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PETROLEUM HYDRATION WITH ALUM DEHYDRATION KEROSENE WITH ALUM – GC & IR TESTS

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- By Ammineni Shyam Sundar, B.B.M, P.G.D.B.A, Junior Assistant (Outsourcing), Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Ananthapuramu. Email: shyamammineni@gmail.com, a_shyamsundhar@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT To control pollution and for maximizing the calorific value of commercial Kerosene, Potassium alum is used in this experiment. The samples prepared like 5grams in 250ml, 10grams in 250ml, and 15grams in 250ml of powder potassium alum in commercial Kerosene from 3 to 4 hours time with in room temperature 35-400C. The Gas Chromatography experiments with Bruker GC430 and IR experiments with Bruker Alpha are done. The 250ml GC report of Original commercial Kerosene indicates one component, with 5grams of Potassium alum 71 components, with 10grams of Potassium alum 64 components, with 15grams of Potassium alum 83 components. May be this Kerosene is forth coming fuel to satellite rockets. Results followed. INDTRODUCTION Petroleum products (gasoline, diesel fuels, motor oils, greases etc.) are one of the main sources of environmental pollution these days. Progressive industrialization and development of automotive industry are undeniably related to an increasing demand for such hazardous substances. This, in turn, leads to an increase in of the potential risks associated with the aforementioned negative impacts of those petroleum substances on the environment and living organism. To overcome all these purification with minimum effort and more mileage with environment friendly, potassium alum is going to be used in Petroleum. MATERIALS

1. POTASSIUM ALUM – KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O) 2. KEROSENE 1. Potassium alum - Alum is a generic term that describes hydrated double

salts. Hydrates are salts that crystallize from a water solution and contain

weakly bound water molecules. A hydrate is an addition compound,

contains two or more simpler compounds. This is a weak chemical

combination between the water and the salt. As such, the combination is

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denoted with a “dot”. However, the water molecules are as much a part of

the compound as the other atoms. Alums can be described by generalized

formula, (MM’(SO4)2.12(H2O), in which M (univalent) is commonly Na+, K+,

NH4+, Rb+ and M’ (trivalent) is commonly Al3+, Ga3+, V3+, Cr3+ Mn3+, Fe3+,

Co3+. True alums crystallize as well-defined octahedral and many are

beautifully colored, particularly those containing d-block transition metals.

In its crystalline form, potassium alum the compound solidifies with twelve

water molecules as Hydrate. 1

1. Sodium Chloride – Nacl

2. Borax – (Na2B4O7.7H2O)

3. Ammonium alum – NH4Al(SO4)2.12(H2O)

4. Potash alum – KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O)

5. Copper Sulfate (blue vitriol) – CuSO4.5(H2O)

6. Epsom salt – MgSO4.7(H2O)

7. Salol (Phenyl salicylate) – HOC6H4COOC6H5

8. Chrome Alum – (KCr(SO4)2.12(H2O)

9. Ferric Chloride – FeCl3.6(H2O)

10. Cupric Sulfate Pentahydrate – CuSO4.5(H2O)

When a hydrate is heated, the loosely held water is driven off as water

vapor, leaving an anhydrous salt behind. For example

1. KAl(SO4)2. 12(H2O) (s) – KAl(SO4)2(s)+12(H2O)(g)

2. CuSO4.5(H2O)(s) – CuSO4(s)+5(H2O)(g)

This dehydration may actually occur in several steps, with the solid

crystal rearranging to accommodate the loss of the water molecules.

Potas alum or tawas, or potassium aluminum sulfate is a chemical

compound: the potassium double sulfate of aluminium. Its chemical

formula is KAl(SO4)2 and it is commonly found in its dodecahydrate form as

KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O). Alum is the common name for this chemical compound,

given the nomenclature of potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate. It is

commonly used in water purify, leather tanning, dyeing, fireproof textiles,

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and baking powder. It also has cosmetic uses as a deodorant, as an

aftershave treatment and as a styptic for minor bleeding from shaving.

Properties

Chemical formula KAl(SO4)2.12(H2O)

Molar mass 474.3884 g/mol

Appearance white small crystals

Odor watery metallic

Density 1.725 g/cm3

Melting point 92 to 93 °C (198 to 199 °F; 365 to 366 K)

Boiling point 200 °C (392 °F; 473 K)

Solubility in water 14.00 g/100 mL (20 °C)

36.80 g/100 mL (50 °C)

Solubility insoluble in acetone

Refractive index(nD) 1.4564

2

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IR spectrum of pure Alum

The physisorbed (physisorption, characteristic of weak van der waals forces)

water molecules present in Potassium alum are leading to loss of the H+ and OH-

ions with minimum temperature (below 45oC).4

2. Kerosene is a combustible hydrocarbon liquid widely used as a fuel in industry and households. Kerosene is a thin, clear liquid formed from hydrocarbons obtained from the fractional distillation of petroleum between 150 °C and 275 °C, resulting in a mixture with a density of 0.78–0.81 g/cm3 composed of carbon chains that typically contain between 6 and 16 carbon atoms per molecule. It is miscible in petroleum solvents but immiscible in water.

