polc ship curriculum

Lake Charles Harbor Lake Charles Harbor and Terminal Districtand Terminal District

150 Marine St. 150 Marine St.

Lake Charles, LA 70602Lake Charles, LA 70602

(337) 439-3661(337) 439-3661

Merchant ShipsMerchant Ships

There are several different types of cargo vessels There are several different types of cargo vessels which are used to transport various commodities which are used to transport various commodities over the oceans and seas of the world. These over the oceans and seas of the world. These vessel designs vary based upon the type of cargo vessel designs vary based upon the type of cargo they carry, and what part of the world they they carry, and what part of the world they operate in. Each ship type has classifications operate in. Each ship type has classifications based on the vessels size and capabilities.based on the vessels size and capabilities.

Commercial ShipsCommercial Ships

Bulk CarriersBulk Carriers

General Cargo CarriersGeneral Cargo Carriers

Container ShipsContainer Ships

TankersTankers

Car CarriersCar Carriers

Livestock CarriersLivestock Carriers

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) CarriersLiquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Carriers

Merchant ShipsMerchant Ships

Bulk Carrier Size ClassificationsBulk Carrier Size Classifications DWT = Deadweight TonnageDWT = Deadweight Tonnage Handysize: Smallest classification. 15,000 to 50,000 DWTHandysize: Smallest classification. 15,000 to 50,000 DWT Handymax:40,000 DWT to 60,000 DWTHandymax:40,000 DWT to 60,000 DWT Panamax: 60,000 DWT - 100,000 DWT, maximum size ship Panamax: 60,000 DWT - 100,000 DWT, maximum size ship

which will fit through the locks of the Panama Canal. which will fit through the locks of the Panama Canal. Post Panamax: 75,000 DWT – 125,000 DWT and will not fit Post Panamax: 75,000 DWT – 125,000 DWT and will not fit

through the Panama Canal.through the Panama Canal. Capesize: 100,000 DWT and larger. Too large to fit through Capesize: 100,000 DWT and larger. Too large to fit through

the Suez or Panama Canals. Capesize vessels must travel the Suez or Panama Canals. Capesize vessels must travel around the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn in order to around the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn in order to circumnavigate the world..circumnavigate the world..


Bulk carriers, nicknamed “Bulkers” were developed in the 1950s Bulk carriers, nicknamed “Bulkers” were developed in the 1950s to carry large quantities of non-packaged, free flowing dry to carry large quantities of non-packaged, free flowing dry commodities such as rice, grains, coal, petroleum coke and iron commodities such as rice, grains, coal, petroleum coke and iron ore just to name a few. “Bulkers” carry cargo in large cavernous ore just to name a few. “Bulkers” carry cargo in large cavernous cargo holds located in the hull of the ship. Most ships have cargo holds located in the hull of the ship. Most ships have multiple cargo holds to carry different types of commodities on multiple cargo holds to carry different types of commodities on the same voyage. Note the white hatch covers over each hold.the same voyage. Note the white hatch covers over each hold.

A bulk carrier being docked at the Port of Lake A bulk carrier being docked at the Port of Lake Charles’ Bulk Terminal 1 (BT-1). BT-1 is located Charles’ Bulk Terminal 1 (BT-1). BT-1 is located four miles south of City Docks on the Calcasieu four miles south of City Docks on the Calcasieu Ship Channel around Sulphur, LA. This facility is Ship Channel around Sulphur, LA. This facility is

used for loading and unloading bulk commodities used for loading and unloading bulk commodities such as petroleum coke, barite, and rutile. such as petroleum coke, barite, and rutile.


A bulldozer “sweeping up” the remnants of a coal shipment A bulldozer “sweeping up” the remnants of a coal shipment in the cargo hold of a Bulk Carrier. This illustrates the size in the cargo hold of a Bulk Carrier. This illustrates the size

of the holds of these vessels.of the holds of these vessels.

General Cargo CarriersGeneral Cargo Carriers

General Cargo vessels are design to be flexible enough General Cargo vessels are design to be flexible enough to carry just about any type of cargo except liquid to carry just about any type of cargo except liquid

cargos. These vessels carry cranes to load and unload cargos. These vessels carry cranes to load and unload cargo at facilitates that may not have adequate cargo at facilitates that may not have adequate

handling capabilities. handling capabilities.

The Port of Lake Charles’ City Docks is a facility designed to The Port of Lake Charles’ City Docks is a facility designed to handle general cargo. These are cargos such as steel and handle general cargo. These are cargos such as steel and

aluminum products, forest products such as lumber, aluminum products, forest products such as lumber, plywood, wood pulp. plywood, wood pulp.

