phamaceutics - ii.pdf

8/10/2019 phamaceutics - II.pdf

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aboratory Manual for

PharmaceuticsDispensing Pharmacy)

Second Year Diploma In Pharmacy

Maharashtra State

Board of Technical Education, Mumbai


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CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT CEL L MSBT E MUMBA ILABORATORY MANUAL DEVELOPMENT P ROJECT

FOR DIPLOM IN PH RM CY

2006, Maharashtra State Boa rd of Technical Education,

49, Kherwadi, Aliyawar Jung Road, Bandra (East), Mumba i 400 051.Maharashtra State, India.

No part of this Laboratory Manual be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permissionin writing from M SBT E Mumbai.

Particulars

Education Technology Consultant

Project Institute

Chief Project Coordinator

Project Coordinator

Subject Experts

Team for design

Shri. D. M. Makone

Mumba i Educa tional Trust s Institute of Pharmacy,Bandra (w), Mum bai 400 050

Shri. S. D. BhosalePrincipal,MET S institute of Ph armacy, Band ra (w)

Smt. Sushama M. GokhaleMET S lnstitute of Pharmacy, Bandra (w).

1. Shri. A. R. Ku lkarniLecturer,Jadhavrao Tasgaonkar Inst. of Pharmacy,Bhivpuri, Karjat, Dist.- Raigad.

2. Smt. S. M. Gokh aleLecturer,MET SInst. of P harmacy, Bandra (w).

3. Kum. Abhilasha Shriwa sLecturer,N.S.S. Colleg e of Pharmacy, Tardeo.


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M H R SHTR ST TE BO RD OFTECHN IC L EDUC TION

CERTIFIC TE

TThis is to certify that, Mr. / Ms.

Roll no. of Second Year Diploma in Pharmacy has completed

the term work satisfactorily in Pharmaceutics - 0811) for the academic year

20 to 20 as prescribed in the curriculum.

Place :

Date :

Enrolment No.:

Exam. Seat No.:

) ) )Subject Teacher Head of the epartment Principal

InstitutionOf i


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Pharmaceutics - 0811)

LEARNING OVERVIEW

OBJECTIVES OF PH RM CEUTICS II

Subject deals with dispensing that is concerned with preparation and supply of medicines

It requires extensive knowledge of:1. Active ingredients and excipients.

2 Principles of compounding.

3. Dosage.

4 Chemical, Physical and therapeutic incompatibilities.

5 Labeling procedures.

6 Packaging methods.

7 Handling of poisons and their misuse.

8 Maintenance of cleanliness and accuracy in overall procedure.

It is emphasized to learn prescriptions ncluding translation, calculation and suitability for technical modality.

Various formulations are:

1. Mixtures.

2 Lotions and Liniments.

3. Emulsions and Suspensions.

4. Ointments and Creams.

5 Ear drops and Nasal drops.

6 Mouth washes, Gargles, Throat paints.

7 Powders for internal and external use.

8. Suppositories, Pessaries.

9 Incompatible preparations.

It is necessary to make careful preparation and labeling of formulations meant for internal and external use.

Patients are communicated through label and in person also. The information regarding storage, use, dose

and precautions involved in use of any of the above formulations shall also be provided.

M H R SHTR ST TE BO RD OF TECHNIC L EDUC TION i


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Pharmaceutics 0811)

LINK BLOCK DIAGRAMSHOWING INTER RELATIONSHIP OF SUBJECT AREAS,

CURRICULUM OBJECTIVES AND JOB PROFILE

M H R SHTR ST TE BO RD OF TECHNIC L EDUC TION

CORE TECHNOLOGY

1. Hum an Anatomy and Physiology

2. Bio-Chemistry and ClinicalPathology

3. Health Education and CommunityPharmacy

4. Pharmacognosy

5. Pharmaceutics l

6 Pharm aceutical Chem istry I

7Pharma ceutical Chem istry

Il

TECHNOLOGY SU JECTS

1. Pharm acology and Toxicology

2. Hospital and Clinical Pharma cy

3. Pharmaceutics Il

4. Drug Store and Business

Management

5. Pharm aceutical Jurisprudence

JO PROFILE

1 Entrepreneur Wholesaler,Distributor, Chem ist and Druggist)

2. Industry

Skilled personne l Bulk drugformulations, Cosmetics) Medicalrepresentative.

3. Hospital Pharm acist Dispensing,Manufacturing)

Supervisor

4. Com munity Pharm acist

5. Academ ic Institution

Laboratory Technician)

6 Repa ckaging of Drugs other thanthose specified in Schedule C andC1 of Drugs and C osmetics Act1940 and Rules 1945.

4

CURRICULUM O JECTIVES

1. Develop attitude for personaldevelopment

2. Develop social skills for social

development3. Develop continued learning skills

for life long learning

4. Gain basic knowledg e of huma nbody and various ~llnes ses.

5. Understand various drugs, theirformulations and their app ropriateuse.

6 Develop com munication skills.

7 Develop echnical skills forindustry and hospital activities.


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Pharrnaceutics 0811)

GRAPHICAL STRUCTURE OF SUBJECT AREASECOND YEAR - DIPLOMA IN PHARMACY

PHARMACEUTICS - II DISPENSING PHARMACY)

PROBLEMAPPLICATION

PROCEDURE

PRINCIPLES

CONCEPTS

FACTS

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION iii

Techniques to formulate similar types of preparations Com munications a ndcounseling to patients comm unication to prescribers Identifying heincompatibilities and their rectification.

A

Latin termstranslation andcalculation

Reduction of particlesize Measu rement ofsolids and liquidsMixing SeparationTemperature regulation.

Selection ofContainersLabeling Storage.

Dosage forms Incompatibility and We ights and Measu resPosology of Imperial and

Metric system

PrescriptionLatin terms

Goodmanufacturingand laboratorypractices

Activeingredients an dother supportingchemicals

Dispensing

Pharma cist with necessaryequipme nts and chemicals

PrescribersPatientsDrugs and Cosmetics Act 1940and Rules 1945

b


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Pharmaceutlcs 0811)

DEVELOPMENT OF SKILLS

Student will develop following intellectual skills through the subject of Pharmaceutics

Student will develop and practice following motor skills:

Intellectual skills

1 1

1 2

1 3

1 4

Description

To understand the prescription and identify the type of formulation.

To understand method of preparation.

To select the suitable container.

To decide the general and special instructions to be given on the label.

iv M H R SHTR ST TE BO RD OF TECHNIC L EDUC TION

Motor skillsM I

M 2

M 3

DescriptionTo prepare the formulation correctly.

To pack the preparation n the selected container.

To label the preparation clearly for communicating to patients.


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Pharmaceutics - II 081 1

GRID T BLE

Following table give s grid of the experime nts and related intellectual and m otor skills.

Teacher shall ensure for de velopmen t of generic skills during the practicals.

Students are expe cted to focus o n acq uiring specific skills men tioned therein.

MAHAFWSHTFW STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION V

Sr. No.

1.

2.

3

4.

5.

6.

Name of Experiment

Introduction o Pharmaceutics I (DispensingPharm acy) Laboratory work.

To understand Weights and Measu res Involved inDispensing.

o un derstand Prescription and L atin Terms Usedin Prescription

Classification of Dosage Fo rms and Coding of

Experiments Based on Dosage FormsDosage Calculations

lntroduction to Liquid dosage forms: MixturesSyrups Elixirs Linctuses Liquids Used in Mouthand B ody CavitiesTo prepare and subm it Simple Mixture ContainingFerricAmmonium Citrate

.