Regardless of crude oil source or processing history, kerosene's major components are branched and straight chain alkanes and naphthenes (cycloalkanes), which normally account for at least 70% by volume. Aromatic hydrocarbons in this boiling range, such as alkylbenzenes (single ring) and alkylnaphthalenes (double ring), do not normally exceed 25% by volume of kerosene streams. Olefins are usually not present at more than 5% by volume.

The flash point of kerosene is between 37 and 65 °C (100 and 150 °F), and its auto-ignition temperature is 220 °C (428 °F). The pour point of kerosene depends on grade, with commercial aviation fuel standardized at −47 °C (−53 °F).

Heat of combustion of kerosene is similar to that of diesel; its lower heating value is 43.1 MJ/kg (around 18,500 Btu/lb), and its higher heating value is 46.2 MJ/kg.

Today, kerosene is mainly used in fuel for jet engines in several grades. One form of the fuel known as RP-1 is burned with liquid oxygen as rocket fuel. This fuel grade kerosene meets specifications for smoke points and freeze points. The combustion reaction can be approximated as follows, with the molecular formula C12H26 (dodecane):

2 C12H26(l) + 37 O2(g) → 24 CO2(g) + 26 H2O(g); ∆H˚ = -7513 kJ

In the initial phase of liftoff, the Saturn V launch vehicle was powered by the reaction of liquid oxygen with RP-1. For the five 6.4 mega newton sea-level thrust F-1 rocket engines of the Saturn V, burning together, the reaction generated roughly 1.62 × 1011 watts (J/s) (162 giga watt) or 217 million horsepower.

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Kerosene is sometimes used as an additive in diesel fuel to prevent gelling or waxing in cold temperatures.

Ultra-low sulfur kerosene is a custom-blended fuel used by the New York City Transit to power its bus fleet. The transit agency started using this fuel in 2004, prior to the widespread adoption of ultra-low sulfur diesel, which has since become the standard. In 2008, the suppliers of the custom fuel failed to tender for a renewal of the transit agency's contract, leading to a negotiated contract at a significantly increased cost.

JP-8, (for "Jet Propellant 8") a kerosene-based fuel, is used by the US military as a replacement in diesel fueled vehicles and for powering aircraft. JP-8 is also by the U.S. military and its NATO allies as a fuel for heaters, stoves, tanks and as a replacement for diesel fuel in the engines of nearly all tactical ground vehicles and electrical generators.

In X-ray crystallography, (is a tool used for identifying the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions) kerosene can be used to store crystals. When a hydrated crystal is left in air, dehydration may occur slowly. This makes the colour of the crystal become dull. Kerosene can keep air from the crystal.

It can be also used to prevent air from re-dissolving in a boiled liquid, and to store potassium, sodium, lithium, etc. [2]

METHODS

1. Gas Chromatography tests

2. Infrared Spectroscopy tests.

1. Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry for separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition. Typical uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different components of a mixture (the relative amounts of such components can also be determined). In some situations, GC may help in identifying a compound. In preparative chromatography, GC can be used to prepare pure

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compounds from a mixture. Bruker GC430 machine is used for this experiment.

2. Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum that is light with a longer wavelength and lower frequency than visible light. It covers a range of techniques, mostly based on absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify and study chemicals. For a given sample which may be solid, liquid, or gaseous, the method or technique of infrared spectroscopy uses an instrument called an infrared spectrometer (or spectrophotometer) to produce an infrared spectrum. A basic IR spectrum is essentially a graph of infrared light absorbance (or transmittance) on the vertical axis vs. frequency or wavelength on the horizontal axis. Typical units of frequency used in IR spectra are reciprocal centimeters (sometimes called wave numbers), with the symbol cm−1. Units of IR wavelength are commonly given in micrometers (formerly called "microns"), symbol μm, which are related to wave numbers in a reciprocal way. A common laboratory instrument that uses this technique is a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Two-dimensional IR is also possible as discussed below. Bruker Alpha machine is used for this experiment.

EXPERIMENT

One liter of commercial Kerosene is taken and is divided into 4 parts

as 250ml samples in 300ml capacity plastic bottles. First bottle 250ml

kerosene kept as a original sample. The room temperature is 35-40oC. The

Potassium alum kept in the sample Kerosene is from 1 hour to 3 hours only.

The Potassium alum is used in this experiment in natural one not human

made. The Potassium alum crystal in powdered well and then it mixed in

250ml samples of Kerosene like 5grams in one 250ml bottle and 10grams in

one 250ml bottle and 15grams in one 250ml bottle. The GC and IR reports

taken of original sample. They are as follows.

