perilla a useful crops
TRANSCRIPT
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SILAM(PERILLA FRUCTOSCENS) SEED AND
ITS OIL FOUND IN NEPAL
Supervisor : Mr.Nawaraj Upadhaya
By
LOKENDRA BHARATI
LALITPUR VALLEY COLLEGE
AFFILIATED TO TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY
JAWALAKHEL LALITPUR
June 2015
IntroductionEDIBLE OIL
•Edible oils are food stuffs which are composed of glycerides of fatty acids.
•Vegetable oil contributes 70% of global oil production while marine oils contribute about only 2% of total, with the remainder being contributed by fats from land animals.
•Fats and oil are important and the most concentrated source of energy furnishing about 9 kilo calories per gram of oils and fats as compared with 4 kilo calories per gram each furnished by protein and carbohydrate.
PERILLA OIL
• Perilla fructescens (Family- Labiateae),commonly called Perilla is an annual crop which is native to east Asia.
• China ,Japan , Korea ,Thailand , India and other East Asian countries are major producers of Perilla oil.
• The oil comprises up to 51% of the seeds weight, it's a very rich source of Omega-3 fatty acid;Alpha-linoleicacid (ALA),about 50 to 60% of the oil consists of ALA.
• Perilla oil revealed linked to a reduced incidence of degenerative diseases ,particularly coronary heart diseases (CHD),Cancers,Inflammation,Arthiritis, Asthma etc. , however Perilla oil in the diet is associated with a low incidence of cancer and CHD,despite the high fat intake.
• Traditionally the oil and seed are used in the treatment of colds, cough, chest stuffiness,vomiting,abdominal pain and constipations.
Silam (Perilla fructescens) Plant
Statement of the problem
• The Silam seed is used as an oil seed and generally for culinary purpose in the kitchen but Silam oil has high nutritional value than that of other oil and this is specially due to high content of fatty acid (omega-3,6 fatty acids) which contributes about 40-45 % and is rare in oil from other plant sources.
• In this context the present study focuses on the Physico-chemicals analysis of P.fructescens to provide a nutritional statistics impacts on the modern scientific societies, environmentalist regarding conservation, cultivation and popularization of this under utilized traditional oil yielding crop at mass scale.
• So highlighting the nutritional value , this oil would lead to cultivation of this plant in commercial level which therefore could be a great source of economy for the nation.
Objectives of the studyGeneral objectives
•To highlight the physical properties of Silam seed and physicochemical characteristics of Silam oil.
Specific objectives
•To determine various physical properties of Silam seed.
• To prepare the oil from the Silam seed.
•To carry out the proximate analysis of Silam oil.
•To highlight the importance and the uses of Silam oil.
•To promote the use and cultivation of Silam oil in remote areas (mountain and hill
region).
Significance of the study
The quality of oil is a measure of identity and edibility. Thus the
Silam oil which has high nutritional value could be
commercialized if its nutritional and medicinal value is
measured and is highlighted among all. The analysis would be
useful to know about the quality and nutritional status of the oil
that is mostly available in the locality of Far western mountain
region (Bajura). Therefore Silam oil would be a good source of
income for the locals of mountain and hilly region and also aid in
national GDP.
Limitations of the study
• Study of toxic substance could not be done.
• Study of fatty acid profile of Perilla oil could not be done due to
time limitation.
• The quantitative color observation of Perilla oil using Tintometer or
Spectrometer could not be done due to lack of instrument in lab.
• Study of antioxidant property could not be carried out due to time
constraint.
•
Materials and Methodology
Material/Sample Collection
•Silam seed and oil samples were purchased from the local market of Bajura.
