-35131, November 29, 1972 DFA v. NLRC, G.R. No. 113191, September 18, 19978. Suits against Public OfficersAnimas v. PVAO, 174 SCRA 214 (1989) U.S.A. vs. Reyes, G.R. No. 79233, March 1, 1993Lansang v. CA, G.R. No. 102667, February 23, 2000Shauf v. Court of Appeals, 191 SCRA 713 (1990)Republic v. Sandoval, G.R. No. 48607, March 19, 19939. Consent to executionPNB vs. Pabalan, 83 SCRA 595 (1978)Municipality of Makati vs. CA. 190 SCRA 206 (1990)

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Nessia vs. Fermin, 220 SCRA 615 (1993)Caloocan City v. Allarde, G.R. No. 107271, Sept. 10, 2003

VII. PRINCIPLES AND POLICIES

A. Preamble - Nature, purpose and aims B. Principles

1. Sovereignty of the People and Republicanisma. Direct and Indirect Democracyb. Representation and renovationc. Accountability to the peopled. Rule of the Majority

Pablo Ocampo v. HRET, G.R. No. 158466. June 15, 2004e. The Rule of Law

Article II, Section 1 (sovereignty resides in the people)Article V, (Suffrage)Villavicencio vs. Lukban, 39 Phil. 778 (1919)2. Adherence to International LawArticle II, Section 2, 7 & 8 (Independent foreign/nuclear-free policy)

a. Renunciation of War - Article VI, Section 23 (1) b. Adoption of International Law

Mejoff vs. Director of Prisons, 90 Phil. 70 (1952)Agustin vs. Edu, 88 SCRA 195 (1979)Ichong vs. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 115 (1957)In Re Garcia; 2 SCRA 984 (1961)

c. Adherence to policy of peace, freedom, amity3. Supremacy of Civilian AuthorityArticle II, Section 3Article VII, Section 18 (commander0in0chief clause)Article XVI, Section 5(4) (AFP in active service)Article XVI, Section 5(2) (respect for people's rights)4. Government as protector & People as Defenders of the StateArticle II, Sections 4 & 5 (no extension of service)People vs. Lagman and Zosa, 66 Phil. 13 (1938)Resident Aliens5. Separation of Church and StateArticle II, Section 6Article III, Section 5 (freedom of religion clause)Article IX-C, 2(5) (political party ban on sects)Article VI, Section 5(2) (no sectoral rep. from religious sector)Exceptions : Article VI, Section 28(3) (tax exempt. of churches)Id., Section 29(2) (no appropriation for sects; exemptions)Article XIV, Section 3(3) (optional religious instruction)Id., Section 4(2) (Filipino ownership for schools, exceptions)Estrada v. Escritor, A.M. No. P-02-1651, August 4, 2003

C. Policies

1. Independent foreign policy and a nuclear-free PhilippinesArticle II, Sections 7-8 Article XVIII, Sections 4 & 25 (on foreign military bases)Bayan v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000Lim v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 151445, April 11, 20022. A just and dynamic social orderPreambleArticle II, Section 9

a. The promotion of social justiceArticle II, Section 10Article XIII, Section 1-2Article II, Section 26

Pamatong v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161872. April 13, 2004Article VII, Section 13 par. 2

Calalang vs. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 (1940)APCD v. PCA, G.R. No. 110526, February 10, 1998

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PLDT v. NTC, 190 SCRA 717 (1990)Maquera v. Borja, G.R. No. L-24761, September 7, 1965

b. Respect for human dignity and human rightsArticle XIII, Sections 17-19 Article II, Section 11Article XVI, Section 5(2)

Simon v. CHR, G.R. No. 100150, January 5, 1994c. Fundamental equality of women and menArticle II, Section 14Article III, Sections 14

PASEI vs. Drilon, 163 SCRA 386 (1988)d. Independent people's organizationArticle II, Section 23Article XIII, Sections 15-16e. The priority of education, science, technology, etc.Article II, Section 17Article XIV, Section 2

Tablarin vs. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 370 (1987)PRC v. de Guzman, G.R. No. 144681, June 21, 2004U.P. BOR v. C.A., G.R. No. 134629, August 31, 1999Camacho v. Coresis, G.R. No. 134372, August 22, 2002

f. Urban land reform and housingArticle XIII, Section 9-10

Mandaluyong v. Francisco, G.R. 137152, January 29, 2001g. Reform in agriculture and other natural resourcesArticle II Section 2Article XIII, Sections 4-8h. Protection of LaborArticle II, Section 18 Article XIII, Section 3The right of government workers to form unionsArticle III, Section 8 Article IX-B, Section 2(5)

SSS Employ. Assn. vs. CA, 175 SCRA 686 (1989)i. Promotion of health and ecology.Article II, Sections 15-16Article XIII, Sections 11-13

Prov. Of Rizal v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 129546, Dec. 13, 20053. The family as basic autonomous social institution

Article II, Section 12Article XV (The Family)Article II, Section 13Family Code, Article 1 a. Protection of the Unborn