FTIR-(KBr) Data of Commercial Kerosene

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S.NO. IR Region Assignment

1 3054.12 Ar-H stretching vibrations

2 2921.29 Aliphatic C-H stretching vibrations

3 2857.05 Aliphatic C-H stretching vibrations

4 1458.86 C-C Carbon skeleton stretching vibrations of

Aromatic ring

5 1376.37 C-C Carbon skeleton stretching vibrations of

Aromatic ring

6 808.84 Mono substituted Ar-H bending vibrations

7 730.24 Para substituted Ar-H bending vibrations

Infrared Spectroscopy of Original Kerosene of 250ml sample

The IR spectrum of kerosene fuel was recorded in the IR region 4000-500 cm-1. The Commercial kerosene is a mixture of 36 organic compounds. It contains

1. Paraffins 2. Monocyclo paraffins 3. Dicycloparaffins

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4. Tricycloparaffins 5. Benzens 6. Indans/Tetralins 7. CnH2n-10 8. Naphthalene 9. Naphthalenes 10. CnH2n-14 11. CnH2n-16 12. CnH2n-18 13. Benzene 14. Toluene 15. Ethyl benzene 16. Methyl para-Xylene 17. 1,2-Dimethyl benzene 18. Isopropyl-Benzene 19. 1-Methy-3-Ethyl benzene 20. 1-Methyl-4-Ethyl Benzene 21. 1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 22. 1-Methyl-2-Ethyl Benzene 23. 1,2,4-Trimethyl Benzene 24. 1,2,3,- Tri methyl Benzene, 25. Alkyl indans 26. 1,4-Diethyl Butyl benzene 27. 1,2-Diethyl benzene 28. 1,2,4,5-Tetramethyl benzene 29. 1,2,3,5-Tetra methyl benzene 30. C10 Benzenes 31. C11 benzenes 32. C12 Benzenes 33. Naphthalene 34. 2-Methyl-Naphthalene 35. 1-Methyl-Naphthalene. 36. Indan

The IR spectrum of kerosene contains 7 signals only, noticed in the different regions and attributed to different functional groups in kerosene fuel. The sample IR spectrum for kerosene may be attributed to

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(a) Merging of IR signals and (b) The signals may not appear in the range 4000-500 cm-1.

Gas Chromatography of Original Kerosene of 250ml sample

Commercial Kerosene

1,050,000,000

1,000,000,000

950,000,000

900,000,000

850,000,000

800,000,000

750,000,000

700,000,000

650,000,000

600,000,000

550,000,000

500,000,000

450,000,000

400,000,000

350,000,000

300,000,000

250,000,000

200,000,000.20.0

1 0

150,000,000

100,000,000

ST

H

50,000,000

0

-50,000,000

-100,000,000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0

Min

Index Name Time

(Min)

Quantity

(% Area)

Height

(uV)

Area

(uV.Min)

Area %

(%)

1 UNKNOWN 0.49 100.00 505273.2 11120.5 100.00

TOTAL 100.00 505273.2 11120.5 100.00

The GC of commercial kerosene fuel was recorded with the instrument BRURKER GC430. The gas chromatogram contains one signal noticed at 0.49

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minutes. This indicates the sample contains one set of organic compounds; the high area signal may be due to non aromatic saturated compounds. It is observed from the figure that gas chromatogram contains only one signal with 100% quantity area and signal is noticed at 0.49 minutes.

Infrared Spectroscopy of Kerosene of 250ml with 5grams of Potassium

Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 minutes)

The 5 grams of Potassium alum in 250ml sample kerosene contains 9 IR signals and it has two additional IR signals noticed at 1605.04 cm-1 and 579.27 cm-1 and these are attributed to C-C carbon Skelton stretching vibration of aromatic ring and quaternary C-C carbon in plane bending vibration. Since kerosene is a mixture of 36 organic compounds and one can expect a complicated IR spectrum but it has very simple IR spectrum and this may be due to the following reasons

(I) The signals they have low intensity and these signals (or) not detected by the instrument under experimental conditions.

(II) The signals may merge with other IR signals of the sample and it may give combination signals.

