byWayne E. King and Marcel Lewinski

PEARSON-------

AGSGlobe

Shoreview, Minnesota

Contents

How to Use This Book: A Study Guide xxii

Skills Handbook xxx

Early Civilizations: Prehistory - A.D. 1570 xxxviChapter 1 Prehistory: The Time Before Written Records 2

Lesson 1 The Meaning of History 5Lesson 2 Why We Study History 7Lesson 3 The Way Historians Work 9Lesson 4 Prehistory 13• Chapter Summary 21• Chapter Review 22

Chapter 2 The Ancient Middle East: 5000 B.C. - 600 B.C. . 24Lesson 1 The Sumerians 27Lesson 2 The Akkadians and the Babylonians 31Lesson 3 The Phoenicians and the Hebrews 35• Chapter Summary 41• Chapter Review .42

Chapter 3 Middle Eastern Empires: 800 B.C. - 330 B.C 44Lesson 1 The Assyrians 47Lesson 2 The Chaldeans 51Lesson 3 The Persians 55

'- • Chapter Summary 61• Chapter Review 62

Chapter 4 Egypt- The Gift of the Nile: 3100 B.C. - 30 B.C 64Lesson 1 The Nile River 67Lesson 2 The Old Kingdom 69Lesson 3 The Middle Kingdom 74Lesson 4 The New Kingdom 76Lesson 5 Gifts from the Egyptians 80• Chapter Summary 85• Chapter Review 86

World History Contents iii

Chapter 5 Ancient India and China: 6000 B.C. - 206 B.C 88Lesson 1 Ancient India 91Lesson 2 The History of Ancient India 94Lesson 3 Hinduism 97Lesson 4 Buddhism 100Lesson 5 Ancient China 103Lesson 6 The History of Ancient China 106• Chapter Summary 113• Chapter Review 114

Chapter 6 Ancient Greece: 2000 B.C. - 323 B.C 116Lesson 1 Early Civilizations of the Aegean Sea 119Lesson 2 The Greek City-States 122Lesson 3 Athens 124Lesson 4 Sparta 126Lesson 5 War Tests the Greeks 128Lesson 6 Greek Cultural Contributions 132Lesson 7 Alexander the Great Spreads Greek Culture 137• Chapter Summary 143• Chapter Review 144

Chapter 7 The Roman Republic: 753 B.C. - 27 B.C 146Lesson 1 Early Rome 149Lesson 2 Rome Becomes a Republic 151Lesson 3 Rome Expands Its Boundaries 154Lesson 4 The Republic Faces Problems 157Lesson 5 The End of the Republic 160• Chapter Summary 165• Chapter Review 166

Chapter 8 The Roman Empire: 27 B.C. - A.D. 476 168Lesson 1 The Age of Augustus 171Lesson 2 Governing the Roman Empire 174Lesson 3 The Rise of Christianity 177Lesson 4 The Fall ofthe Roman Empire 181Lesson 5 Rome' s Contributions to Civilization 183• Chapter Summary 189• Chapter Review 190

iv Contents World History

Chapter 9 Civilizations of the Americas: Prehistory - A.D. 1570 192Lesson 1 In Search of the First Americans 195Lesson 2 Early Southwestern Cultures 198Lesson 3 Early Regional Cultures 202Lesson 4 Early Civilizations of Mesoamerica 208• Chapter Summary 217• Chapter Review 218Unit 1 Summary 221

Regional Civilizations: 320 to 1630 222Chapter 10 The High and Late Middle Ages: 1050 - 1500 224

Lesson 1 The Church During the Middle Ages 227Lesson 2 Feudalism 232Lesson 3 The Manor 235Lesson 4 Culture in the Middle Ages 239• Chapter Summary 245• Chapter Review 246

Chapter 11 The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe:500 - 1547 248Lesson 1 The Byzantine Empire 251Lesson 2 The Russians 255Lesson 3 Europe During the Middle Ages 260• Chapter Summary 267• Chapter Review 268

