José Guadalupe Gallegos

(Photograph courtesy Henry Gallegos & Carlos Romero)Born: April 13, 1828, in San Jose, San Miguel Co, NM

Died: May 18, 1867 age 39, Colonias, Guadalupe Co, NMMarriage: Josefa Gutierres Nov18, 1843 at San Miguel del Bado

Father of Silvano Gallegos & Grandfather of George Gallegos Sr.José's Parents: José Fernando de Jesus Gallegos & Maria Juliana Padilla

Parents' Marriage: Apr28 1824, Catholic, Galisteo, Santa Fe, NMNM Territorial Legislature: 1852-3 2nd Assembly Taos Co. representative;

1855-6 & 1858-1861, 5th & 8th-10th Assembly San Miguel Co. representative;1858-9 8th Assembly House Speaker; 1859-1861 9th & 10th Assembly Council President

Mounted Militia of NM: May 20 1854 Captain; July 3, 1854 Brigadier General, 2nd brigade, 2nd divisionSep 1857 San Miguel Co. Sheriff

1859-1860 Historical Society of NM PresidentCivil War: Aug 26, 1861-Field & Staff Colonel, 1st Regiment, NM Volunteers,transferred to 3rd Regiment, NM Mounted Infantry Sept 27 1861 - Mar 6 1862

Hatch Ranch Post Commander Nov 22, 1861

Information FollowingBiography

NM Legislative ServiceColonel Canby Letter

San Miguel del Bado: 1803 Settlers, 1841 Census;Other Census Information: 1860, 1870 ( Jose Fernando, Josefa, Ladislao, Anto. José Families ), 1880;

Parents' MarriageArea Maps, Hatch's Ranch;

Resources, Notes

Biographyexpanded from Carlos Romero's @ Ancestry.com

During José Guadalupe Gallegos' short life of thirty nine years, he succeeded in generating a stellar list of accomplishments. These include prominent participation in the very early Territorial government of New Mexico, advancement from captain to brigadier general during service in the New Mexico Militia to include a skirmish with the Jicarilla and Mescalero Apaches, election to the San Miguel County sheriff's office, Historical Society of New Mexico presidency, Civil War field and staff colonel commission in the U.S. Army to include command of the Hatch's Ranch military post, and an excellent command of the English language.

1828, April 13 Birth: José Guadalupe Gallegos was born on, in San José (San Miguel County), New Mexico. He was the son of José Fernando de Jesus Gallegos and Maria Juliana Padilla. He grew up in the area known as the San Miguel del Vado Land Grant (see map). Thirteen of fifty-two, or twenty-five percent of the men who applied for the original grant in 1794 were genízaros, those Native Americans, captured or sold into slavery, some of whom had complained of poor conditions and were granted lands by the governor for farming, often to provide a buffer of protection for larger towns against enemies. *Genizaros

The San Miguel petition presented the partial truth that this was a genízaro settlement in order to win concessions from church and state in the attainment of the land grant. According to the petition, the site was about 20 miles downriver southeast of Pecos pueblo, where the trail to the plains crossed the river, and where there was sufficient space not only for the petitioners but for the destitute of the province. They described the boundaries: in the north the Río de la Vaca from the place called La Ranchería to El Agua Caliente; in the south El Cañón Blanco; in the east La Cuesta and Los Cerritos de Bernal; and in the west the place commonly called El Gusano (South San Isidro). Following a period of about 20 years of development work to prove they were worthy of the grant, individual parcels of land were alloted by don Pedro Bautista Pino in the name of Governor Chacón's verbal order of March 12, 1803. By this time there were 58 heads of family in the plaza, puesto, or población of San Miguel del Vado. To match families to parcels, Pino measured the total distance along the river that was under irrigation with the aid of his assistant José Miguel Tafoya, and divided by the total number of families to obtain the number of suertes or chances, then had them draw lots for the distribution of what he termed as their repartos or shares. *Lots Two days later, he repeated the same procedure at the settlement of San José del Vado, three miles upstream from San Miguel, distributing farm land to the heads of household: forty-five men and two women.

In 1794, there were 165 Pecos Indians and no settlers at El Vado; in 1820 only 58 Pecos, and 735 settlers. As the El Vado settlements propagated and Pecos shrunk, the priest moved to El Vado and visited the Pecos less often. In 1801, Father Buenaventura Merino totaled the population of Pecos pueblo at 123, and the settlers downriver at San Miguel del Vado at 182. Hispanos and Indians grew maize, wheat, and a few vegetables in fields irrigated by the Río Pecos, but only enough to subsist, and were characterized as very poor. They ran only a few head of cattle and no sheep or goats because enemies did not allow an increase. He declared there were no industries or commerce, and no bridges. It was not farming that excited the average El Vado man most in the early 1800's, but hunting or trading on the plains. The settlers on the Río Pecos, with or without government sanction, kept on hunting and trading among the Comanches, enjoying generally with the best relations and at peace. In 1811 the settlers finished the chapel of San Miguel del Vado.* SnMglGrnt

1843 Marriage: He married Josefa Gutierres on November 18, 1843. They were married at San Miguel del Bado by the Reverend Father José Francisco Leyba.

1852-1860, Territorial Legislature: A large majority of the members of council and house were naturally Native New Mexicans. About 20 family names include a very large majority of the membership for the whole period, and a few wealthy and influential families in each county controlled the election of

representatives and all other matters of the territorial government, with only the slightest interest of the masses. Yet the legislators were as a rule intelligent and patriotic men, rarely accused of corruption and probably superior in respect to representatives of later years. All proceedings were carried out in the Spanish language and also in English translations. José Guadalupe Gallegos represented San Miguel County in the 5th (1855-6), 8th (1858-9), 9th (1859-60), and 10th (1860-1) Assemblies. He served as the House speaker in the 8th Assembly and as Council president in the 9th and 10th Assemblies.* Legislat

1854 Mounted Militia of NM, Captain & Brigadier General: In May of 1854 Acting Governor Messervy called into service for three months a battalion of militia to include 200 volunteers. These were stationed in northeastern New Mexico to protect the settlements "from the invasion of the Indians." In addition to the hostilities of the Jicarillas, the Kiowas, Comanches, and Cheyennes were reported to be raiding in San Miguel County where fourteen New Mexicans were killed. At Fort Union Lieutenant Colonel Cooke declared that the attacks by the plains tribes were reasonably to be expected and were in retaliation of serious depredations committed by the Inhabitants of the territory on them: viz, the annual destruction of buffalo within their country. Department of New Mexico commander Brigadier General John Garland attributed the murders in San Miguel County to the unprovoked killing of plains Indians by buffalo hunters the previous winter. "These Indians," he wrote, "as is their custom took their revenge."* Reveng On May 20, 1854, José Guadalupe Gallegos was commissioned a captain with the Mounted Militia of New Mexico. He organized Company "C" at the town of La Cuesta, now known as the town of Villanueva, New Mexico. Under his command were fifty-six men--officers and enlisted men. He had an encounter with the Jicarilla and Mescalero Apaches on July 3, 1854. This fight took place at the Junction of the Rivers Mora and Sapello. When the battle was over, four Apaches had been killed, one lieutenant was killed, and two soldiers had been wounded, all were from a company out of Fort Union. The Apaches also took twenty-one animals (mules and horses). His rank at the time was brigadier general. In 1854, the Mounted Militia of New Mexico had four ranks; namely, second lieutenant, first lieutenant, captain, and brigadier general. He was in command of the Second Brigade and of the Second Division of the militia, formerly under the command of Brigadier General Manuel Herrera.

