nutrient management for vegetable crops: putting …...purdue university is an equal access/equal...

Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.

Nutrient Management for Vegetable Crops: Putting Together a Plan

Liz Maynard, Wenjing Guan, Petrus Langenhoven

January 11, 2017 Indiana Horticultural Congress1

$$FertilizerCost

15-50%preharvest

variablecosts3– 10%

GrossReturns

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

6/25 7/5 7/15 7/25

FoliarBlackRotSymptoms(%)

Date

Fig. 2. Black rot at EcoHio and LIFE Farms. a. Soil amendment effects.

FTNSVDVM

a.

soil minerals

soil organic matter

––

–

––

–

– –

–

H+H+H+

H+

H+

H+

–Ca++

Ca++Ca++

K+

K+

NH4+ NO3-

H2PO42-

K+

SO4- Fe Mg2+

Ca2+

cation exchange sites

soil solution

Inputs:Fertilizers•OrganicMatter

NitrogenFixation

Losses:Leaching•PlantRemovalErosion•Denitrification E.Maynard

PurdueUniv.


PuttingTogetheraPlanSoil

– Type– Health– Mineralnutrients

Croprotationplans– Previouscashandcovercrop– Intendedcrop– Futurecoverandcashcrops

Environmentalconcerns

IndianaFertilizerApplicationRuleandLicensingwww.oisc.purdue.edu/pesticide/fert_app_cert_rule.html inagnutrients-public.sharepoint.com

Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution.Crop

N(lb

./100

0sq.ft.)

Bean

s, sn

ap0.9

Peas

0.9As

parag

us, e

stabli

shed

1.1Ra

dish

1.1Sw

eet p

otato

1.4Cu

cumb

er, sl

icers

1.8Pu

mpkin

1.8Sq

uash

, hard

1.8Sq

uash

, sum

mer

1.8Zu

cchin

i1.8

Turni

p2.1

Musk

melon

2.3W

aterm

elon

2.3Be

ets, re

d2.3

Gree

ns, le

afy

2.3Ru

tabag

a2.3

Swiss

chard

2.3Le

ttuce

, leaf

2.3Ca

rrots,

fresh

mark

et 2.3

Parsl

ey2.3

Parsn

ip2.3

Pepp

er, be

ll2.3

Eggp

lant

2.8To

mato,

fresh

mark

et 2.8

Swee

t corn

2.8Ca

bbag

e, Ch

inese

2.8Pa

k cho

i2.8

Garlic

2.8

Onion

, gree

n3.0

Broc

coli

3.2Br

usse

ls sp

routs

3.2Ca

bbag

e, fre

sh m

arket

3.2Ca

uliflo

wer

3.2Ko

hlrab

i3.2

Lettu

ce, h

ead

3.2Le

ttuce

, roma

ine

3.2Ma

rket g

arden

3.2

Celer

iac3.4

Leek

3.4Sp

inach

3.9Po

tato

4.1On

ion, d

ry bu

lb 4.4

Celer

y, fre

sh m

arket

4.6

01

23

45

Beans,snap

Peas

Asparag

us,esta

blished

Radis

h

Sweetp

otato

Cucumb

er,slicers

Pump

kin

Squash,hard

Squash,sum

mer

Zucchin

i

Turnip

Muskm

elon

Wate

rmelo

n

Beets

,red

Greens,le

afy

Rutab

aga

Swissch

ard

Lettu

ce,le

af

Carro

ts,freshm

arket

Parsley

Parsn

ip

Pepp

er,bell

Eggplan

t

Toma

to,fr

eshm

arket

Sweetcorn

Cabb

age,Ch

inese

Pakc

hoi

Garlic

Onion

,green

Broccoli

Brusselssprouts

Cabb

age,fre

shm

arket

Cauliflo

wer

Kohlr

abi

Lettu

ce,head

Lettu

ce,ro

maine

Mark

etgarden

Celer

iac Leek

Spina

ch

Potat

o

Onion

,dry

bulb

Celer

y,fre

shm

arket

N(Lb

/100

0sq.ft.)