(III) The signals may not be detected in the region 4000-500 cm-1. However the percentage of transmittance decrease in the IR spectrum of Kerosene fuel Original sample and 5grams of Potassium alum sample and at the same time the percentage of absorbance increase in the same order. The

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observation suggest that by the addition of potash alum (5g/10g/15g) purity of the kerosene is slightly increasing and it is possible only when the impurities present in commercial sample of kerosene or any organic molecule present in commercial kerosene fuel is adsorbed on the surface of the powered potash alum (5g/10g/15g).The interactions between kerosene and potash alum may be ascribed to ionic and non polar covalent bond interaction between potash alum and kerosene fuel. In 5grams sample an irregular trend was noticed, from these observations, it is concluded that commercial kerosene fuel when kept in 5g of fine powered potash alum will give reasonably pure liquid kerosene. GC of Kerosene of 250ml with 5grams of Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 minutes)

Commercial Kerosene + 5grams Powdered Potassium alum

400,000,000

350,000,000

300,000,000

250,000,000

uV

200,000,000

150,000,000

100,000,000

1 0 . 2 0 . 0

50,000,000

S T H

0

-50,000,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Min

Index Name Time (Min)

Quantity (% Area)

Height (uV)

Area (uV.Min)

Area % (%)

1 UNKNOWN 0.01 0.00 235558.5 3223.3 0.004

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2 UNKNOWN 0.04 0.01 338294.5 8391.7 0.010

3 UNKNOWN 0.18 0.00 296685.8 2842.8 0.003

4 UNKNOWN 0.32 0.16 1419245.7 140306.5 0.160

5 UNKNOWN 2.21 2.81 29408983.4 2456516.1 2.860

6 UNKNOWN 2.29 2.21 27126649.6 1931685.5 2.207

7 UNKNOWN 2.33 2.62 36571608.4 2295121.4 2.622

8 UNKNOWN 2.39 4.50 36663215.4 3939280.1 4.500

9 UNKNOWN 2.57 4.25 40480062.6 3716471.8 4.246

10 UNKNOWN 2.62 3.45 42214695.9 3020507.3 3.450

11 UNKNOWN 2.71 1.44 41606981.3 1258267.2 1.437

12 UNKNOWN 2.82 5.87 5091679.6 5142485.5 5.875

13 UNKNOWN 2.88 3.72 49744746.3 3257678.3 3.721

14 UNKNOWN 2.94 8.59 50413002.2 7521027.3 8.592

15 UNKNOWN 3.10 2.36 43513987.5 2068175.1 2.363

16 UNKNOWN 3.14 1.11 42677674.4 974490.4 1.113

17 UNKNOWN 3.15 5.17 44482692.9 4523575.4 5.168

18 UNKNOWN 3.26 2.91 37843047.0 2545079.7 2.907

19 UNKNOWN 3.36 1.88 35463327.8 1643217.4 1.877

20 UNKNOWN 3.40 1.13 34240726.7 987298.5 1.128

21 UNKNOWN 3.44 1.85 33590264.1 1619369.4 1.850

22 UNKNOWN 3.49 1.35 31863847.7 1179442.9 1.347

23 UNKNOWN 3.51 3.74 32162700.1 3269975.8 3.735

24 UNKNOWN 3.64 0.52 23371402.3 453747.0 0.518

25 UNKNOWN 3.68 0.80 23539827.8 702128.4 0.802

26 UNKNOWN 3.75 1.60 24597011.9 1397994.4 1.597

27 UNKNOWN 3.80 2.03 2225442.8 1774590.1 2.027

28 UNKNOWN 3.90 2.19 21189333.2 1920798.7 2.194

29 UNKNOWN 3.98 0.71 10850243.8 619432.4 0.708

30 UNKNOWN 4.11 0.80 13525073.3 696277.5 0.795

31 UNKNOWN 4.13 1.31 11748759.9 1142561.6 1.305

32 UNKNOWN 4.27 0.06 2183110.7 48600.2 0.056

33 UNKNOWN 4.37 0.03 1418698.3 23914.6 0.027

34 UNKNOWN 4.42 0.89 10607592.4 783126.2 0.895

35 UNKNOWN 4.54 1.81 16932783.3 1581121.7 1.806

36 UNKNOWN 4.65 0.55 16217814.1 478660.3 0.547

37 UNKNOWN 4.71 0.66 17782356.4 581438.3 0.664

38 UNKNOWN 4.76 2.08 17395236.7 1820690.6 2.080

39 UNKNOWN 4.93 1.32 13461432.3 1152468.2 1.317

40 UNKNOWN 5.01 1.20 132678607 1046730.6 1.196

41 UNKNOWN 5.09 0.54 11111734.0 469641.6 0.536

42 UNKNOWN 5.19 0.84 11026500.0 737290.4 0.842

43 UNKNOWN 5.25 0.56 12368908.4 489146.7 0.559

44 UNKNOWN 5.27 0.74 11233812.1 645167.6 0.737

45 UNKNOWN 5.36 0.65 10419718.5 572452.2 0.654

46 UNKNOWN 5.45 0.49 9137785.9 429474.5 0.491

47 UNKNOWN 5.54 0.67 9390799.3 584114.2 0.667

48 UNKNOWN 5.57 0.30 8580082.2 259976.0 0.297

49 UNKNOWN 5.60 1.11 8633297.2 973473.3 1.112

50 UNKNOWN 5.80 0.26 5229375.2 231581.5 0.265

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51 UNKNOWN 5.83 0.46 6245797.2 399508.0 0.456

