Petrolem Indsutry

Submitted By Sohaib Hasnain Submitted To DR. Ibrahim Roll No 7536

APPLIED CHEMISTRY

ContentsIntroductionHistoryPetroleum FormationPetroleum ReserviorPetroleum CompositionCracking of PetroleumReformingBlendingPetroleum fractionConsumptionApplication of Petroleum IndustryGreen PetroleumRefereneces

DEFINITION

“Petroleum is defined as blaskish colouerd or greenish coloured liquid.

It is also called Rocks oil because it is extracted from rocks

History 3000BC- Sumerian use asphalt as a Adhesive 2400BC- Iranian use oil in weapon against their

enemies 325BC- Alexander used flaming tourch of petroleum

products 347AD- Chinese discovered Oil 8th AD- Baku people used it for heating 6th AD- Sudia Arabia discovered oil resorvior 1847 - 1st Rock Oil Refinary launched in England 1849 - Canada distill kerosene oil from crude oil 1850 - World 1st Refinary in Romania 1870 - J.D Rock formed the standard Oil

1879 – Thomos Edison invents the oil light bulbs 1882 - Standard Oil trust formed 1893 - First Well drilled in Los Angel 1907 - Shell and Royal are Launched 1908 - Oil discovered in Persia 1942 - Oil discovered in Japan 1956 - Oil discovered in Nigeria 1969 - Oil found in Libya 1970 - Oil discovered in North Sea 1979 - Shah of Iran discovered Oil Reservior 1990 - Oil found in Kuwait 1993 - Oil reservoir discovered in Pakistan 1997 - Oil found in Dubai 1997- 2016 Almost all the Arabs Countries found

Oil

Petroleum Formation

It is has been said that petroleum is formed by slow chemical and biochemical decomposition of Organic matter

It is remain of tiny plants and animals that lived in the sea,when they died their bodies changes into oil by high pressure

It is also called Fossil Fuel because it is formed from remain of dead animals

Petroleum Resorvior

It is found beneath the earth crust b/w the sedi-mentry rocks

Petroleum in liquid and gas form itself pressurized enough to lift itself against the force of gravity

Most of the Oil resorvior found in Middle East and Arabs Countries

It is present in many part of all over the World

Conventional Oil FieldsIt is easily extracted because of having pressure.It is easily come out from the earth cruts.It has less impurity.It is normally a thin liquid.

Non Conventional Oil FieldsIt is not easily extracted because it is present in lower layer of earth crust.It is thicker than conventional.It has too much impurties

Petroleum CompositionPetroleum contain several

chemical compounds.The most common is the presence of hydrocarbon

Composition of petroleum indicates its quality and usage

Although petroleum contains too much traces of elements but the most common is Hydrogen(10-14%), Nitrogen(0.1-2%) and suphur(0.5-6%)

Actually the properties of the petroleum depends upon the percentage of four main hydrocarbon:Paraffins (15-60%)Naptha (30-60%)Aromatics (3-30%)Asphalt (1-10%)

Chemical Processing on Petroleum

Generally petroleum produced from the earth is not pure form,so we change it to pure form by many chemical method.

There are many chemical process for the production of petroleum fraction from crude oil.

The process applied on the petroleum are Cracking and Fractional distilation

Fractional Distillation

The process of separating a mixture into a series of fractions of different volatilities by the mean to distillation.

In the process of fractional distillation a mixture is evaporated followed by condensation.

Different Liquids are evaporated according to their boiling point

Fractional Distillation Of Crude Oil

Generally, crude oil contain compounds having B.P upto 400C.

In this process, Crude oil is heated to above 400C in a pipe.

Its vapours are allowed to enter into a tower having different compartment to collect the different volatilities.

These are now condensend toa liquids and separated

More than 500 compounds are produced in this process according to our demand.

Fractions Of Petroleum And Uses Fraction Uses

Petroleum Gas

Making chemical ,plastics and fuel for light vehiclesUsed in manufacturing of petrol polymerization

Naptha Used to make chemical and fuel for aeroplane

Kerosene Fuel in jet engine,Lamp usage,Making deterergents

Diesel Fuel for Diesel Engine

Lubrication Oil

Lubricants for the Mechinary

Fuel Oil Used for power station, ships and used to run generators

Asphalt Used in road construction and water proof products

Cracking Of Petroleum

The fractional distillation of petroleum yields only about 20% . Due to it’s high demand this supply is augmented by converting the less desireable fraction into gesoline by a process craking.

It is defined as breaking of high hydrocarbon having high boiling point into a variety of lower hydrocarbon which are more volatile.

Steam Cracking In this process the high H.C in vapour phase are mixed in

the steam heated for the short duration to about 900C and cool rapidly.

This process is suitable for obtaining lower unsaturated H.C.

Steam craking is used to increase the yields of oilfins.

Thermal Cracking The breaking down of large molecule at high temperature and

pressure. It is particular use for production of unsaturated H.C such as

ethane and propene. Temperature range is (450-750 C) and pressure is 70atm . In this process free radicals process take place.

Catalytic CrackingHigher hydrocarbon can be cracked at

lower temprature(500C) and lower pressure(2atm) in the presence of suitable catalyst.

A typical catalyst for this purpose is a mixture of silica and alumina.

This cracking is used for the production of batter quality of gasoline

Reforming It is a process which is used to increase the quality of

gasoline by converting the straight chain H.C into branch chain.

By this process octane number of fuel increase and engine become better.

The quality of fuel is indicated by it’s octane number.

Top 10 Countries Producing Oil world Oil Production 91 Million Barrel Per Day

Consumption Of Petroleum

For 2016, the IEA Oil market reported forecast worldwide average demand of oil nearly 96 million barrel per day.

The ten biggest oil consuming countries consume more than 58% of the world total oil consumption per day

United state is the world biggest Oil consumer

Green Petroleum

It was launched in German two years ago. A petrol is called E10 and IS 10% Ethanol. It is enviormentelly friendly. It is prepared from corn. It is available in all over petrol pumps High %age of ethanol ruin the engine of car

and motor bikes as it could melt some components

It is also called biofuel made up by distilling plant and animal material and said to be less polluting and enviormentelly friendlier

E85(Ethanol Fuel) It is the abbreviation that is used for a fuel

blend made up of 85% denatured ethanol fuel and remaining 15% is made up of gasoline and any other hydrocarbons.

Ethanol is produced by using starch and sugar producing crops like corn and sugar cane

These crops are put through a fermentation process that produce ethanol

E85 is now being produced using biowaste

Bio Fuel

Bio diesel is produced from oil producing plants unlike ethanol that is made from starch and sugar producing crops.

Crops that can produce oil that like sunflower, palm or any other vegetable can be used to make biodiesel and is something that is being increasing used in US and Europe

There are different types of bio diesel like B20, B5,B100 and some other contents

References WWW.SLIDESHARE .COM International Energy Agency An Introduction to Petroleum Industry(Book) An Overview of petroleumIndustry(6th Edition) Petroleum The Industry of Future (Book) Biodiesel, Green Diesel Fuel WWW.chemwili.COM WWW.CHEMPUB.COM WWW.ASK.COM WWW.CHEMISTRYWORLD.COM