Chapter 12 Africa and the Spread ofIslam: 570 - 1596 270Lesson 1 The Rise ofIslam 273Lesson 2 Islamic Civilization 277Lesson 3 African Kingdoms 282• Chapter Summary 291• Chapter Review 292

Warld Histary Cantents v

Chapter 13 The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia:320 - 1630 294Lesson 1 India 297Lesson 2 China 301Lesson 3 The Mongois Conquer China 305Lesson 4 Japan 307Lesson 5 Japan Develops Its Own Culture 310Lesson 6 The Tokugawa Unify Japan 315• Chapter Summary 319• Chapter Review 320Unit 2 Summary 323

Early Modern Times: 1348 - 1800 324Chapter 14 The Renaissance: 1348 - 1600 326

Lesson 1 The Troubled 14th Century 329Lesson 2 The Spirit of the Renaissance 331Lesson 3 The Renaissance Begins in Italy 334Lesson 4 Renaissance Literature 338Lesson 5 Great Renaissance Artists 341• Chapter Summary 347• Chapter Review 348

Chapter 15 The Reformation: 1415 - 1650 350Lesson 1 People Challenge the Church's Authority 353Lesson 2 Martin Luther Leads the Reformation 355Lesson 3 Luther Starts His Own Church 358Lesson 4 Protestant Ideas Spread to England 360Lesson 5 John Calvin Organizes a New Religion 363Lesson 6 The Catholic Reformation 366• Chapter Summary 371• Chapter Review 372

Chapter 16 The New Science: 1540 - 1750 374Lesson 1 The Development ofModern Science 377Lesson 2 Copernicus 379Lesson 3 Galileo 382Lesson 4 Isaac Newton 385Lesson 5 Other Early Scientists 387• Chapter Summary 393• Chapter Review 394

vi Contents World History

Chapter 17 Beginnings of Our Global Age: 1450 - 1650 396Lesson 1 Europeans Search for New Trade Routes 399Lesson 2 Exploring New Lands .401Lesson 3 The Spanish Conquer Two Empires in America406Lesson 4 Spain Establishes Colonies in America 410Lesson 5 The Growth of the Slave.Trade 413Lesson 6 The Results of Exploring and

Establishing Colonies 416• Chapter Summary 423• Chapter Review .424

Chapter 18 The Age ofKings: 1519 - 1800 426Lesson 1 The Rise ofNations 429Lesson 2 The Rise and Fall of Spain 432Lesson 3 English Monarchs Struggle for Power 437Lesson 4 England Rejects Absolute Monarchy 439Lesson 5 Absolute Monarchy in France 444Lesson 6 Russia and Prussia Produce Strong Monarchs .. 448• Chapter Summary 453• Chapter Review .454Unit 3 Summary 457

Enlightenment and Revolution: 1687 - 1850 458Chapter 19 The Age of Reason: 1687 - 1789 460

Lesson 1 In Search ofNatural Laws .463Lesson 2 New Theories on Government 465Lesson 3 The Influence ofEnlightened Thinkers 469Lesson 4 Enlightenment Ideas Influence Artists 474• Chapter Summary 479• Chapter Review .480

Chapter 20 Revolutions and Napoleon: 1775 - 1815 482Lesson 1 Revolution in the American Colonies 485Lesson 2 The American Revolutionary War 488Lesson 3 The French Revolution 493Lesson 4 Revolutionary Reforms and Terror in France .. 496Lesson 5 Napoleon and the French Empire 500• Chapter Summary 509• Chapter Review 510

Warid Histary Cantents vii

Chapter 21 The Industrial Revolution Begins: 1750 - 1885 512Lesson 1 The Industrial Revolution Begins in England .. 515Lesson 2 The Growth of the First Modern Industries 519Lesson 3 Transportation Improves 524Lesson 4 Industry Brings Change and Problems 529• Chapter Summary 537• Chapter Review 538