1857, Sheriff of San Miguel County: As a result of an election held on the first Monday, September 7, 1857, José Guadalupe Gallegos became sheriff of San Miguel County. He was commissioned sheriff of the county by W.W.H. Davis who was the interim governor of New Mexico. San Miguel County at the time included the present Guadalupe County until 1891 when it was formed from the southern part of San Miguel County. The Sheriff's office was located in Las Vegas, NM. 11 years after Jose Guadalupe's death, railway work crews struggled to build the line between La Junta and Raton, and the first Santa Fe train entered New Mexico December 7, 1878. According to Ralph Twitchell, "without exception, in the days of construction of the Santa Fe railway into the Southwest, there was no town which harbored a more disreputable gang of gamblers, desperadoes, and outlaws than did Las Vegas. They controlled, for a while, the local police officers, and the dance halls, and public resorts were the scenes of many shooting affrays and robberies. In the new town, in the immediate vicinity and in front of the present Castenada hotel, were located some of the most disreputable saloons, dance-halls, and resorts ever in frontier days. The gambling houses never closed and the gambling fraternity did about as they pleased. It finally became necessary to organize a committee of one hundred for the safety of the better classes and visitors to the place. Several desperadoes were summarily dealt with, taken from the jail or from their resorts and hung. Notice was served upon every "undesirable" to leave forthwith and in this manner the town was rid of as desperate a gang of cutthroats and "bad men" as ever congregated in one place in the Southwest."*LasVegas

1859-1860, Historical Society of New Mexico President: On December 15, 1859, a group of prominent men met to organize the Historical Society of New Mexico. José Guadalupe Gallegos was appointed to the committee of the society and served as president of the society from 1859 until 1860. Other members of the committee were Charles P. Clever, United States Marshal in Santa Fe; Merrill Ashurst, Clever's sometime law partner; Facundo Pino; Colonel John B. Grayson; and Major James Lowry Donaldson of the United States Army. At the first session of the Territorial Legislature, the capital was fixed at Santa Fe, where it had

always been. Congress had appropriated $20,000 in 1850 for the erection of public buildings, with which the foundations of a grand capitol were laid on a lot adjoining the old palacio. A new appropriation of $50,000 was obtained in 1854, and with it the walls of the awkward and ill-planned structure were raised a story and a half but remained incomplete for over 30 years. Meanwhile, the adobe palacio served for all public purposes, frequent efforts to obtain funds for proper repairs being unsuccessful. The importance of preserving the Spanish archives was more or less fully realized, and often urged; but there was no money, and these invaluable records of the past were left for the most part uncared for, to be exposed in later years to still more disastrous neglect. The historical society was organized in 1859-60, but practically nothing was accomplished. *SpArchvs

1861 (Aug)-1862 (Mar) Civil War, Commissioned Field and Staff Colonel: Governor Henry Connelley issued a bilingual proclamation of August 9, 1861, calling for volunteers as follows. "Citizens of New Mexico, your Territory has been invaded; the integrity of your soil has been attacked, the property of peaceful and industrious citizens has been destroyed or converted to the use of the invaders, and the enemy is already at your doors. You cannot, you must not, hesitate to take up arms in defense of your homes, firesides and families. Your manhood calls upon you to be on the alert and to be vigilant in the protection of the soil of your birth, where repose the sacred remains of your ancestors and which was left by them as a rich heritage to you, if you have the valor to defend it. I feel that I appeal not in vain to those who love the land of their fathers; a land that has been the scene of heroic acts, and deeds of noble daring in wars no more patriotic than that for which preparations are now being made..." Five regiments of volunteers, a regiment of militia, a battalion of militia, and three independent cavalry companies were raised, averaging 97% Hispanics. On August 26, 1861, José Guadalupe Gallegos was commissioned as a Staff (as opposed to Field) Colonel (see Canby letter below) with the First Regiment, New Mexico Volunteers, in the Army of the United States and was described by NM Department commander Canby as one among a group of the most efficient volunteer officers. The American Civil War saw a large influx of colonels as the rank was commonly held by those who commanded a regiment. Since most regiments were formations of the separate states and were quickly raised, the colonels in command were known by the title "Colonel of Volunteers," in contrast to Regular Army colonels who held ranks from the "old school" of the professional army before the Civil War.*Colonels

The next month, on September 27, 1861, Colonel Gallegos was transferred to the Third Regiment and Colonel Christopher (Kit) Carson took command of the First Regiment.

At the end of the Mexican War in 1848, the land north of the Gila River became part of the United States. With the Gadsden Purchase in 1853, the U.S. acquired the remainder of Arizona, south of the Gila River, which became part of New Mexico Territory. Ten years later, Arizona Territory was created out of the western half of New Mexico Territory.* Arizona The Department of New Mexico, which at this time included the Territory of Arizona, had the most officers of Hispanic descent, serving in nineteen units of the Union army. 157 Hispanic officers have been identified, to include Lt. Colonel Diego Archuleta, commander of the 1st New Mexico Volunteer Infantry (NMVI), Colonel Miguel E. Pino, commander the 2nd NMVI, Colonel Jose G. Gallegos, commander of the 3rd NMVI, and Lt. Colonel Francisco Perea, commanding the Perea Militia Battalion.* HispOffcrs

When the Civil War began, many units of the regular army were transferred from the western states to the East, and many officers of the Union resigned in order to enlist with the Confederacy. Only four companies of dragoons and the Regiment of Mounted Riflemen would be left to represent the regular army in New Mexico. These were augmented by volunteers who provided much of the manpower for the army in the territory. Colonel Canby concluded, soon after taking command of the Department of New Mexico, that Fort Union be designated the general depot for the distribution of all supplies shipped in via the Santa Fe Trail, except medical provisions, to the several posts and commands in the Department. At least one company of dragoons, detached from the garrison at Fort Union, was kept posted at Hatch's Ranch to protect that area and scout south and east for Indians and Texans who might threaten the settlements. The troops at Hatch's Ranch were directed, if threatened by a superior force to retreat to Fort Union rather than fight. Hatch's Ranch was considered to be a strategic location in the area because it was close to the Pecos River settlements, near the

Fort Smith route to Albuquerque, and in an area through which Comanches and Kiowas often entered the settled regions of New Mexico. The ranch became a military outpost in the department in 1856.* Hatch'sRanch

José Guadalupe was made Post Commander at Hatch Ranch on Nov 22, 1861. The unit was under special order 187, Nov 9, 1861 to construct a road between Las Vegas and Fort Union. (see Hatch's Ranch Document below)

The Battle of Valverde occurred the morning of February 21, 1862, thirty miles south of the town of Socorro, New Mexico. Canby and his men met General Sibley's army at the Valverde River crossing where the Confederates were victorious. The Confederates marched up the Rio Grande, capturing towns and supplies as they went: Socorro on February 25 and Belen on March 1, after which the Union troops burned all government property in Albuquerque that could not be hauled northward in wagon trains and evacuated Albuquerque, which was taken on March 2. Believing that Santa Fe could not be successfully defended because it was commanded on all sides by hills, Major Donaldson ordered Union troops to evacuate on March 4. He sent 120 wagons loaded with $250,000 of stores, taken from the commissaries in Albuquerque and Santa Fe, to Fort Union, arriving on March 10, the day that Santa Fe was taken. José Guadalupe Gallegos served a six month enlistment in the Army of the United States from August 26, 1861, until March 6, 1862. The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought from March 26 to 28, 1862 was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign. Nonprofessional troops, as opposed to regulars or professional army soldiers, were recruited by both sides in the Civil War for a specific purpose, such as Sibley’s campaign, and for a set period of time. The 3rd Regiment, NM Mounted Infantry was mustered out of the Union Army May 31, 1862. The Civil War in New Mexico ended in August, 1862, when the last of the Confederates were routed by the California Column. By law, officers in the army could resign their commissions by simply submitting a letter of resignation to the department commander, who forwarded it to the secretary of war for approval by the president. As soon as a letter of acceptance was returned, the officer was free from his obligations to the Union Army. Enlisted men, however, enjoyed no such privilege. They enlisted for a specified period of time and could not resign.

1867, May 24 Death: José Guadalupe Gallegos was only thirty-nine years old when he drowned in the Pecos River on May 18, 1867, in the vicinity of Colonias, Guadalupe County, New Mexico. He was buried at Anton Chico, New Mexico on May 24, 1867.