Roe v. Wade, 410 US 113b. Natural Right and Duty of Parents

Meyer vs. Nebraska, 262 US 390Pierce vs Society of Sisters, 262 US 510

Angeles vs Judge Sison, 112 SCRA 26 (1982)4. A self-reliant and independent economic order

Article II, Sections 19 - 20Article XII (National economy and patrimony)

Tanada vs. Angara, G.R. 118295, May 2, 19975. Communication and information in nation-building

Article II, Section 24Article XVI, Sections 10 - 11Article XVIII, Section 23

PLDT v. NTC, G.R. No. 88404, October 18, 19906. Autonomy of local governments

Article II, Section 25Article X (Local Government Code of 1991 (R.A. No. 7160)

7. Recognition of rights of indigenous cultural communitiesArticle II, Section 22Article VI, Section 5(2)Article XII, Section 5

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Article XIII, Section 6Article XIV, Section 17Article XVI, Section 12R.A. No. 8371 (1997), The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act

8. Honest Public Service and Full Public DisclosureArticle II, Section 27Article XI, Sections 4,5,6 (Ombudsman)Article II, Section 28 (full public disclosure)Article XI, Section 17 (statement of assets/liabilities)Article VII, Section 12 (president's health)Article VII, Section 20 (publication of loan applications)Article XII, Section 21 (make public foreign loans)Article XII, Section 2(5) (contracts with foreign groups)Article VII, Sections 12,20 (con. of interest/books of acc.) Article IX-D, Section 4 (COA annual report)Article III, Section 7 (right to information)

Legaspi vs CSC, 150 SCRA 530 (1987)Valmonte vs Belmonte, 170 SCRA 256 (1989)De Jesus vs. COA, G.R. 109023, August 12, 1998Chavez v. PEA & Amari, G.R. No. 133250, July 9, 2002

VIII. SEPARATION OF POWERS A. Purpose B. Interdepence, Blending of Powers and Checks and Balances

In Re: Laureta and Maravilla, 148 SCRA 382 (1987)Demetria vs Alba, 148 SCRA 208 (1987)Mantruste System vs CA, 179 SCRA 136 (1989)INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983)

C. Justiciable and Political QuestionsLa Bugal-B’Laan v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882. Dec. 1, 2004Arnault v. Balagtas, 97 Phil 358 (1955)Goldwater v. Carter, 444 U.S. 996 (1979)

Article VIII, Section 1Article VII, Section 18

IX. DELEGATION OF POWERSa) Tariff Powers (Article VI, Section 28(2))Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219 (1992)b) Emergency Powers (Article VI, Section 23 (2))c) Rule Making Power of the SC )(Article VIII, Sec. 5(5))d) Local Government Units (Article X, Section 15)e) Constitutional CommissionsArticles IX-A, Section 6; IX-C, Sec. 3, IX-D, Section 2(2)e) Administrative Bodies f). Tests for Valid DelegationJaworski v. Pagcor, G.R. No. 144463, January 14, 2004U.S. v. Ang Tang Ho, 43 Phil 1 (1922) Conference v. POEA, 243 SCRA 666 (1995)Pelaez vs Auditor General, 15 SCRA 569 (1965)People vs. Judge Dacuycuy, 173 SCRA 90 (1989)

X. THE STRUCTURE AND POWERS OF THE NATIONAL GOVT.

A. Congress1. Composition, Qualification and Term of Office

a. Senate - Article VI, sections 2-4b. House of Representatives - Article VI, Sections 5-8

Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969)Macias vs. Comelec, 3 SCRA 1 (1961)Tan vs Comelec, 142 SCRA 727 (1986)Vets. Fed. Party v. Comelec, G.R. 136781, October 6, 2000PM v. Comelec, G.R. No. 164702, March 15, 2006Bag. Bayani v. Comelec, G.R. No. 147589, June 26, 2001Aquino v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 400 (1995)Marcos v. Comelec, 248 SCRA 300 (1995)

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Dumpit Michelena v. Boado, G.R. Nos. 163619, November 17, 20052. Election

a. Regular election - Article VI, Section 8b. Special election - Article VI, Section 9R.A. No. 6645, December 28, 1987

3. Organizations and Sessionsa. Election of Officers - Article VI, Section 16(1)

Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. 134577, November 18, 1998b. Quorum - Id Section 16(2)

Avelino vs. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 (1949)c. Rules of Proceedings

Id., Section 16(3) Id., Section 21Pacete vs. Comm. On Appointments, 40 SCRA 58 (1971)Arroyo vs. De Venecia, G.R. 127255, August 14, 1997

d. Discipline of members - Id., Section 16(3)Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil 83 (1924)Osmena vs. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863 (1960)Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. 126055, April 19, 2001De Venecia v. SB, G.R. No. 130240, Feb. 5, 2002

e. Journal and Record - Article VI, Section 16(4)1. The Enrolled Bill Theory

Casco Chemical Co. vs. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 (1963)2. Probative Value of the Journal

United States vs. Pons, 34 Phil. 729 (1916)3. Matters to be entered in the Journal

a. Yeas and Nays on third and final reading of a bill Article VI, Section 26(2)

b. Veto message of the PresidentArticle VI, Section 27(1)

c. Yeas and Nays on the re-passing of a bill vetoed by the President. [Article VI Section 27(1)]d. Yeas and Nays on any question at the request of 1/5 of members present [Article VI Section 16(4)]