Flow chart for preparation of Silam oil
Traditional (Expeller) Method Silam seed
Cleaning and Weighing
Passing through hopper of Mechanical expeller
Pressing in Mechanical expeller
Solid mass (Feed use)
OIL
(Recovery 44%)
Solvent extraction process Silam seed
Cleaning and grinding
Thimble making(5gm sample)
Subjecting thimble in Solvent(Hexane) extraction arrangement
Extraction of oil along with solvent (after recycling for 12-15 times for 3-4 hrs. )
Removal of solvent
OIL
(Recovery 49%)
Physical analysis of Silam seed
1000 kernel weight
1000 kernel weight was determined using the method as per described in…and the formula
is
1000 kernel weight = 10*wt. of 100 Kernel.
Angle of repose
Angle of repose was determined using the method as per described in…and the formula is
Angle of repose (Ø) = tan-1 (2h/d)
Where, Ø= angle of repose
h=height of heap
d=diameter of the heap
Angle of friction
Angle of friction was determined using the method as per described in…and the formula
is: Angle of friction= (180- angle of repose)
Porosity
Porosity was determined using the method as per described in…and the formula is:
Porosity = density-bulk density × 100
density
Density
Density was determined using the method as per described in…and the formula is:
Density = wt. of grain / vol. of water displaced
Bulk density
Bulk density was determined using the method as per described in…and the formula
is: Bulk density= wt. of grain / unit vol. of grain (gm/ltr.)
L/B Ratio
Being small and spherical in shape the L/B Ratio of Perilla seed is not determined.
Oil yield:The oil was extracted using expeller method and solvent extraction method as described in S.Rangana, 2007.The oil yield is expressed in percentage (%) as follows:
Oil weight × 100 Oil content (%) =
Sample weight Moisture content:Moisture content of oil samples were determined using hot air oven method as per the method described in AOCS, 2000.
Ash content:Ash content of oil samples was determined using Muffle Furnance method as per the described in S.Rangana, 2007.
Chemical Analysis
Protein content:
Protein content of the Perilla seed sample was determined by Kjeldahl’s method as described in Rangana,2009.
Nitrogen(%,wet basis) =
Protein (%, wet basis) = Nitrogen (%, wet basis) × 6.25
Refractive Index:
The refractive index of oil samples were determined using Abbe’s Refractometer at 250C as described in Rangana , 2009.
Specific gravity:
Specific gravity of oil samples were determined by using Pycnometer described in
Rangana, 2007.
Specific gravity = weight of crude oil / weight of distilled water
Acid value:
Acid of oil samples was determined using the method as described in AOAC, 2000.
And the formula is:
ml of alkali × N of alkali × 56.1 Acid value =
Wt. of sample (g)
Free fatty acid:
Free fatty acid of oil samples was determined using the method as described in AOAC,
2000.And the formula is:
ml of alkali × N of alkali × 28.2 % FFA (as oleic acid) =
Wt. of sample (g)
Saponification value:
Saponification value of oil samples was determined using the method as described in
AOAC, 2000.And the formula is:
ml of HCl × N of HCl × 56.1 Saponification value =
Wt. of sample (g)
Iodine value:
Iodine value of oil samples were determined using the method as described in
AOAC,2000. And the formula is:
(Blank titer - Sample titer) ml × N of Na2S2O3×12.69
Iodine value =
Wt. of sample (g)
Peroxide value:
Peroxide value of oil samples were determined using the method as described in AOAC,2000. And the formula is:
N× (VS –VB) ×1000 PV (Meq/kg) =
Wt. of sample (g)Where,N = normality of sod-thiosulfate, VS = sod-thiosulfate consumed by sample(ml), and VB = sod-thiosulfate consumed by blank (ml).
Unsaponifiable matter:
Similarly Unsaponifiable matter of oil samples were determined using the
method as described in AOAC,2000.
Statistical Analysis:
One way ANOVA was carried out for data on physico-chemical parameters using SPSS 16th version at 5 % level of significance.
