pdf on nationalism

7/28/2019 PDF on Nationalism

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1.Cultural-Commonvalues,traditions,language,religionandhistorywithinthesame

geographicalarea.However,manynationsenjoyseveralcultureswhilstothercultureshavebeen

dividedamongstseperatenations.Itmayinafewcasesalsorefertoakindofcivilisation,which

impliesthespecialqualitiesapeoplemayhave.

2.Political(CivilAllegiance)-Politicaldefinitionsarebasedoncivicidentityortheacceptance

ofcitizenship.Citizensrecognisethemselvesasmembersofastatewithreciprocalrightsand

responsibilities.Itisarationalformofidentitybasedonthecollectivebenefitofbeingpartof

anationratherthananyculturaldistinctiveness.Subjectivecriteria-definedbytheirmembers,

howeversomerecognisednationsdonthaveapoliticalstate.

3.Psychological-Patriotismisapsychologicalattachmenttoonescountry.Nationalismhasa

doctrinalcharacter(ithasaclearsetofideologicalideas)andemodiesthebeliefthatthenation

isinsomewaythecentralpoliticalorganisation.Patriotismprovidestheaffectivebasisforthat

belief,andthusunderpinsallformsofnationalism.However,notallwhoidentifywithanationsee

itasameansthroughwhichdemandsareexposed.

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Give three ways that the Nation can be defined.

C

P

P


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WelshNationalism-Languageembodiesdistinctiveattitudes,values,formsofexpressionwhich

producefamiliarityandbelonging.Languageisoftenpreservedtomaintainasenseofnational

identity.TheWelsh(althoughnotthewholenation)seetheirculturalidentityintermsoftheir

languageandthecultureitcarrieswithit.However,manynationsaremulti-lingualsuchas

Switzerland,Russia,Indiaetc.

ScottishNationalism-NationalismasapoliticalideologyinScotlandhasoftensupportedgreater

localautonomyforScotlandaspartoftheUnitedKingdom,orthecreationofScotlandasa

sovereignstate.InthiscontextScottishNationalismmayrefertoScottishindependence,the

advocacyofScotlandbecomingasovereignstate.TheScottishNationalParty-themainpolitical

partywhichsupportsScottishIndependenceandScottishhomerule.

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Give two different Nationalistic movement examples


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Origins-Theexactoriginsofthenationisamatterofcontroversy.Primordialistsbelieve'nations'

canbefoundinearlycivilisations.Modernistsbelievenationalismandnationsaremostlyaproduct

ofthemodernera.Before18thcenturycountrieswerethoughtofasrealmsandKingdoms,

inhabitantsweresubjectsnotcitizens,loyaltotheKingnotthenationorstate.

5 of 60

Why can the nation be defined as vague?


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1.Vague-Theexactoriginofthenationiscontroversialandarguedoverbypri-mordialistsand

modernists.

2.Cultural-Commonvalues,traditions,language,religionandhistorywithinthesame

geographicalarea.

3.Political(CivicAllegiance)-Politicaldefinitionsarebasedoncivicidentityortheacceptance

ofcitizenship.

4.Psychological-Patriotismisapsychologicalattachmenttoonescountry.

ExampleOne:WelshNationalism-Languageembodiesthedistinctiveattitudes,valuesand

formsofexpressionwhichproducefamiliarityandbelongingamongsttheWelsh.

ExampleTwo:ScottishNationalism-NationalismasapoliticalideologyinScotlandhasoften

supportedgreaterlocalautonomyforScotlandaspartoftheUnitedKingdom,orthecreationof Scotlandasasovereignstate.

7 of 60

Summarise the four ways a Nation can defined + twoexamples.


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PoliticalSovereignty-Thestateisapoliticalrealitywhilstthenationisapolitical,culturalor

psychologicalideaorfeeling.Nationscanbedefinedpolitically-nationalconsciousnessisoften

manifestinadesiretoachieveormaintainstatehoodorself-determination.

TerritorialBoundaries-Moststatesareprimarilyformedaroundparticularnationsandtheaim

ofnationalismisusuallytocreateaNation-State.Nationalistmovementsusuallyfightforself

determination.

Publiclegitimacy-Thestateisusuallyregardedaspubliclylegitimateandthereforebindingon

membersofsocietybecauseitsdecisionsareclaimedtobemadeinthepublicinterest.

9 of 60

Give three ways that the State can be defined.