10.

11.

12

13.

4.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Intellectual skills Motor skills

To prepare and submit M ixture ContainingDiffusible Solids.

To prepare and submit Kaolin Mixture B.P.

To prepare and submit M ixture ContainingDiffusible solids.

To prepare and subm it Mixture ContainingIndiffusib le Solids.

To prepare and submit Mixture Containing SlightlySoluble Liquid.

To prepare and su bmit Mixture Containing SmallDose of Potent Medicament.

To prepa re and sub mit Official Mixture B.P.

To prep are and submit S imple Syrup.

o prep are and subm it Codeine Linctus B.P.C.

To prepare a nd sub mit Ch loral Hydrate Elixir.

To p repare and submit Throat Paint.

To prepare and sub mit Man dl s Paint.

Mis2 M24 Ms


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--

Pharmaceutics (0011)

vi MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Sr. No.

21

22

23

Name of Experiment

To prepare and subm it Gargles.

To p repare and subm it Mouthwash.

To prepare and subm it Ear Drops.

MI

Motor skllls

M2 M3

.\I

.\I

.\I

.\I

.\I

. \ I . \ I d d d . \ I . \ I

. \ I d . \ I d . \ I . \ I . \ I

. \ I . \ I d . \ I . \ I . \ I d

. \ I . \ I . \ I d . \ I . \ I

\ I . \ I d . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I

. \ I . \ I d . \ I . \ I . \ I A

. \ I . \ I d d . \ I . \ I . \ I

d

. \ I . \ I d d . \ I . \ I . \ I

.\I

. \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I

. \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I

. \ I . \ I d . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I

. \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I

. \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I

.\I

\I

. \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I

.\I. \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I d . \ I . \ I

. \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I

. \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I

. \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I

. \ I , . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I

skllls

14

d d d d d d d

. \ I . \ I . \ I d . \ I . \ I . d

. \ I . \ I d d . \ I . \ I

24

25

26

27

28

29

0

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

0

.\I

.\I

.\I

.\I

.\I :

.\I

.\I

.\I

\I

. \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I . \ I

.\I

Intellectual

12

To prepare and subm it Ear Drops.

To prepare and subm it Nasal Drops.

To prepare and subm it Nasal Drops.

To prepare and submit Inhalation.

To prepare and submit P otassium Permangana teSolution Douche).

To prepare and subm it Eye Drops.

o prep are and submit Eye Lotion.

Repo rt of visit to Hosp ital Retail Pharmacy.

Introduction to E mulsionsTo prepare and sub mit Em ulsion Containing Castor Oil.

To identify the type of given E mulsion byDilution Method.

To prepare and su bmit Emulsion with Turpentine Oil.

To iden tify the given Em ulsion by Dye Test.

To prepare and submit Em ulsion with Olive Oil

To prepare and su bmit Em ulsion with Soluble

Substance.o prepa re and submit Em ulsion with Small Portion

of Oily Substance.

To prepare and subm it Emulsion with substanceInsoluble in O il and W ater.

To prepare and sub mit Em ulsion with Liqu id Paraffin.

.\I

.\I

.\I

.\I

13

.\I

.\I

.\I41

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

To prepare and submit Organic Soap Em ulsion.

.\I .\I

To prepa re and subm it Turpen tine Liniment B.P.

To p repareand submit LinimentAmmonia SoapType.

To prepare an d subm it White Liniment B.P.

To prepare and submit Benzyl BenzoateApp lication B.P.

To prepare and sub mit Liniment.

To prepare and subm it Camph orated Oil.

To prepare a nd sub mit Turpentine and AceticAcid Liniment.

.\I

.\I

42 .\I

.\I\I

Toprepare and subm it Emulsion LimeCreamType).

.\I

.\I


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Pharmaceutics 11 0811)

MAHARASHTRA STATE BO RD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION vii

Sr No

50.

51.

Name of Experiment

To p repare and subm it Calamine Lotion.

To p repare and sub mit Sulphur Lotion.

Motor

MI

4 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1

d

d

d

Intellectual skllls

d d d d d d d

d i d

d d d d d d d

d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.61.

62.

63.

64.

skllls

65.

Mz

I To prep are and Dispense Em ulsifying Wax I.P.To pre pare and submit Simple Oin tmen t I.P.

To prepare and subm it Sulphur Ointmen t B.P.

To p repare and submit Zinc O xide Ointme nt B.P.

To prepare and submit Methyl Salicylate Ointment B.P.

To p repare and sub mit Paraffin OintmentI.P.

To prepare and submit Emu lsifying Ointment I.P.

To p repare and subm it Staining Ointment.To prepare and su bmit Non-Staining Iodine Ointmen t.

To prepare and submit Ca lamine Ointment B.P.C.

To prepare and sub mit Cetrimide Cream B.P.

To prepare and su bmit Zinc Cream.

d I d a

d

d

MJ2 13

To prep are and submit U nna s Paste.

4 4

d

d

14

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d

d

d

Acid Paste B.P.

67.

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

d

d i d

d

d

d

d

d

To prepa re and submit Bassorin Paste.

o prep are and subm it Dithranol Paste.

To prepare and su bmit Jelly.

To prepa re and submit Kao lin Poultices B.P.C.

lntroduction to Supp ositories and P essariesTo prepare and subm it Soap-Glycerin Supp ositoryB.P.C.

To prepare and sub mit Glyce rol Suppository B.P.

To prepare and submit Sup pos~ tory o ntaining SolubleSolids.

To prepare and submit Pessa ries of Cocoa ButterContaining Liquid.

To prepare and sub mit Pessa ries of Cocoa ButterContaining Insoluble Medicaments.

d

d

lntroduction to Solid Do sage forms: Pow ders andoral unit Dosage form

d7.

78.

d

Toprepa reand submit Powder.

To prepare and sub mit Powder

d

d

d

d d d d d d d

d

d d d d d d d l

d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d

d

d

d i d

d

d

d


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harmaceutics 0811)

NOTE Identified sk iis

Sr. No.

79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

97.

98.

99.

100

viii MAHARASHTRASTATE BOARD O TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Name of Experiment

To prepare and su bm ~t owder.

To prepare and submit Gregory s Powder.

To prepare and subm it Effervescent GranulesContaining Iron and Ammonium Citrate.

To prepare and sub mit Compound MagnesiumTrisilicate Oral Powde r B.P.

o pre pare and sub mit Tablet Triturates

To prepare and su bmit Tooth Powder.

To prepare and subm it Insufflations.

To prepare and submit Boric Acid Containing1of Iodine.

To prepare and subm it Dusting Powder.

To prepare and submit Dusting Powder.

Introdu ction to lncompatibil i tyTo identify the type of lncompatibil i ty andPerform Accordingly.To identify the type of Incompatibilityand PerformAccordingly.

To identify the type of Incom patib ilityand PerformAccordingly.

To identify the type of Incompa tibilityand PerformAccordingly.


To identify the type of lncompa tibllity and PerformAccord~ngly.

To identify the type of Incom patib ilityand PerformAccordingly.


To identify the type of lncompatibllity and PerformAccordingly

To identify the type of Incompa tibility and PerformAccordingly.