ContainerContainer Ships Ships Container vessels are designed for one purpose only, to Container vessels are designed for one purpose only, to

transport ocean containers. transport ocean containers. Container vessels utilize standard size containers to Container vessels utilize standard size containers to

increase efficiency and reduce costs.increase efficiency and reduce costs. Steamship companies utilize five basic container sizes: 20-Steamship companies utilize five basic container sizes: 20-

ft, 40-ft, 45-ft, 48-ft, and 53-ft. However, 20 ft & 40 ft are ft, 40-ft, 45-ft, 48-ft, and 53-ft. However, 20 ft & 40 ft are the most common sizes used.the most common sizes used.

Containers are loaded and unloaded onto ships by Containers are loaded and unloaded onto ships by specialized shore based cranes which use a “Twistlock” specialized shore based cranes which use a “Twistlock” mechanism to grab and lift the container. mechanism to grab and lift the container.

Container ship sizes are typically measured in twenty foot Container ship sizes are typically measured in twenty foot equivalent units or “TEU” for short, but can also be equivalent units or “TEU” for short, but can also be measured in forty foot equivalent units or “FEU” for short. measured in forty foot equivalent units or “FEU” for short.

Containers allow for quicker transportation of goods due to Containers allow for quicker transportation of goods due to being able to take advantage of multimodal transportation. being able to take advantage of multimodal transportation. A container can be offloaded from a ship and placed A container can be offloaded from a ship and placed directly onto a truck trailer or railcar. directly onto a truck trailer or railcar.


The vessel The vessel LibertyLiberty MaerskMaersk being guided being guided into port by tugboats into port by tugboats in New York Harbor.in New York Harbor.


In 2006 the Fifth Generation Container Ship appeared.In 2006 the Fifth Generation Container Ship appeared.


The The Emma MaerskEmma Maersk is the largest container ship in the world. Her cargo is the largest container ship in the world. Her cargo capacity is 11,000 TEU and is 1302’6” long, 185’ wide and a draft of capacity is 11,000 TEU and is 1302’6” long, 185’ wide and a draft of

50’10”.50’10”.

Tankers ShipsTankers Ships• Tankers ships are designed to carry most types of liquid Tankers ships are designed to carry most types of liquid

cargoes with the majority number of Tankers today carry cargoes with the majority number of Tankers today carry petroleum products.petroleum products.

• Tankers come in a wide range of sizes from small bunkering Tankers come in a wide range of sizes from small bunkering tankers with a 1000 DWT that refuel other ships to Ultra tankers with a 1000 DWT that refuel other ships to Ultra Large Crude Carriers (ULCC’s) with over 300,000 DWT.Large Crude Carriers (ULCC’s) with over 300,000 DWT.

• Over 60% of the world’s oil supply is transported via Over 60% of the world’s oil supply is transported via tankers. Despite much criticism about the tanker industry, tankers. Despite much criticism about the tanker industry, these ships continue to deliver 99% of their cargo safely these ships continue to deliver 99% of their cargo safely without any pollution issues.without any pollution issues.

• As a safety requirement, tanker ships are required to have As a safety requirement, tanker ships are required to have double hulls for added impact protection.double hulls for added impact protection.

TankersTankers

An oil tanker underway at sea.An oil tanker underway at sea.

TankersTankers

A comparison of the length and width of various tanker size A comparison of the length and width of various tanker size classifications.classifications.

TankersTankers To ensure that oil tankers transport to all parts of To ensure that oil tankers transport to all parts of

the world, there is a system called WORLDSCALE. the world, there is a system called WORLDSCALE. This system ensures that net freight earnings for This system ensures that net freight earnings for tanker owners are the same, regardless of length tanker owners are the same, regardless of length of voyage and varying costs (such as bunkers and of voyage and varying costs (such as bunkers and port dues). The tanker will earn (net) as much per port dues). The tanker will earn (net) as much per day on a route that is long and arduous as they day on a route that is long and arduous as they will on a short and low cost voyage. This ensures will on a short and low cost voyage. This ensures that tankers take their goods to all parts of the that tankers take their goods to all parts of the world and don't just concentrate on the lucrative world and don't just concentrate on the lucrative Middle East to Western Europe or USA routes. Middle East to Western Europe or USA routes.

TankersTankers

Oil tanker being loaded via a pipeline loading dock.Oil tanker being loaded via a pipeline loading dock.

Liquefied Natural GasLiquefied Natural GasCarriersCarriers

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) carriers Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) carriers are designed to strictly transport are designed to strictly transport only LNG.only LNG.

They are characterized by utilizing They are characterized by utilizing

storage tanks that extend well above storage tanks that extend well above the deck of the ship. the deck of the ship.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) LNG is natural gas, primarily methane gas, that has been LNG is natural gas, primarily methane gas, that has been

liquefied by being cooled to -160liquefied by being cooled to -160oo Celsius (-260 Celsius (-260oo Fahrenheit). At this temperature the gas is transformed to a Fahrenheit). At this temperature the gas is transformed to a liquid state and is 1/600 of its original volume.liquid state and is 1/600 of its original volume.

By transforming the gas to a liquid state, it make it By transforming the gas to a liquid state, it make it

economical to transport large volumes of gas to other parts economical to transport large volumes of gas to other parts of the world.of the world.