52 UNKNOWN 5.92 0.46 5722655.9 399411.4 0.456

53 UNKNOWN 6.02 0.69 8200881.5 601080.5 0.687

54 UNKNOWN 6.11 0.23 6606924.9 200705.3 0.229

55 UNKNOWN 6.14 0.38 7689707.1 329968.0 0.376

56 UNKNOWN 6.23 0.48 7225626.8 423521.1 0.484

57 UNKNOWN 6.33 0.61 6314429.4 537192.1 0.614

58 UNKNOWN 6.40 0.22 5613917.0 195955.6 0.223

59 UNKNOWN 6.45 0.34 7261050.3 298777.2 0.341

60 UNKNOWN 6.54 1.35 8393344.7 1179610.6 1.348

61 UNKNOWN 6.75 0.68 9778557.4 596303.3 0.681

62 UNKNOWN 6.80 0.96 10776971.6 840335.0 0.960

63 UNKNOWN 6.92 0.71 9456850.2 625598.5 0.715

64 UNKNOWN 7.03 0.85 9862489.3 740036.2 0.845

65 UNKNOWN 7.11 1.73 10895044.8 1517964.0 1.734

66 UNKNOWN 7.37 1.24 9919876.8 1082560.2 1.237

67 UNKNOWN 7.46 1.03 9747530.2 901843.2 1.030

68 UNKNOWN 7.57 0.90 8098552.4 787786.3 0.900

69 UNKNOWN 7.73 0.48 5015725.0 416237.9 0.475

70 UNKNOWN 7.1 0.29 3907747.2 255578.6 0.292

71 UNKNOWN 7.96 0.10 2825330.1 88716.0 0.101

Total 100.00 1260294680.2 87538517.3 100.000

The gas chromatogram of commercial kerosene fuel sample with was

recorded with the instrument BRUR430GC. The gas chromatogram was recorded by adopting petrol method with a run time of 7.96 min. The results suggest the commercial kerosene fuel with 5grams of Potassium alum contains 71 components and these are recorded at 7.96 min which represents 100% quantity area. This may be ascribed to impurities or to the decomposition components signals in commercial kerosene.

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Infrared Spectroscopy of Kerosene of 250ml with 10grams of Potassium

Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 minutes)

GC of Kerosene of 250ml with 10grams of Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 min)

Commercial Kerosene + 10grams Powdered Potassium alum

300,000,000

280,000,000

260,000,000

240,000,000

220,000,000

200,000,000

180,000,000

160,000,000

uV

140,000,000

120,000,000

100,000,000

80,000,000

60,000,00010.20.

40,000,000

S T H

20,000,000

0

-20,000,000

-40,000,000

-60,000,000

-80,000,000 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0 1

Min

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Index Time

(Min)

Quantity

(% Area)

Height

(uV)

Area

(uV.Min)

Area %

(%)