4. Journal Entry Rule vs. Enrolled Bill Theory5. Congressional Record - Article VI, Section 16(4) par.2 f. Session1. Regular sessionsArticle VI, Section 15 Id., Section 16(5)2. Special sessionsArticle VII, Sections 10-11 Id., Section 16Article VII, Section 18 par. 23. Joint sessions Article VII, Section 4 Id., Section 11 par. 4. Id., Section 9 Article VII Section 23(1)Article XVII, Section 1(1) Article VII, Section 18

4. Salaries, Privileges and Disqualificationsa. Salaries

Articles VI, Section 10 Article XVIII, Section 17

Phiconsa vs. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300 (1966) Ligot vs. Mathay, 56 SCRA 823 (1974)

b. Freedom from ArrestArticle VI, Section 11Revised Penal Code, Article 145b. Speech and Debate Clause Article VI, Section 11

Jimenez vs. Cabangbang 17 SCRA 876 (1966) People v. Jalosjos, G.R. 132875, February 3, 2000

d. Disqualifications1. Incomp. and Forbidden Officers - Id., Section 13 /

Adaza vs Pacana, Jr. 135 SCRA 431 (1985)2. Other Prohibitions - Article VI, Section 14

Puyat vs De Guzman, 113 SCRA 31 (1982)e. Duty to Disclose

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Article XI, Section 17Article VI, Section 12 Id., Section 20

5. Electoral Tribunals - Id., Sections 17-19Abbas vs. SET, 166 SCRA 651 (1988)Sampayan vs Daza, 213 SCRA 807 (1992)Bondoc vs Pineda, 201 SCRA 792 (1991)Pena vs. HRET, G.R. No. 123037, March 21, 1997Guerrero v. Comelec, G.R. No. 137004 (July 26, 2000)Codilla v. De Venecia, G.R. 150605, December 10, 20026. Commission on Appointments- Id., Sections 18-19Cunanan v. Tan, 5 SCRA 1 (1962)Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496 (1989)Coseteng vs. Mitra, Jr. 187 SCRA 377 (1990)Guingona vs. Gonzales, 214 SCRA 789 (1992)7. Powers of Congressa. General Plenary Powers - Article VI, Section 1b. Limitations on the Legislative Power

1. Substantive limitationsArticle III (Bill of Rights)Article VI, Sections 25 & 28Article XIV, Section 4(3)Article VI, Section 29Id., Section 30 Id., Section 31

` Implied substantive limitationsProhibition against delegation of legislative powerProhibition against passage of irrepealable laws2. Procedural limitations - Article VI. Sec. 27

8. Legislative Processa. Requirements as to bills1. As to titles of bills - Article VI, section 26(1)

Tio vs Videogram Regulatory Board, 151 SCRA 208Lidasan vs. Comelec, 21 SCRA 479 (1967)

2. Requirements as to certain lawsa. Appropriation laws - Article VI, Section 25

Demetria vs. Alba, 148 SCRA 208 (1987)Guingona vs. Caraque, 196 SCRA 221 (1991)Tolentino vs. Sec. of Finance, G.R. 115455, Aug. 25, 1994Philconsa vs. Enriquez, G.R. 113105, August 19, 1994

c. Tax laws – Art. VI, Section 28; Article XIV, Section 4(3)Abakada Guro v. Ermita, G.R. No. 168207, October 18, 2005Lung Center v. Q. C., G.R. No. 144104. June 29, 2004Tan v. Del Rosario, 237 SCRA 324 (2000)Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219 (1992)John Hay PAC v. Lim, G.R. No. 119775, October 24, 2003

c) Appellate jurisd. of the Supreme Court (Art. VI, Sec. 30)First Lepanto Ceramics v. CA, 237 SCRA 519 (1994)Fabian v. Desierto, G.R. No. 129742, September 16, 1998

b. Procedure for the passage of billsArticle VI, Section 26(b) Id., Section 27

Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, supraPhilconsa v. Enriquez, supra Gonzales vs Macaraig. G.R. No. 87636, Nov. 19, 1990 Bengzon vs Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 (1992)INS v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983)Bowsher v. Synar, 476 U.S. 714 (1986)Miller vs. Mardo, 2 SCRA 898 (1961)

c. Effectivity of laws - Civil Code, Article 2Tanada vs. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27 (1985)PVB Empl. Union v. Vega, G.R. No. 105364, June 28, 2001Same, resolution of motion for reconsideration, 146 SCRA 446 Executive Order No. 200, June 18, 1987d. Question Hour - Article VI, Section 27e. Legislative investigation - Article VI, Section 21Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006Sabio, v. Gordon, et al. - G.R. No. 174340, October 17, 2006

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Armault vs. Nazareno, 87 Phil. 29 (1950)Armault vs., Balagtas, 97 Phil. 358 (1955)Bengzon vs. Sen. Blue Rib. Comm., 203 SCRA 767 (1991)Other Powers:

a). Act as board of canvassers for presidential electionArticle VII, Section 4 par. 4

