assignment FOR project MANAGEMENT

SUBMITTED BY:Adnan temrikar

ROLL NO.49MMS IInd– A

Submitted to: PROF. amjad kadri

ACADEMIC YEAR 2014-15

ANJUMAN -I- ISLAM’S ALLANA INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT

STUDIES

PETRONAS TWIN TOWER

The Petronas Towers, also known as the Petronas Twin Towers (Malay: Menara

Petronas, or Menara Berkembar Petronas), are twin skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia. According to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)'s

official definition and ranking, they were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998

to 2004 and remain the tallest twin towers in the world. The buildings are a landmark

of Kuala Lumpur, along with nearby Kuala Lumpur Tower.

HistoryThe towers were designed by Argentine American architect César Pelli. They chose a

distinctive postmodern style to create a 21st-century icon for Kuala Lumpur. Planning

on the Petronas Towers started on 1 January 1992 and included rigorous tests and

simulations of wind and structural loads on the design. Seven years of construction

followed, beginning on 1 March 1993 with the excavation, which involved moving

500 truckloads of earth every night to dig down 30 metres (98 ft) below the surface.

The construction of the superstructure commenced on 1 April 1994. Interiors with

furniture were completed on 1 January 1996, the spires of Tower 1 and Tower 2 were

completed on 1 March 1996, and the first batch of Petronas personnel moved into the

building on 1 January 1997. The building was officially opened by the Prime Minister

of Malaysia's Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad on 1 August 1999. The twin towers

were built on the site of Kuala Lumpur's race track. Test boreholes found that the

original construction site effectively sat on the edge of a cliff. One half of the site was

decayed limestone while the other half was soft rock. The entire site was moved 61

metres (200 ft) to allow the buildings to sit entirely on the soft rock. Because of the

depth of the bedrock, the buildings were built on the world's deepest foundation. 104

concrete piles, ranging from 60 to 114 metres (197 to 374 ft) deep, were bored into

the ground. The concrete raft foundation, comprising 13,200 cubic metres (470,000 cu

ft) of concrete was continuously poured through a period of 54 hours for each tower.

The raft is 4.6 metres (15 ft) thick, weighs 32,500 tonnes (35,800 tons) and held the

world record for the largest concrete pour until 2007. The foundations were completed

within 12 months by Bachy Soletanche and required massive amounts of concrete. Its

engineering designs on structural framework were contributed by Haitian engineer

Domo Obiasse and colleagues Aris Battista and Princess D Battista. The Petronas

Towers' structural system is a tube in tube design, invented by Fazlur Rahman

Khan.Applying a tube-structure for extreme tall buildings is a common phenomenon.

The 88-floor towers are constructed largely of reinforced concrete, with a steel and

glass facade designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art, a reflection of

Malaysia's Muslim religion. Another Islamic influence on the design is that the cross

section of the towers is based on a Rub el Hizb, albeit with circular sectors added to

meet office space requirements.

As a result of the Malaysian government specifying that the buildings be completed in

six years, two construction consortiums were hired to meet the deadline, one for each

tower. Tower 1, the west tower was built by a Japanese consortium led by the Hazama

Corporation (JA Jones Construction Co., MMC Engineering Services Sdn Bhd,

Ho Hup Construction Co. Bhd and Mitsubishi Corp) while Tower 2, the east tower

was built by a South Korean consortium led by the Samsung C&T Corporation

(Kukdong Engineering & Construction and Syarikat Jasatera Sdn Bhd). Early

into construction a batch of concrete failed a routine strength test causing construction

to come to a complete halt. All the completed floors were tested but it was found that

only one had used a bad batch and it was demolished. As a result of the concrete

failure, each new batch was tested before being poured. The halt in construction had

cost US$700,000 per day and led to three separate concrete plants being set up on the

site to ensure that if one produced a bad batch, the other two could continue to supply

concrete. The sky bridge contract was completed by Kukdong Engineering &

Construction. Tower 2 became the first to reach the world's tallest building at the time.

Though as a result of rushing to build this tower, tower 2 ran into problems when they

discovered the structure was leaning 25 millimetres (0.98 in) off from vertical. To

correct the lean, the next 16 floors were slanted back 20 millimetres (0.79 in) with

specialist surveyors hired to check verticality twice a day until the building's

completion

Due to the huge cost of importing steel, the towers were constructed on a cheaper

radical design of super high-strength reinforced concrete. High-strength concrete is a

material familiar to Asian contractors and twice as effective as steel in sway

reduction; however, it makes the building twice as heavy on its foundation as a

comparable steel building. Supported by 23-by-23 metre concrete cores and an outer

ring of widely spaced super columns, the towers use a sophisticated structural system

that accommodates its slender profile and provides 560,000 square metres of column-

free office space. Below the twin towers is Suria KLCC, a shopping mall, and Dewan

Filharmonik Petronas, the home of the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra.