To identify the type of Incompa tibility and PerformAccordingly



Motor

MI1 13

Intellectual

12

s k l l l skll ls

11

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

d d d d d d d

Mz M3


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Pharmaceutics 0811)

GUIDELINES FOR TEACHERSTeachers shall discuss the following points with students befo re start of practicals of the subject.

1. . Learning Overview : To de velop better understanding of importan ce of the subject. To know relate dskills to be develop ed such as Intellectual skills and Motor S kills.

2. Link Block Diagram: Context of the subject in the form o f link diagram showing interrelationship of

various subject areas, curriculum objec tives and job profile.

3. Graph ical structure: In this topics and sub topics are orga nized in systema tic way so that ultima tepurpose of learning the subject is achieved. This is arranged in the form of fact, concept, principle,procedure, application and problem .

4. Know your Laboratory work: To understand the layout of laboratory, specifications of Equ ipments lInstruments1Materials, procedure, working in groups, planning time etc. Also to know total amo untof work to b e done in the laboratory.

5. Teacher shall ensure that required equipments are in working cond ition before start of experimen t,also keep op erating instruction manual available.

6. Explain prior concepts to the studen ts before starting of each expe riment.7. Involve studen ts activity at the time of conduct of ea ch expe riment.

8. Wh ile preparing, labeling, evaluation; each student from ba tch of 20 stud ents) shall be given achance to performlob serve he experiment.

9. About four experiments will b e p erformed in each practical turn

10. List of questions is given at the end of each experiment. Teacher shall instruct the students toattempt particular questions from that list. Teacher shall ensure that ea ch student writes the answ ersto the allotted questions in the laboratory manual in the blank spa ce p rovided below the que stions.

11. If the experime ntal setup has variations in the chemica ls and specifications of the eq uipme nts, theteachers are advised to m ake the necessary changes, wherever needed.

12. Teacher shou ld ensu re that the respective skills and com petencie s are developed in the studentsafter the com pletion of the practical exercise.

13. Teacher is expected to share the skills and comp etencies to be develope d in the students.

14. Teacher may prov ide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not covered in themanua l but are expected from the stude nts after they pass out.

15. Teacher shall ensure that visits recomme nded in the ma nual are covered .

16. Teacher may suggest the students to refer additional related Official booksrrechnical papers1Reference

books1Seminar Proceedings, etc.17. Teacher is expected to ask questions to the students to tap their achievem ents regarding related

knowledge and skills so that students can prepare while sub mitting record of the practicals. Focu sshould be given on developm ent of enlisted skills rather than theoretical odified knowledge.

18. Teacher should organ ize Group discussions rain storming sessions eminars to facilitate theexchange of knowledge amongst the students.

19. Teacher should ensu re that received CIAAN-2004 norms are followed simultaneously and progressively,while assessing the perform ance of students.

20. Teacher shall also refer to the Circular No. MSBT E ID-50 IPharma Lab Manual 12006 13160 dated4th May 20 06 for a dditional guidelines.

M H R SHTR ST TE BO RD OF TECHNIC L EDUC TION 4 ix


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INSTRU TIONS FOR STUDENTS

Students shall read the points given below for understanding the theoretical concepts and practicalapplication.

Listen carefully to the lecture given by teacher about importance of subject curriculum philosophygraphical structure skills to be developed information about equipments instruments procedure

method of continuous assessment tentative plan of work in laboratory and total amount of work to bedone in a year. Students shall wear clean white apron and cap during practicals.

Students shall undergo study visit of the laboratory for types of chemicals equipments instrumentsbefore performing experiments.

Read the write up of each experiment to be performed a day in advance.

Organize the work in the group whenever suggested and make a record of suggestions made byteacher wherever possible.

Understand the purpose of experiment and its practical mplications.

Students should not hesitate to ask any difficulty faced during conduct of practical exercise.

The student shall study all the questions given in the laboratory manual and practice to write theanswers to these questions.

Write the answers of the questions allotted by the teacher during practical hours if possible orafterwards but immediately in the space provided below the questions.

Student shall visit the recommended industry or hospital or retail pharmacy and should study theknow how of the shop floor practices and the operations of machines.

Student shall develop maintenances skills as expected by the industries.

Student shall develop the habit of group discussion related to the experiments exercises so thatexchange of knowledge skills could take place.

Student shall attempt to develop related hands-on-skills and gain confidence.

Student shall focus on development of skills rather than theoretical or codified knowledge.

Student shall visit the nearby medical stores industries aboratories technical exhibitions trade faireven if not included in the Lab Manual. In short students should have exposure to the area of workright in the student hood.

Student shall insist or the completion of recommended aboratory work visits answers to the givenquestions etc.

Student shall develop the habit of evolving more ideas innovations skills etc. than included in the

scope of the manual.Student shall refer technical magazines proceedings of the Seminars refer websites related to thescope of the subject and update their knowledge and skills.

Student should develop the habit of not to depend totally on teachers but to develop self-learningtechniques.

Student should develop the habit to communicate with the teacher without hesitation with respect tothe academics involved.

Student should develop habit to submit the practicals exercise continuously and progressively on thescheduled dates and should get the assessment done.

MAHAFWSHTFW STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION


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Pharmaceutics 0811)

L i s t of Experiments and Record of Progressive Assessment

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION xi

Slgn. ofTeacher

andRemarks

Assess-mentMax.

Marks 1

Date ofsubml-ssion

Date ofPerfor-mance

PageNo.

S r.No.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Name of the Experiments

lntroduction o PharmaceuticsDispensing Pharmacy) Laboratory work.

To understand Weights and MeasuresInvolved n Dispensing.

To understand Prescription and LatinTerms Used in Prescription

Classification of Dosage Forms andCoding of Experiments Based onDosage Forms

Dosage Calculations

lntroduction to Liquid dosage forms:Mixtures, Syrups, E lixirs, Linctuses,Liquids Used in Mouth and BodyCavitiesTo prepare and submit Simple MixtureContaining Ferric Ammonium Citrate

To prepare and submit Simple MixtureContaining Acetyl Salicylic Acid

To prepare and submit the SimpleMixture Containing Ammonium chloride.

To prepare and submit MixtureContaining Diffusible Solids.

To prepare and submit KaolinMixture B.P.

To prepare and submit MixtureContaining Diffusible solids.

To prepare and submit MixtureContaining Indiffusible Solids.

To prepare and submit MixtureContaining Slightly Soluble Liquid.

To prepare and subm~t ixtureContaining Small Dose of PotentMedicament.

To prepare and submit OfficialMixture B.P.

To prepare and submit Simple Syrup.

To prepare and submit CodeineLinctus B.P.C.

To prepare and submit Chloral Hydrate

Elixir.


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Pharmaceutics 11 (0811)

xii M H R SHTR STATE BOARD

Sign. ofTeacher

a n dRemarks

Sr.No.

19

20

21

OF TECHNIC L EDUCATION

22 To prepare and submit M outhwash.

23 To prepare and su bmit Ear D rops.

24 To prepare and submit Ear D rops.

25 To prepare and sub mit Na sal Drops.


To prepare and sub mit Throat Paint.

To prepare and sub mit Man dl s Paint.

To prepare and su bm ~t argles.

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

Date ofsubml

ssion

AssessmentMax.

Marks 1

PageNo.

To prepare and submit Na sal Drops.