P.S

T.B

P.L


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1.Nationscanbedefinedpolitically-NationalConsciousnessisoftenmanifestinadesire

toachieveormaintainstatehoodorselfdetermination.Politicallyanationisagroupofpeople

whoregardthemselvesasanaturalpoliticalcommunityandnormallyexpressedinthedesireto

maintainstatehood.

2.StatesandNationsoftenoverlaptoformNation-States-ANation-Statecanbedefined

asasovereignpoliticalassociationwithinwhichcivicidentityandnationalityoverlap,onenation

withinasinglestate.Nationsarecomplexphenomenathataredeterminedbycultural,politicaland

psychologicalfactors.Statesclaimtomakedecisionsinthepublicinterestandexerciseauthority

throughpermanentinstitutions.

3.TheaimofNationalismisusuallytocreateaNation-State-AfterNapoleonBonaparte

ImperialpowerssuchastheOttomansandtheAustro-HungarianEmpiredeniedtherightof

statehoodtomanynations.ItwasonlyafterVersaillesthattheNation-Statewasputforwardasa

fundamentalrightofallpeoples.PresidentWilsonpersuadedthevictoriousalliestodeclarethat11

Nationshadtherighttostatehood.However,Nationalistoverseascolonieswouldnotberesolved

untilpostWorldWarTwo.

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Give three reasons why Nations and States are oftenconfused.


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1.Nationscanbedefinedpolitically-ScottishNation-Amovementsupportinggreaterlocal

autonomyforScotlandaspartoftheUnitedKingdom.

2.StatesandNationsoftenoverlaptoformNationStates-France-Itwasdeclaredafterthe

CivilWarthattheFrenchpeoplewerecollectivelyfreeandhadestablishedtherighttoself

determination;therighttoformtheirowngovernmentandtodeterminehowtheyweregoverned.

3.TheaimofNationalismisusuallytocreate#aNation-State-PalestinianNationalism-Oneof

manyNationalmovementsthataroseinthemidnineteenthtoearlytwentiethcenturythatclaims

therightofsovereigntyandselfdeterminationonthelandtheyregardastheirhistoricnational

home.

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Give three examples of why the terms Nation andState are confused.


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1.Notallstatescontainjustonenation-TheUKisamulti-nationalstateinthatitisasingle

sovereignstatewithaunitarygovernment,butitcontainswithinitasystemofseveraldifferent

countriesandnationalities.Noneoftheseconstituentcountriesenjoysovereignty,ofcoursemany

othercountriesenjoystrongregionalcountrieswithinthem,butthesearenotindividualcountries.

2.Anumberofnationsdonothaveastate-Manyoftheproblemsthatthenationstatemust

dealwithhavebecomesupra-nationalincharacter.Marketsareincreasinglyinternational,crime

operatesacrosscountries,environmentalproblemsdonotrecognisenationalboundariesand

individualstatesfinditdifficulttodefendagainstterrorism.

3.Somenationscrossstateboundaries-Movementsthathavesoughttouniteethnicgroupings

suchasPan-Arabism(aimingtouniteallArabpeoples)andpan-slavism(aimingtounitetheslavic

race)mayhaveproposedracialexclusivityandunity,butincludednospecialsenseofsuperiority.

4.Somenationalismsarecontentwithameasureofselfrule-Culturalformsofnationalismhavearisenseekingadegreeofautonomouscontroloverculturalinstitutionsbutnotgeneral

independence.TheWelshAssemblythatwasestablishedin1998hassomecontrolover

education,thearts,sportsandtheWelshLanguage.ThishaslittleincommonwithVolkismin

NaziGermany.

15 of 60

Give four differences between the Nation and theState

N.A.S.C.J.O.N

N.S

S.B

S.R


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Notallstatescontainjustonenation-UK-Scottishnationalismadvocatespolitical

independence.WelshNationalismvalueculturalindependenceandIrishfavourcomplete

independence.

Anumberofnationsdonothaveastate-Palestinians-AfterIsraelwasformedPalestine

claimedtherightofsovereigntyandselfdeterminationonthelandtheyregardedashome.

Somenationscrossstateboundaries-JewishNation-TheStateofIsraelisdefinedasa

'Jewishandademocraticstate'byIsraeliconstitutionallaw.Jerusalemisthecountry'scapital,

althoughnotinternationallyrecognisedassuch.