Pimentel v. Joint Com., G.R. No. 163783. June 22, 2004 Brillantes v. Comelec, G.R. No. 163193. June 15, 2004

b) Call a special election for Presidency (Article VII, Section c) Decide on disability of the President (Art. VI, Sec. 11)d).Legislative veto or approval for habeas corpus or declaration of material law Article VII, Section 18e).Presidential amnesties - Article VII, Section 19f). Concur in treaties - Article VII, Section 21

Pimentel v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 158988, July 6, 2005g). Declaration of Existence of Warh) Delegation of emergency powers, Article VI, Section 23i.) Utilization of natural resources, Article XII, Section 2j). Amendment of Constitution, Article XVII, Sections 1-2k) Power of Impeachment1. Who are subject to impeachment - Article XI, Section 22. Grounds for impeachment - Article, Section 23. Procedure for impeachment - id., Section 3(1)-(6)4. Consequences of impeachment - Id., Section 3(7)

Francisco v. House of Rep., G.R. No. 160261, Nov.10, 2003Nixon v. U.S., 113 S. CT. 733 (1933)

B. Executive Department1. The President a. Qualifications, election, term and oath - Article VII, Sections 1,4 & 5b. Privileges and salary - Article VII, Section 6Republic v. SB, G.R. No. 152154, July 15, 2003c. Succession1. In case of vacancy at the beginning of term

Article VII, Section 7 Id., Section 102. In Case of vacancy during term

Article VII, Section 8 Id., Section 103. In case of temporary disability - Article VII, Sections 11-12Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, March 2, 2001d. Removal - Article XI, Sections 2-23e. Prohibitions - Article VII, Section 13

Article VI, Section 13 Article IX, Section 2Article IX-B, Section 7

Exceptions to prohibition from holding another office:a. Vice-President as member of the cabinetArticle VII, Section 3 par. 2b. Sec. of Justice as member of Judicial and Bar CouncilArticle VIII, Section 8(1)

CLU vs. Exec. Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 (1991)Cruz v. COA, G.R. No. 138489, Nov. 29, 2001NAC v. COA. G.R. 156982, September 8, 2004

Powers and Functions of the President1. Executive Power Article VII, Sections 1 & 17

Laurel vs. Garcia, G.R. No. 92013, July 25, 1990Marcos vs. Manglapus, 178 SCRA 760 (1989)DENR v. DENR Empl., G.R. No. 149725, August 19, 2003

2. Control of executive departments - Article VII, Section 17De Leon v. Carpio. 178 SCRA 457 (1989)Blaquera v. Alcala, G.R. 109406, September 11, 1998Hutchison Ports V. SBMA, G.R. No. 131367, Aug. 31, 2000NEA v. COA, 377 SCRA 233 (2002)Rufino v. Endriga, G.R. No. 139554, July 21, 2006

3. General supervision over local governments/autonomous regionsArticle X, Section 4; Id., Section 16

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Pimentel v. Aguirre, G.R. 132988, July 19, 20004. Power of Appointment

Bermudez v. Torres, G.R. No. 131429, August 4, 1999a. With consent of Commission on Appointment

i. Heads of Departments - Article VII, Section 16ii. Ambassadors, public Ministers and ConsulsArticle VII, Section 16iii. Officers of Armed Forces from the rank of Colonel and Naval Captain - Article VII, Section 16iv. Chairman and members of Constitutional CommissionsArticle IX-B, Section 1(2) Id., C., Section 1(2)Id., D, Section 1(2)v. Regular members of the Judicial and Bar CouncilArticle VIII, Section 8(2)

Sarmiento vs. Mison, 156 SCRA 549 (1987)Concepcion-Bautista vs. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160 (1989)Calderon vs. Carale, G.R. No. 91636, April 23, 1992Manalo v. Sistoza, G.R. 107369, August 11, 1999Soriano v. Lista, G.R. No. 153881, March 24, 2003b. Upon recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Councilc. Those whose appointments are not otherwise provided by lawd. Those whom he may be authorized by law to appointLimitations on appointing power of the President - Article VII, Sections 13 & 15Interim or recess appointments - Article VI, Section 19; Pimentel v. Ermita, G.R. 164978, October 13, 2005Article VII, Section 16 par. 2In Re Valenzuela, A.M. No. 98-5-01-SC, Nov. 9, 1998De Rama v. CA, G.R. No. 131136, February 28, 2001

Matibag vs. Benipayo,. G.R. No. 149036 , April 2, 2002

The Removal PowerLarin v. Exec. Secretary, G.R. 112745, October 16, 1997Limitations on appointing power of Acting President - Article VII, Sections 14 & 16