Note: When Josefa Gutierres applied for a pension as the widow of Colonel José Guadalupe Gallegos on November 7, 1893, she indicated on the deposition that she was not sure they were married on November 18, 1843, since she did not have a copy of the marriage certificate. If they were, indeed, married in 1843, they were both fifteen years old: José Guadalupe Gallegos was fifteen years old in 1843 and he was born in 1828. Josefa Gutierres was also born in 1828. The 1841 census of San Miguel del Bado area shows that they were neighbors. Perhaps that was one of the reasons for the marriage. Both families were wealthy. Therefore, since they were both fifteen years old, since they were neighbors, since the families were both wealthy, and since it was the custom in the Spanish culture to arrange marriages, it is assumed that their marriage was arranged.

José Guadalupe Gallegos Service in NM Legislature from p. 635 History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888 by Hubert Howe Bancroft, Henry Lebbeus Oak

5th Assembly, 1855-6. S. Miguel, José G. Gallegos8th Assembly, 1858-9. House: speaker José G. Gallegos; S. Miguel, J.G. Gallegos9th Assembly, 1859-60. Council: pres. J.G. Gallegos; S. Miguel, J.G. Gallegos10th Assembly, 1860-1. Council: pres. J.G. Gallegos; members same as '59-60 except S.A. Hubbell in Bernalillo

The War of the Rebellion Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies

Series I, Vol. 4, Operations in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona... pg. 85

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF NEW MEXICO,Santa Fé, N. Mex., January 15 (?), 1862.Col. G. R. PAUL, Fort Union, N. Mex.:

COLONEL: Your note of the 12th was received yesterday. The question you ask presents some difficulty, which I cannot decide at present. I had determined some time ago that, in consequence of the scarcity of officers in the department, I should not consent that any officers of the Army should be taken from their appropriate duties to accept any appointments in the volunteers, and in refusing the action taken in Colonel Robert's case and your own, I urge as a reason for refusing it that, although it would add to your duties, it would remove you from those that you were then exercising. The reason cannot be urged in reference to any other officer at present.

Besides this, the prejudice of the Mexican population towards the Americans is so great that if the field officers are taken altogether from the latter class, it is to be apprehended that it will delay, if it does not defeat, the organization of these regiments.

This is not, perhaps, a good military reason, but it is a necessity, from the character of the people we have to deal with.

I have also instructed two or three of the most efficient volunteer officers now in the service that, if they would induce the men of their regiments to enter the service for three years, I would recommend them for commissions as field officers. Colonel [José G.] Gallegos and Lieutenant-Colonel [José Maria] Valdez are among them, and until I can learn what these men are going to do, I could give no definite answer to your question, even if there were no other obstacles to a favorable answer.

Very respectfully, &c.,

ED. R. S. CANBY,Colonel, Nineteenth Infantry, Commanding Department [of New Mexico].

Map of Hatch's Ranch, 1850-1865Image

Two views of Hatch's Ranch Document

Report for Nov 1861, Received: July 5, 1862

1st half ImageJose G. Gallegos, Colonel 3rd N.M.M.Voltrs Commanding Post since November 22

etc...

2nd half ImageOFFICIAL COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED DURING THE MONTH

Nature of Order No. Date Whence

IssuedWhen

Received Purport

Genral Order 58 Nov 16,

1861HQ Dept NM Nov 22, 61 Dividing New Mexico into Military Districts

Genral Order 59 Nov 16,

1861HQ Dept NM Nov 22, 61 Proceedings of a military commission xxx at

Fort Craig

Special Order 187 Nov 9,

1861HQ Dept NM Nov 20, 61 Directing 2nd Lt John Dalton xxx to open a

road from Las Vegas to Fort Union

Special Order 199 Nov 20,

1861HQ Dept NM Nov 26, 61

Sergeant A. F. Peak 3rd Rgt N.M. Mtia Voltrs. to proceed and take post at Hatch's Ranch N.M.

1803 Settlers at San José del Bado

No. Name No. of varas

15. Gallegos, José Antonio 60

16. Gallegos, Toribio 125

from: The Villanueva State Park History of Title and History of the San Miguel del Bado Land GrantMalcolm Ebright, President Center for Land Grant Studies

1841 Census of San Miguel del BadoSecond District of El Bado, 1841

Source: Mexican Archives of New Mexico, Roll 41, frames 1257-1264Numbers have been added to index Surnames(Frame 1261, Column 1) Item 178

Name, Age in Yrs

Fernando Gallego, 34Ma. Julian Padilla, 28Gualupe, 12Alta Gracia, 9

Estefana, 7Anto. José, 2Migl., 1

from: The Villanueva State Park History of Title and History of the San Miguel del Bado Land GrantMalcolm Ebright, President Center for Land Grant Studies

United States Census, 1860 for José Guadalupe Gallegos

Name: José Guadalupe GallegosResidence: San Miguel, New MexicoWard: The Town Of Anton ChicoAge: 32 yearsEstimated Birth Year: 1828Birthplace: New MexicoGender: MalePage: 110Family Number: 1137Film Number: 803713DGS Number: 4235197Image Number: 00018NARA Number: M653

from FamilySearch.org

1860 Federal Census San Miguel County , New Mexico Territory pg100.txt

Year: 1860 Territory: New Mexico County: San Miguel Post Office: Tecolote Sheet No: 110 Reel No: M653-714Division: Anton Chico Page No: 14

Add'l columns for José Guadalupe: occupation-merchant; Real-1200; Person-4000Ladislado & Barnabe both marked X under S for the M,S,R,Deaf&Dumb Columns

LINE Dwell Famil Lastname Firstname Age Sex BirthPlace

1 1137 1135 Gallegos José Guadalupe 32 M New Mexico

2 1137 1135 Gallegos Maria Josefa 31 F New Mexico

3 1137 1135 Gallegos Ladislado 14 M New Mexico

4 1137 1135 Gallegos Bernabe 11 M New Mexico

5 1137 1135 Gallegos Maria Viviana 5 F New Mexico

6 1137 1135 Gallegos Juan de Dios 8 M New Mexico

from USGenWeb Archives

1870 Colonias de San José Census - José Fernando GallegosImage

Page 3 Schedule 1. - Inhabitants of the Township of Colonias de San José, in the County of San Miguel, Territory of New Mexico, enumerated by me on the 8th day of August, 1870

Lines:5-10Dwelling & Family No. 14

Name: J Fernando GallegosEstimated Birth Year: 1806Gender: MaleAge in 1870: 64yColor: WhiteBirthplace: NMHome in 1870: NMValue of Real Estate: 1,000Value of Personal Estate: 2,647

Name Age Gender Occupation Birthplace

J Fernando Gallegos 64y M Farmer New Mexico

Altagracia Gallegos 32y F Housekeeper New Mexico

Somasa Rivera 6y F New Mexico

Josefa Rivera 3y F New Mexico

José Gallegos 14y M Domestic servant New Mexico

Eulojia Gallegos 16y F Seamstress New Mexico

from FamilySearch.org

1870 Colonias de San Jose CensusFamilies of Josefa, Ladislao & Antonio Jose

Image

Page 21 Schedule 1. - Inhabitants of the Town of Colonias de San Jose, in the County of San Miguel, Territory of New Mexico, enumerated by me on the 8th day of August, 1870Post Office: Las Vegas, N.M. (signed) Demetrio Perez, Ass't Marshall