Chapter 22 Revolutions in Europe and Latin America: 1814 - 1850 540Lesson 1 Congress ofVienna Meets 543Lesson 2 Nationalism Becomes Powerful 546Lesson 3 Wars for Independence in Latin America 548Lesson 4 New Revolution and Reform in Europe 553Lesson 5 The Year of Revolutions-1848 557• Chapter Summary 565• Chapter Review 566Unit 4 Summary 569

A New Global Age: 1840 - 1914 570Chapter 23 Nationalism: 1840 - 1914 572

Lesson 1 Nationalism 575Lesson 2 Growing Nationalism in Italy 577Lesson 3 The Unification of Germany 580• Chapter Summary 587• Chapter Review 588

Chapter 24 Imperialism: 1840 - 1914 590Lesson 1 Imperialism 593Lesson 2 The Effect of Imperialism on Asia 596Lesson 3 The Effect of Imperialism on Africa 600• Chapter Summary 605• Chapter Review 606Unit 5 Summary 609

viii Contents World History

World Wars and Revolutions: 1905 - 1945 610Chapter 25 World War land the Russian Revolution: 1905 - 1919 612

Lesson 1 The Causes of the War 615Lesson 2 The War Years: 1914 -1918 617Lesson 3 Making Peace 623Lesson 4 World War I Changed the World 627Lesson 5 Life in Czarist Russia 629Lesson 6 Russia Moves Toward Revolution 632• Chapter Summary 637• Chapter Review 638

Chapter 26 Nationalism, Revolution, and TotalitarianismAround the World: 1911 - 1939 640Lesson 1 Russia Becomes the Soviet Union 643Lesson 2 The Soviet Union Under Stalin 647Lesson 3 The Fascists Gain Power in Italy 651Lesson 4 Nazis Gain Power in Germany 654Lesson 5 The Chinese Begin to Build a Modern Nation .. 656Lesson 6 Military Leaders Take Over in Japan 659• Chapter Summary 663• Chapter Review 664

Chapter 27 World War Hand its Aftermath: 1939 - 1945 666Lesson 1 The Causes ofWorld War H 669Lesson 2 Fascism Threatens Other Countries 672Lesson 3 Axis Successes in Europe and Asia 675Lesson 4 The Tide Turns in Favor of the Allies 680Lesson 5 The Holocaust 685Lesson 6 The Results ofWorld War H 688Lesson 7 The United Nations 692• Chapter Summary 697• Chapter Review 698Unit 6 Summary 701

World History Contents ix

The World Since 1945: 1945 - Present 702Chapter 28 The Cold War: 1945 - 1991. 704

Lesson 1 The Cold War Begins 707Lesson 2 Conflicts Between Superpowers 709Lesson 3 Reforming the Soviet Union 713Lesson 4 Europe Experiences Great Change 717• Chapter Summary 725• Chapter Review 726

Chapter 29 NewNations Emerge: 1946 - 1999 728Lesson 1 Many African Colonies Become Nations 731Lesson 2 Israel Becomes a Nation 737Lesson 3 India Gains Its Independence 742Lesson 4 The Struggle to Control China 745Lesson 5 Vietnamese Wars for Independence 748• Chapter Summary 753• Chapter Review 754

Chapter 30 The Developing World: 1950 - Present. 756Lesson 1 African Nations Face Many Challenges 759Lesson 2 The Middle East Remains in Conflict 762Lesson 3 Asian Countries Face Economic Challenges 768Lesson 4 Latin America Struggles to

Overcome Problems 772• Chapter Summary 779• Chapter Review 780

Chapter 31 The World Today: 1990 - Present 782Lesson 1 Energy and Technology Create

a Global Village 785Lesson 2 Global Trade and Economic Development 793Lesson 3 Sodal and Environmental Challenges 797Lesson 4 The Threat of Global Terrorism 803Lesson 5 Looking to the Future 806• Chapter Summary 811• Chapter Review 812Unit 7 Summary 815