To prepare and su bmit Inhalation.

To prepare and submit Po tassiumPermanganate Solution (Douche).

To prepare and subm it Eye Drops.

To prepare and subm it Eye Lotion.

Repo rt of visit to Hospital RetailPharmacy

Introduction o EmulsionsTo prepare and submit EmulsionContaining C astor Oil.

To identify the type of given Emu lsionby Dilution Method.

To prepare and sub mit Em ulsion withTurpen tine Oil.

Date ofPerformance

35 To identlfy the g iven Emuls ion byDye Test.

36 To prepare and subm it Em ulsion withOlive Oil

37

38

To prepare and subm it Em ulsion withSoluble Substance.

To prepare and subm it Emu lsion withSma ll Portion of Oily Substance.

39

40

41

42

To prepare and subm it Emu lsion withSubstance Inso luble in Oil and W ater.

To prepare and subm it Em ulsion withLiquid Paraffin.

To prepare and subm it OrganicSoap Emuls~on.

To prepare and subm it Emu lsion

(Lime Cream Type).


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Pharrnaceutics - 0811)

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION xiii

Sr.No.

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

AssazrsmentMax.

Marks 10

Sign. ofTeacher

andRemarks


To prepare and submit TurpentineLiniment B.P.

To prepare and subm it LinimentAmmonia Soap Type.

o prepare and su bmit WhiteLiniment B.P.

To prepare and subm it Benzyl BenzoateApp lication B.P.

To prep are and submit Liniment.

To p repare and subm it Camph orated Oil.

To prep are and subm it Turpentine andAcetic Acid Liniment.

To prepare and submit Ca lamine Lotion.

To prepare and subm it Sulphur Lotion.

To prepare and su bm ~t mulsion forRectal Use.

Introduction to Semi solid d osageforms.To prepare and Dispense EmulsifyingWax I.P.

To prepare and subm it SimpleOintm ent I.P.

To prepare and sub mit SulphurOintm ent B.P.

To prepare and subm it Zinc OxideOintm ent B.P.

To p repare and sub mit M ethyl SalicylateOintment B.P.

To prepare and sub mit Paraffin

Ointm ent I.P.To prepa re and su bmit E mulsifyingOin tment I.P.

To p repare and sub mit Staining Ointment.

To prepa re and sub mit NOS StainingIodine Ointment.

To prep are and subm it CalamineOintm ent B.P.C.

To prepare and submit C etrim~ de

Crea m B.P.

Date ofPerformance

PageNo.

Date ofsubml

sslon


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Slgn. ofTeacher

andRemarks

S r.No.

64. To prepare and sub mit Zinc Cream .

65. To prepare and sub mit Un na s Paste.

6. To prepa re and su bmit Zinc Oxide andSalicylic Acid Paste B.P.

67. To prepare and subm it Bassorin Paste.

Name of the E xperimentsPageNo.

68.

69.

70.

71.

Cocoa Butter Containing Liquid.

To prepare and submit Dithranol Paste.

To prepare and sub mit Jelly.

To p repare and sub mit K aolin PoulticesB.P.C.

Introduction to Suppo sitories and

Pesseries.To prepare and subm it Soap-GlycerinSuppository B.P.C.

72.

73.

74.

To prepare and su bmit Glyce rolSuppository B.P.

To prepare and subm it SuppositoryContaining Soluble Solids.

To prepare and subm it Pessaries of

AwksmentMax.

Marks 1

Date ofPerformance

75.

76.

82. To prepare and subm it CompoundMagn esium Trisilicate Ora l Powder B.P.

Date ofsubmi

ssion

To prepare and subm it Pe ssaries ofCocoa Butter Containing InsolubleMedicaments.

Introduction to Solid Dosage forms:Powd ers and ora l unit Dosage form.To prepare and subm it Powder.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.

83. To prepare and submit Tablet Triturates.

To prepare and sub mit Powder.

To prepare and subm it Powder.

To prepare and su bmit Powder.

To prepa re and submit Gregory s Powder.

To prepare and subm it EffervescentGranules Containing Iron and Amm oniumCitrate.

84. To prepare and subm it Tooth Powder.

85. To prepare and submit lnsufflations.

xiv M H R SHTR ST TE BO RD OF TECHNIC L EDUC TION

86. To prepare and sub mit Boric AcidContaining1 of Iodine.


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Pharmaceutics - 0811)

To be transferred to Proforma I1 of CIAAN - 2004.

Note: Guidelines for conduct of annual practical examination are enclosed at the end

M H R SHTR ST TE BO RD OF TECHNIC L EDUC TION XV

Sign. ofTeacher

andRemarks

AssessmentMax.

Marks 10

Date ofsubml

ssion

TotalMarks ... ...AverageMarks outof 10 ......

97.

98.

S r.No.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

92.

93.

94.

95.

96.

PageNo.

To identify the type of lncompatibilityand Perform Accordingly.

To identify the type of Incompatibility




Introduction to lncompa tibilityTo identify the type of lncomp atlbllltyand Perform Accordingly.To identify the type of lncompatibilityand Perform Accordingly.








Date ofPerformance

and Perform Accordingly.

99.

100.

To identify the type of lncompatib~lityand Perform Accordingly.



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Pharmaceutics - II. .

Pattern for Annual Practical Examination

Total Marks: 80)

Q.1 Synopsis

Following points may be covered in synopsis.

A. Comments on the prescriptions, which are given to the candidates for dispensing, should

cover:1. Translation from Latin to English.2. Conversion of imperial system to metric system.3. Type of preparation.4. Modification and procedure.5 Use of individual ingredients n the prescription and use of formulation.6 Selection of appropriate container and important labeling instructions to be given.

6. Explanation of terms like expectorants, astringents, emollients, rubefacients, counterirritants,etc. 04)

C One calculation related to potent drugs or displacement value or posology. 04)

Dispensing of preparations given in the synopsis. 50)The following types of prescriptions may be given.

Group: A Emulsion; Mixture containing indiffusible solid, precipitate-forming iquids or

slightly soluble liquid. 20)Group: B. Chemically incompatible preparation, Divided dosage form, Suppository,

Ointment, Paste, Cream, Tablet Triturates, Effervescent granules, Eye lotions, Liniments. 1 8)Group: C. Simple lotions, Inhalations, Throat paints, Ear drops, Nasal drops, Bulk powders. 12)Evaluation of preparations shall include following aspects:

1. Quality of preparation.2. Volume.3. Presentation; container, label.

Q.3 Viva Voce.Questions may include following points:

1. Theory related to preparations.2. Technology.3. Special labeling requirements.4. Posology.5 Other subject related matters.

Work of evaluation of practical examination will be distributed equally between internal and external

examiner

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION 323


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Pharmaceutlcs II

Reference ooks

1. Official Books: I.P., B.P., U.S.P., B.P.C., Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia.

2. Rem ington The Science and P ractice of Pharmacy: Volume 1 and Volume 2.

3 Cooper and Gunn s Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students:I 1 h and 12th Editions.

4 Pharmaceutics - II By R. M. Mehta.

5. Merck Index.

324 MAHARASH TRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUC AI-ION


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Pharmaceutics ll 0811) Experiment No

Experiment No. 1

1.0 Title

Introduction to Pharmaceutics II (Dispensing Pharmacy) Laboratory Work.

