performance analysis of distance protection using...
TRANSCRIPT
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Mohit Sharma – MeggerVijay Shanmugasundaram- Power Grid Engineering LLC
Performance Analysis of Distance Protection Using Different
Impedance Calculation Methods
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Overview
• Fundamentals of Distance Protection• Testing Distance Elements
a. Constant Voltage Methodb. Constant Current Methodc. Constant Source Impedance Method
• Performance Analysisa. Mho Characteristicb. Quadrilateral Characteristic
• Conclusions
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• Fundamentals of Distance Protection• Testing Distance Elements
a. Constant Voltage Methodb. Constant Current Methodc. Constant Source Impedance Method
• Performance Analysisa. Mho Characteristicb. Quadrilateral Characteristic
• Conclusions
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What is 21?4
83.46 degR
X
ZL
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Distance Relay Characteristics5
Mho Circle
R
XIntended Reach Point
R
X
RG
Quadrilateral
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Dynamic Mho6
Forward faults – Mho ExpandsReverse faults – Mho Shrinks
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• Fundamentals of Distance Protection• Testing Distance Elements
a. Constant Voltage Methodb. Constant Current Methodc. Constant Source Impedance Method
• Performance Analysisa. Mho Characteristicb. Quadrilateral Characteristic
• Conclusions
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Testing Distance Elements
• Steady State Testinga) Constant Voltage Methodb) Constant Current Method
• Dynamic Testinga) Constant Source Impedance Methodb) Advanced Simulationc) DFR playbackd) COMTRADE playback
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Constant Voltage Method
• Voltage remains constant but current is ramped up till the trip occurs
• Does not truly test the dynamic characteristic of a relay
• Good for medium and long lines• Not good for short lines due to
requirement of extremely high currents
• Assumes single source model
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Constant Current Method
• Current remains constant but voltage is ramped down till the trip occurs
• Does not truly test the dynamic characteristic of a relay
• Good for short lines• Not good for self-polarized mho
circles • Assumes single source model
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Constant Source Impedance Method
• Steady state method changes source impedance offered to the relay at every point
• Accurate way of testing dynamic behavior of the relay characteristic
• Uses symmetrical component theory to calculate faulted voltages and currents
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ZLANG
ZSANG
ZS
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Constant Source Impedance Method
• After radius is computed, the total apparent reach and line angle can be derived which will take Zs into account
• With sequence networks, faulted voltages and currents can be computed
• Calculated values are the values right on the edge
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• Fundamentals of Distance Protection• Testing Distance Elements
a. Constant Voltage Methodb. Constant Current Methodc. Constant Source Impedance Method
• Performance Analysisa. Mho Characteristicb. Quadrilateral Characteristic
• Conclusions
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System Description- Mho Enabled14
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Assumptions
• Constant Voltage Method is tested at 33.5 V• Constant Current Method is tested at 9.959 A• Constant Source Impedance Method is tested
at 0.2 x 3.77 = 0.754 Ω at 83.46 degrees• Test points are at MTA, 30 degrees
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Constant Voltage Method- Mho16
• Zone-1 Pick Up is tested at MTA
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Constant Voltage Method- Mho17
• Zone-1 Pick Up is tested at 30 degrees
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Constant Voltage Method - Results18
Test Angle
Measured Faulted Voltage at Pick-Up (VAN)
Measured Faulted Current at Pick-Up (IAN)
Theoretical Impedance(Ω)
Calculated Impedance(Ω)
% Error
83.46O 33.5 V 5.269 A 3.2 3.18 0.625
30O 33.5 V 8.778 A 1.93 1.908 1.14
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Constant Current Method- Mho19
• Zone-1 Pick Up is tested at MTA
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Constant Current Method- Mho20
• Zone-1 Pick Up is tested at MTA
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Constant Current Method- Mho21
• Zone-1 Pick Up is tested at 30 degrees
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Constant Current Method - Results22
Test Angle
Measured Faulted Voltage at Pick-Up (VAN)
Measured Faulted Current at Pick-Up (IAN)
Theoretical Impedance(Ω)
Calculated Impedance(Ω)
% Error
83.46O 63.18 V 9.959 A 3.2 3.172 0.8730O 37.84 V 9.959 A 1.93 1.9 1.14
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Constant Source Impedance Method-Mho
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• Zone-1 Pick Up is tested at MTA
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Constant Source Impedance Method- Mho
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• Zone-1 Pick Up is tested at 30 degrees
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Constant Source Impedance Method - Results
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Test Angle
Measured Faulted Voltage at Pick-Up (VAN)
Measured Faulted Current at Pick-Up (IAN)
Theoretical Impedance(Ω)
Calculated Impedance(Ω)
% Error
83.46O 60.76 V 20.723 A 3.2 3.182 0.5630O 59.83 V 19.825 A 1.93 2.208 12.62
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Performance of Mho
Testing MethodExpected Pickup Actual Pickup
MTA 30° MTA 30°
Constant Voltage 3.2 1.93 3.18 1.908
Constant Current 3.2 1.93 3.172 1.9
Constant Source 3.2 1.93 3.182 2.208
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System Description- Quad Enabled27
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Constant Voltage Method- Quad28
• Zone-1 Pick Up is tested at MTA and 15 degrees
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Constant Voltage Method - Results29
Test Angle
Measured Faulted Voltage at Pick-Up (VAN)
Measured Faulted Current at Pick-Up (IAN)
Theoretical Impedance(Ω)
Calculated Impedance(Ω)
% Error
83.46O 33.5 V 5.25 A 3.2 3.19 0.3115O 33.5 V 1.404 A 12.36 11.93 3.48
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Constant Current Method- Quad30
• Zone-1 Pick Up is tested at MTA and 15 degrees
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Constant Current Method - Results31
Test Angle
Measured Faulted Voltage at Pick-Up (VAN)
Measured Faulted Current at Pick-Up (IAN)
Theoretical Impedance(Ω)
Calculated Impedance(Ω)
% Error
83.46O 63.54 V 9.959 A 3.2 3.19 0.3115O 98.09 V 4.9 A 12.36 10.01 19.01
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Constant Source Impedance Method- Quad
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• Zone-1 Pick Up is tested at MTA and 15 degrees
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Constant Source Impedance Method - Results
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Test Angle
Measured Faulted Voltage at Pick-Up (VAN)
Measured Faulted Current at Pick-Up (IAN)
Theoretical Impedance(Ω)
Calculated Impedance(Ω)
% Error
83.46O 11.94 V 17.39 A 3.2 3.19 0.3115O 46.3 V 4.58 A 12.36 12.03 2.67
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Performance of Quad
Testing MethodExpected Pickup Actual Pickup
MTA 15° MTA 15°
Constant Voltage 3.2 12.36 3.19 11.93
Constant Current 3.2 12.36 3.19 10.01
Constant Source 3.2 12.36 3.19 12.03
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• Fundamentals of Distance Protection• Testing Distance Elements
a. Constant Voltage Methodb. Constant Current Methodc. Constant Source Impedance Method
• Performance Analysisa. Mho Characteristicb. Quadrilateral Characteristic
• Conclusions
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Conclusions
• The effect of dynamic behavior of mho circle can accurately be validated by constant source impedance model
• Impact of memory polarization on the characteristic can be better realized at fault angles far off from MTA
• If symmetrical components are used to calculate faulted voltages and currents, the directional units supervising the distance elements will be transparent to the testing procedure
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Q&A
• Mohit Sharma Applications [email protected]
• Vijay ShanmugasundaramProtection and Control Engineer [email protected]
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