100lb./A

140lb./A

200lb./ANitrogenRecommendationsforVegetableCrops

Adaptedfro

mW

arncke

etal.20

04


YieldResponsetoFertilizerRate:NandTomatoes

Source:Maynard,unpublisheddata.FundedbyMAFPA.


NCredits:UsefulforEstimatingNNeededfromFertilizer

7

PreviousCrop NitrogenCreditlb/AN

Alfalfa,established 40+%stand

Clover,established 40+0.5%stand

Wheat +Legume 30+0.5%stand

Soybeans 30

Warncke

etal.20

04


NCredits:UsefulforEstimatingNNeededfromFertilizer

8

CoverCrops• Needtoknowdryweightofcovercrop/AandpercentNManagingCoverCropsProfitably:BUILDINGSOILFERTILITYANDTILTHWITHCOVERCROPS

www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-Edition

SoilOrganicMatter


Phosphorus(P)

9

Build-up:AmountbasedonsoiltestplusthemaintenanceamountMaintenance:Amountremovedbyharvestedportionofcrop

Warncke etal.2004

Soil Test P*(ppm)

Phosphorus Application

< 35 Build-up

35 - 80 Maintenance

> 80 None needed*Bray-KurtzP1extraction.

P2O5RemovedinHarvestedVegetables(lb/ton)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Watermelo

n

Rhubarb

Radish

Tomato,freshmarket

Tomato,processing

Broccoli

Cucumber,slicers

Pumpkin

Swisschard

Turnip

Pepper,ba

nana

Pepper,be

ll

Pepper,ho

t

Cabbage,freshmarket

Eggplant

Zucchin

i

Carrots,freshm

arket

Celery,freshmarket

Greens,leafy

Lettuce,leaf

Muskm

elon

Beets,red

Squash,hard

Squash,sum

mer

Beans,snap

Sweetpotato

Cauliflowe

r

Onion

,drybu

lb

Onion

,green

Potato

Spina

ch

Garlic

Marketgarden

Sweetcorn

Brusselssprouts

Parsn

ip

Asparagus,established

Peas

P2O5Removed(lb/ton) Lb./100lb.0.25

Adaptedfro

mW

arncke

etal.20

04


Potassium(K)

11

Build-up:AmountbasedonsoiltestplusthemaintenanceamountMaintenance:Amountremovedbyharvestedportionofcrop

Warncke etal.2004

Soil K(ppm)

Potassium Application

Cation Exchange Capacity (meq/100g)

4 16<85 <115 Build-up

85-135 115-165 Maintenance

>135 >165 None needed

K2ORemovedinHarvestedVegetables(lb/ton)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Watermelo

n

Cucumber,slicers

Turnip

Onion

,drybu

lb

Onion

,green

Eggplant

Radish

Pepper,ba

nana

Pepper,be

ll

Pepper,ho

t

Garlic

Marketgarden

Sweetcorn

Greens,leafy

Zucchin

i

Squash,hard

Squash,sum

mer

Cauliflowe

r

Pumpkin

Cabbage,freshmarket

Carrots,freshm

arket

Rhubarb

Tomato,freshmarket

Tomato,processing

Beets,red

Lettuce,leaf

Parsn

ip

Swisschard

Brusselssprouts

Asparagus,established

Peas

Broccoli

Muskm

elon

Beans,snap

Celery,freshmarket

Spina

ch

Potato

Sweetpotato

K2ORemoved(lb/ton)