2.0 Prior ConceptsCurriculum contents, Scope of work, Planning, assessment.

3.0 New ConceptsProposition 1 Laboratory Experlments:These are expected to develop lntellectual'skills, Motor skills and attitudes in students.

Laboratory Experiments

1 .To Develop1

Intellectual Skills Motor Skills Attitudes

Proposition 2: Logical thinking:It is developed in students through systems approach, content analysis sequential planning oflaboratory work.

System Approach

Content Analysis

Sequential Planning

Logical Thinking

Proposition 3: Orientation:1 Code of ethics. t

2 Current good manufacturing and good laboratory concepts, I S0 quality concepts.

Proposition 4: Layout of Laboratory:

1 Weighing area with prescription balances.

2 Chemical Storage area.

3 Working Platform with water and gas supply.4 Sterile area.

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OFTECHNICAL EDUCATION


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.Experiment No. 1 Pharmaceutlca . 1 0811)

4.0 Stepwise Procedure:1 Read the instructions given in manual carefully.2 Listen to the lecture given by teacher about importance of subject, curriculum philosophy,

graphical structure, skills to be developed, information about equipments, instruments, methodof assessment by teacher and tentative plan of work in laboratory.

3 The teacher shall take the students round the laboratory or types of equipments, instruments,chemicals, different apparatus to be used while performing experiments.

5.0 Observation:General format of label for preparations made against prescriptions received rom physician will be:

Nhme of PreparationThe Mixture 30 ml

For : ABC (Name of patient)

Register No. : XYZ (No. in the register)

Dispensed by : PQR (Name of pharmacist)

Date

Required storage condit,ion)

Store in cool dark place.

Additional direction if required)

Shake well before use.

Direction for use: One teaspoonful to betaken three times a day.

LMN PHARMACY, MUMBAI.

Name of PreparationThe Lotlon

For : ABC

Register No. : XYZ (No. in the register)

Dispensed By : PQR

Required storage condltlon)

Store in cool dark place.

( Additional direction if required)

Shake well before use.

FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY.

Direction for use: To be used as directed byphysician.

LMN PHARMACY, MUMBAI.

Note 1: Explanation about Register number is given on the page number. 1 of Experiment

No. 3, proposition 2

Note 2: For External use only instruction should be given in red.

2 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION


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........____ - ..

Pharmaceutics - 081 1) Experiment No. 1

6 0 Questions:

Answer Q. .... rom group A,Q. ..... rom group B and Q ..... rom group C Question numbers to beallotted by the teacher.)Group: A

2 State two motor skills to be developed through this subject.l 3 List the parameters of the graphical structure in the hierarchy.

4 Classify the curriculum n different groups of subject.5 State the importance of job description in designing the curriculum.Group: B1. Give the layout of your laboratory of Pharmaceutics II.2 List two equipments in the laboratory.3 List five chemicals provided on chemical rack.4 List precautions to b e taken while working in the laboratory.5 Identify and nam e the following pictures with their purpose.

iii. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION


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Experiment No 1 Pharmaceutlcs II 081 1

vii viii

Group: C1 Why is it necessary for the pharmacists to wear clean lab coat cap hand gloves?2 Why spoon is used to take out the chemicals from containers?3 Give one example each of

1 Tincture:2 Extract:3 Colouring a6ent:4 Preservative:5 Flavouring agent: .

4 As per pharmacopoeia define cold cool and room temperature.5 List the different materials used for making containers and learn about the problems arising

with the use of those materials.

6 What is distilled water? Why is it necessary to use distilled water in all preparations?

Space for answers)



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Remarks :

ate : Signature of Teacher

M H R SHTR ST TE BO RD OFTECHNIC L EDUC TION


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Experiment No 2 Pharmaceutics II

Experiment No 2

1 0 Title:To understand Weights and Mea sures Involved In Dispensing .

2 0 Prior Conc epts:Introduction to Dispensing Pharmacy.

3 0 New Concepts:Types of systems Conversion of imperial to metric system.

Proposition 1: WeightIt is a measure of the gravitational force acting on a body and directly proportional to its m ass.Weight depe nds upon gravitational force and mass.

Concept structure

Weights and m easure

Imperial System Metric System

Avoirdupois systems Apothecaries system

4 0 Learning Objectives:

Intellectual skills

To understand the different systems of mea surement and their conversion s.

5 0 Stepwise procedure:1 Avoirdupois system

In this system Pound is the standard unit for weighing and all the measures of mass arederived from the Imperial std. P ound (Lb)

2 Apothecaries systemThis system is also known as Troy system. The grain is the standard weight in this systemand all other w eights are derived from it.

Grain (gr)

7000

7000/16 = 437.5

Pou nd (Ib)

1

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOA RD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Ounce (02)

16

1

Drachm )

6

1

Pound (Ib)

1

Scruple Grain (gr)

288

Ounce ( )

12

1 24

3

1

480

60

20


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Pharmaceutics II Experlrnent No. 2

Meas ureme nt of capacity in lmperlal system British):The gallon is the standard unit and all other meas ures of capacity are derived from it.

The M etric system:The metric system is used in the pharmacopoeia and was implem ented from 1st April 1964in Pharmacy profession. Kilogram is the standard unit for m easurem ent of weight and allother m easures are derived from it.

Gallon (c)

1

Prefixes for fractions and m ultiples of SI units:

Pint (0)

8

1

1 kilogram (kg)

1 hectogram (hg)

1 decagram (dag)

Measu remen t of capacity:A litre is the standard unit for measurement.

1000 grams

100 grams

10 grams

Conve rsions Table:

f l.ounce ( f l 3)

160

20

The Pharm acopoeia of India uses only the metric system. Previously prescriptions werewritten in Imperial system by many Physicians. So a con version table (given below) is usedby the Ph armacists.

1 decigram (dg) 0.1 gram

1 centigram (cg)

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARDOF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

fl.drachm 3) Minim (m)1280

160

1 m illigram (mg)

1 m icrogram (ug)

1 gram ( g

81

0.001 gram

0.000,001 gram

1000 mg

48060


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Experiment No Phermacautics - II

Practical equivalents Weight Ibleasures.

1 kilogram kg) = 2.20 Ib avoir1 pound avoir = 454 g

1 ounce avoir = 28.4 g

1 ounce apothecary = 31.1 g1 pou nd apothecary = 373 g

1 gram = 15.4 gr

1 grain = 64.8 mgii

Practical equivalents Liquid mea sure

1 millilitre = 16.2minims

1 fluid oun ce = 29.6 ml

1 pint = 473 ml1 gallon = 3790 ml

All above m easures are as per Remington -The Science and Practice Of P harmacy

Conversion table for Domestic Measure:

6 0 Result:

Students understand the conversion of weights and measures.

Domestic Measure

1 drop

1 teaspoonful

1 desertspoonful1 tablespoonful

2 tablespoonful

1 wine glassful

1 eacupful

1 tumblerful

7 0 Questions:

Answer Q Q. Q. Q ....... Ques tion numb ers to b e allotted by the teacher.)1. Define weight.2. Nam e two types of lm perial system.3. I d r o p = m l.4. Wh at is the stand ard unit for Avoirdupois system?5. Wha t is the standard unit of Metric system?

. 1 gram = mg.

