Petroleum Industry in Malaysia

1909 : Shell the pioneer began exploration

1910 : First production by Shell ( 85 barrel per/day)

1950s: Moved into offshore Oil Exploration

1962: Oil discovered in 2 offshore Platforms

1968: 4 000 barrel per/day1973: 90 000 barrel per/day

1974:Petroleum Nasional (Petronas) establish

1975: Begin exporting crude oil to Singapore, Philippines, Thailand, Korea & Japan

1983: Kerteh Refinery owned by Petronas opened. Later in Port Dickson

Now : 750 000 barrel per/day

Types of oilRefined oil – final process done. Ready to use

Crude Oil – all process done except refine process.

Types of crude oilTapisLabuanMiriBintuluDulang

Marketing arm: Petronas Dagangan Bhd

Refinery: Petronas Penapisan Sdn Bhd.

Natural Gas for Vehicles (NGV)Available at selected Petronas service station

Normally used by taxis

Gas District CoolingKuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA)

Kuala Lumpur City Centre ( KLCC) Government complex in Putrajaya

Liquefied Natural Gas52 oil field discovered for future usage

47 gas field discovered for future usage

Petronas LNG Complex in Bintulu, Sarawak is world largest LNG production facility at a single location.

Sold to Japan,Taiwan,Korea

Current Fuel PriceRON 97 : RM2.90RON 95: RM 1.90

Tin Mining

FactsOldest industry in Malaysia1000 Chinese arrived in Malaysia in 1824, migrating because Manchu Government took over China and his people has lost their source of income.

Tin was found in Larut, Perak in 1848 by Long Jaafar .

Method of Extracting TinDulang

In streams by panning. Dulang is wooden pan of diameter 50 cm , tin bearing material from under the stream is scooped into a dulang and the dulang is twirled just below water level.

The lighter sand particles are washed over the edge of the dulang while tin ore remains at the bottom.

Gravel PumpingSpraying high pressure jets of water on rocks containing tin ore and breaking them up.

The tin –bearing material is then washed down a depression called a sump

A pump brings the material up a palong, a gently sloping wooden structure which separates tin from other material.

Open Cast Tin MiningIf tin found in underground, dynamites are used to blow them off.

Bulldozers used to collect the rocks with tin

The rock collected are sent to a quarry for processing .

GrindTo separate tin ore & rock.Sg Besi is the world largest open cast tin mining .

Tunnel methodDepth is 200 ft and runs for 200 miles.

Labor was 1250 people at any time

Product of tin was 750 pound per /day

Sg Lembing Pahang , now abandoned as amount of life lost or injured

Dredging Malayan Tin Mining – Batu Gajah in 1912

Cost Straits Dollar 184 000Minimum land size required is 500 hc

Today ,it would cost RM 20 M and 18 -24 mth

Smelting1200 – 1300 C99.8 % pure tin produced made into Ingots (jongkong Timah ) of 100 pounds each.

Collapse of tin mining industry is due to:Falling in tin pricesFood industry substitutes like aluminium, paper and plastic were used instead of tin.

Awareness of environmental problem

The rising cost of productionHigh taxesLittle land set aside for mining

Uses of tinFood packagingElectronicPewterDental amalgamsEngineering alloysWine capsules

Tourism ValueTin mines now being developed for Aquaculture, housing area, theme park & golf clubs.