Lb./100lb.0.70

Adaptedfro

mW

arncke

etal.20

04


Pumpkins

13

SoilTextureSiltloamOM2.4%pH6.1P(ppm,BrayP1)45K (ppm)115CEC(meq/100g)16

Previouscrop:soybeansFollowingcrop:covercrop(?),thenfieldcorn


Pumpkins

14

Nitrogen:–Preplant:50– Sidedress:30-40

Total:80-90lb./A

Sidedressing Nnotneededifsoilorganicmatterisgreaterthan3%andfollowingalegume

MWVegProdGuide2017(ID-56)p.104


Pumpkins

15

Phosphorus–0to150lb /AP2O5dependingonsoiltest

Forthisexample:36lb./AP2O5

Warncke etal.2004

Soil Test P Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 15 25

Recommended Lb. P2O5/A

25 118 136

45 - 80 18 36

90 0 0


Pumpkins

16

Potassium–0to200lb /AK2Odependingonsoiltest

Forthisexample:170lb./AK2O

Warncke etal.2004

Soil K Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 15 25CEC-> 4 16 4 16

Recommended Lb. K2O/A

40 156 237 224 300

115 102 102 170 170

135 0 102 0 170

165 0 0 0 0


Pumpkins.Option1.

17

Preplant:– 36lb./ANfrom80lb.urea(45-0-0)– 14lb./ANand– 36lb.P2O5from78lb.DAPbanded2x2– 170lb./AK2Ofrom283lb.KCl (0-0-60)

Sidedress:– 30lb./ANfrom10gallons28%UAN

Urea:45-0-0(N-P2O5-K2O)36lb./Adividedby0.45=80lb./ADAP:18-46-014lb./Adividedby0.18=78lb./A36lb./Adividedby0.46=78lb./AKCl:0-0-60170lb./Adividedby0.60=283lb./AUAN:28-0-0,10.65lb./gal30lb./Adividedby0.28=107lb.AUAN107lb./10.65lb./gal=10gal

Formulas:1.Lbs.nutrientperAdividedby%nutrientinthefertilizer(writtenasadecimal,e.g.10%=0.10)=Lbs.fertilizerperA

2.Lbs.fertilizerperAtimes%nutrientinthefertilizer(writtenasadecimal)=Lbs.nutrientperA


Pumpkins:Examplecostofnutrients

18

Nutrient SourceLb/A UAN Urea A N A S SuperP DAP KCl

NPre 50 $34 $33 $39 $62NSD 30 $20 $20 $23 $37

P2O5Pre 36 $28 $25K2OPre 170 $84

NPre/DAP 36 $25 $24 $28 $45PricesforMar.2013fromAgriculturalPrices,NationalAgriculturalStatisticsService,USDA.Table7.http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1002


Calculatingcostofnutrients

19

Nutrient Source

UAN Urea A N A S DAPPrice ($) 410 592 544 522 640Unit(lb) 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000%N 30 45 35 21 18

$/lb.N $.68 $.66 $.78 $1.24 $1.78Lb./A 50 50 50 50 50$/A $34 $33 $39 $62 $89

(Price-$/Unit-lb)__________________________________________________

(%N/100)=

Price-$/lb.N

$/lb.NXLb./A=$/A


Pumpkins- MonitoringandAdjusting

20

InSeason–Pre-sidedress soilnitratetest1weekbeforesidedress– Leafsamplesfortissueanalysis:5weeksafterseeding,orpriortosidedressing