8 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD O F TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Metric System

0.06 ml

4.0 ml

8.0 ml15.0 ml

30 ml

60 ml

120 m l

240 ml

Imperial System

1 minim

1 fl.drachm

2 fl.drachm4 fl.drachm

1 fl.ounce

2 fl.ounce

4 fl.ounce

8 fl.ounce


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Pharrnaceutics II Experlrnent No 2

7 One gallon of water will make how many pints?8 How many m inims will make100 ml?9 Which domestic measure are usually recomm ended or dosage?10 What is the minimum weighab le quantity on dispensing balance?

Space for answers)

Date Signature of Subject Teache r

M H R SHTR ST TE BO RD OF TECHNIC L EDUC TION 9


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Experiment No. Pha~maceutlcs II

Experiment No

1 0 Title:To understand Prescription and Latin terms used in Prescription.

2 0 Prior Concept:

Weights and measures involved in dispensing.

3 0 New Concepts:Symbol of prescription, Parts of prescription, Understanding of prescription by converting Latinterms into English terms.

Proposition 1 Prescription:Written order from registered physician, a dentist or a veterinarian or a surgeon, or any otherperson licensed by law to prescribe drugs containing instructions for preparation and dispe nsingto the pharmacist along with mode of administration for the patient.

Proposition 2: Reading of prescription:

After receiving the prescription, serial number is given to the prescription. That number is ente red ina bound reg ister containing columns such as serial number, physician s name and address, patient sname and address , illness. The se rial number will be the register number. This register numb er willbe entered on the label. It helps for future communications.

Concept Structure:

rescription

Presc riber s Patient informa tion Date S uperscription Inscription Subscription

Office information Such as name, age, ymbol or medication or dispensingSex, weight, prescribed direction to

surfac e area Pharmac ist.

Signa or direction for Refill, special labeling and r Presc riber s signatu repatient (to be w ritten on label) other instructions. and license

4 0 Learning Objectives:

Intellectual skills:

To understand the meanirlg of each p rescription, convers ion of Latin terms into English terms andconversion of imperial weights to metric weights.

10 e MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECH NICAL EDUCATION


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Pharmaceutics - I1 Experiment No. 3

5 0 Diagram:Sample prescription format

SHARMA NURSHING HOME Ph. - 5522485, Model Town, Delhi 552284

Date: 2811 2196Name : Mr. Nand Lal Age : 45 yrs. Sex: MaleAddress : 48, Azad Nagar, Delhi. Body surface area: 1.8 sq. m. Wt.: 60 kg

Superscription)Sodium bi-carbonate 3 9

(Inscription) ---- Compound tincture of cardamom 2 mlSimple syrup 6 mlWater quantity sufficient 90 ml

Fiat Mistura (subscription)Signa. Cochleare magnum ter in die post cibos sumenda (Signature)

Sdl-Refill: Dr. Aswani Sharma

M.B.B.B.S., M.D.Regd. No. - 1438

6 0 Stepwise Procedure:Prescriptions are generally written in English language but Latin words or abbreviations are some

times used. So it becomes necessary for Pharmacist to become familiar with the Common Latinterms and abbreviations.

Parts of the pres cription:1 Prescriber s office inform ation:

It gives information about the prescriber, hislher clinic with address and phone number.2. Date:

Date helps a pharmacist to find out the date of prescribing and date of presentation for filling.Prescription of Narcotic or other habit-forming drugs, must bear the date.

3 Name, age, sex and address must be written because it serves to identify the prescription.

It also helps the pharmacist to check the prescribed dose of medication in case of children.4 Superscription:

It is represented by a symbol which is written before writing the prescription. It is anabbreviation of Latin word Recipe which means You take (Take Thou). In olden days, thesymbol was considered to be originated from the sign of Jupiter, God of healing.

5 Inscription:This is the main part of the prescription order, contains the Name and Quantities of theprescribed ngredients. The name of each ingredient is written on a separate line along withits quantity. Inscription can be divided into different parts like Base, Adjuvant and Vehicle.For example in above format sodium bicarbonate is an antacid drug (maximum dose: 5 gm),compound tincture of cardamom for flavour, simple syrup as sweetener and water as vehicle.

MAHARASHT RA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION 11


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Experiment No Pharmaceutlcs -

6 Subscription:It gives direction to the pharm acist for preparing the prescription and number of do ses to bedispensed.

- 7 Signetur Signa):This consists of directions to be given to the patient regarding adm inistration of the dru g. Forexamp le direction given above can be translated into English as: O ne tablespoonful to betaken three times a day after mea ls.

8 Refill:Numb er of authorized refills are indicated to preven t misuse of prescription.

9 Signature, address and registration number of the prescriber:It is important in order to avoid m isuse of the prepa rations.

Modern method of prescribing:Though ab ove information describes traditional way of prescribing, with flow of time many chan geshave taken place. For example, now a days majority of drugs are available in the market asreadyma de formulations which are more suitable considering sterilization, container suitability, verysmall size micro, nano ) of drug m olecules etc. Thus there is no need to dispense the drugs by thepharma cists. So prescriptions by physicians generally contain the generic name, trade name, dose

size, dosage form s, etc. The langu age use of English terms instead of Latin, metric system weightsand measures instead of grains and minims, use of computers for storage of patients relatedinformation are salient features.A studen t has to ad opt above change s in his career of professional life, as these are the existingways. In view of above there are some prescriptions in this manual containing metric system,English language etc. But to learn the basic things and to be p erfect in all angles, old ways areretained in few prescriptions.

Latin Terms and AbbreviationsCorr~monly Used in Prescription Writing

Latin Name Abbreviation English NameAuristilleCapsulaCataplasmaChartaCollutoriumCollyriumCremorEmulsioHaustuslnjectiolnsufflatioLinctusLinimentumLiquorLotioMisturaNaristillaeNebulaPasta

auristill.caps.cataplasm.chart.collut.collyr.crem.emul.ht.inj.insuff.linct.lin.liq.lot.m,mistnarist.neb.past.

Ear dropsA CapsuleA poulticeA powderA mouth washAn eye washAn creamAn em ulsionA draughtAn injectionAn insufflationA linctusA linimentA solutionA lotionA mixtureNasal dropsA spray solutionA paste

12 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCKIION


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Pharrnaceutics I Experlrnent No 3

Latin Name

PilulaPulvisSolutioSuppositoriumTablettaUnguentum

Abbreviation

pil.pulv.sol.suppos.tab.ung.

English Name

A pillA powderA solutionA suppositoryA tabletAn ointment

METHOD OF DMINISTR TION OR PPLIC TION

AddendusApplicandusApplicatCapiendusDandusDeglutienduslnfricandusinhaleturMiscendusSignaSumendusUtendus

addend.applicand.------capiend.dand.deglut.infricand.inhal.miscend.sig.S or sum.U or utend.

TIME OF DMINISTR TION

A Times per day

Semel in dieBis in die, Bis dieTer in dieQuater in dieSexies in die

Sem in dieb.i.d., b.d.t.i.d., t.d.q.i.d., q.d.Sex.i.d.

B Different time of the dayPrimo mane prim.m.Mane mOmni mane 0.m.Omni nocte 0.n.Inter noctem Inter noctNocte nJentaculum jentacNocte et ma ne n.et.m.Nocte maneque n.m.