Once the liquid gas arrives at its destination, the gas is Once the liquid gas arrives at its destination, the gas is transferred from the vessel to a plant on shore that turns transferred from the vessel to a plant on shore that turns the liquid back into a gas to be transported through under the liquid back into a gas to be transported through under ground lines to industry and holes for heating. ground lines to industry and holes for heating.

Aerial photograph of the Trunkline LNG terminal with two Aerial photograph of the Trunkline LNG terminal with two LNG carriers delivering LNG. This site is located on the LNG carriers delivering LNG. This site is located on the

Calcasieu Ship Channel Lake Charles, LA.Calcasieu Ship Channel Lake Charles, LA.

Gator on Guard for the Gator on Guard for the Madrid Spirit:Madrid Spirit: docked at docked at Trunkline LNG terminal in Lake Charles, LATrunkline LNG terminal in Lake Charles, LA

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

In 1959, a converted cargo ship named the In 1959, a converted cargo ship named the Methane Pioneer Methane Pioneer was the first ship ever strictly was the first ship ever strictly devote to the transportation of Liquefied Natural devote to the transportation of Liquefied Natural Gas. Its trade route was from Lake Charles, LA to Gas. Its trade route was from Lake Charles, LA to the United Kingdom.the United Kingdom.

LNG is an integral part of Southwest Louisiana’s LNG is an integral part of Southwest Louisiana’s commerce because of the location of Trunkline commerce because of the location of Trunkline and Cameron LNG terminals on Port of Lake and Cameron LNG terminals on Port of Lake Charles Property. Charles Property.

Automobile CarriersAutomobile Carriers

The Auto Carrier is a Roll On/Roll Off (Ro/Ro) ship. These The Auto Carrier is a Roll On/Roll Off (Ro/Ro) ship. These vessels are designed to transport large amounts of vehicles vessels are designed to transport large amounts of vehicles or other types of wheeled cargo such as buses, trucks or or other types of wheeled cargo such as buses, trucks or construction equipment.construction equipment.

These ships are designed to be loaded and unloaded by These ships are designed to be loaded and unloaded by literally driving cargo on and off the ship.literally driving cargo on and off the ship.

They are typically characterized by their large rectangular They are typically characterized by their large rectangular

design that are used to house different levels of parking design that are used to house different levels of parking lots. The vast majority of foreign cars you see in the United lots. The vast majority of foreign cars you see in the United States arrived from Europe or Asia via these ships. States arrived from Europe or Asia via these ships.


A typical car carrier underway at sea. Note the rectangular A typical car carrier underway at sea. Note the rectangular design of the hull. This vessel can carrier up 6,000 design of the hull. This vessel can carrier up 6,000

automobilesautomobiles


Cars being driven on to a car carrier. They Cars being driven on to a car carrier. They will be unloaded at the port of discharge will be unloaded at the port of discharge

by driving them off the vessel.by driving them off the vessel.

Livestock CarriersLivestock Carriers The carriage of live animals around the world is performed The carriage of live animals around the world is performed

by specialized vessels that are designed to transport large by specialized vessels that are designed to transport large numbers of cattle, sheep, and other farm animals in secure numbers of cattle, sheep, and other farm animals in secure and humane conditions.and humane conditions.

These ships are equipped with specially designed These ships are equipped with specially designed ventilation and feeding systems. ventilation and feeding systems.

The transport of live animals requires experienced and The transport of live animals requires experienced and

specialized operators and ship personnel. The dangers of specialized operators and ship personnel. The dangers of disease, rejection, injury, or death to the animal can be disease, rejection, injury, or death to the animal can be high onboard these ships if they are not cared for properly high onboard these ships if they are not cared for properly during transport.during transport.


Livestock carrier being loaded.Livestock carrier being loaded.


The trade routes of these ships are largely from Australia to The trade routes of these ships are largely from Australia to the Middle East and/or Southeast Asia.the Middle East and/or Southeast Asia.

A single modern vessel may carry up to 125,000 sheep.A single modern vessel may carry up to 125,000 sheep.

In 2003, Australia exported over 4,500,000 sheep and In 2003, Australia exported over 4,500,000 sheep and

nearly 800,000 cattle.nearly 800,000 cattle.

Livestock carriers typically sail through the warm climates Livestock carriers typically sail through the warm climates of the world. of the world.


The The Al-ShukwaihAl-Shukwaih is the largest livestock carrier in the world. is the largest livestock carrier in the world. She is capable of carrying approximately 125,000 sheep. She is capable of carrying approximately 125,000 sheep.

Her primary route is between Australia and the Middle East Her primary route is between Australia and the Middle East (Dubai, Kuwait, Jebel Ali).(Dubai, Kuwait, Jebel Ali).

polc ship curriculum

Business

type of cargo

container ship sizes

multiple cargo

unload cargo

cargo capacity

vessels size

tanker ships

largest container ship