Tomatoes

21

SoilTextureSandyloamOM1.8%pH6.8P(ppm,BrayP1)54K (ppm)115CEC(meq/100g)6.0

Previouscrop:ColecropsFollowingcrop:winterrye,thenmelons


Tomatoes

22

Nitrogen:–Preplant:30–Transplantstarter:– Sidedress:60-80

Total:100-120lb./A

Reducebycreditsfromlegumesandsoilorganicmattergreaterthan3%

MWVegProdGuide2017(ID-56)p.125-126


Tomatoes

23

Nitrogen:–Preplant:30–Transplantstarter:– Sidedress:60-80

Total:100-120lb./A

Reducebycreditsfromlegumesandsoilorganicmattergreaterthan3%

MWVegProdGuide2017(ID-56)p.125-126


Tomatoes

24

Phosphorus–0to240lb /AP2O5dependingonsoiltest

Forthisexample:24lb./AP2O5

Warncke etal.2004

Soil Test P Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 20 30

Lb. P2O5/A

25 116 124

45 - 80 16 24

90 0 0


Tomatoes

25

Potassium–0to300lb /AK2Odependingonsoiltest

Forthisexample:210lb./AK2O

Warncke etal.2004

Soil K Expected Yield (tons/A)(ppm) 20 30CEC-> 4 12 4 12

Lb. K2O/A

40 194 244 264 300

115 140 140 210 210

135 0 140 0 210

165 0 0 0 0


AcresorLinearBedFeet?

26

Acres175ft.X90ft.=15,750ft2

15,750ft2/43,560ft2/A=0.36A

LinearBedFeet(LBF)Bedson5-ftcenters175ft.X18beds=3,150LBF

90ft.

175ft.

90ft.17

5ft.

Purdue University is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. 27

BedSpacing LBF/A

Fertilizer Rate (lb/A)

30 60 90 120 150 180 210(ft.) FertilizerRate(lb./LBF)3 14,520 0.0021 0.0041 0.0062 0.0083 0.0103 0.0124 0.0145

4 10,890 0.0028 0.0055 0.0083 0.0110 0.0138 0.0165 0.0193

5 8,712 0.0034 0.0069 0.0103 0.0138 0.0172 0.0207 0.0241

6 7,260 0.0041 0.0083 0.0124 0.0165 0.0207 0.0248 0.0289

8 5,445 0.0055 0.0110 0.0165 0.0220 0.0275 0.0331 0.0386

FertilizerRatesperLinearBedFoot

Seepp.16-17of2017ID-56


Tomatoes– Option2.1000LBF

28

Nitrogen:– Preplant:3.4lb Nfrom7.6lb.urea.Broadcastorworkintobedduringformation.

– Transplantstarter:0.27lb.Nfrom30fl.oz.10-34-0– Fertigate:8.0lb.N

• 5.0lb.NfromCalciumnitrate,32.4lb.–3.2lb.CNperweekfor10weeks

• 3.0lb.NfromPotassiumnitrate,21.2lb.–2.1lb.KNperweekfor10weeks

Total:11.7lb./1000LBFCost:$2.27+$16.77+$15.58=$34.62(doesnotincludestarter)

CalculationsforstarterfertilizerRecommendedrateis48fl.oz.10-34-0in50gal.solution,use8oz.perplant.1.Howmuch10-34-0isneeded?Assume500plantsX8fl.oz.solutionperplant=31gal.ofsolutionneededfor1000LBFFor31gal.ofsolution,use31/48=30fl.oz.10-34-0.

2.HowmuchNandP2O5isinthesolution?1gallon10-34-0weighs11.65lb.30fl.oz.of10-34-0weighs(30/128)X11.65=2.7lb.10-34-0is10%Nbyweightand34%P2O5

2.7lb X0.10=0.27lb.N2.7lb.X0.34=0.93lb.P2O5


Tomatoes– Option2.,cont.1000LBF

29

Phosphorus:– Starter:0.93lb.P2O5 from30fl.oz.10-34-0

Total:0.93lb./1000LBFCost:$0.61Potassium:

– Preplant:9.75lb K2Ofrom16.3lb.potassiumchloride(0-0-60).Broadcastorworkintobedduringformation.