Lines:27-40

Dwelling Name Age Gender Occupation Real Estate Value

Personal Estate Value Birthplace

11 Gutierrez, Josefa 37 F Keeping

House 1000 1000 New Mexico

Gallegos, Biviana 14 F Seamstress New Mexico

Gallegos, Conrada 10 F At Home New Mexico

Gallegos, Silviano 12 M At Home New Mexico

Gallegos, Guadalupe 3 F New Mexico

12 Gallegos, Ladislao 23 M Farmer 500 800 New Mexico

Gallegos, Eufemia 18 F House

Keeper New Mexico

Gallegos, Esmerejilda 14 F At Home New Mexico

Gallegos, Luz 3 F New Mexico

13 Gallegos, Anto. 31 M Farmer 2,500 11,855 New Mexico

José

Gallegos, Rosario 22 F House

Keeper New Mexico

Gallegos, Tomas 13 M At Home New Mexico

Gallegos, Crecencio 11 M At Home New Mexico

Gallegos, Geronimo 5 M New Mexico

from FamilySearch.org

Silvano Gallegos, father of George Gallegos Sr.from FamilySearch.org:

1880 United States Census: Household

Name RelationMarital

StatusGender Race Age Birthplace Occupation Father's

BirthplaceMother's Birthplace

Silvano GALLEGOS Self S Male W 20 NM Farmer NM NM

Josefa GALLEGOS Mother W Female W 50 NM House

Keeping NM NM

Conrada GALLEGOS Sister S Female W 17 NM NM NM

Source Information:Census Place Precinct 19, Las Colonias, San Miguel, New MexicoFamily History Library Film 1254803NA Film Number T9-0803Page Number 257D

from New Mexico Marriages, 1751-1918 for José Fernando Gallego @ FamilySearch.org

Groom's Name: José Fernando GallegoBride's Name: Maria Juliana PadiaMarriage Date: 28 Apr 1824Marriage Place: Catholic, Galisteo, Santa Fe, New MexicoIndexing Project (Batch) Number: M51262-1System Origin: New Mexico-ODMSource Film Number: 16775

Map of Pecos Pueblo, San José del Vado & San Miguel del Vado

from Kiva, Cross and Crown the Pecos Indians and New Mexico by John L. Kessel@ The National Park Service: Discovery History

Map of San Miguel del Vado Vicinity

Map of San Miguel del Vado Land Grant, 1894

San Miguel del Vado Grant, 315,300 acresbased on John Shaw Survey of 1879

from The Villanueva State Park History of Title and Historyof the San Miguel del Bado Land Grant by Malcolm Ebright

and the New Mexico Office of the State Historian

SW Civil War Defense System

from Fort Union and the Frontier Army in the Southwest:A Historic Resource Study Fort Union National Monument Fort Union, New Mexico by Leo E. Oliva

Source: National Park Service, 1993

Map of NM Counties

Note: LA = Los Alamos

Notes:

*Arizona

Chiricahua National Monument Faraway Ranch Special History Study by Lysa Wegman-French from the National Parks Service

from The Contested Homeland: a Chicano history of New Mexico by David Maciel, Erlinda Gonzales-Berry, p63

Prior to the settling of Las Vegas and Tecolote, Manuel had patrolled the area with a small military squadron out of San Miguel del Bado. His assignment had been to protect livestock herders in the area and to escort Santa Fe Trail caravans as they approached San Miguel. After Las Vegas and Tecolote were settled, Manuel Herrera continued to maintain a small military outpost near Tecolote at a place called Plaza del Torreon. After the American occupation, Brigadier General Manuel Herrera headed seven companies of mounted militia and led organized campaigns against the Apache and Navajo Indians.

*Colonels

Colonel (United States) from Wikipedia

19th centuryThe rank of colonel was relatively rare in the early 19th century, partly because the Army was very small, and the rank was usually obtained only after long years of service. During the War of 1812 many temporary colonels were appointed, but these commissions were either considered brevet ranks or the commissions were canceled at the war’s conclusion. Shoulder Strap from an infantry colonel in the Union Army

The American Civil War saw a large influx of colonels as the rank was commonly held in both the

Confederate Army and Union Army by those who commanded a regiment. Since most regiments were state formations and were quickly raised, the colonels in command were known by the title "Colonel of Volunteers," in contrast to Regular Army colonels who held ranks from the "old school" of the professional army before the Civil War.

After the Civil War, the rank of colonel again became rare as the forces of the United States Army became extremely small. However, many brevet colonels were appointed again during the Spanish American War, prominent among them Theodore Roosevelt and David Grant Colson.

Descendants of Bachiller Don Diego de Terrazas (~1460-?)

Assuming that Luis Gallegos (Gallego) de Terrazas is the grandson of Francisco de Terrazas opens up the question where the Gallegos came from since Francisco de Terrazas was from Extremadura not Galicia where the Gallego name is suppose to have originated. ...After the destruction by Cortes and his men of the Aztec empire, Cortes created the Encomienda awarding them to his men. According to The Encomenderos of New Spain, the encomienda was a grant of Indians who were to provide the grantee (encomendero) tribute in the form of commodities and service in return for protection and religious instruction (neither of which were given, in many cases), .ie., the Spaniard was given you a huge piece of land that had many Indian men, women, and children. He could use them free of charge for whatever... to build castles, have children with any of the Indian woman, etc. Francisco de Terrazas did have several natural children as did many of Cortes' men that were given encomiendas. It is unlikely that the mothers of these children were Spanish.

In Spain, as in other lands, a short hand method of showing one's parentage was developed by adding an -es, -as, -is, or -os (common to Portuguese surnames) or an -ez, -az, -is, -oz (common to Castilian or Spanish surnames) to the end of the father's name. Hence in Spain "Juan hijo de Rodrigo" (John son of Rodrigo) became Juan Rodriguez (John Roderickson) and in Portugal, Juan Rodrigues. These surnames are now called patronymic surnames and some typical examples are: Mendez (son of Mendo), Alvarez (of Alvaro), Gonzalez (of Gonzalo), Ortiz, (Ortun), Ibañez (Iban), Jimenez (son of Ximena).

In addition to patronymic surnames (Rodriguez, Alvarez, etc.) the many towns, villages, fortresses, hills, bodies of water, valleys, mountains, and regions were a very rich source of geographical surnames. A man by the name of Ricardo living in the town of Lugo, might be called Ricardo de Lugo, or if he lived in or near caves, Ricardo de las Cuevas. Names like Vasco (Basque) or Vasquez (son of a Basque) might indicate nationality as well as place of birth. Surnames like Ebro, Duero and Sosa refer to the names of rivers. Torre and Torres refer to towers and Castillo to a castle, Cuesta and Llanos to a hill and a valley, del Mar, to the sea, Costa and Acosta to the coast, etc.

*Genizaros

Genízaro from Wikipedia

Etymology: Genízaro is a Spanish word that evolved from the English word janissary which in turn evolved from the Ottoman Turkish word yeniçeri, a term used to describe the slaves trained as soldiers for the Ottoman Empire.

History: Beginning in 1692 Young Indian captives were sold into slavery in New Mexico. Many of the captives complained of mistreatment and were settled in land grants on the periphery of Spanish settlements according to a policy established by the Governors. These settlements became buffer communities for larger Spanish towns in the event of attack by enemy tribes surrounding the province. The following description of the Tome-Valencia settlements by a Spanish Religious official (Fray Menchero) in the 1740s provides insight as the politics of the settlement of Genizaros on land grants:

"This is a new settlement, composed of various nations, who are kept in peace, union, and charity by the special providence of God and the efforts of the missionaries,... the Indians are of the various nations that

have been taken captive by the Comanche Apaches, a nation so bellicose and so brave that it dominates all those of the interior country...They sell people of all these nations to the Spaniards of the kingdom, by whom they are held in servitude, the adults being instructed by the fathers and the children baptized. It sometimes happens that the Indians are not well treated in this servitude, no thought being given to the hardships of their captivity, and still less to the fact that they are neophytes, and should be cared for and treated with kindness. For this reason many desert and become apostates. Distressed by this, the missionaries informed the governor of it, so that, in a matter of such great importance, he might take the proper measures. Believing the petition to be justified,...he ordered by proclamation throughout the kingdom that all the Indian men and women neophytes who received ill-treatment from their masters should report it to him, so that if the case were proved, he might take the necessary measures. In fact a number did apply to him, and he assigned to them for their residence and settlement, in the name of his Majesty, a place called Valencia and Cerro de Tome, thirty leagues distant from the capital to the south, in a beautiful plain bathed by the Rio (del) Norte. There are congregated more than forty families in a great union, as if they were all of the same nation, all owing to the zeal in the father missionary of Isleta, which is a little more than two leagues from there, to the north. This settlement dates from the year 1740. The people engage in agricultural and are under obligation to go out and explore the country in pursuit of the enemy, which they are doing with great bravery and zeal in their obedience, and under the direction of the said father they are erecting their church without any cost to the royal crown." The settlements of Tomé and Belén, just south of Albuquerque also were described by Juan Agustin Morfi as follows in 1778: "In all the Spanish towns of New Mexico there exists a class of Indians called genizaros. These are made up of captive Comanches, Apaches, etc. who were taken as youngsters and raised among us, and who have married in the province... They are forced to live among the Spaniards, without lands or other means to subsist except the bow and arrow which serves them when they go into the back country to hunt deer for food…They are fine soldiers, very warlike…Expecting the genizaros to work for daily wages is a folly because of the abuses they have experienced, especially from the alcaldes mayores in the past... In two places, Belen and Tome, some sixty families of genizaros have congregated."

Tribal Origins: Throughout the Spanish and Mexican period Genízaros settled in several New Mexican villages such as Belén, Tomé, Valencia, Carnué, Los Lentes, Socorro, and San Miguel del Vado.[9] Genízaros also lived in Albuquerque, Atrisco, Santa Fe, Chimayó, Taos, Abiquiú and Las Vegas. Most Genízaros were Navajos, Pawnees, Apaches, Kiowa Apaches, Utes, and Paiutes who had been purchased at a young age and functioned as servants and sheepherders.

In the 18th century many of the young captives were sold as slaves by the Comanches, who dominated the weaker tribes in the eastern plains.[11] Almost all of the more recent Genízaros in fact were of Navajo ancestry during the Mexican and early American period (1821–1880). During negotiations with the United States military, Navajo spokesmen complained that over half of the people in the tribe were servants in Mexican households. Most did not return to the Navajo nation but remained as the lower classes in the Hispanic villages.[13] Today they comprise much of the population of Atrisco, Pajarito, and Los Padillas in the South Valley of Albuquerque, and significant portions of the population of Las Vegas in Eastern New Mexico.

19th Century: In 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain, and New Mexico became a state of the First Mexican Empire. The Treaty of Córdoba enacted by Mexico decreed that indigenous tribes within its borders were citizens of Mexico. Under Spanish rule Genízaros and Pueblo Indians/Natives were often treated as second-class citizens, even though they were protected by the Laws of the Indies. Officially, the Mexican government proclaimed a policy of social equality for all ethnic groups and Genízaros were at least officially considered equals to their Vecino and Pueblo neighbors. During this period, the term Genízaro was officially dropped from church and government documents. In practice however, Mexico was far from egalitarian, and most Genízaros remained at the bottom of Mexican society. Economic and social conditions under Mexico were so bad that in 1837 the Pueblos, Genizaros, Coyotes, and Vecinos revolted against the Mexican government. Rebels cut off the head of Albino Perez (the Mexican Governor), and killed all of the Mexican troops in Santa Fe. They formed a new government and elected José Angel Gonzáles, a Genízaro of Taos Pueblo and Pawnee ancestry, as governor. The revolt was often referred to as the Chimayoso Revolt after the

infamous community of Chimayó, in Northern New Mexico, which was home to José Angel Gonzáles and many other mixed-blood Indians. It was one of many revolts against the Mexican government by indigenous groups during this period, including the Mayan revolt in the Yucatán.

*Lots

Four leagues of Pecos: a legal history of the Pecos grant, 1800-1933 by G. Emlen Hall @ Google Books

*Legislat-p.634

*SpArchvs-p.641

History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888, Hubert Howe Bancroft

*SnMglGrnt-Chpt.9

Kiva, Cross and Crown the Pecos Indians and New Mexico by John L. Kesselfrom the National Park Service: Discovery History• Chapter 9 Toward Extinction 1794-1840

Chpt.9 Twenty-odd miles downriver southeast of Pecos pueblo, it lay at the place where the trail to the plains crossed the river, "where," according to the petition, "there is space enough not only for the fifty-one of us [fifty-two counting Márquez] who ask but also for as many in the province who are destitute." They described the boundaries of this new Eden simply: "in the north the Río de la Vaca [Cow Creek] from the place called La Ranchería to El Agua Caliente; in the south El Cañón Blanco; in the east La Cuesta and Los Cerritos de Bernal; and in the west the place commonly called El Gusano [South San Isidro]."

Thirteen of the fifty-two men who applied were genízaros, those ransomed Indians and their descendants who lived as Hispanos, exactly twenty-five percent. Although more genízaros would move to the area later, the settlers themselves fostered the quarter-truth that his was "a genízaro settlement" in order to win concessions from church and state. Twenty-five of the fifty-two had firearms. All of them pledged as one "to enclose ourselves in a plaza well fortified with bulwarks and towers and to make every effort to lay in all the firearms and munitions we possibly can."

Finally, don Pedro called them all together and admonished them to put up promptly solid landmarks of rock. That would prevent disputes. None of them, he concluded, was free to sell or otherwise alienate his land for a period of ten years, beginning that day, March 12, 1803. After he had gone through the same routine two days later at the settlement of San José del Vado, three miles upstream from San Miguel, distributing farm land to forty-five men and two women, Pedro Bautista Pino made ready to ride back to Santa Fe. The settlers crowded around him. Nine years later he recalled the scene in his book.

H. Bailey Carroll and J. Villasana Haggard, eds., Three New Mexico Chronicles (Albuquerque, 1942), pp. 8n, 215 n. 2. San Miguel del Vado Grant, SGNM no. 119. SANM, I, no. 887. Although Pino did not mention the five-year residency requirement, it applied to similar community grants made by Governor Chacón, for example the Cebolleta Grant at the foot of Mount Taylor. Reeve, "Navaho Foreign Affairs, 1795-1846," part I, 1795-1815, NMHR, vol. 46 (1971), pp. 108, 121. Juan de Dios Ferná:ndez, the former Pecos Indian, was not listed among the recipients of farming lands at either San Miguel or San José. One of the San Miguel genízaros, José María Garduno, who received 130 varas of land in the distribution, was arrested four years later in Chihuahua as a vagrant. SANM, II, no. 2043.

The presence of so many Spaniards and mixed-bloods making love, giving birth, and dying on the Río Pecos, at first far away downriver but still within the jurisdiction of the mission, should have meant closer attention to Pecos by the Franciscans. And it did for a time. Then, as the disparity widened, as the El Vado settlements propagated and Pecos shrunk further and further, the priest moved out to El Vado and visited the Pecos less often than when he had resided in Santa Fe.

Reporting on his ministry in 1801, Father [Buenaventura] Merino put the total population of Pecos pueblo at 59 males and 64 females. There were 182 settlers downriver at San Miguel del Vado, 85 of them men and boys and 97 women and girls. Characterized by the friar as "very poor," both Hispanos and Indians grew maize, wheat, and a few vegetables in fields irrigated by the Río Pecos, but only enough to subsist. They ran only a few head of cattle and no sheep or goats "because the enemies don't let them increase." Filling out the rest of the questionnaire, Merino declared that in his district there were no industries or commerce worth mentioning, no bridges over the river, and no good timber for the royal navy.

Fr. Buenaventura Merino, Santa Fe, June 10, 1801, Cathedral Archive, Durango. Merino, who signed the Pecos books between May of 1792 and February 1802, had entered the Order at the convento in Medina de Río Seco on October 18, 1759, had professed his religious vows there on October 19, 1760, and had studied philosophy for three years, sacred theology for three, and moral theology for a year and a half. Elected preacher in 1768, he served subsequently in the conventos of Almazán and Atienza. Nomina de los religiosos, June 28, 1803, BNM, leg. 10, no. 77. Chávez, Archives, p. 166. Merino and Fr. Severo Patero to the viceroy, Colegio de San Fernando de México, Mar. 30, 1790, et al., AGN, PI, 161, part 7.