5. Exec. Clemencies - Article VII, Section 19 Article IX-C, Section 5a. Pardon distinguished from probationb. Pardon distinguished from parolec. Pardon distinguished from amnestyd. Reprieves, Commutations and Remissions of Finese. Effects of PardonEchegaray v. Secretary of Justice, 301 SCRA 96) (1999)People vs. Casido, G.R. 116512, March 7, 1997People v. Nacional, G.R. No. 11294, September 7, 1995Monsanto vs. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190 (1989)Sabello vs. DECS, 180 SCRA 623 (1989)Llamas v. Orbos, 202 SCRA 844 (1991)Cristobal vs. Labrador, 71 Phil. 34 (1941)Pelobello vs. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 27 (1987)In Re Lontok, 43 Phil 293 (1923)Garcia vs. Chairman, COA G.R. 75025, September 14, 1993Torres v. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 273 (1987)

6. Powers as Commander-in Chief Article VII, Section 18 Article II, Section 15 Article VIII, Section 1 par. 2 IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000Sanlakas v. Exec. Sec., G.R. No. 159085. Feb. 3, 2004Aquino v. Enrile, 59 SCRA 183 (1974)Olaquer vs. MC No. 4, 150 SCRA 144 (1987)Navales v. Abaya, G.R. No. 162318, October 25, 2004Lansang vs. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448 (1971)In Re De Villa, G.R. No. 158802, November 17, 2004David v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171390, May 3, 2006

7. Emergency Powers - Article XII, Section 28. Contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans

Article VII, Section 20 Article XII, Section 21

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Republic Act No. 4860Constantino v. Cuisia, G.R. No. 106064, October 13, 2005

9. Power over foreign affairsa. Treaty making - Article XII, Section 21People's Movement vs. Manglapus, September 13, 1988 Comm. of Customs vs. Easter Sea, 3 SCRA 351 (1961)b. Deportation of undesirable aliensGo Tek vs Deportation Board, 79 SCRA 17 (1977)

10. Power over-legislationa. Address Congress - Artcle VII, Section 23b. Preparation and submission of the budget - Id., Section 22c. Veto-Power - Article VII, Section 23(2)d. Emergency Powers- Article VI, section 23(2)

11. Executive PrivilegeSenate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, April 20, 2006Gudani v. Senga, G.R. No. 170165. August 15, 2006

12. Immunity from suitBeltran vs. Macasiar, G.R. 82585, November 14, 1998Gloria v. CA, G.R. No. 119903, August 15, 2000Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. No. 146710-15, March 2, 2001Nixon v. Fitgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982)Harlow v. Fitgerald, 457 U.S. 800 (1982)Clinton v. Jones, 117 S. Ct. 1636 (1997) Vice Presidenta. Qualifications, election, term and oathArticle VII, Section 3 Id., Section 4Id., Section 5b. Privileges and salary - Article VII, Section 6c. Prohibitions - Article VII, Section 13; Id., Section 3 par. 2d. Succession - Article VII, Sections 2-3

B. The Judicial DepartmentJudicial PowerMiranda v. Aguirre, G.R. No. 133064, September 16, 19991. The Supreme Courta. Composition - Article VII, Section 4

A b. Mode of SittingMMDA v. Jancom, G.R. 147465, April 10, 2002People v. Gacott, G.R. No. 116049, July 13, 1995c. Appointments and qualificationsArticle VII, Section 7(1) Id., Section 8(5)Id., Section 9SB v. J. Estrella, A.M. No. 01-1608-RJT, January 16, 2001 d. No nonjudicial work for judges - Article VIII, Section 12Meralco vs. Pasay Trans Co., 57 Phil. 600 (1933)Garcia vs. Macaraig, 30 SCRA 106 (1969)e.Salary Article VIII, Section 10; Article XVIII, Section 17Nitafan vs. CIR, 152 SCRA 284 (1987)f. TenureArticle VII, Section 11 Id., Section 1 Id., Section 2 par. 2g. Removal - Article XI, Section 3In Re Gonzales, 160 SCRA 771 (1988)h Fiscal autonomy - Article VIII, Section 3i. JurisdictionArticle VIII, Section 1, Id., section 2 par. 1Id., Section 5 Article VI, Section 30Article VII, Section 18Tirol v. CA, G.R. Bo. 133954, August 3, 2000 People vs. Ramos, 88 SCRA 486 (1979)People v.Teng, G.R. No. 141496, October 3, 2001Santiago vs. Bautista, 32 SCRA 188 (1970)Felipe vs. Leuterio, 91 Phil. 482 (1952)j. DeliberationsPrudential Bank v.Castro. 158 SCRA 646 (1988)

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Consing v. Court of Appeals, 177SCRA 14 (1989)k. VotingCruz v. DENR, G.R. No. 135385, December 6, 2000l. Requirements as to decisions - Article VIII, Sections 13-14 Valladolid vs. Inciong, 121 SCRA 205 (1992)Nunal vs. COA, 169 SCRA 356 (1989)People v. Bugarin, 273 SCRA 384 (1996)Hernandez v. Court of Appeals, 228 SCRA 429 (1993)Yao v. CA, G.R. No. 132428, October 24, 2000Dizon v. Judge Lopez, A.M. 96-1338, September 5, 1997Asiavest v. CA, G.R. No. 110263, July 20, 2001m. Petition for Review/Motion for ReconsiderationTichangco v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 150629, June 30, 2004Mendoza vs. CFI, 51 SCRA 369 (1973)Martinez v. CA, G.R. 123547, May 21, 2001n. Periods for deciding cases