x Contents World History

Glossary 826

Index 842

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858

Biography

Louis and Mary Leakey 11Solomon 37Zoroaster 57Hatshepsut 76

Confucius 109Herodotus .131Cleopatra 161Claudius PtoIemy 172Pachacutec Inca Yupanqui. 212Saladin 231Olga 257Sonni Ali 287Taizong 302Niccolo Machiavelli 333Jaeob Amman 368Margaret Cavendish 390Amerigo Vespueei. 418Cardinal Riehelieu 447Maria Theresa 472Abigail Adams 487Adam Smith 517Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 550Marie Curie 584Leopold 11 602Grigori Rasputin 631Anne Frank 685Jomo Kenyatta 734Aung San Suu Kyi 770Stephen Hawking 792

xii Contents World History

History in Your Life

What Can You Leam From Bones? 10

The Story of Gilgamesh 29

Farming Along the Nile 75

The Huang He, Sweet and Sour 105

A Gift From the Muses 133

Math-and Music, Too 140

The Buried City of Pompeii 173

What Year Is It? 156

Visiting Anasazi Treasures 201

Leaming the Latin Language 242

The Kremlin 259

African Metalworking 284

Gunpowder 304

The Bubonic Plague 330

Disks for the Eyes 357

The Original Mother Goose 386

Pass the Pepper, Please .403

Sailing Ships 436

Fake Science and Mirac1e Cures .464

A Song for the Revolution 501

Child Labor Laws 530

Romanticism 547

The World's Largest Country 646

Hitler and Lebensraum 687

The Jet Age 722

"Made in Asia" 746

Baseball Around theWorld 776

What Will a Dollar Buy? 796

World History Contents xiii

Humans Leam to Say "Hello" 14

The Rosetta Stone 73

Our Legacy from Latin 162

Borrowed Words 281

A Romantic Nove1 from Japan 314

Newspapers Are Bom .340

The Incan Empire 409

Telegraph Provides Instant Communication 532

Reading with Fingertips .561

The Wireless Telegraph 578

Breaking the Enemy's Code 676

Your Phone Is Ringing 786

Technology Connection

Early Earthquake Detection 107

The Byzantine Dromon 264

TheMen Who Made Temperatures 381

Mark Seguin and his Suspension Bridge 518

The Wire1ess Telegraph 578

German U-boats 620

xiv Contents World History

Then and Now

A Human's Best Friend 8

''An Eye for an Eye" 33

Reading Signs in the Stars 53

The First Solar Calendar. 82

Buddhism, Yesterday and Today 102

The Olympic Games 136

Echoes ofRoman Rule ···· .153

Roman Technology 185

How About aGame ofBasketball? 214

Chess, the Game of Kings 238

I Didn't Know There Was a God Named Tuesday 261

William Shakespeare .339

Origins of the Lutheran and Presbyterian Churches .356

The Scientific Method 378

Navigating at Sea 405

Modern Monarchs 431

An Enlightened Government .468

Independence Day .492

Railroads 528

Photography 556

Vatican City 579

The Color Khaki 595

The World War I "Doughboy" 621

The Russian Orthodox Church 633

Dictators 650

The Nuclear Age 684

The Mariinsky Theatre 709

Jerusalem 741

The "Tourist Capital of Peru" 774

"Space: the Final Frontier" 788

World History Contents xv

Writing About History

Writing a He1p Wanted Ad 11Writing a Code ofLaws 38

Writing a Newspaper Artide 53

Writing a Personal Letter 78

Writing an Essay 92Writing a Personal Letter 127

Writing a Speech 153Writing a Poem 174

Descriptive Writing 196

Descriptive Writing 238Writing a News Report 263

Research and Label a Drawing 279

Writing a Haiku or Tanka Poem .310

Writing a List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 332

Interpretive Writing 359

Writing About a Scientific Experiment. .382

Writing a Conversation .406Writing a Speech .449

Writing a Comparison .471

Writing an Epitaph .505

Writing a Research Report " 531Writing an Essay .545

Writing an Opinion 578

Writing a Speech 601Writing a Personal Letter. 619

Writing a Biography 645Writing a News Story 652

Writing a List 670Writing a List. 694

Writing an Editorial 720

Writing a National Anthem 748

Writing About Your Time Period. '" 801

xvi Cantents Warld Histary

World History Contents xvii

SpotlightStory

Spotlight Stories

The Search for the Truth 20TechnologyMoves Ahead .40The Babylonian Captivity 60Burying the Dead , .. , .84Family Ties 112