Results and Discussion Values are a mean of five replications ± SD
S.No. Properties Mean ± S.D value
1 True density (g/ltr) 0.763 ± 0.01
2 Bulk density (g/cm3) 424.500± 0.34
3 Porosity (%) 42.073± 4.27
4 Angle of repose (degree) 52.460 ± 1.85
5 Angle of friction (degree) 127.540± 1.85
6 1000 kernel weight (g) 4.130± 1.94
7 Foreign matter (%) 1.844 ± 0.41
Table.1 Perilla (Silam) seed Physical Properties
Physico-chemical parameter of Silam Seed
• The analysis of physical parameters of perilla seed on six different parameters namely 1000 kernel weight, angle of repose, angle of friction, porosity, density and bulk density was calculated to be 4.13 grams, 52.46 degrees, 127.54 degrees, 42.07 %, 0.76 g/ltr and 424.48 g/cm3respectively as average mean values.
• Comparing with the 95% confidence interval (CI) of mean, all perilla oil samples were found to have moisture content in the range of (0.196 - 0.913)%, refractive index in the range of 1.445-1.447 and specific gravity in the range of 0.925-0.932
Parameters Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Moisture content 7.297 ± 0.014a 7.542± 0.039b 6.924 ± 0.022c
Protein content 17.3± 0.100a 17.340± 0.079a 17.433± 0.057a
Fat content 48.19 ± 0.203a 47.958 ± 0.053a 48.516± 0.164b
Ash content 0.915± 0.004a 0.904± 0.004b 0.857± 0.003c
Acid insoluble ash 0.666 ± 0.004a 0.630 ± 0.002b 0.672 ± 0.015a
Foreign matter 1.462 ± 0.575a 1.942± 0.010a 2.127 ± 0.005b
Table 2:Mean ± S.D values for Chemical Analysis of Perilla seed
Values are a mean of three replications t
Values are a mean of three replications
Parameters Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Moisture content 0.196 ± 0.128a 0.553± 0.028b 0.913 ± 0.030c
Refractive index 1.446 1.447 1.445
Specific gravity 0.931 ± 0.003a 0.925 ± 0.003b 0.932± 0.002a
Acid value 1.870 ± 0.104a 1.765 ± 0.003a 1.759 ± 0.002a
Free fatty acid 0.908 ± 0.002a 0.881 ± 0.002b 0.879 ± 0.002c
Peroxide value 1.251 ± 0.054a 1.436± 0.014a 2.527 ± 2.342a
Iodine value 195.715 ± 0.255a 194.677 ± 0.791a 195.891 ± 0.591b
Saponification number 189.63 ± 0.550a 191.063 ± 0.816b 190.543 ± 0.348a
Unsaponifiable matter 0.830 ± 0.001a 0.850 ± 0.013b 0.846 ± 0.021c
Table 3: Mean ± S.D values for Physicochemical Analysis of Perilla oil
Conclusion
• Silam (Perilla frutescens) is one of the important oil yielding crops with high nutritional and medicinal value but is usually underutilized in our country.
• Oil can be extracted from perilla seeds using the solvent extraction process.
• The mean oil yield was obtained as 49.20% based on the solvent extraction process that indicates perilla seeds can be good source of abundant oil.
• Most of the oil samples were fulfilling the general AOAC standards in all the physicochemical parameters but there is not any specific standard for perilla oil in our country since it is underutilized traditional crop of Nepal.
• All physicochemical parameters were significantly different among the different samples of oil.
Recommendations
• Effect of storage conditions in physical and physico-chemical properties of perilla oils.
• Fatty acid profile of perilla oil can be studied using latest technologies.
• Oxidative stability of the perilla oil can be studied.
• The antioxidant properties of perilla seed and its oil can be researched.
• Oil extraction rates using different extraction methods can be studied and compared.
• Government or other body should give emphasis on promotion and cultivation of underutilized but health beneficial crops like perilla etc.
Figure A: Mixcropping of P. frutescens along the bund of agriculture farm, B: Monocropping of P. frutescens, C: Manual threshing of P. frutescens, D: Sauce (chutney)
of roasted seeds, one of the famous traditional dishes of Bajura Nepal.
A.Flowering Perilla B.Perilla oil and C.Perilla seed