Somenationalismsarecontentwithameasureofselfrule-WelshNationalism-Unlikethe

ScotstheWelshhavenotraditionofseperatenessandfewdistinctivepoliticalinstitutions.Most

seethemselvesasaregionoftheUK,butnotdistinctenoughforindependence.

17 of 60

Give four examples of the differences between theNation and the State.


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1.NaturalProcess-Althoughitishighlysubjective,anationalistmovementisdeemedtobe

progressiveifitisnotseekingtodefendorprotectaparticularwayoflifeorpoliticalorganisation,

butisseekingtocreateanewpoliticalorganisationwhichisdeemedtobeanimporvementon

thecurrentsituation.Thisissupportedusuallybyageneralviewofhumanprogress,basedupon

thebeliefthathumanhistoryismarkedbytheadvancementofknowledgeandachievementofhigherlevelsofcivilisation.

2.Ensuresandmaintainsfreedomandthepopularwill-TheNation-Stateembodiesthegoal

ofpoliticalfreedom,theprincipleofnationalselfdetermination.Democracyandselfgovernment

thereforeonlyoperatewithinthenationstate.Astatebasedonthemaintenanceofcivilrights

wouldgivepeoplethefreedomtoestablishtheirowngovernmentandtodetermineforthemselves

themannerinwhichtheyaregoverned.

19 of 60

Give two reasons why Nationalists see the nation-state as the ideal form of government.

N.P

F. AND . P.W


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1.Ensureshomogeneityandunitespoliticalandculturalnationalidentity-Nation-states

areuniquelystableandcohesive,allotherpoliticalformsareconsideredtobedefectiveand

impermanent.Thisisbecausenation-statesareunitedbyacombinationofpoliticalallegiances

andahighlevelogculturalcohesion.Allmembersofsuchastatethereforebelongtoitinacivic

andculturalsense.ThisisarguedbyConservativenationalistswhoarenotconcernedwiththeprincipleofselfdeterminationbutinpatriotismasatoolofsocialcohesion.Theyfeelthreatened

bypluralismanddiversitywhichthreatensthecohesionofsociety.

2.Morepeacefulthanempires-Nation-statesarebelievedtobeinherentlypeaceful,whereas

multinationalempiresarerestlessandexpansionist.Nation-statestendtorecognisethesovereign

independenceofneighbouringstatesastheydonotwanttosacrificetheircivicandcultural

cohesionthroughexpansionismandconquest.ThiswasemphasisedbyLiberalnationalists.

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Give two other reasons why nationalists see thenation-state as the ideal form of government


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Raceisconcernedwithsociallyrecognisablephysicalcharacteristicssuchasskinpigmentand

facialfeatureswhicharebasedongeneticmakeup.RacesintypessuchasCaucasian,African,

Caribbean,Asian,andorientalarenotspecifictoageographicalareabyorigin.Theyconcludethat

raceisasocial,culturalandpoliticalconceptbasedlargelyonsuperficialappearances.Thisiswhy

someprefertousethetermethnicitywhichdenotesculturalratherthanbiologicalcharacteristics.

23 of 60

Provide a definition of Race/Ethnicity


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HistoricalLink-Theyhavebothbeenstronglylinkedhistorically,nationshaveattemptedatsome

pointhistoricallytoclaimsomeformofraciallink.Theideathatcommonbloodtiesmakeupa

nationcangiverisetoanumberofproblems.Itcanpromoteasenseofexclusivitysothatthose

whocannotdemonstrateabloodconnectionmaybeexcludedfromsociety.Sometimeshasled

toideasofsuperiority.

Nationscanbedefinedculturally/ethnically-Nationalistsseethestateasconsistingofaunique

groupofpeoplethatformahomogeneous-racialcharacteristicsareausefulandobviouswayof

identifyingthem.Ingeneraltermshowever,araceisnotnecessarilyanation,furthermorenations

cancontainmorethanoneracialgroupingasisthecasewiththeChineseandtheEnglish.

Extremeformsofnationalismareracialist-Racialismonapoliticallevelseesothernon-national

groupsasoutsiders,andnotlegitimatemembersofthestate.Ithasledtoquasi-scientificracialist

beliefsthatthenationcanonlyretainitsstrengthandsuperiorityifitcanmaintainracialsuperiority.

25 of 60

Give three reasons why the terms Nation and Racehave become confused


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1.HistoricalLink-IslamicNation-TheNationofIslamsetouttoimprovethespiritual,mental,

socialandeconomicconditionofBlackmenandwomeninAfrica.Mostofthemembersarein

theUSA.