Article VIII, Section 15 Article VII, Section 18 par. 3Article XVIII, Section 12-14

Maquiran v. Judge Lopez, A.M. RTJ=00=1606RE: Delays in the SB, A.M. No. 00-8-05-SC, Nov. 28, 2001o. Act as PET - Article VII, Section 4 par. 4p. Administrative powers

1. Supervision of lower courts - Article VIII, Section 6Maceda v. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 464 (1993)Caoibes v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 132177, July 19, 2001In re Demetria, A.M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001

2. Temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest` Article VIII, Section 5(3)

3. Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage of justice - Article VIII, Section 5(4)

People v. Sola, 103 SCRA 393 (1981)4. Appointment of officials and employees of entire judiciaryArticle VIII, section 5(6)5. Promulgate rules concerning the enforcement and protection of

constitutional rightsRE: Req. for Special Div., A.M. 02-1-09-SC, Jan. 21, 2002

6. Promulgate Rules Concerning Pleading, Practice and ProcedureB 7. Admission to the Practice of LawZaldivar vs. Gonzales, 166 SCRA 316 (1988)In re : Cunanan, 94 Phil. 534 (1954)Aguirre v. Rana, Bar Matter No. 1036, June 10, 2003C 8. Integration of the BarIn re : Edillion, 84 SCRA 554 (1978)In re : IBP Elections Bar Matter No. 491 (October 6, 1989)

9 Legal Assistance to the Underprivilegedq. Report on the Judciary - Article VIII, Section 162. Lower courtsa. Qualifications and appointment

Article VIII, Section 7(1)(2) Id., Section 7(5)Id., Section 9

b. Tenure - Article VIII, Section 11; Id., Section 2 par. 2De La Llana vs. Alba, 122 SCRA 291 (1983)3.The Judicial and Bar Council - Article VIII, Section 84.Automatic release of approp. for the judiciary - Article VIII, Section 3

D. The Constitutional Commissionsa) Guarantees of Independenceb) Qualifications

Cayetano v.Monsod, G.R. No. 100113, September 3, 1991c) Appointment & Termd) Rotational Scheme

Gaminde v. COA, G.R. No. 140335, December 13, 2000e) Vacancies

Brillantes vs. Yorac, G.R. No. 93867, December 18, 1990f) Disqualifications

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g) Salary/Removal/Appointment of Personnelh) Fiscal Autonomy

CSC v. DBM, G.R. 158791, July 22, 2005CHREA v. CHR, G.R. 155336, November 25, 2004CHREA v. CHR, G.R. 155336, July 21, 2006

i) Submission of Reports and Recommendationsj) Rule MakingK) Decisions

Cua v. Comelec, 156 SCRA 582 (1987)Sarmiento v. Comelec, 212 SCRA 307 (1992)

l) AppealsAmbil v. Comelec, G.R. 143398, October 25, 2000

Reyes v. COA, G.R. No. 125129, March 29, 1999

E. The Civil Service CommissionA.. Scope of the Civil Service - Article IX-B, Section 2(1)

Camporedondo v. NLRC, G.R. No. 129049, August 6, 1999NSC vs. NLRC, 168 SCRA 122 (1988)SSSEA vs. CA, 175 SCRA 686 (1989)Leyson v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 134990, April 27, 2000Baluyot v. Holganza, G.R. No. 136374, February 9, 2000PNCC v. Fabion, G.R. No. 131715, December 8, 1999

B. The Career and Non-Career ServiceDe Leon v. CA, G.R. No. 127182General v. Roco, G.R. No. 143366, January 29, 2001

C. Terms and conditions of employment in the Civil Service1. Oath and allegiance to the ConstitutionArticle IX-B , Section 4 Article XI, Section 182. Merit systemCSC v. Salas, G.R. No. 123708, June 19, 1997PAGCOR v. Rilloraza, G.R. No. 141141, June 25, 2001Cadiente vs. Santos, 142 SCRA 280 (1986)Grino v. CSC, 194 SCRA 458 (1991)Samson v. CA, 145 SCRA 654 (1986)Triba v. Sto. Tomas, 199 SCRA 833 (1991)Corpus vs. Cuaderno, 15 SCRA 591 (1965)3. Appointment of lameducks - Article IX-B, Section 64. Appointment and designation of elective/appointive officialsArticle IX-B, Section 7 Article VII, Section 13Article VI, Section 135. Exemptions from exam requirementOffice of the Ombudsman v. CSC, G.R. No. 159940 February 16, 20056. Standardization of pay and ban on double compensationArticle IX-B, Section 5Id., Section 8CB Empl. Assoc. v. BSP, G.R. No. 148208, Dec. 15, 2004NAC v. COA, G.R. No. 156982, Sept. 8, 20047. Ban on partisan political activitiesArticle IX-B, Section 2(4)Compare Article XVI, Section 5(3) (with respect to members of the AFP)Trinidad v. Valle, 105 SCRA 606 (1981)Vistan v. Nicolas, 201 SCRA 524 (1991)8. Removal or suspenson only for cause - Article IX-B, Section 3