FEATURES OF PETRONAS TWIN TOWERS

Entrance of Suria KLCC

Suria KLCC is a 140,000 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft) upmarket retail center at the feet of the

Petronas Towers. It features mostly foreign luxury goods and high-street labels. Its

attractions include an art gallery, a philharmonic theatre, an underwater aquarium and

also a Science center. Suria KLCC is one of the largest shopping malls in Malaysia.

KLCC Park

Spanning 17 acres (6.9 ha) below the building is the KLCC Park with jogging and

walking paths, a fountain with incorporated light show, wading pools, and a children's

playground.

Skybridge

The towers feature a double decker skybridge connecting the two towers on the 41st

and 42nd floors, which is the highest 2-story bridge in the world. It is not attached to

the main structure, but is instead designed to slide in and out of the towers to prevent

it from breaking, as the towers sway several feet in towards and away from each other

during high winds. It also provides some structural support to the towers in these

occasions. The bridge is 170 m (558 ft) above the ground and 58 m (190 ft) long,

weighing 750 tons. The same floor is also known as the podium, since visitors going

to higher levels have to change elevators here. The skybridge is open to all visitors,

but tickets are limited to about 1000 people per day, and must be obtained on a first-

come, first-served basis. Initially, the visit was free but in 2010, the tickets started

being sold by Petronas. Visitors can choose to opt for package one which is just a visit

to the skybridge or go for package two to go to the skybridge and all the way to level

86. Visitors are only allowed on the 41st floor as the 42nd floor can only be used by

the tenants of the building.

The skybridge also acts as a safety device, so that in the event of a fire or other emergency in one tower, tenants can evacuate by crossing the skybridge to the other tower. The total evacuation triggered by a bomb hoax on 12 September 2001 (the day after the September 11 attacks destroyed the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City) showed that the bridge would not be useful if both towers need to be emptied simultaneously, as the capacity of the staircases was insufficient for such an event. Plans thus call for the lifts to be used if both towers need to be evacuated, and a successful drill following the revised plan was conducted in 2005.

There is a two hinged arch that supports the skybridge with arch legs, each 51 metres

(167 ft) long ,that are bolted to level 29 of each of the towers. After being constructed

on the ground, the sky bridge was lifted into place on the towers over a period of three

days in July 1995 but instead of being directly connected to the towers, the skybridge

can shift or slide in and out of them to counterbalance any effect from the wind.

Residing on the 41st and 42nd floors, the skybridge connects a conference room, an

executive dining room and a prayer room.

Lift system

The main bank of Otis Lifts is located in the centre of each tower. All main lifts are

double-decker with the lower deck of the lift taking passengers to even-numbered

floors and upper deck to odd-numbered floors. To reach an odd-numbered floor from

ground level, passengers must take an escalator to the upper deck of the lift.

There are 29 double-deck passenger elevators, but there are different sets that service

certain floors of the towers, specifically two sets of six of these double-deck

passenger elevators to floors 1–23 and 1–37 respectively. Another set of 5 passenger

lifts transport passengers to the 41st and 42nd floors where they can switch lifts to

reach the upper zones of the buildings, each double-deck passenger lift with the

capacity of 52 passengers or, 26 passengers per deck. There are also 6 heavy-duty

elevators for utility.

From the ground floor, there are three groups of lifts. The "short haul" group of 6 lifts

take passengers to floors between level 2/3 and level 16/17. The "mid haul" group of

six lifts take passengers to floors between level 18/19 and level 37/38. There is also a

set of shuttle lifts that take passengers directly to levels 41/42. To get to levels above

41/42, passengers must take the shuttle lifts, then change to lifts to the upper floors.

These connecting lifts are directly above the lifts that serve levels 2 to 38. The pattern

now repeats with the upper levels, one set serving levels 43/44 to 57/58 and one set

serving levels 59/60 to levels 73/74.

Apart from this main bank of lifts, there are a series of "connecting" lifts to take

people between the groups. Unlike the main lifts, these are not the double-decker

type. Two lifts are provided to take people from levels 37/38 to levels 41/42 (levels 39

and 40 are not accessible as office space). This spares someone in the lower half of

the building from having to go back to the ground floor to go to the upper half of the

building.

The lifts contain a number of safety features. It is possible to evacuate people from a

lift stuck between floors by manually driving one of the adjacent lifts next to it and

opening a panel in the wall. It is then possible for people in the stuck lift to walk

between lift cars.During an evacuation of the buildings, only the shuttle lift is allowed

to be used, as there are only doors at levels G/1 and levels 41/42; therefore should

there be a fire in the lower half of the building, this enclosed shaft would remain

unaffected. Firefighter lifts are also provided in case of emergency.

SERVICE BUILDING

The service building is to the east of the Petronas Towers and contains the chiller

plant system and the cooling towers to keep the Petronas Towers cool and

comfortable.