To be addedTo be appliedLet him) applyTo be takenTo be givenTo be swallowedTo be rubbed inLet it) be inhaled

To be mixedLabel

To be takenTo be used

Once a dayTwice a dayThree times a dayFour times a daySix times a day

Early in the mo rningIn the morningEvery morningEvery nightDuring the nightAt nightBreakfastNight and morningNight and morning



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Experiment No Pharmaceutlcs II

Latin Name Abbreviatlon Engllsh Name

C Hour time

Omini horaOmini Quarta horaSingulis horisAlternis horisTertis horisQuartis horisSextis horis

Correlated time

Ante cibosPost cibosInter cibos

E: Other terms

Dolore urgenteFrequenterLenteMore dictoModo dictoSi opus sit

StatimTussi urgente

0 h0 q hSing horaAlt horTert horQuart horsext hor

dol urgf req

m dm dS O S

stattuss Urg

Every hourEvery fourth hourEvery hourEvery two hoursEvery three hoursEvery four hoursEvery six hours

Before mealsAfter mealsBetween meals

When the pain is severeFrequentlySlowlyAs directed

When required or WhennecessaryImmediatelyWhen the cough is

troublesome

VEHICLE U SED AND MEANSOF APPLICATIONCocheare amplumCocheare magnumCocheare maximumCochleare mediumCochleare minimumCumCum duploCum parte aequaleCum tantoCyathus amplusCyathus magnusCyathus vinosusE acteEx aqua

Coch ampCoch magCoch maxcoch medcoch minC Cc dupc pt aeqc tantcyath ampcyath magcyath vine lactex aq

One tablespoonful

One dessertspoonfulOne teaspoonfulWithWith twice as muchWith an equal quantityWith as muchA tumblerA tumblerA wine glassWith milkWith water



45/60

Pharrnaceutics - II Experlrnent No 3

Latin Name

Auris dexterAuris laevusBrachioCorporiJuguloNasoOculis dexterOculis laevusOs, orisPro oculusSterno

AnaAnteAquaAqua distillateCibosFiatGutta, guttaeHoraLaevoMisceMitteMitte talesMore dictoOmniPro dosiQuantum sufficiat

RecipeSemiSolveTalis, tales

Latin word

UnusDuoTresQuatuor

bbreviation Engilsh Name

P RTS O BODYa.d.a.1.brach,Corp

jug.------

0.d.0.1.O.S.pro.ocul.Stern

MISCELL NEOUSaaa

aqaq.destcibosft

gtt.hLmmitt.mitt talm.dict.omn-----

q.s.

SS

-----tal

NUMER LS

To right earTo left earTo the arm1 the bodyTo the throatTo the noseTo right eyeTo left eyeTo mouthFor the eyesTo the chest

Of eachBeforeWaterDistilled waterMeals, foodMake, let it) be madeA drop, dropsAn hourLeftMix, let it be mixedSendSend suchIn the m anner prescribedEveryAs a doseAs much as is sufficient

TakeHalfDissolveSuch

Roman symbol Meaning in English

OneTwoThreeFour

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION 15


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Experiment No 3 Pharmaceutlce II.

Lat in wo rd Roman symb ol Meanlng In Engl ish

QuinqueSexSeptemOctol OctemNovemDecemUndecimDuodecimQuatuordecimQuindecimVigintiQuinquagintaCentum

vViVI IVlllIXXXIXII

XIVxvXXLC

FiveSixSevenEightNineTenElevenTwelveFourteenFifteenTwentyFiftyOne hundred

7 0 Questions:

Answe r Q. . Q. ....... Q. ....... Q. ..... . Question numb ers to be allotted by the teacher.)1 Give Eng lish nam e for the following.

a. Charta:b. Nebula:c. Pulvis:d. Lotio:

2 Give me aning of the following.a. Cochleare minimum :

b. Hora somic. Tertis horis:d. Decem:

3 Nam e different parts of inscription.4 Wh at is the significance of reg ister numb er?5 Why refill date should be mention on the label?6 Comp are rece nt prescription with the sample forma t an d list the differences.7 Give the information about medicine shoppe .

(Space for an swers)



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Pharrnaceutics II Experiment No 3

ate Signatureo

Subject Teacher

MAHARASH TRA STATE BOARD O F TECHNICAL EDUCATION 7


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Experiment No. 4 Pharmaceutlcs II

Experiment No

Classification of D osage forms and coding of experimen ts based on dosage form s

Classification:I Liquid Dosage forms

1. Monophasic 2 Biphasic

Simple mixtures Diffusible mixtures,

Syrups, Indiffusible mixtures,

Tinctures, Emulsions,

Elixirs, Suspensions.Linctus 1 A 2

IAl)

3. Monophasic 4.Biphasic

Ear drops, Inhalations,

Nasal drops, Liniments,

Gargles, Lotions

Mouth wash, 1 3 4)Throat paints,

Inhalations,

Liniments,

Lotions,

Opthalmic preparation,

Enemas,

Douches I B 3)

11. Semisol id Dosage forms for external use:

A. Ointments, 3. Creams, C. Pastes, D. Jellies, E. Poultice, F Suppositories, G. Pessaries

Ill Solid Dosage forms:

A. Internal B. External

1. Powders 2 Capsules, Moulded Tablets, 3. Powders 4. Tablets

Effervescent granulesrnDusting powders,

Insufflations.

Douche powders,

Divided Bulk Dentifrices

Coding of experiments on the basis of classification o f dosage formsEach experiment has been given along with serial member; a code number depending upon the aboveclassification, so that student can distinguish and identify the dosage form.



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Pharmaceutics Experiment No

For example:Simple mixture containing ferric ammonium citrate is for internal use a liquid preparation and it is Monophasicso it has code No - IA 1

I For liquid dosage form.A For internal use.1

For Monophasic.

Exercise for p ractice:Mention code for the following p reparations

1 Suppositories2. Monophasic liquid dosage form for external use3 Tablets4 . Bulk Powder5. Biphasic liquid dosage form for interna l use

Space for answers)

DateSignature of Subject Teacher



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Experiment No. 5 Pharrnaceutlcs - II

Experiment No 5

DOSAGE CALCULATIONS

Doses for infants and children cannot be same as those for adults. They need to be calculatedseparately. These doses may be found in the USP Drug information, the Pediatric Dosage Handbook

published by APhA, and textbooks on pediatrics. Doses should not be calculated when It Is posslbleto obtain actual infant o r child s dose.

Certain rules are followed for approximate doses for infants and children.1 Young s Rule (for children 2 years o ld and older)

Age (years)X Adult dose = child s dose (approx)

Age (years) + 12

2. Clark s Rule

Weight (I b)X Adult dose = child s dose (approx)

150

3 Fried s Rule for infants up to 2 years old )

Age (months)X Adult dose = child s dose (approx)

150

4 The Square Meter Surface Area Method relates the surface area of individuals to dose. Itis thought that this is a more realistic way of relating dosages.

Body surface area of childX Adult dose = child s dose (approx)

Body surface area of adult

The average body surface area for an adult has been given as 1.73 square meters ( m 2 ;hence,

Body surface area of child( mX Adult dose = child s dose (approx)

1.73 m 2

Calculating Doses for individuals of any age or size.Many drugs have doses stated as the amount of drug m2 body surface area and may be calculated asfollows :

Dose of drugX Body surface area of child( m 2, = Dose

m body surface area

20 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCA-UON


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Pharmaceutics II Experiment No. 5

Many physiological factions are proportional to body surface area such as metabolic rate and kldn eyfunction.