1 0.02 0.01 1415798.3 40276.5 0.011

2 0.16 0.07 4222465.1 254453.7 0.070

3 0.38 0.42 13238459.8 1501847.9 0.416

4 0.50 0.93 14966679.7 3355671.5 0.930

5 0.87 0.16 7045624.2 571512.6 0.158

6 0.90 0.04 6766805.2 142857.9 0.040

7 0.94 0.32 7542110.5 1164577.6 0.323

8 1.20 0.02 2136715.8 70281.9 0.019

9 2.23 7.94 107419534.2 23671950.7 7.943

10 2.32 3.23 105434490.1 11667369.0 3.232

11 2.45 1.72 100266534.4 6203475.2 1.719

12 2.50 1.33 98886978.8 4818134.8 1.335

13 2.55 2.24 97593325.5 8089191.0 2.241

14 2.63 1.15 95224542.2 4161613.1 1.153

15 2.69 1.13 95328987.6 4061140.3 1.125

16 2.93 6.64 112834056.8 23951564.7 6.635

17 2.96 2.61 112903040.4 9411369.5 2.607

18 3.03 2.27 111863559.3 8204337.7 2.273

19 3.10 0.32 10784774.5 149947.0 0.319

20 3.16 1.85 111664395.6 6672887.3 1.849

21 3.19 0.86 111632248.0 3111378.4 0.826

22 3.22 4.13 11577954.9 14906578.1 4.129

23 3.36 1.08 109371204.5 3897415.3 1.080

24 3.39 0.78 108644074.7 2816935.6 0.780

25 3.42 3.16 106717247.5 11413934.4 3.162

26 3.53 1.95 106246326.3 7051468.9 1.953

27 3.60 1.84 103291227.7 6642892.2 1.850

28 3.66 1.15 99831161.3 4147670.8 1.149

29 3.74 2.73 98358599.2 9858493.2 2.731

30 3.81 1.29 95648744.1 4652810.4 1.289

31 3.85 4.46 92877065.1 16097724.4 4.459

32 4.04 2.04 88305035.9 7356947.7 2.038

33 4.13 3.54 85338333.2 12772561.7 3.538

34 4.28 2.64 79726479.9 952980.7 2.641

35 4.40 0.17 75814589.2 624037.0 0.173

36 4.43 0.83 7513600.4 2984086.4 0.827

37 4.46 2.21 82133499.2 7989506.3 2.213

38 4.56 0.63 75817808.3 2268904.4 0.629

39 4.62 3.48 76346306.4 12552491.8 3.477

40 4.77 3.39 74109777.4 12227319.0 3.387

41 4.98 2.47 66948961.2 8923898.7 2.472

42 5.08 0.85 6451468.8 3083010.8 0.854

43 5.13 1.48 61177577.8 5338924.9 1.479

44 5.23 0.39 59770909.6 1401916.8 0.388

45 5.25 1.88 60321377.5 6794674.4 1.882

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The gas chromatogram of commerci

al kerosene

fuel with 10grams

of Potassiu

m alum was

recorded with the

instrument BRUR430GC. The gas chromatogram was recorded by adopting petrol method with a run time of 7.95 min. The results suggest the commercial kerosene fuel 64 components and these are recorded at 7.95 min and it represents 100% quantity area. An additional 28 components. These may be ascribed to impurities or the decomposition components signals in commercial kerosene fuel sample of 10grams Alum.

Infrared Spectroscopy of Kerosene of 250ml with 15grams of Potassium

Alum sample(Kept 4hour 30 minutes)

46 5.37 1.86 56492062.2 6704858.6 1.857

47 5.50 1.38 52830049.4 4984972.1 1.381

48 5.60 0.87 50687605.3 3123392.6 0.865

49 5.70 2.55 463110121 9191204.5 2.546

50 5.88 0.83 39814636.0 2995391.0 0.830

51 5.99 1.23 38422927.8 4425122.7 1.226

52 6.10 1.43 32308702.9 5169813.1 1.432

53 6.27 0.59 29464674.7 2141431.1 0.593

54 6.35 1.19 27017704.5 489140.1 1.188

55 6.58 0.75 23445940.1 2709434.9 0.751

56 6.68 1.07 21046740.5 3861286.7 1.070

57 6.89 0.35 16566494.1 1266008.2 0.351

58 7.01 0.74 16365634.9 2662153.9 0.737

59 7.21 0.26 12650547.5 942055.4 0.261

60 7.31 0.45 11741429.7 1624503.8 0.450

61 7.50 0.36 8335054.9 1292548.8 0.358

62 7.73 0.05 5539517.0 179526.2 0.050

63 7.80 0.15 4931497.0 525360.9 0.146

64 7.95 0.08 5160867.0 278592.0 0.077

Total 100.00 3990468053.9 360979818.7 100.000

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FTIR spectrum of commercial kerosene contains 7 IR signals only. They are attributed to Ar-H stretching vibrations, aliphatic C-H stretching vibrations, and their corresponding bending vibrations. The FTIR spectrum of 5grams sample, 10grams sample and 15grams sample were recorded and contains eight, nine and eight signals respectively. In the presence of potash alum [5g/10g/15g] the percentage of transmittance decrease for each IR signal and at the same time the percentage of absorbance increases for each IR signal. The observed results may be attributed to adsorption of impurities on the surface of powdered potash alum and in the presence of potash alum kerosene gets purified and it is noteworthy the result on from FTIR data.

Gas Chromatography of Kerosene of 250ml with 15grams of Potassium

Alum sample (Kept 4hour 30 minutes)

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Commercial Kerosene + 15grams of Powdered Potassium alum

400,000,000

350,000,000

300,000,000

250,000,000

200,000,000

uV

150,000,000

100,000,000

1 0 . 2 0 . 0

50,000,000

S T H

0

-50,000,000

-100,000,000

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Min

Index Name Time

(Min)

Quantity

(% Area)

Height

(uV)

Area

(uV.Min)

Area %

(%)