– Fertigate:9.75lb K2Ofrom21.2lb.potassiumnitrate• 2.1lb.KNperweekfor10weeks

Total:19.5lb./1000LBFCost:$4.84+$15.58(alreadyincludedinNcost)

N-P-KTotalcost:$40.07


Tomatoes- MonitoringandAdjusting

30

InSeason– Leafsamplesfortissueanalysis:

• Firstflower*• Earlyfruitset*• Firstripefruit• Duringharvestperiod


Tomatoes– Option3.1000LBF

31

Nitrogen:–Preplant:

• 4.4lb.Nfromhairyvetch/ryecovercrop,killedearlyMay• 3.4lb.Nfrom48.6lb.13-0-0organicfertilizer(assume7%available)0.8lb.Nfrom4bushels(140lb)compost3-2-2(assume0.6%available)

– Sidedress:2.9lb.Nifneeded• from41lb.13-0-0

Total:11.5lb./1000LBFCostfor13-0-0:$58

Ifsoilishighinorganicmatterandthereisahistoryofaddingorganicsoilamendments,13-0-0maynotbeneeded

Pricesfor13-0-0frompricepaidin2013forbaggedproduct.

NationalOrganicProgramregulateswhichsoilamendmentspermittedinorganicproduction.OMRI.org


Tomatoes– Option3.,cont.1000LBF

32

Phosphorus:–Preplant:2.8lb.from4bushels(140lb.)compost(3-2-2)

Total:2.8lb./1000LBFCost:??Potassium:

–Preplant:• 2.8lb K2Ofrom4bushels(140lb.)compost(3-2-2)• 16.7lb K2Ofrom33lb.potassiumsulfate(0-0-52)

Total:19.5lb./1000LBFCostforpotassiumsulfate:$15- $40

CostofbaggedNandK2O:$73- $98

Plus:covercropseed,compost

PricesforKSfromwholesalesupplierwebsiteandpricequotein2014.


EfficientFertilizerUseClosetotimeofcropuse

-whenlossislikely-sideortop-dressing,splitapplication,fertigation

InrootzoneofcropKeepirrigationwaterintherootzoneApplybasedoncropneed

WeedmanagementDiseaseandinsectmanagement


CoverCropsandNutrientManagement

34

NutrientscavengingatendofcropseasonNutrientuptakefromdeeperinsoilNitrogenfixationOrganicmatterproductionImprovebiologicalactivity


Recordkeeping

35

SoiltestresultsLime:typeandtons/AFertilizers:

– Type,analysis,lbs./A– Applicationmethod

Othersoilamendments– Type,nutrientcontent,lbs./A

TissuetestresultsCovercrops:

– Species,seedingrates,plantandterminationdates,terminationmethod


ResourcesMidwestVegetableProductionGuidefor2017(ID-56)mwveguide.org/PurdueEducationStoreedustore.purdue.edu SoilSamplingforP,K,andLimeAY-281-WNutrientRecommendationsforVegetableCropsinMichigan(E2934)msue.anr.msu.edu/resources/nutrient_recommendations_for_vegetable_crops_in_michigan_e2934ManagingCoverCropsProfitably:BUILDINGSOILFERTILITYANDTILTHWITHCOVERCROPSwww.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Managing-Cover-Crops-Profitably-3rd-EditionUsingthePre-Sidedress SoilNitrateTesttoImproveNitrogenManagementinVegetableCroppingSystems.https://soiltest.umass.edu/fact-sheets/using-pre-sidedress-soil-nitrate-test-improve-nitrogen-management-vegetable-croppingIndianaNutrientManagement/SoilHealthhttps://inagnutrients-public.sharepoint.com


AdditionalReferencesHandbookofPlantNutrition.EditedbyAllenV.Barker,DavidJ.Pilbeam.Taylor&FrancisGroup. 2007.PhosphorusFertilizersin PennStateAgronomyGuide2015-2016.PennStateCollegeofAgriculturalSciencesextension.psu.edu/agronomy-guide/cm/sec2/sec28b


LizMaynard219-548-3674emaynard@purdue.eduClinicalEngagementAssistantProfessorandVegetableExtensionSpecialistDept.ofHorticultureandLandscapeArchitecturePurdueUniversityPOBox1759Valparaiso,IN46384

38

nutrient management for vegetable crops: putting …...purdue university is an equal access/equal...

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