Pastor v. City of Pasig, G.R. No. 146873, May 9, 2002

Domingo v. Zamora, G.R. No. 142283, February 6, 2003 David v. Gania, G.R. No. 156039, August 14, 2003Miranda v. Carreon, G.R. No. 143540, April 11, 2003

Office of the Pres. v. Buenaobra, G.R. No. 170021, Sept. 8, 2006

9. Summary Removal10. . Right of self-organization

Article III, Section 8 Article IX, Section 2(5)11. Review of decisions of the CSC - Article IX, Section 712. Fiscal independence - Article IX-A, Section 5

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U.P. vs. Regino, G.R. 88167, May 3, 1993 Luego v. CSC, 143 SCRA 327 (1986)Central Bank vs. CSC, 171 SCRA 744 (1989)

2. Commission on Electionsa. Composition and qualifications of CommissionersArticle IX-C, Section 1(1) Article VII, Section 13 par. 2b. Appointment, term of office and decisionsArticle IX-C, Section 1(2)c. Appointment of personnel - Article IX-A, Section 4d. Salary - Article IX-A Section 3; Article XVII, Section 17e. Disqualification - Article IX-A, Section 2f. Impeachment - Article XI, Section 2g. Powers and Functions - Article IX-C, Section 21. Enforce election laws - Article IX-C, Section 2(1) ; Id Sec. 10 Brillantes v. Comelec, G.R. No. 163193. June 15, 2004Typoco v. Comelec, G.R. No. 136191, Nov. 29, 1999Loong v. Comelec, G.R. No. 133676, April 14, 1999Pangandaman v. Comelec, G.R. 134340, Nov. 25, 1999Domino v. Comelec, G.R. No. 134015, July 19, 1999Sandoval v. Comelec, G.R. No. 133842, January 26, 2000Al Haj v. Comelec, G.R. 151046, February 5, 2002R.A. No. 9189 (2003), The Overseas Absentee Voting Act2. Decide administrative question pertaining elections, except the right to vote./ Article IX, Section 2(3)Guevarra v. Comelec, 104 Phil 269 (1968)Jaramilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 155717, October 23, 2003Petition for inclusion or exclusion of voters - Article IX-C, Section 2(6)3. Prosecution election law violators - Article IX-C, Section 2(6) EO 134, Section 11, February 27, 1987De Jesus vs. People, 120 SCRA 760 (1983)People vs. Judge Inting, 187 SCRA 788 (1990)Baytan v. Comelec, G.R. No. 153945, February 4, 20034. Recommend pardon, parole or suspension of sentence of election law violators. Article IX-C, Section 55. Deputize law enforcement agents, etcArticle IX-C, Section 2(4) Id., Section 2(8)People v. Judge Basilia, 179 SCRA 87 (1989)6. Registration of political parties, organization/coalitions and accreditation of citizens' arms - Article IX-C, Section 2(5)

Registration under the party-listArticle IX-C, Section 6 Id, Section 7; Id., , Section 8Article VI, Section 5(2) Article XVIII, Section 7

7 Regulation of public utilities and media of informationArticle IX-C, Section 4Id., Section 9UNIDO vs. Comelec, 104 SCRA 17 (1981)8. Decide election contest and casesArticle IX-C, Section 2(2) Id., Section 3Sebastian vs. Comelec, G.R. No. 139573, March 7, 2000

3. Commission on Audita. Powers and FunctionsArticle IX-D, Section 2 Id., Section 3Article VI, Section 20DBP v. COA, 231 SCRA 202, (1994)Sambeli vs. Province of Isabela, 210 SCRA 80 (1992)Albert v. COA, G.R. No. No. 126537, March 6, 2001Bustamante v. COA, 216 SCRA 164 (1992)

DBP v. COA, G.R. No. 88435, January 16, 2002

E. Sandiganbayan - Article XI, Section 4P.D. 1606, December 10, 1979Nunez vs. Sandiganbayan, 111 SCRA 433 (1982)

F. Office of the OmbudsmanSee also P.D. 1630, July 18, 1979 ; R.A. 6770, Nov. 17, 19891. Composition - Article XI, Section 5

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2. Qualifications - Article XI, Section 83. Appointment and term - Article XI, Sections 9 & 114. Rank and salary - Article XI, Section 105. Disqualifications - Article XI, Section 8; Article IX-A, Section 26. Jurisdiction - Article XI, Section 12Roxas v. Vasquez, G.R. No. 114944, June 19, 2000PCGG v. Desierto, G.R. No. 140232, January 19, 2001People v. Velez, G.R. No. 138093, February 19, 20037. Powers and Functions - Article XI, Section 13Ledesma v. CA, G.R. 161629, July 29. 2005Ombudsman v. Madriaga, G.R. No. 164316, September 27, 20068. Fiscal autonomy - Article XI, Section 149. Appointment of personnel - Article XI, Section 6

G. Office of the Special Prosecutor - Article XI, Section 7Zaldivar vs. SB, 160 SCRA 843/Resolution, May 19, 1988Orap vs. Sandiganbayan, 139 SCRA 252 (1985)See P.D. No. 1630, Sections 10, 12-15 (admin. investigations)