Greek Mythology 142Life in Rome 164Women in GreekandRoman History 188Lady of the Lines 216Unlucky King lohn and the Magna Carta 244How Russians Became Christians 266Farming in Africa and Oceania 290The Taj Mahal 318The Hundred Years'War .346The Harsh Life of German Peasants 370The Importance of the Clock .392Diseases in History 422Playing the Fool 452In Defense ofWomen's Rights .478Another Kind ofHero 508Hard Times and Charles Dickens 536Dressing for Success 564Bismarck's Kulturkamp .586"Dr. Livingstone, I Presume?" 604Death at Sarajevo 636Marx Was Wrong 662The Dauchau Concentration Camp 696Fall of an Empire 724The Spinning Wheel and Salt- Weapons of the Indian Revolution 752Themes in History 778Some Ideas for Alternative Energy 810

xviii Contents World History

Map Skills

Skeleton Finds 3

Ancient Mesopotamia 25

The Middle East and Surrounding Areas .45

Ancient Egypt (c. 3000-2000 B.C.) 65

Geography of China and India 89

Ancient Greece 117

Italy 147

The Mediterranean Region 169

Early American Empires 193

The Crusades 225

Charlemagne's Empire 249

Where Muslims Live 271

Three Asian Giants-China, India, and Japan 295

Renaissance Europe 327

Reformation Europe (1550) 351

Early Scientists (1540-1720) .375

Toscanelli's Map (1474) 397

Spain 427

Notable People (1687-1789) .461

France 483

The British Isles .513

South America 541

Unification ofItaly (1858-1870) 573

Imperialism 591

EuropeDuringWorld War!. 613

TheDeve1opmentoftheSovietUnion 641

Aggression in Europe and Asia (1930-1940) 667

Europe Divided 705

Africa 729

The Middle East 757

World Hunger 783

World History Contents xix

Kingdoms ofMesopotamia 34

Phoenicia and the Hebrew Kingdoms (c. 900 B.C.) 36

The Assyrian Empire .48

The Chaldean Empire 51

The Persian Empire 56

Wind Currents in Egypt 68

Early River Valley Civilizations 92

Ancient India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 96

Ancient China 110

The Persian Wars 129

Empire of Alexander the Great. 138

Peoples of Ancient Italy (550 B.C.) 150

Carthage (265 B.C.) 155

Roman Expansion to 100 B.C 158

Roman Empire (c. A.D. 235) 176

The Spread ofChristianity (c. A.D. 325-600) 179

Byzantine Empire Under Justinian 253

Early Russia (c. A.D. 1000) 256

Viking Raiding, Trading, and Colonization Routes (793-1000) 262

Spread ofIslam (A.D. 632-750) 277

Early Kingdoms of Africa 286

The Mogul Empire (c. 1690) 299

Japan (c. 1200-1600) .309

Trade Routes from Asia to Italy 336

Early European Explorers .402

xx Contents World History

African Slave Trades .415

European Colonies in the Americas .419

Hapsburg Land (c. 1560) .434

The English Civil War .440

Major Battles of the Revolutionary War .490

The Napoleonic Empire 504

The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain .516

Canals in New York (1840) 525

Europe in 1815 544

Independence in Latin America (1825) 551

Unification ofGermany (l865-1871) .583

Europe Before World War 1. 626

Europe After World War I 626

Europe atthe End of 1938 649

World War II in Europe 677

World War II in the Pacific (1941-1945) 682

Europe After World War II 689

Spheres of Influence in China to 1911 .597

Korean War (1950-1953) 711

The European Union 721

Independence in Africa 732

Israel in 1967 739

SoutheastAsia 750

Major World Economic Groups 795

World History Contents xxi