2.Nationscanbedefinedculturally/ethnically-ChineseNation-Characteristicswhichprovide

asuperficialidentification.

3.ExtremeformsofNationalismareRacialist-Nazi/Aryanism-Hitlerbasedhisnationalismupon

araciallydefined'GermanorAryanpeople'andwasnotlimitedbyboundariesofthestate.

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Give three examples of why the terms 'nation' and'race' have become confused


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1.Manystatesaremulti-racialorethnic-Multiculturalpublicpolicieswhetherappliedineducation,

healthcare,housingorotheraspectsofsocialpolicyarecharacterisedbyformalrecognitionof

thedistinctiveneedsofparticularculturalgroupsandadesiretoensureequalityofopportunity

betweenandamongstthem.

2.Racesarepoorlyandsubjectivelydefined-Historicallydubiousandracialpurityisvirtually

impossibletoascertain.Manynationsconsiderthemselvestobearaceandthiscancertainly

besaidoftheJapaneese,Jews,Thai'sandMalaisans.Ingeneraltermsraceisnotanation,

furthermorenationscancontainmorethanoneethnicgrouping.

3.ManyformsofnationalismdefinedarepoliticallybasedonCivicIdentitynotracialorcultural

characteristics-TherearemanyformsofLiberalnationalism.TheScotshavesoughtbothself

determinationandasuperiordemocracy.Theyhavewantedcontroloftheirownresourcesand

theirowngovernment.Thedevolutionsettlementof1998wentsomewaytosatisfyingtheirdesire

forpoliticalautonomy,butintruthweredisappointing.

29 of 60

Give three differences between the terms 'nation' and'race'


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1.Manystatesaremulti-racialorethnic-UnitedStates-Hyphenatednationalitythroughwhich

peopleviewthemselvesasAfrican-American,Polish-American,German-Americanandsoforth.

2.Racesarepoorlyandsubjectivelydefined-ChineseNation-Actuallymadeupofavarietyof

differentracialgroups.

3.ManyformsofnationalismdefinedpoliticallybasedonCivicIdentitynotracialorcultural

characteristics-ScottishNationalism-TheprincipleaimofScottishNationalismispolitical

independence,eitherinthefullestsenseofthewordorpartiallythroughafederalsystem.

31 of 60

Give three examples of the differences betweennation and race


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1.Nationasameaningfulsocial(organic)community-Althoughnationalistsmaydifferonthe

definingfeaturesofthenation,theyareunifiedbytherbeliefthatnationsareorganiccommunities.

Humankindinotherwords,isdividedintoacollectionofnationseachpossessingadistinctive

characterandseparateidentity.Thisiswhyahigherloyaltyattachestothenation.

Theorist:Hegel/Herder-Hegelsawtheorganicsocietyasanexpressionofuniversalwill.Herder

sawtheworldasbeingdividedintonationalcultures.

CounterArgument-Thefactthatnationsareformedthroughacombinationofobjectiveand

subjectivefactorshasgivenrisetorivalconceptsofthenation.Althoughallnationalistsagreethat

nationsareamixofculturalandpsycho-politicalfactors,theirisdebateabouttheirbalance.

33 of 60

Give the first core theory of nationalism with apolitical theorist and a counter argument


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1.Therighttoselfdetermination(torulethemselves)-Selfdeterminationhasbecomeageneral

principleofdemocraticpolitics.Itisessentiallybasedontheviewthatpeoplehaveafundamental

righttodeterminehowtheyaregoverned,THeconceptofselfdeterminationaskswhatisapeople?

Theanswerofferedisthatthenationisthemostnaturalunit.

Theorist:JJRousseau-Rousseaustressedpopularsovereigntyin'theGeneralWill',theseed

fromwhichnationalistdoctrinesspringGovernmentbasedonwill.

CounterArgument-Althoughachievingindependencefromotherstatesisacorevalueof

nationaliststherearesomeexceptionstothis,threeexamplesofwhichcanbefoundintheUK.

ForexampletheWelsh,theUnionistsetcwhoseektodefendtheirculture.

