plk bab 2 - sumber perundangan islam

8/7/2019 PLK Bab 2 - Sumber Perundangan Islam

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Mohd Fauzwadi Mat Ali 1

BAB 2BAB 2

SUMBER UNDANGSUMBER UNDANG--UNDANGUNDANGISLAMISLAM

((THE SOURCES OF ISLAMIC LAWTHE SOURCES OF ISLAMIC LAW))


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THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS CHAPTERTHE OBJECTIVES OF THIS CHAPTER

To know the definitions of a sources of Islamic law

To identify the sources of Islamic law

To know the philosophy and principle of Islamic Law To describe the importance of Islamic law in business

To explain the primary and secondary sources of Islamic law, and Islamic Jurisprudence (Qawaid

Fiqh)


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DefinisiDefinisi SumberSumber HumumHumum IslamIslam

Sumber hukum Islam adalah sumber rujukanutama dalam menentukan sesuatu hukum di

dalam Islam. Hukum Islam yang utam datangnya dari Allah

Al-Quran.

Sumber hukum Islam menjadikan wahyusebagai rujukan utama dan barulah diikutioleh pemikiran akal manusia.


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THE DEFINITIONS OF ISLAMIC LAWTHE DEFINITIONS OF ISLAMIC LAW

Perundangan Islam juga dikenali denganIslamic Jurisprudence atau Fiqh/ fekah/

Syariah yang bermaksud satu pengetahuan,pemahaman dan mesti dilaksanakan.

Hukum Islam merangkumi hubunganmanusia dengan Allah, manusia dengan

manusia dan juga manusia dengan makhlukyang lain.


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THE PHILOSOPHYTHE PHILOSOPHY OF ISLAMIC LAWOF ISLAMIC LAW

Falsafah perundangan Islam melibatkan elemenmaqasid syariah/ matlamat syariah iaitu:

Maintenance of life (memelihara nyawa)

Protection of an individuals freedom of belief(menjaga agama)

Maintaining the intellect (memelihara akal) Preservation of honour and integrity (pemeliharaan

maruah)

Protection of property (melindungi harta)


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PembahagianPembahagian SumberSumber hukumhukum IslamIslam

Sumber perundangan/ hukum Islam terbahagikepada 3 iaitu:

1. Sumber Utama (qatie) seperti Quran danSunnah.

2. Sumber kedua (dzonni) seperti uruf danmasalih mursalah.

3. Sumber Ketiga iaitu Kaedah Fiqh/ IslamicJurisprudence (Qawaid fiqhiyyah)


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THE DIVISION OF SOURCES OF ISLAMIC LAWTHE DIVISION OF SOURCES OF ISLAMIC LAW

Sumber Perundangan/Undang-Undang Islam

Sumber Utama:

(disepakati)

Al-Quran

Sunnah/ Hadis

Ijmak

Qiyas

Sumber Kedua:

(Sebahagian menerimasebahagian menolak)

Istihsan

Masalihul Mursalah

Uruf

Istishab

Qaul sahabi

Sadduz Zarai

Sumber Ketiga:

Kaedah Fiqh/

Islamic Jurisprudence (Qawaidfiqhiyyah)

Contoh Kaedah:

Apabila bercampur halal danharam maka jadi haram.



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THE PRIMARY SOURCES OF ISLAMIC LAWTHE PRIMARY SOURCES OF ISLAMIC LAW

Sumber utama perundangan Islam terbahagikepada 4:

Al-Quran (Kitab Utama) Hadith (Hadis Nabi s.a.w)

Ijma (Persetujuan Ulamak)

Qiyas (Perumpamaan yang dibuat ulama)


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DEFINITIONS OF AlDEFINITIONS OF Al--QURANQURAN

Kitab Allah yang diturunkan kepada kepadaRasulullah saw melalui malaikat jibril yangmengandungi sumber ilmu pengetahuan danteknologi, undang-undang syara, adab peraturan,

berita-berita alam ghaib, berita-berita yang telahberlaku, sekarang dan akan datang.

Kalam atau firman Allah yang diturunkan kepada

Muhammad saw yang pembacaannya merupakansatu ibadah


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DEFINITION OF HADITHDEFINITION OF HADITH

Hadis adalah Segala apa yang disandarkankepada nabi Muhammad s.a.w baik berupa

perkataan, perbuatan dan taqrir (perakuan).


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Perakuan Hadis sebagai sumber hukumadalah berasaskan ayat Quran yangbermaksud:

"For you the life of the Prophet is a model ofbehavior"

(Al-Quran 33:21)


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During his lifetime, the Prophet's family andcompanions observed him and shared withothers exactly what they had seen in hiswords and behaviors.

For example: how he performed ablutions,how he prayed, and how he performed manyother acts of worship. People also asked the

Prophet directly for rulings on variousmatters, and he would pronounce his

judgment.