Drug dosage are often stated in mglkg body weight and m ay be calculated as

Dose of drugX Body weight ( kg ) = Dose

kg body weight

This is the m ost com mon way o f determining children s doses.

Drug doses also m ay be stated in units, as with vitamins. A and D , penicillin and hormo nes. This m eansthat a certain quantity of biological activity of that drug is called 1 u nit. When the term unit is use d inconnection with a drug, the calculations involved are the same as for more familiar weight or volumenotations.

Examples

1. The adult dose of a drug is 250 mg, what is the dose for a 6 year old child?Use Young s Rule:

6Child s dose (approx) = X 250

6 12

2. If the average adult dose of a drug is 100 mg, what is the dose for a child who has a bodysurface area equal to 0.65 m 2 ?

0.65Child s dose (approx) = X 100mg

1.73

Exercise for practice

1. Wh at is the dose for 6 month old infant if the average adult dose is 500 mg?

2. Wh at is the dose for 9 Ib. child if the average adult dose of the medicament is 50mg ?

3. Write the formula for calculating veterinary dose.

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Experiment No 5 Pharrnaceutlce

Space for answers)

Date Signature of Sub ject Teacher



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Pharmaceutics II

Introduction to Liquid Dosage forms: M ixtures Syrups Elixirs

Linctuses Liquids used in mo uth and body cavities Op thalmic

Preparations:

Mixtures:

mixture is a liquid preparation meant for oral administration in which medicaments are dissolved orsuspended in a suitable vehicle.

Classification o f Mixtures:

Mixtures

Simple mixtures Mixtures containing Mixtures containing Mixtures Mixture containing

Containing Soluble diffusible solids Indiffusible solids containing potent slightly soluble

substances medicament liquid

1 Simple mixture containin g soluble substances

Simple mixture contains only soluble ingredients.

2. Mixture containing Diffusible solids:

Diffusible solids are insoluble in water but get evenly distributed on shaking the container, throughoutthe liquid for sufficient time so that when the patient take the medicament by the spoon from container,

the medicament is available in right quantity. Example of diffusible solids: Magnesium carbonate.

3 Mixture containing lndiffusible solids:

lndiffusible solids are those solids which are not soluble in water and do not remain uniformlydistributed in the vehicle for sufficiently long time. Therefore to suspended the drug, suspendingagents are added. Example of lndiffusible solid: acetyl salicylic acid.

Examples of suspend ing agents:

1. The compound tragacanth powder: In the proportion of 2 gmsl100 ml 10 grainslounce) ofthe mixture.

2 Tragacanth mucilage: In the proportion of 1 4th of the final volume of the mixture. Compoundtragacanth powder is used when the vehicle is other than water or chloroform water buttragacanth mucilage is used when the vehicle is water or chloroform water.

4. Mixture containing slightly soluble liquid:

The insoluble portion of slightly soluble liquids is not readily diffusible. So a suspending agent isneeded Ex. Compound tragacanth powder or tragacanth mucilage is used.

5 Mixture conta ining potent medicament:

very small dose is prescribed for a potent medicament, which is not directlyweighable. So minimumweighable quantity is used and then required dilutions are carried out to give prescribed strength of

the formulations.

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Syrups:

Syrups are concentrated solutions of sugar such'as sucrose in purified water. The concentration of sugaris 66.7 wlw. The syrups are sweet viscous preparations. The syrups containing medicinal substancesare called 'Medicated syrups' and those containing aromatic flavoured substances are known as Flavoredsyrups .

Methods of preparation:1 By simple solution e.g. Syrup Ginger.

2. By a process of extraction e.g. Tolu syrup.

Elixirs:

Elixirs are clear, sweetened, aromatic, hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use. The mainingredients of elixirs are ethyl alcohol 5 - 40 ), water, colouring agent and some suitablepreservative.

Linctuses:

Linctuses are viscous, liquid and oral preparations that are generally prescribed for relief of cough.They contain medicaments which have demulcent, sedative or expectorant action. Linctuses shouldbe taken in small doses, sipped, swallowed slowly without diluting it.

Liquids to be used in the Mouth:

1 Gargles:Gargles are aqueous solutions used to prevent or treat throat infections. Usually they aredispensed in concentrated form with directions for dilution with warm water before use.

2 Mouthwash:These are aqueous solutions with a pleasant taste and odour used to clean and deodourisethe buccal cavity.

3 Throat Paints:Throat paints are viscous liquid preparations used for mouth and throat infections. Glycerinis commonly used as a base, being viscous, it adheres to the mucous membrane for a longtime.

Liquids to be instilled into Body cavities:

1 Douches:Douches is a medicated solution meant for a body cavity. The word douches is often usedfor vaginal solution, but also used to irrigate the eyes, ear or nasal cavities for cleaning orremoving foreign particles.

2 Ear Drops:Ear drops are instilled into the ear with dropper and generally prepared in water, glycerin,propylene glycol. They are used for cleaning the ear or softening the wax.

3 Nasal Drops:Nasal drops are solutions of drugs that are instilled into the nose with a dropper. They areusually aqueous because oil drops inhibit movement of cilia in the nasal mucosa and if usedfor long periods may reach the lungs and cause damage.



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Pharmaceutics - II

4 Nasal Sprays:Nasa l sprays are u sed to reduce nasal congestion and to treat infections. It is sprayed in theform of coarse droplets by using atomizer or nebuliser.

5 Opthalrnic Preparations:These are sterile preparations meant for instillation into the eye in the space betwe en theeye lid and eyeballs. These products must be sterile and are prepared under the same

conditions and by the same m ethods.

Recommended Containers

As per Indian Pharm acopoeia the container is the device that holds the article. The imm ediate con tainer isthat which is in direct contact with the article at all times. The closure is a part of the container. Comm onlyused containers are listed below:

Mixtures: Plain glass bottles with uniform internal diameter.

Syrups: The glass bottles fitted with white polypropylene moulded or black thermostatic plastic screwclosure.

Elixirs: We ll closed air tight glass bottles having screw caps.

Linctuses: We ll closed air tight glass bottles having screw caps.

Gargles: Clear colour fluted glass bo ttles closed with p lastic screw caps.

Mouthwashes: White fluted bottles with screw caps.

Throat paint: Air tight, wide mouth, coloured fluted bottle, with glass stoppers.

Douches: Narrow m outhed, coloured, fluted bottle.

Ear drops: Coloured , fluted, glass bottle fitted with a d ropper in a cap.

Nasal drops: Coloured , fluted b ottle fitted with a dropper or in a plastic container

Nasal sprays: Small, coloured, fluted glass bottles, plastic squeeze bottles, atomizers or pressurizedaerosols.

Eye drops: Sterile bottle or vial fitted with a dropper in a cap.

Special Labeling instructions

Mixtures with diffusible and indiffusible solids: Shake well before use

Linctuses: To be sipped and swallowed slowly without the add ition of water

Gargles: For extern al use only , Not to be swallowed in large amounts .

Mouthwash: For external use only , Not to be swallowed in large amounts

Throat Paint: Not to be swa llowed in large amounts .

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Pharmaceutics -

Douches For external use only .

Ear drop For external use only .

Nasal drop For Nasal use only .

Nasal Spray For Nasal use only .To be used in a suitable atomizer as directed

Eye drops For external use onlyDiscontinue the use if irritation persists.

phamaceutics - ii.pdf

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