british society of sugar technologists · genetically modified crops: the devil’s spawn, saviours...
TRANSCRIPT
Cellulosic ethanol: facing the challenges
October 2014
British Society of Sugar Technologists
Leonardo Gomez
Center for Novel Agricultural Products
University of York
Why cellulosic biofuels?
• Environmental concerns about the impact
of human greenhouse gases on climate
change
• Dwindling petroleum reserves
• Security of oil supply
DRIVERS FOR THE EXPANSION OF BIOFUELS
(2004)
Shale gas
• Environmental concerns about the impact
of human greenhouse gases on climate
change
DRIVERS FOR THE EXPANSION OF BIOFUELS
(present)
• Biofuels should avoid competing with
food production
• Biofuels should be sustainable
Liquid biofuels
First generation = produced from food crops such as oils and starch
(corn ethanol, biodiesel)
Second generation = made from lignocellulosic
plant biomass
Third generation biofuels = designer fuels made from engineered microorganisms
Advanced
Biofuels
Different procedures to produce liquid biofuels from biomass
EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED, 2009) - 10% of renewable transport
fuels by 2020
Food crop derived biofuels limited to 7% (July 2014)
Lignocellulosic Biomass = Cell wall
CELLULOSE
40%
MATRIX
20%
LIGNIN
25%
ASHES
5%
Cell walls have evolved to develop recalcitrance
Cellulose
molecules
Cellulose
microfibrils
Hemicelluloses
Plasma
membrane
Lignins
Glucose
Cell walls have evolved to develop recalcitrance
- Cellulose is a B-1-4 linked glucan that is grouped
in a crystalline status in microfilbrils which are very
difficult to hydrolise to release glucose
- Matrix polysaccharides are complex in
composition and structure. They are largely
composed by pentoses.
- Lignins are polyphenolics of quasi-random structure
that creates a hydrophobic coating for the
polysaccharides
Size
reduction Pretreatment
Feedstock
Quality
Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Enzyme production
Co
nso
lida
ted
bio
pro
ce
ssin
g
SS
F
Bio
log
ica
l s
tep
s
Product
recovery
Residue
processing
Heat and
electricity
General biomass processing for cellulosic biofuels
The success of cellulosic biofuels depends on their cost-competitiveness and sustainability
Cellu
losic
Eth
an
ol price (
cents
/gal)
Enzyme Feedstock Conversion
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2001
2002
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2004
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2010
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11
2012
Commercial Cellulosic Ethanol Plants
- GranBio (Alagoas, Brazil) Operational since
October 2014. 82 million litres per year.
Investment $208M. Sugar cane bagasse.
- POET-DSM (Iowa, US) Operational since September
2014. 95 million litres per year.
Investment $250M. Corn stover.
- Beta Renewables (Crescentino, Italy)
Operational since July 2013. 76 million
litres per year. Investment $190M.
Develop novel pretreatments
Identify the molecular basis of recalcitrance to
saccharification
Discover new enzymes for more efficient hydrolysis
and tailored fractionation
Improving biomass for industrial applications
HTBP
Species involved: Arabidopsis, Brachypodium, Poplar, Barley, Maize, Tobacco, Sugar cane, Sorghum, Willow,
Rice, Wheat, etc.
Biomass Analytical Facility:
Developing tools for tailoring
biomass for industrial processes
Developing novel chemical
pretreatments
Biomass pretreatment can be
considered biomass fractionation to
add value into different fractions
LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIAL
Supercritical extraction
Microwave assisted Thermochemical
pretreatment
Fermentation
Anaerobic Digestion
Pyrolysis
-400
-300
-200
-100
0
100
200
300
400
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500
t[2
]
t[1]
Scores Comp[1] vs. Comp[2] colored by File Text
123
1_180
1_180
1_180
1_20
1_201_20
2_180A2_180A2_180A2_180B
2_180B
2_180B
2_180C
2_180C2_180C
2_20A2_20A
2_20A
2_20B2_20B2_20B
2_20C
2_20C2_20C
3_180A3_180A
3_180A
3_180B3_180B3_180B
3_180C
3_180C
3_180C
3_20A3_20A3_20A3_20B3_20B3_20B3_20C3_20C3_20C
EZinf o 2 - bagasse3 (M2: PCA-X) - 2012-08-30 18:17:00 (UTC+1)
H2SO4
NaOH
WATER
Sugar cane bagasse
Biomass derivatives in the pretreatment liquor
Gomez et al. Bioenergy Research 2014
Developing novel chemical pretreatments
Control
Maize
Antifoam Test at Ecover
Supercritical CO2 Extraction and
Fractionation of Maize wax
Andy Hunt-Tom Attard-
BDC
Identify the molecular basis of recalcitrance to saccharification
Fermentation
Chemical
catalysis
Synthetic biology
Consolidated
bioprocessing
Alc
oh
ols
/Hyd
rocarb
on
s
The process of breaking a complex carbohydrate
into its monosaccharide components
High Throughput Saccharification Analysis:
“Hypothesis free” approaches to understand the main determinants
of the saccharification potential
- Screening of mutagenised populations Brachypodium
Mutagen M1