1 UNKNOWN 0.17 0.09 9011034.0 488734.0 0.091

2 UNKNOWN 0.26 0.27 16635115.4 1439004.7 0.267

3 UNKNOWN 0.31 0.12 2031758080.9 671145.5 0.125

4 UNKNOWN 0.34 0.14 22801190.8 777620.1 0.145

5 UNKNOWN 0.43 0.44 29005192.9 2372201.4 0.441

6 UNKNOWN 0.54 1.43 33853058.1 7678961.8 1.427

7 UNKNOWN 0.84 0.05 6037813.5 294927.6 0.055

8 UNKNOWN 1.00 0.15 8941338.4 811360.5 0.151

9 UNKNOWN 1.16 0.36 12367593.3 1938509.9 0.360

10 UNKNOWN 1.23 0.09 9889667.7 474411.7 0.088

11 UNKNOWN 1.31 0.08 7274038.2 421718.6 0.078

12 UNKNOWN 2.08 33.46 350231699.6 180006388.8 33.457

13 UNKNOWN 2.22 5.19 326268143.0 27918346.4 5.189

14 UNKNOWN 2.30 3.55 300738808.7 19096476.9 3.549

15 UNKNOWN 2.38 3.74 294376649.9 20098346.8 3.736

16 UNKNOWN 2.44 5.02 288719410.7 27014563.8 5.021

17 UNKNOWN 2.54 1.24 271070622.9 6650059.9 1.236

18 UNKNOWN 2.56 4.28 265150583.5 23012304.0 4.277

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19 UNKNOWN 2.66 2.51 248289657.4 13524156.7 2.514

20 UNKNOWN 2.74 2.36 248362769.1 12704554.1 2.361

21 UNKNOWN 2.78 1.99 247356144.0 10684286.1 1.986

22 UNKNOWN 2.81 6.98 24682806.4 37548907.2 6.979

23 UNKNOWN 2.97 2.08 211167769.1 11202176.4 2.082

24 UNKNOWN 3.03 1.87 195238713.8 10059553.5 1.870

25 UNKNOWN 3.09 4.96 182546333.2 26659720.5 4.955

26 UNKNOWN 3.25 0.94 149230539.4 5059613.0 0.940

27 UNKNOWN 3.30 2.80 141045008.5 15075434.6 2.802

28 UNKNOWN 3.40 0.63 124270996.6 3414429.8 0.635

29 UNKNOWN 3.44 1.30 116579995.5 6980970.2 1.298

30 UNKNOWN 3.50 0.68 108413171.5 3637276.1 6.676

31 UNKNOWN 3.53 0.58 97965501.0 3142449.7 0.584

32 UNKNOWN 3.57 0.63 89447813.9 8762093.2 1.629

33 UNKNOWN 3.68 0.40 69307224.9 2135218.3 0.397

34 UNKNOWN 3.72 0.94 61053124.1 5038109.8 0.936

35 UNKNOWN 3.81 0.29 40933882.3 1578875. 0.293

36 UNKNOWN 3.86 0.21 31622740.1 1111406.4 0.207

37 UNKNOWN 3.89 0.25 24945840.5 1334412.5 0.248

38 UNKNOWN 3.97 0.11 18354057.0 608384.0 0.113

39 UNKNOWN 4.19 0.07 8256877.7 394810.9 0.073

40 UNKNOWN 4.24 0.14 16240500.0 730539.8 0.136

41 UNKNOWN 4.35 0.20 18844644.2 1057215.2 0.196

42 UNKNOWN 4.40 0.20 21718342.3 1100907.5 0.205

43 UNKNOWN 4.47 0.17 19279749.4 936924.6 0.174

44 UNKNOWN 4.56 0.21 19291257.1 1135902.8 0.211

45 UNKNOWN 4.60 0.14 17768960.8 758977.5 0.141

46 UNKNOWN 4.68 0.22 17636747.5 1160085.1 0.216

47 UNKNOWN 4.78 0.16 15664133.0 837961.7 0.156

48 UNKNOWN 4.89 0.41 17333477.3 220557.5 0.410

49 UNKNOWN 5.04 0.35 16898773.1 1877888.6 0.349

50 UNKNOWN 5.19 0.09 15400831.0 509157.1 0.095

51 UNKNOWN 5.24 0.18 17302893.5 978684.3 0.182

52 UNKNOWN 5.28 0.15 17398941.3 801467.9 0.149

53 UNKNOWN 5.38 0.14 16661797.3 748498.6 0.139

54 UNKNOWN 5.46 0.21 18308909.9 1154381.7 0.215

55 UNKNOWN 5.54 0.04 11543844.0 221708.4 0.041

56 UNKNOWN 5.61 0.21 13285864.9 1104566.9 0.205

57 UNKNOWN 5.71 0.16 14173774.1 836386.1 0.155

58 UNKNOWN 5.78 0.21 14566679.2 1149677.2 0.214

59 UNKNOWN 5.89 0.20 12848582.9 1063323.6 0.198

60 UNKNOWN 6.00 0.07 8931606.2 377195.1 0.070

61 UNKNOWN 6.06 0.05 8918810.1 252052.4 0.047

62 UNKNOWN 6.18 0.01 4688321.9 72287.2 0.013

63 UNKNOWN 6.26 0.14 8989742.6 742644.6 0.138

64 UNKNOWN 6.38 0.05 9981406.9 291944.8 0.054

65 UNKNOWN 6.48 0.14 10666203.6 757232.5 0.141

66 UNKNOWN 6.54 0.12 1573379.9 653268.9 0.121

67 UNKNOWN 6.57 0.18 15978784.8 941618.4 0.175

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68 UNKNOWN 6.63 0.15 20348758.5 804077.3 0.149