Section 17 (criminal investigation)H. Central Monetary Authority

1. Composition and qualifications of members - Article XII, Section 202. Functions - Article XII, Sections 20-21

I. Economic and Planning Agency - Article XII, Section 9-10J. National Commissions

1. Commission on Human Rightsa. Composition and qualifications of members - Article XIII, Section 17b. Powers and Functions - Article XIII Section 18-19c. Fiscal autonomy - Article XIV, Section 17(4)Carino v. CHR, G.R. No. 96681, December 2, 19812. National Language Commission - Article XIV, Section 93. National Police Commission - Article XVI, Section 9Canonizado v. Aguirre, G.R. No. 133132. January 25, 20003. Comm. on Indigenous Peoples - Article XVI, Section 12

Mmj/6-13-07

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POLITICAL LAW

That branch of public law which deals with the organization and operations of the governmental organs of the State and defines the relations of the State with the inhabitants of its territory.

Scope/Divisions of Political Law:

1. Constitutional Law—the study of the maintenance of the proper balance between authority as represented by the three inherent powers of the state and liberty as guaranteed by the Bill of Rights.

2. Administrative Law-- That branch of public law which fixes the organization, determines the competence of administrative authorities who executes the law, and indicates to the individual remedies for the violation of his right.

3. Law on Municipal Corporations 4. Law of Public Officers 5. Elections Law

Basis: 1. 1987 Constitution 2. 1973 and 1935 Constitutions

3. Organic laws made to apply to the Philippines—a. Philippine Bill of 1902b. Jones Law of 1916c. Tydings-McDuffie Law of 1934

4. Statutes, executive orders and decrees, and judicial decisions 5. US Constitution Constitution Statute legislation direct from the people; states general principles; intended not merely to meet existing

conditions; it is the fundamental law of the State

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legislation from the people’s representative; provides the details of the subject matter of which it treats; intended primarily to meet existing conditions only; it conforms to the Constitution

PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION Page17/12/2

2008 Political Law and Public International Law Personal Review Notes (taken from various sources: Sandoval lectures, Nachura, Bernas, Cruz, Agpalo, SBC & SSC-R review materials,w w w .pinoylaw.net , etc.) Ma. Luisa Angeles Ramos

Constitution—it is the document which serves as the fundamental law of the State; that body of rules and maxims in accordance with which the power of sovereignty are habitually exercised.

That written instrument enacted by direct action of the people by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited and defined, and by which those powers are distributed among the several departments for their safe and useful exercise for the benefit of the body politic.

It is the basic and paramount law to which all other laws must conform and to which all persons, including the highest officials of the land, must defer. No act shall be valid, however noble its intention, if it conflicts with the Constitution. The Constitution must ever remain supreme. All must bow to the mandate of this law. Right or wrong, the Constitution must be upheld as long as the sovereign people have not changed it.

Classification: 1.Written or unwritten Written Unwritten -one whose precepts are embodied in one document or set of documents

-consists of rules which have not been integrated into a single, concrete form but are scattered in various sources

Examples: a. statutes of fundamental character;

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a.judicial decisions;

b. commentaries of publicists;c. customs and traditions;d. certain common law principles

2.Enacted (conventional) or Evolved (Cumulative)

Enacted (conventional) Evolved (Cumulative)

-formally struck off at a definite time and place following a conscious or deliberate effort taken by a constituent body or ruler

-the result of political evolution, not inaugurated at any specific time but changing by accretion rather than by any systematic method

3. Rigid or Flexible Rigid Flexible 22008 Political Law and Public International Law Personal Review Notes (taken from various sources: Sandoval lectures, Nachura, Bernas, Cruz, Agpalo, SBC & SSC-R review materials,w w w .pinoylaw.net , etc.) Ma. Luisa Angeles Ramos -one that can be amended only by a formal and usually difficult process -one that can be changed by ordinary legislation The Philippine Constitution is written, conventional and rigid. It is embodied in one document and can be amended only by a formal and usually difficult process. Interpretation: 1.Verba Legis—whenever possible, the words used in the Constitution must be given their ordinary meaningexcept where technical terms are employed. 2.When there is Ambiguity—ratio legis et anima--A doubtful provision shall be examined in the light of the history of the times and the conditions and circumstances under which the Constitution was framed. (Civil Liberties Union vs. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317) 3.Ut magis valeat quam pereat—the Constitution has to be interpreted as a whole. (Francisco vs. HR, G.R. No. 160261, November 10, 2003)

If the plain meaning of the word is not found to be clear, resort to other aids is available—construe the Constitution from what “appears upon its face”. The proper interpretation, therefore, depends more on how it was understood by the people adopting it than in the framers’ understanding thereof.

In case of doubt, the provision should be considered as self-executing; mandatory rather than directory; and prospective rather than retroactive. Self-executing provision—one which is complete in itself and becomes operative without the aid of supplementary or enabling legislation, or that which supplies a

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sufficient rule by means of which the right it grants may be enjoyed or protected.

Essential Qualities of the Written Constitution:1.Broad;2.Brief; and3.Definite.

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