35 of 60

Give a second core theory of Nationalism + a theorist+ a counter argument


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NationalismcanrepresentmanydifferentideologicaltraditionsfromLiberalismtofascism.They

alldefinethenationindifferentways.Differentnationalistmovementswithinacountrymayexhibit

differenttypesofnationalism.Nationalismcannoteasilybepigeonholed,therewillalwaysbe

elementsofprogressionandregression.However,allaretosomeextentinclusive.

37 of 60

Why is nationalism considered a cross cuttingideology?


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1.BasedonLiberalideasofindividualismandfreedom-Liberalnationalismistheoldestform

ofnationalismanddatesbacktotheFrenchRevolutionof1789.Itisbasedontheconceptsof

'popularsovereignty'andthe'generalwill'.Inparticularitwasopposedtotheautocraticandfeudal

aristocraticempiresthathaddominatedEuropeanpoliticismintheMiddleAges.

Theorist:JohnLocke-NaturalRightsTheory-Inanaturalstateallpeoplewereequaland

independent,andeveryonehadanaturalrighttodefend'life,health,libertyorpossessions'.

Aim:Nationalpluralism-aworldofnationstates-Nationalismisviewedasaliberatingand

progressiveforcethatopposesallformsofforeigndominationandoppressionwhetherbymulti-

nationalempiresorcolonialpowers.Standsfortheideaofselfgovernment.Thusindependent

nation-stateswouldrespecttherightsofothers.

Example:ThelastofWilson'sfourteenpointsstatedthata'generalassociationofnationsmustbe

formedunderspecificcovenantsforpurposeofaffordingmutualguarantees'

39 of 60

What is Liberal nationalism based on + theorist andwhat is its aim + example?


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1.OppositiontoEmpire-TheyopposedtheAustro-Hungarian,RussianandOttomanEmpires,

seekingtheestablishmentofnation-statessuchasGermanyandItalyintheirplaceandbelieving

thatnationalselfdeterminationwouldusherinaperiodofinternationalpeace.Thiscanbelinked

totheviewthatnationalismisaliberatingandprogressiveforce.

2.PopularSovereignty-ThePeoplesWill-Nationsareindividualsovereignentitiesandthus

entitledtomaximumliberty.Thenationwasameansforensuringpopularsovereigntyexpressing

the'generalwill'ofindividualsandshouldthereforebeasfreeaspossibletoitself.JSMill:The

boundariesofgovernmentshouldcoincideinthemainwiththoseofnationality.

3.Selfdetermination-Thenation-stateisasovereignpoliticalassociationwithinwhichcitizenship

andnationalityoverlap.Thenationstateembodiesthegoalofpoliticalfreedomgivingexpression

totheprincipleofnationalselfdetermination,democracyandselfgovernmentanthereforeonly

operatewithinanation-state.

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Give the three main features of Liberal Nationalism


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1.OppositiontoEmpire-Mazzini-HisideaswereperhapsbestexpressedbyGiuseppeMazzini

anItaliannationalistwhoproposednationalismbebasedonLiberalRepublicanismandself

government.

2.PopularSovereigntyandthePeoplesWill-JeanJacqueRousseau-TheGeneralWillisa

conceptusedduringtheFrenchRevolutiontrefertotherightofpeopletoselfgovern,however

hasbeenregardedasparadoxicalasitsubjectspeopletothe'tyrannyofthemajority'.

3.Selfdetermination-WoodrowWilson14Points-Wilson'sideaswereclearlybasedontheLiberal

nationalistbeliefinuniversalnationalselfdetermination.Itwasconcernedwithguaranteeingthe

rightsofsmallnations.

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Give three examples of the main features ofLiberalism


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1.BasedonConservativebeliefsofhumannature,traditionandneedforsocialstability-Inthe

19thcenturyConservatiesbecameincreasinglysympathetictowardsnationalism,seeingitasa

wayofmaintainingsocialorderandtradition.TheprinciplegoalofConservativenationalismwasto

maintainnationalunitybyfosteringpatriotism.Conservativesarenotconcernedwiththeprinciple

ofnationalselfdeterminationbutinpatriotismasaformortoolofsocialcohesion.

Theorist:ThomasHobbes

Hobbesaccountofhumannatureasselfinterestedcooperationhasprovedtobeanenduring

theoryinthefieldofphilosophicalanthropology.Regardedasoneofthefoundersofmaterialism.

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What is the basis of Conservative Nationalism +theorist?


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1.Organicism-Thenationisanorganiccommunitymorethanthesumofindividualarts.