M2 M3
Saccharification analysis of M2 plants
Characterisation and mapping of mutants with
altered saccharification
Forward genetic screening of Brachypodium for variability in saccharification
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200
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0
10
5
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13
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13
5
14
0
14
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15
0
15
5
16
0
16
5
17
0
Mo
re
No
. of
mu
tan
t p
lan
ts
Saccharification Potential (nmoles reducing sugars hour-1 mg DW-1)
WT mean overall mean
Distribution of saccharification potential
Highest saccharification
Lowest saccharification
INRA
+72 %
-51 %
USDA
+74 %
-46 %
John Innes Centre
+65 %
-33 %
% = % higher/lower than WT for plate
Characterising the sac1 mutant
Allele frequency plot for the five chromosomes of sac1
Association genetics of saccharification in barley populations
BSBEC Cell Wall Lignin Programme
Association Genetics experiment
• 640 elite 2-row spring barley genotypes
• Grown in polytunnel; 5 reps, watered, collared
• Various phenotypes measured (including straw biomass)
• Samples collected and SNP genotyped
• 3240 samples of 2nd internode base collected;
powdered
• Evaluated for saccharification at York
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
-lo
g10 (
p-v
alu
e)
Saccharification
1H 2H 3H 4H 5H 6H 7H
GWAS Saccharification
2H 3H 7H5H4H3H 6H 7H5H2H 3H 7H5H4H3H 6H 7H5H
Improving Enzymes
3 mm
Enzyme discovery in
Limnoria
Teredinid bivalves (shipworm)
Isopod crustacean Limnoria (gribble)
Lignocellulosic biomass is an important food source
for marine organisms
Termite guts are microbial bioreactors
Image: John Breznak, Michigan State University
Image: Genome Management Information System, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Limnoria guts are sterile
DNA pyrosequencing of
hepatopancreas cDNA libraries
• Total of 106 million bp of sequence
• 418,749 DNA sequences
• Average length of 247 base pairs
• 12,306 contiguous sequences
• 4,336 had close sequence similarity to known
genes
Exploring lignocellulose degradation in
Limnoria
Glycosyl hydrolases dominate EST representation
Singletons
18%
Proteases
2%
Others
31%
Fatty acid
binding
protein
1% Lipase
0.2%
Glycosyl Hydrolases
27%
Haemocyanin
17%
Ferritin
1%
Oxygenase
2%
GH7
53.2%
GH9
37.0%
GH5
3.9%
GH38
0.1%
GH2
0.1%
GH16
0.4%
GH13
0.5%
GH35
2.7%
GH31
0.2%
GH20
0.1%
GH30
1.5%
GH18
0.3%
GH7 family - cellobiohydrolases
• GH7 family enzymes found only
in fungi and protists
• Limnoria GH7 has 41% identity
to the closest relative
• Three distinct genes that
account for 14.4 % of all transcripts
0.1
USP - Md
P. grassii
USP - Cp 2
USP - Hs 2
USP - Rs 6
L. quadripunctata GH7C
L. edodes
C. rolfsii
Pleurotus sp.
V. volvacea I - I
P. arcularius
S. commune
H. jecorina
A. nidulans A. terreus
A. clavatus
A. fumigatus N. fischeri
T. aurantiacus A. niger
C. thermophilum
G. zeae
L. quadripunctata GH7A
L. quadripunctata GH7B
USP - Rs 5 USP - Rs 2 USP - Rs 3
USP - Rs 4 USP - Rs 1
USP - Hs 1
USP - Hs 3
PROTISTS
FUNGI
V. volvacea I - II
USP - Cp 1 USP - Cp 3
100
87
97
64 43
0.1
USP - Md
P. grassii
USP - Cp 2
USP - Hs 2
USP - Rs 6
L. quadripunctata GH7C
L. edodes
C. rolfsii
Pleurotus sp.
V. volvacea I - I
P. arcularius
S. commune
H. jecorina
A. nidulans A. terreus
A. clavatus
A. fumigatus N. fischeri
T. aurantiacus A. niger
C. thermophilum
G. zeae
L. quadripunctata GH7A
L. quadripunctata GH7B
USP - Rs 5 USP - Rs 2 USP - Rs 3
USP - Rs 4 USP - Rs 1
USP - Hs 1
USP - Hs 3
PROTISTS
FUNGI
V. volvacea I - II
USP - Cp 1 USP - Cp 3
100
87
97
64 43
0.1
USP - Md
P. grassii
USP - Cp 2
USP - Hs 2
USP - Rs 6
L. quadripunctata GH7C
L. edodes
C. rolfsii
Pleurotus sp.
V. volvacea I - I
P. arcularius
S. commune
H. jecorina
A. nidulans A. terreus
A. clavatus
A. fumigatus N. fischeri
T. aurantiacus A. niger
C. thermophilum
G. zeae
L. quadripunctata GH7A
L. quadripunctata GH7B
USP - Rs 5 USP - Rs 2 USP - Rs 3
USP - Rs 4 USP - Rs 1
USP - Hs 1
USP - Hs 3
PROTISTS
FUNGI
V. volvacea I - II
USP - Cp 1 USP - Cp 3
100
87
97
64 43
0.1
USP - Md
P. grassii
USP - Cp 2
USP - Hs 2
USP - Rs 6
L. quadripunctata GH7C
L. edodes
C. rolfsii
Pleurotus sp.
V. volvacea I - I
P. arcularius
S. commune
H. jecorina
A. nidulans A. terreus
A. clavatus
A. fumigatus N. fischeri
T. aurantiacus A. niger
C. thermophilum
G. zeae
L. quadripunctata GH7A
L. quadripunctata GH7B
USP - Rs 5 USP - Rs 2 USP - Rs 3
USP - Rs 4 USP - Rs 1
USP - Hs 1
USP - Hs 3
PROTISTS
FUNGI
V. volvacea I - II
USP - Cp 1 USP - Cp 3
100
87
97
64 43
Acknowledgements
University of York
Simon McQueen Mason
Caragh Whitehead
Poppy Marriott
Rachael Simister
Susannah Bird
Marcelo Kern
Katrin Besser
Andrew Hunt
Tom Attard
SCRI-Dundee
Claire Halpin
Robby Waugh
Reza Shafiei
VIB-Gent
Wout Boerjan
Ruben Vanholme
INRA-Versailles
Richard Sibout
Herman Hofte