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THE ELEMENTS OF HADITHTHE ELEMENTS OF HADITH

A hadith narrative is divided into twoparts:

the Sanad (perawi Hadis)

the matan (kandungan Hadis).


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THE CATEGORIES OF HADITHTHE CATEGORIES OF HADITH

Hadith can be divided by 2 categories:

Hadith Nabawi

Hadith Qudsi


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TYPES OF HADITHTYPES OF HADITH

Hadith can be divide into 3 types:

Perkataan/ words All direction in oral

communication by RasulullahS

AW.

Perbuatan/behavior All behavior areconduct by Rasulullah SAW.

Perakuan/ Taqrir Just silent, not tellingwhether agree or not.


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FUNGSI/ PERANAN HADISFUNGSI/ PERANAN HADIS

To clarify details of general statement in theQur'an.

To make it specific and particular. To explain the instructions of the Quran. To clarify what the Qurn leaves ambiguous or

difficult to understand. To qualify what the Qurn leaves unqualified. To bring up issues that the Qurn does not

mention.


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DEFINITIONS OF CONSENSUS (DEFINITIONS OF CONSENSUS (ijmakijmak))

Kesepakatan para ulama mujtahid sama ada dalambentuk Itiqad (pendirian), kata-kata atau perbuatanuntuk mengeluarkan hukum dalam sesuatu perkarayang berlaku selepas wafat Nabi Muhammad saw.

Ijma dibenarkan berdasarkan kepada Hadis Nabis.a.w yang bermaksud:

umat Islam tidak akan bersepakat kepada

perkara yang salah.

ijmak boleh berlaku sama ada di zaman sahabatmahupun selepasnya. Contoh ijma berkaitan perbankan

Islam oleh Majlis Penasihat Syariah Kebangsaan


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THE ELEMENTS OF ANALOGYTHE ELEMENTS OF ANALOGY

The 4 elements of analogy are:

a principle (asl/asal),

Hukum masalah asal `Illah, / sebab musabab

Analogy then consists in extending a principle(asl) derived from the Qur'an and the Sunnah

to the new case.


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Example ofExample of QiyasQiyasIsu/ Masalah Hukum Sebab (illah)

Haram

Isu/ Masalah lamadisebut dalam Al-Quran hukumnya

Arak Haram (based onQuran said)

Memabukkan,memudaratkan.

Isu/ Masalah baru PenagihanDadah Haram (based onqiyas)

menghilangkan fungsiakal, memudaratkan.



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THE SECONDARY SOURCESTHE SECONDARY SOURCES

Sumber hukum kedua adalah sumber hukumyang tidak disepakati ulama tentang

penerimaannya sebagai sumber hukumIslam.

Berlaku perbezaan pendapat kerana interpretasi yang berbezaantara ulamak.

Bermaksud tidak semua ulama menerima sumber-sumberkedua ini sebagai sumber hukum. Ada yang terima semua danada yang terima sebahagian.


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Sumber Hukum Yang Tidak DisepakatiUlama:

- Istihsan

- Masalihul Mursalah

- Uruf

- Istishab

- Qaul sahabi

- Sadduz Zarai

- dll


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MASALIH ALMASALIH AL--MURSALAH (MURSALAH (memilihmemilih berdasarkanberdasarkan kepentingankepentingan

dandan kebaikankebaikan))

Membuat suatu hukum yang mendatangkan kebaikankepada masyarakat tanpa ada dalil seperti menubuhkanBNM dan KPDNHEP untuk mengawal sektor kewangandan barangan asasi.

Contoh lain: mewajibkan lesen memandu dan kadpengenalan, pengenaan saman dan hukuman penjara/pembinaan penjara.

Penubuhan jabatan yang menguruskan gaji tentera dizaman Saidina Umar. Abu Bakar mengarahkan Qurahdihimpunkan.


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MasalihMasalih MursalahMursalah dibentukdibentuk berdasarkanberdasarkan faktorfaktor::

mengalakaan perkara bermanfaat.

mengelak perkara tidka baik.

Pencegahan.

faktor perubahan masa.


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URUFURUF

Urf atau adat adalah satu adat kebiasaan sesuatukaum yang tidak menyalahi hukum syara sepertiadat dalam nikah kahwin, pembinaan masjid dan

bangunan mengikut senibina sesuatu tempat,bermain kutu/kut.

Cohtoh lain seperti perkataan yang sama tetapimembawa maksud berbeza mengiukut tempat.S

eperti juga kes mahar dan mas kahwin.


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ISTISHABISTISHAB

Menetapkan hukum pada zaman ini berdasarkanhukum pada zaman lalu. (Mengekalkan sesuatuhukum yang telah tersedia ada kecuali ada dalil yangmengubahnya).

For example, istishaab requires that once a contractof sale, or of marriage, is concluded it is presumed toremain in force until there is a change established by

evidence.