FACTS OF PETRONAS TWIN TOWERS.

1. The first designs by Cesar Pelli were rejected by the Prime Minister. Prime

Minister Mahathir felt the design was ultimately not Malaysian enough. He

“wanted a building that would be identifiably Malaysian, that was of world

class standard and which Malaysians could be proud of.” At first Pelli

struggled to understand what it meant to be “uniquely Malaysian”. Eventually

Mahathir Mohamad understood what he wanted the towers to look like: an

eight-pointed star (when seen from the top), which in Islamic culture

represents “unity, harmony, stability, and rationality." However, Pelli was

worried the new design limited floor space. He solved the problem by adding

semicircles to each of the inner angles. Each tower would now have 43,600

square yards (36,455 m2) of floor space, including an additional circular

annex standing 44 stories high.

2. The original proposed design was to be 1,400 feet (427 m) high, but when Dr.

Mahathir realized, with a few adjustments, it could become the tallest building

in the world, he pushed for the height to be raised in everyway possible. Many

structural facts had to be recalculated and retested in wind tunnels. However

increased height was achieved without adding any floors, but instead adding a

small dome with an integrated pinnacle atop of the towers, reaching 1,483 feet

(452 m) and surpassing the Sears Tower.

3. . The whole complex was built on a former horse-racing track.

4. . A project this big would usually require eight years, but the Malaysian budget

only accounted for six. In order to meet the strict deadline, two construction

consortiums were hired, one for each tower, racing each other to the top.

5. . Tower One was built by a Mayjaus Joint-Venture led by Japan’s Hazama

Corp. and made up of JA Jones Construction Co., MMC Engineering Services

Sdn Bhd, Ho Hup Construction Co. Bhd and Mitsubishi Corp. The Tower One

foreman was Robert Pratt.

6. Tower Two was built by a SKJ Joint-Venture led by Korea’s Samsung

Engineering and Construction, and comprised of Kuk Dong Engineering and

Construction Co. Ltd. and Syarikat Jasatera Sdn Bhd. The Tower Two foreman

was Jon Dunsford.

7. . Each floor had to be constructed one at a time as the two companies raced

towards the sky. In order to stay on budget each floor had to be constructed in

four days.

8. . Tower One Construction began one month before Tower two. The

Koreans/Tower two completed earlier than the Japanese/Tower 2. Tower One

was completed a few hours after tower Two.

9. . Koreans got Tower Two pretty straight. However, Tower One was an inch

(2.54 cm) off vertical. So, to correct the problem, the next 16 floors were

slanted back 0.08 of an inch (0.2 cm). International specialist surveyors were

then hired to check verticality every day and night.

10. . It took 6 years of 24 hour construction to complete the twin towers. The

building costs were US $ 1,8 billion (oil, dirty oil money!!!)

11. . It took three days to lift the Skybridge up to the 41st/42nd floor. The first

attempt was marred by a short circuit of the crane through lightning flashes

that came with the typical KL thunderstorm. So the Skybridge was left

hanging in the air until they repaired the crane and tried again the next day.

The Skybridge was designed as a Fire Escape construction, allowing

occupants to move to the other tower in case of a fire alarm

12. . There are 32000 windows with UV and solar radiation steel in both Towers.

It takes 2 months to clean them all.

13. . French “Spiderman” Robert Alain climbed the Twin without any equipment

twice. First time in 1997 the authorities knew about his intent and were

prepared to stop him. Yet the police noticed him only when he was half way

through his climb. They managed to catch up with the “Spiderman” and arrest

him only on the 60th floor. In 2007 Alain climbed Petronas again. He stopped

on the 60th floor and made a show out of surrendering to the police public

applause.

14. . Scenes from “Entrapment” with Sean Connery and Catherine Zena-Jones

were filmed here in 1999

15. . The main occupant of the buildings is Petronas, the national oil-company;

other include Accenture, Al Jazeera English, Carigali Hess Bloomberg,

Boeing, IBM, Khazanah Nasional Berhad, McKinsey & Co, TCS, Krawler

Networks, Microsoft, and Reuters.

16. . Though completed in 1998, the buildings were officially opened on August

28th, 1999; on the Malaysian National Day.

17. . Petronas Twin Towers were the tallest buildings in the world until 2004,

when Taipei 101 took over the title.

18. . Petronas Towers are still the tallest twin buildings in the world.

19. . There are 88 stories in Petronas Twin Towers.

20. . There are 10 double decker lifts in each tower. The double deck lifts can

carry 26 people per deck—52 total—and can reach speeds of 20 feet (6.1 m)

per second.

21. . The pinnacles that top both towers stand 241 feet (73.5 m) high. They consist

of a spire, mast ball and ring ball. They are also equipped with aircraft

warning lights and window washing equipment. Each one took more than 19

weeks to make. One was made in Japan while the other was built in Korea.