A Church for El Vado: Father Bragado endured at Pecos almost six years. He saw the rowdy mixed-breed communities of San Miguel and San José del Vado almost double in size. Evidently work was progressing on the San Miguel church, but not without incident. Once in the summer of 1805 when Manuel Baca, interim deputy justice of the district, ordered Ignacio Durán, in charge at San José, to beat the drum for the people to come work on the church, not everyone assembled. Reyes Vigil and his sons refused. When Duran ordered them, Vigil told him that he could "eat shit, eat a bucket of shit!" Afterwards, at Vigil's corral, the two got into a name-calling, rock-throwing, hair-pulling brawl. Because only a part of the record survives, the outcome of the ensuing legal action is not known.

Bartolomé Fernández, San Miguel del Vado, July 28, 1805, et al., SANM, II, no. 1867.

The Priest Moves to El Vado: Twenty-seven-year-old Fray Manuel Antonio García del Valle, a native of Mexico City, did not stand on tradition. Granted, he had been appointed minister of the mission of Pecos, and it was still the cabecera, or seat of the "parish," but he saw no earthly reason for him to reside in a dying Indian pueblo when the large majority of his parishioners lived ten leagues or so downriver. After relieving González in March 1811, he baptized thirty-two infants for the settlers of El Vado before a Pecos Indian couple finally had a baby. That year the settlers at last finished the chapel of San Miguel del Vado. Why should he not reside there?

Although García del Valle began on March 8, 1811, baptizing babies at the El Vado settlements, he did not mention a church there until late September. Up until then he had been burying El Vado people at Pecos. But on September 28, he buried a girl "in this chapel of San Miguel." On September 30, he baptized a child "in this parish church of San Miguel del Vado belonging to the mission of Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles de Pecos." He celebrated the first wedding "in the church of San Miguel" on October 14, 1811.

Lure of Trade on the Plains: For the average mixed-blood or genízaro who drew a plot of ground at El Vado in 1803, it was not the prospect of a good year for maize or beans that excited him most, but rather the vision of hunting or trading on the plains.

The settlers on the Río Pecos, with or without government sanction, kept on hunting and trading among the Comanches, enjoying "the best relations with that heathen nation . . . calm and at peace as always."

Manuel Baca to Gov. José Manrique, San Miguel del Vado, June 1, 1813, SANM, II, no. 2492. Felipe Sandoval, Santa Fe, Aug. 17, 1814, SANM, I, no. 703. Maynez, Santa Fe, June 14, 1808, SANM, II, no. 2114.

Dispute at North Boundary: The legal battle began in 1818. Juan de Aguilar of Santa Fe, one of Peña's two companions, believed that he had been defrauded. Three years before, he claimed, he had duly acquired a

piece of land "in the place known as the surplus of Pecos." Later, the Pecos Indians had protested and called for a new measurement. The alcalde of El Vado, don Vicente Villanueva, complied. In so doing, Aguilar contended, he had deviated from established practice in two regards. First, he had begun from "the edge of the pueblo" instead of the cemetery cross, and second he had used a one hundred-vara measuring cord instead of the standard fifty-vara cord. "As a result several properties have been prejudiced." Aguilar begged Gov. Facundo Melgares to address himself to these two points.

*Reveng-Chpt3

*Hatch'sRanch-Chpt3,Chpt5

Fort Union Historic Resource Study @ National Park Service• Chapter 3 Military Operations before the Civil War• Chapter 5 Fort Union and the Army in New Mexico During the Civil War

During May [1854] Acting Governor Messervy called into service for three months a battalion of militia to include 200 volunteers. These were stationed in northeastern New Mexico to protect the settlements "from the invasion of the Indians." In addition to the hostilities of the Jicarillas, the Kiowas, Comanches, and Cheyennes were reported to be raiding in San Miguel County where fourteen New Mexicans were killed. Lieutenant Colonel Cooke, back at Fort Union, declared that the attacks by the plains tribes "is reasonably to be expected & in retaliation of serious depredations committed by the Inhabitants of the territory on them: viz, the annual destruction of buffalo within their country." Garland attributed the murders in San Miguel County to the unprovoked killing of plains Indians by buffalo hunters the previous winter. "These Indians," he wrote, "as is their custom took their revenge."(Messervy to Brig. Gen. of the 2nd Brigade of the 2nd Division of the Militia of the Territory of New Mexico, May 27, 1854, & Messenvy to Cooke, May 30, 1854, AC; Cooke to Nichols, June 6, 1854, LR, DNM, USAC, RG 393, NA; and Garland to Thomas, June 30, 1854, LS, DNM, v. 9, pp. 200-201, USAC, RG 393, NA.)

Hatch's Ranch was considered to be a strategic location in the area because it was close to the Pecos River settlements, near the Fort Smith route to Albuquerque, and in an area through which Comanches and Kiowas often entered the settled regions of New Mexico. The ranch become a military outpost in the department the following year.Meriwether to Manypenny, May 28 & Sept. 18, 1855, LR, N-439-1855 & N-527-1855, OIA, RG 75, NA; Fauntleroy to Nichols & Fauntleroy to Johnston, Sept. 20, 1855, & Fauntleroy to Nichols, Sept. 26, 1855, LS, FU, USAC, RG 393, NA; Special Orders No. 94, HQ DNM, Sept. 22, 1855, DNM Orders, v. 27, p. 206, USAC, RG 393, NA; Nichols to Brooks, Sept. 27, 1855, & Nichols to Carleton, Sept. 30, 1855, LS, DNM, v. 9, pp. 403, 407, USAC, RG 393, NA; and Garland to Thomas, July 31, Sept. 30, & Oct. 31, 1855, LS, DNM, v. 9, pp. 380-381, 408,423, USAC, RG 393, NA.

New Mexico Office of the Sate Historian• Fairview Cemetery by Corinne P. Sze

"Long-time Catron enemy, Democrat J. A Crist, as district attorney in the Governor Thornton administration, led the 1895 prosecution of the Borrego brothers and others for the political murder of Sheriff Silvestre Gallegos. Represented by T. B. Catron, the defendants were convicted and hanged in Santa Fe. At the conclusion of the trial, Crist pursued an unsuccessful disbarment effort against Catron.(99)"Westphall, Thomas Benton Catron and his Era pp.208-268.

New Mexico Office of the Sate Historian• Legislative Assembly, 1858 HOUSE SPEAKER — Jose G. Gallegos, cf San Miguel County

*HispOffcrs

Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War, Officers of Hispanic Descent in the Union Army by Robert Girard Carroon

New Mexico had the most officers with Hispanic names serving in the nineteen units which were enlisted in the Federal service. New Mexico at this time also included Arizona Territory. So far 157 officers have been identified, including Lt. Colonel Diego Archuleta commanding the First New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Colonel Miguel E. Pino who commanded the 2nd New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, Colonel Jose G. Gallegos commander of the Third New Mexico Volunteer Infantry, and Lt. Colonel Francisco Perea, who commanded Perea's Militia Battalion. Most of these units fought in the Battle of Valverde on 21 February 1862 against the forces of the Confederate States Army commanded by Brigadier General Henry H. Sibley. These units also participated in such battles as Fort Craig, on 23 August and 26 September 1861 under Brigadier General Edward R. S. Canby and Glorietta Pass, and later served under Brevet Brigadier General Christopher S. "Kit" Carson. The Battle of Aro Pass, fought on 5 July 1865, was among the last engagements of the war.