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SADD ALSADD AL--DHARA'I (DHARA'I (menolakmenolaksesuatusesuatu yangyangtidaktidak baikbaik//

menolakmenolaksesuatusesuatu yangyang membawamembawa kepadakepada haram)haram)

Sadd al-dhara'i means, literally, "blockingthe means"

e.g: to undesirable ends, in other words,forbidding what is likely to lead to theharam.

This is thus an extension of the general

principle that what leads to the haram isharam, just as what leads to the obligatoryis obligatory, and what leads to thepermitted is permitted.


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contoh

contoh SADDSADD ALAL--DHARA'I

DHARA'I

The important consideration to sadd al-dharai isthe result of the action, and whether it leads tobenefit or harm. Under this principle come certain

sub-principles, e.g: preventing harm is givenpreference over gaining benefit.

For example, if someone does wudu and is notsure whether he has washed his face three timesor only twice, he assumes it is three, because he

shouldn't wash it more than three times, whereaswashing it twice is acceptable


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SumberSumber hukumhukum IslamIslam KetigaKetiga::

KAEDAHKAEDAH--KAEDAH FIQH/ QAWAIDKAEDAH FIQH/ QAWAID

FIQH/ ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCEFIQH/ ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE

Qawaid fiqhiyyah adalah merupakankaedah fiqh dalam undang-undang Islamyang menjadi asas untuk memahami dan

mengembangkan fiqh Islam tentangkaedah-kaedah hukum.


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cont..cont..

Its consist 5 main methods:

1. Setiap perkara dinilai berdasarkan niat

2. Keyakinan tidak hilang dengan keraguan

3. Kesukaran membawa kemudahan

4. Bahaya mesti dihapuskan

5. Adat menjadi hukum


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KaedahKaedah 1 :1 : SetiapSetiap perkaraperkara dinilaidinilai berdasarkanberdasarkan niatniat

"Things are judged according to the intentions

behind them "Actions are by intentions or "are according to

intention", and every man gets what he intends." Its means a behavior or everything are based on

the intention. for example, the actions ofwudualone are not

valid unless they are accompanied by theintention of doing wudu.


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KaedahKaedah 2 :2 : KeyakinanKeyakinan tidaktidak hilanghilang dengandengan keraguankeraguan

"Certainty is not removed by doubt" Its means a confidence not missing with the doubt Its can be implement to all human behavior For example: assuming you have only done three

rakaah if you are not sure whether you have donethree or four; and having a claimant produce two

witnesses for his claim and, if not, letting thedefendant make an oath that what is being claimedfrom him is his own and not the claimant's

:


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KaedahKaedah 3 :3 : KesukaranKesukaran membawamembawa kemudahankemudahan

Literally a difficulty allows ease This principle explain that something was

developed for easy not for difficult orconstrains a people


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cont..cont..

For examples: Using water causes or is likely to cause harm, you do

tayammum instead ofwudu.

Allah says: "He has not put any constraint on you asfar as the din is concerned" (Q.22:78).

A sick person doesn't have to fast. Allah says: "And whoever among you is ill, or on a

journey, [should fast] a [similar] number of other

days. Allah wishes ease for you and does not wishdifficulty for you" (Q.2:185).


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cont..cont..

Some people use the above-mentioned withoutno constraint in the din to allow themselves to dowhat they want

Rather, what is meant here are those instanceswhere there is serious rather than slight difficulty for example, would be getting up in the morning

and having to use very cold water to do wuduwith: it might cause you discomfort, but it doesn'tharm you.

It becomes serious, though, if using water eithercauses illness, or increases it, or prevents onefrom being cured.


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KaedahKaedah 44 :: BahayaBahaya mestimesti dihapuskandihapuskan

Harm is to be removed

There should be no harm nor reciprocating harm

For examples:

returning what has been taken unjustly along withliability for any loss or damage

preventing someone from doing what will causeharm to his neighbours.


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KaedahKaedah 5 :5 : AdatAdat menjadimenjadi hukumhukum

Its means customs also can be a sources of Islamiclaw.

Customs refer to society norm or traditional whetherword or behavior

In Arabic language well known as urf

The customs must be consider a situation below:

Not difference with the Islamic law.

Every people doing a same thing or behavior.

Not bias with the certain race orkabilah, etc.


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ApakahApakah yangyang digunakandigunakan dalamdalam

membentukmembentuk hukumhukum didi bawahbawah?? Solat 5 waktu wajib bagi orang Islam.

Arak, riba dan judi haram bagi orangIslam.

a. Al-Quran

b. Al-Sunnah/ Hadis



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ApakahApakah yangyang digunakandigunakan dalamdalam

membentukmembentuk hukumhukum didi bawahbawah?? Boleh berjual beli barang yang masih belum ada.

Boleh menubuhkan jabatan dan membukukan

dokumen, mewajibkan lesen dan kad pengenalan.

a. Istihsan

b. Masalih Mursalah

c. Urufd. Istishab


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