69 UNKNOWN 6.71 0.17 16042147.6 93031.1 0.173

70 UNKNOWN 6.78 0.16 16831180.7 881000.3 0.164

71 UNKNOWN 6.84 0.10 14800322.7 556849.4 0.103

72 UNKNOWN 6.99 0.20 14269391.4 1101012.9 0.205

73 UNKNOWN 7.00 0.12 16077619.9 663919.7 0.123

74 UNKNOWN 7.07 0.35 15200604.0 1909692.6 0.355

75 UNKNOWN 7.28 0.25 14161055.7 1354195.2 0.252

76 UNKNOWN 7.44 0.09 11060516.1 510250.5 0.095

77 UNKNOWN 7.50 0.16 11156789.0 843512.3 0.157

78 UNKNOWN 7.60 0.04 11139978.3 17620.6 0.040

79 UNKNOWN 7.62 0.19 11829660.8 1018082.5 0.189

80 UNKNOWN 7.78 0.03 7988822.4 185474.1 0.034

81 UNKNOWN 7.85 0.07 8388204.9 367090.7 0.068

82 UNKNOWN 7.92 0.06 6171583.4 341928.5 0.064

83 UNKNOWN 7.98 0.01 4569085.6 65422.3 0.012

Total 100.00 554842918.5 538031037.1 100.000

The GC of commercial kerosene sample-I, sample-II and sample-III were recorded with the instrument BRURER 430GC. The gas chromatogram was recorded by adopting petrol method. The GC of commercial kerosene contains only one signal it is recorded at 0.49 min. The sample-I (5g of potash alum) contains 71 components with run time of 7.96 min. The sample-II (10g of potash alum) contains 64 components with a run time of 7.95 min. The sample-III (15g of potash alum) contains 83 components with a run time of 7.98 min. From these observations, it is concluded that the run time GC increases and at the same time the number of components present in the sample-I/sample-II/sample-III increases when compared to commercial kerosene. The additional components may be ascribed to decomposition of organic components present in the kerosene sample. This may increases calorific value of kerosene in presence of potash alum. RESULTS FTIR (KBr) data - I

S.No. IR Signals [ cm-1

] % of Transmittance of kerosene in presence of

potash alum

% of absorbance of kerosene in

presence of potash alum

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FTIR (KBr) data - II

Samples Samples Samples

I II III I II III I II III

1. 2953.81 2953.74

2953.67

71 69 67 29 21 33

2. 2921.41 2921.40 2921.32 59 57 55

41

43 45

3. 2956.11 2856.93

2856.98

74 72 70 26 28 30

4. 1605.28 1605.04

1606.13

78 76 74 22 24 26

5. 1458.87 1458.75

1458.87

90 88 86 10 12 14

6. 1376.40 1376.22

1376.33

94 92 90 6 8 10

7. 808.81 809.34 808.59 92 90 88 8 10 12

8. 730.24 729.73 730 93 93 93 7 7 7

9. - 579.27 - - 99 - - 1 -

S.No.

IR Signals [ cm-1

] Assignment of peaks

Samples

I II III

1. 2953.81 2953.74

2953.67

Aliphatic

C-H stretching vibrations

2. 2921.41 2921.40

2921.32

Aliphatic

C-H stretching vibrations

3. 2856.99 2856.93

2856.98

Aliphatic

C-H stretching vibrations

4. 1605.28 1605.04 1606.13

C-C Carbon skeleton

stretching vibrations of

Aromatic ring IJOART

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FTIR (KBr) data - III

S.no. IR Region (cm-1

) % of Transmittance % of absorbance

5. 1458.87 1458.75 1458.87 C-C Carbon skeleton stretching

vibrations of Aromatic ring

6. 1376.40 1376.22 1376.33 C-C Carbon skeleton stretching

vibrations of Aromatic ring

7. 808.81 809.34 808.59 Mono substituted

Ar-H bending vibrations

8. 730.24 729.73 730 Para substituted

Ar-H bending vibrations

9. - 579.27

-

Tertiary c-c carbon

in plane bending vibrations

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1 2954.12 73.0 27.0

2 2921.29 60.0 40.0

3 2857.05 75.0 25.0

4 1458.86 80.0 20.0

5 1376.37 90.0 10.0

6 808.84 96.0 4.0

7 730.24 95.0 5.0

Finally it is concluded that potash alum purifying commercial kerosene by adsorption phenomenon and it also increasing the calorific value commercial kerosene sample. No pollution with more efficiency. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I, the Author, dedicate my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. L.K. Ravindranath, M.Sc., M.Phil,Ph.D, Chemistry Department, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India, for his valuable cooperation in doing this work. REFERENCES

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