The Leading Facts of New Mexican History, Volume 2, by Ralph Emerson Twitchell, p. 375-footnote

Hayes, A. A., in his An Unwritten Episode of the Late War, pp.165, 166, says: "The number of regulars of all arms in the spring of 1862 was put by General Roberts at nine hundred. There were two regiments of New Mexico volunteers, the first having notable officers. The nominal colonel was of the Cáran St. Vrain... The lieutenant-colonel and acting commander was Kit Carson; the major, J. F. Chavez; and one of the captains, Albert H. Pfeiffer... The colonel of the second was Miguel Pino."

A number of the officers of minor grades in the regular army desired to accept commissions in the volunteers. Colonel Canby declined to permit this to be done, and as one of his reasons for this action, said: "The prejudice of the Mexican population towards the Americans is so great that if the field officers are taken altogether from the latter class, it is to be apprehended that it will delay, if it does not defeat, the organization of these regiments. This is not, perhaps, a good military reason, but it is a necessity, from the character of the people we have to deal with. I have also instructed two or three of the most efficient volunteer officers now in the service that, if they would induce the men of their regiments to enter the service for three years, I would recommend them for commissions as field officers. Colonel Gallegos and Lieutenant-Colonel Valdez are among them, and until I can learn what these men are going to do, I could give no definite answer to your question, even if there were no other obstacles to a favorable answer." - Letter of Colonel Canby to Col. G.R. Paul, Fort Union, New Mexico, January 15, 1862.

*LasVegas

The Leading Facts of New Mexican History, Volume 4, by Ralph Emerson Twitchell

Without exception, in the days of construction of the Santa Fe railway into the Southwest, there was no town which harbored a more disreputable gang of gamblers, desperadoes, and outlaws than did Las Vegas. They controlled, for a while, the local police officers, and the dance halls, and public resorts were the scenes of many shooting affrays and robberies. In the new town, in the immediate vicinity and in front of the present Castenada hotel, were located some of the most disreputable saloons, dance-halls, and resorts ever in frontier days. The gambling houses never closed and the gambling fraternity did about as they pleased. It finally became necessary to organize a committee of one hundred for the safety of the better classes and visitors to the place. Several desperadoes were summarily dealt with, taken from the jail or from their resorts and hung. Notice was served upon every "undesirable" to leave forthwith and in this manner the town was rid of as desperate a gang of cutthroats and "bad men" as ever congregated in one place in the Southwest.

The late seventies may be said to have closed the pioneer period of Las Vegas, and at a banquet given by the settlers of '79, in February, 1902, a striking list of departed pioneers was presented to the guests. Only the "old-timers" recognized the names of the deceased: Caribou Brown, French Pete, Billie the Kid, Dutch Charlie, Dirty-face Mike, Hoodoo Brown, Red Laughlin, Scar-face Charlie, Pawnee Bill, Kickapoo George, Jack-knife Jack, Off Wheeler, Sawdust Charlie, Johnnie Behind the Rocks, Fly-speck Sam, Beefsteak Mike, Mysterious Dave, Hatchetface Kit, Broncho Bill, Solitaire, Texas George, Durango Kid, Jim Lane, Pancake Billy, Cock-eyed Frank, Rattlesnake Sam, Kansas Kid, Red the Hack Driver, Split-nose Mike, Kim Ki

Rogers, Charlie the Swede, Web-fingered Billy, Nigger Bill, Curley Moore, Light-fingered Jack, "Chuck," Billy the Kid the Second, Pretty Dick, Forty-five Jimmy, Lucky Dick, Wink the Barber, Red Mike, Silent Henry, Double-out Sam, Dutch Pete, Curly Bill, Black Kid, "Kingfisher," Handsome Harry the Danc-Hall Rustler, Flap-Jack Bill, Big George the Cook, Jimmie the Duck, Cock-eyed Dutch, Little Dutch the Detective, "Smooth," Pock-marked Kid, Flap-Jack Bill, Buckskin Joe, "Tennessee," Brocky-faced Johnnie, Piccolo Johnnie, Pistol Johnnie, Big-foot Mike, China Jack, "Pinky," Happy Jack, Big Burns, Cold-deck George, Hop-fiend Bill, Pegleg Dick, "Rosebud," "Sandy" (Red Oaks), Dutch the Gambler (Jim Ramsey), Red-face Mike, Dummy the Fox, Red River Tom, Hold-out Jack, Short Creek Dave, "Skinny," Long Vest George, Smokey Hall, Bald-faced Kid, Cockey Bill, One Armed Jim the Gambler, One Armed Kelley, Lord Locke, Long Lon, Maroney the Peddler, "Shakespeare," Chuck Luck Betts, Hog Jones, Hog-foot Jim, Bostwick the Silent Man, Hurricane Bill, Pawnee George, "Blondy," Shotgun Bill, "Scotty," Big Murphy, Box Car Bill, Little Jay, "Kentuck," Tommy the Poet, Sheeny Frank, "Shorty," Skinney the Barber, Elk Skin Davis, Broken Nose Clark, Soapy Smith, Squint-eyed Bob, Stuttering Tom, Repeater Shan, Buttermilk George, Billie-Be-Damned, and Candy Cooper.

Additional Resources:

The Book of Marriages San Miguel Del Bado by the New Mexico Genealogical Society

CivilWarArchive.com• Union Regimental Index New Mexico

Civil War Soldiers and Sailor System

Daily New Mexican

ELApro.net Bottger-Gallegos

ElValle.com El Valle, New Mexico• Nuestra Historia - We settled San Miguel Del Bado (originally printed in the Las Vegas Optic)

from FamilySearch.orgUnited States, Civil War Soldiers Records for José Guadalupe GallegosState (or Origin): New Mexico TerritoryMilitary Unit: 3rd Regiment, NM Mounted Infantry (6 month)Side: UnionRank In/Out: ColonelCompany:F&SNARA Publication: M242NARA Roll Number: 2Film Number: 821884New Mexico, Civil War Service Records of Union Soldiers, 1861-1865 for José Guadalupe GallegosYear: 1861NARA Publication Title: Compiled Service Records of Volunteer Union SoldiersWho Served in Organizations from the Territory of New MexicoNARA Publication Number: M427NARA Roll Number:45

FTP.Resource.org• Sandoval et al. Morton v. United States May 24, 1897

Google Books• Bancroft, Hubert Howe º History of Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888• El Cerrito, New Mexico: 8 generations in a Spanish village by Richard Lee Nostrand Pg4 San Miguel del Vado Grant• Legal Executions in the Western Territories, 1847-1911 by R. Michael Wilson (Jose Silvestre Gallegos - murder of Sheriff)• Levine, Frances º Our prayers are in this place: Pecos Pueblo identity over the centuries• Mora, Anthony P. º Border Dilemmas: Racial and National Uncertainties in New Mexico, 1848–1912 (Governor Connely proclamation, p.91)• New Mexico. Governor º Report of the Governor of New Mexico to the Secretary of the Interior , 1903 (p.383 San Miguel del Bado claimed 315,000 acre all rejected except irrigated farm lands)• New Mexico. Secretary of State New Mexico Blue Book, 1882 • Outlaws & Desperados by Ann Lacy, Anne Valley-Fox (murder Silvestre Gallegos Santa Fe coroner/chief of police)• Platt, Lyman De º Census records for Latin America and the Hispanic United States• The Pacific reporter, Volume 120 Pg707 Bond et al. v. Unknown Heirs of Barela et al.• Report of the commissioner of the General Land Office by US General Land Office Pg201 San Miguel del Bado• Stanley, Francis º Fort Union, New Mexico (Col J. Gallegos, 3rd NM Vols.)• United States. Congress º Congressional edition, Vol2541 by US Congress (p283 “San Miguel del Bado”)• Westphall, Victor• Thomas Benton Catron and His Era (Murder of Sheriff Silvestre Gallegos)

New Mexico Genealogical Society• San Miguel County Locating Catholic Church Records in NM see San Antonio de Padua, Pecos for Las Colonias• San Miguel del Bado Church ($) Baptisms and Marriages research for sale

New Mexico historical review (Volume 18) p.24SOCIETY MINUTES, 1859-1863 253The following Gentlemen were appointed said Committee viz:Messrs C. P. Clever, Facundo Pino, W. J. Howard, Jose G. Gallegos and M. Ashurst

New Mexico Office of the State Historian• Lorenzo Marquez Land Grant Petition 1794 by Mark Schiller• San Miguel del Vado Grant by Mark Schiller º San Miguel del Vado Land Grant location of José Guadalupe & Josefa Gutierres' Marriage with video of the Church• The Villanueva State Park History of Title and History of the San Miguel del Bado Land Grant

New Mexico's Digital Collections, Advanced Search, from U New Mexico, Libraries• Essay concerning the Civil War in New Mexico• New Mexican Santa Fe, NM 1863-1868• Santa Fe Weekly Gazette

from NM Tourism Dept Guide to Billy the Kid Territory

After his capture at Stinking Springs in 1880, the shackled Kid, guarded by Garrett and his posse, enjoyed a two-hour Christmas Day turkey dinner at Polish ex-priest Alexander Grzelachowski's Home & Store (28). This Territorial-style sandstone and adobe structure, built in 1874, is in Puerto de Luna, 10 miles south of Santa Rosa (private property).

Settled shortly after 1822, the Pecos River settlement of Anton Chico (29) attracted merchants, ranchers and outlaws. Here the Kid and the Regulators scared off San Miguel County Sheriff Desiderio Romero and his posse in Manuel Sanchez's saloon in August, 1878, and Garrett married Apolinaria Gutierrez (the older sister of the one of the Kid's queridas) in January, 1880, in St. Joséph's Church, built in 1857, 40 miles northwest of Santa Rosa.

In the Victorian-era city Las Vegas (30), the site of the county jail where the Kid spent the night after his capture at Stinking Springs, is at 200 Valencia Street, a block northwest of Old Town Plaza. The site of the old depot, where Garrett and the manacled Kid boarded the next-afternoon train to Santa Fe, is just east of the railroad tracks beyond Railroad Ave., between Jackson and Tilden Streets.

from Surnames in the United States Census of 1790: an Analysis of National Origins of the PopulationBy American Council of Learned SocietiesThe term "Spanish Southwest" refers to those parts of the present United States which in 1790 were Provinces of the Spanish Empire - the States of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Utah, Nevada, and part of Colorado. The great storehouse for information regarding conditions in this area is the series by B.H. Bancroft: History of the Pacific States of North America. Whatever statistics of population are extant are collected in these volumes and... estimates can be derived from those which are chronologically the nearest.

New Mexico Archives translated by Donald S. DreesenNew Mexico Territorial 1850, Vol 1 by David H. Salazar, Vol 2-4 by Luis Gilberto Padilla y Baca

Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies in the War of the Rebellion, Series I, Volumes 4, 9 and 26

SantafeTrailResearch.com• Fort Union88. Records of Brigadier General Manuel Herrera, Apache Campaign, 1851-1852, Microfilm, New Mexico Territorial Archives, roll 87, NMSRCA.

San Miguel del Bado, Nov 1829-Nov 1878San Miguel del Bado Church Vol I, Jan 1, 1829-May 12, 1844San Miguel del Bado Census 1841

Santa Fe Weekly Gazette 1850's

Santa Fe Daily New Mexican, Sept 24, 1896; Apr 2, 1897Albuquerque (NM) Weekly Citizen, Apr 3, 1897

Francisco Chavez was sheriff of Santa Fe County in 1890 when he attended a baile where Jose Silvestre Gallegos was a guest. Francisco y Borrego Gonzalez suddenly appeared and without provocation shot and killed Gallegos. Gonzales was acquitted but swore that he would kill the sheriff. Gonzales returned to Santa Fe in mid-May 1892 and on May 29 forty two year old ex-sheriff Chavez was ambushed and murdered while returning home. 1 fugitive was later killed while trying to escape and 4 others, including Gonzales were hanged for the murder.

SomosPrimos.com• John Inclan genealogical research• The Descendents of General Pedro Gomez Duran y Chavez And Dona Isabel de Bacacommanding general Pedro Gomez Duran-y-Chavez(DyC) 1585-/Isabel de Baca 1586-?->sergeant major Fernando DyC 1617<1669/Maria de Carvajal->alcalde mayor Fernando DyC 1651>1707/Lucia Hurtado-de-Salas ?-1729->Pedro DyC 1680-1735/Gertrudis Sanchez->(Pedro DyC II; Salvador Manuel DyC 1731-; Jose DyC 1733-1772)

Wikipedia• Anton Chico, NM 15 mi SW of Villaneuva State Park, Pecos River, midway between Las Vegas & Santa Rosa• Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway• Battle of Glorieta Pass• Canby, Edward (1817-1873) Civil War Commander of the Department of New Mexico• Chiapas Mexico• Department of New Mexico mid-19th century department of the United States Army• Encomienda• Field officer• Genízaro young Indian captives sold into slavery, Chimayoso Revolt• Hispanics in the American Civil War• Las Vegas, NM• New Spain• Santa Rosa, NM at times, known as Anton Chico• United States Court of Private Land Claims with map of San Miguel del Bado Grant• Zacatecas, Zacatecas Mexico

Wikisource• United States v. Sandoval/Opinion of the Court (San Miguel del Bado del Rio de Pecos)

Inventory of the County Archives of San Miguel County New Mexico No. 24Sponsor the University of New MexicoNew Mexico Historical Records Survey p. 133

VII. SHERIFF

Organization

The office of sheriff was created in 1846 by the Kearny Code which empowered the Governor to appoint a sheriff in each county to hold office for 2 years. The sheriff was required by this code to supply a bond in the sum of $1,000 to $50,000. He served all processes directed to him by the clerks of the circuit and prefect courts, was the principal law enforcement and peace officer for the county, and acted as ex-officio collector(Comp. L.N.M., 1897, "Sheriffs," sec 1-7, p. 88).

The first Territorial Legislature made the office of sheriff elective (L.N.M., 1851, p. 198). By provision of an act in 1853 it was required that a person must own real estate of a value of $500 in order to qualify as sheriff(Ibid., 1853-54, p. 146). This provision was repealed by the Legislature in 1939(Ibid., 1939, ch. 121, p. 238).

The Territorial Legislature in 1856 authorized the sheriffs of the various counties to appoint deputies who were required to take the oath to discharge their duties as prescribed by law. The sheriff was responsible for their acts(Ibid., 1855-56, ch. 2, p. 12).

When the State Constitution was adopted in 1912 there was no provision in it regulating the office of sheriff except that it was made a salaried office.

...Powers and Duties

The sheriff was made the custodian of the county jail in 1855 and principal among his duties in this capacity were: Keeping of a list, in a book furnished by the county commissioners, of all prisoners detained in the jail; retaining Territorial prisoners until such time as a State penitentiary should be built; keeping United States prisoners and submitting a report to the United States District Court of the number of such prisoners in the jail; in certain cases providing jobs for persons who, although kept in jail, were not under sentence, and failing to find jobs for them, placing them at work cleaning the street or performing some other public task and supplying all necessary articles for the operation and maintenance of the jail(L.N.M., 1865-66, ch. 99, p. 78).

Until 1869 the chief source of revenue for the Territory was from the fees received from the issue of various types of licenses, the collection of which was the responsibility of the sheriff(Ibid., 1869-70, ch. 18 p. 62).

With the introduction of a general property tax in 1869 his duties as collector increased...

In 1893 the office of county collector was created in counties of first class, in which counties the sheriff was relieved of the duties of collecting taxes...

The powers and duties of the sheriff at present are predominantly the same as in the Kearny Code and in early legislative enactment. He is required to execute all processes directed to him by the clerks of the probate and district courts, and it is his duty to attend upon such courts during their sessions. He is required, as a peace officer, to file a complaint or information reciting the offense charged. As custodian of the county jail it is his duty to summon an armed group to suppress any anticipated assault on the jail(L.N.M., 1857, ch. 8, p.

19)...