Humankindinotherwordsisdividedintonationseachpossessingadistinctivecharacterand

separateidentity.Thisiswhyahigherloyaltyattachestothenation.Hegelarguedthattheorganic

societyisanexpressionofuniversalwill.Eg:Volkgeist-peopleboundbyasenseofbeingone.

2.Maintainingunity,authorityandsocialstability-Patriotismandnationalismgiveasenseof

identityandbeloningandhelpsmaintainauthorityandsocialorder.Itpreventssocialconflictby

bindingirrationaldependentindividualstogetherwithasharedsetofvalues,whilsttranscending

thenaturalrightsoftheindividual.

47 of 60

Give two features of Conservative Nationalism

ORG

U, A, SS


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1.MaintainingHomogeneityinsociety-Conservativesfeelthreatenedbypluralismanddiversity

asitthreatensthecohesionofsociettyandriskssocialconflict.Strongnationalismpreservesa

commonculturewhichwillpreservethesocialorderandunifysociety.Traditionalinstitutionslike

themonarchyaresymbolsofnationalpridecommemoratingthepast.

2.Defensive(Protectingthenationfromaperceivedthreat)-Holdabeliefinaspecialnationality

whichisbeingerodedbyanother.Theyclearlyhaveastrongbeliefinselfdeterminationanda

greaterbeliefinindividualsovereigntyoverpoliticalcorrectness.Thishasbeenappliedtotheissue

ofEurope,whereConservativesargueBritishSovereigntyisbeingeroded.

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Give a further two key features of ConservativeNationalism


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1.Organicism(Nationisanorganicspiritualcommunity)-Herder-Theworldisdividedintonational

cultures,eachoneofwhichformedanorganicandspiritualwhole.

2.Maintainingunity,authorityandsocialstability-Disraeli-Appealedtothenationalistinstincts

ofthepeoplebyappealingtotheideaofonenationtopreventsocialdisorder.

3.Maintaininghomogeneityinsociety-EnochPowell-AntimulticulturalismwithinConservatism

intheUK.EnochPowell'sRiverofBloodspeechhighlightingdangersofimmigration.

4.Defensive(Protectingthenationfromaperceivedthreat)-UKIParguesthattheEUerodesour

independenceanddictatespoliciestheBritishwouldnevervoteforinanelection.

51 of 60

Give four examples of the main features ofConservative Nationalism


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BasedonviewofIntegralNationalism-AtermcoinedbytheFrenchRightWingNationalistCharles

Maurrasreferringtoafeelingofintense,evenhystericalnationalistenthusiasminwhichthenation

isallimportantandtheindividualunimportant.Peopleloseidentity.

Theorist:CharlesMaurras-19thCenturyImperialism,nationalprestigelinkedtothepossession

ofanempire,eachvictoryappreciatedbythepublic.

Chauvanism-Abeliefthatsomenationspossesscharacteristicsorqualitiesthatmakethem

superiorthanothersandtheythereforeshouldbedominant.Thisisoftenexpressedasracialism,

abeliefthatracialdivisionsareimportanteitherbecauseracesshouldliveapart,orbecausesome

racesaresuperiortootherspossessingdifferentqualities.

Example:BritishEmpire-Britaintookpartin'thescrambleforAfricaandAsia'alongsideFrance,

Germany,BelgiumandHolland.

53 of 60

Explain what Chauvanistic Nationalism is based onand what it is + 1 theorist and example


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1.Expansionism-Extremenationalismoftenresultsinmilitarismandexpansionism.Militarism-

theachievementofendsbymilitarymeansoreventheextensionofmilitaryideas,valuesand

practicestothewholeofsociety.

2.Racialism-Oftenfuelledbynegativeintegration,theportrayalofanothernationorraceasa

threatorenemy.Inthefaceoftheenemythenationpullstogetherandthesenseoftheidentity

andimportanceisincreased.Breedsacleardistinctionbetweenthemandus.

3.NationGloryRebirth-Individualsandgroupslosetheiridentityandsubmergetotallywithinthe

allpowerfulnation.Theindividualasaseparate,rationalbeingissweptawayonatideofpatriotic

emotion,expressedinthedesireforaggression,expansionandwar.Individualsareexpectedto

beloyal.

4.Security-Thisformofnationalismappealstotheisolated,powerless,andemotionallyinsecure,

particularlyattimesofcrisis.Itofferssecurity,selfrespectandpridetopeoplewhowouldotherwisenotfeeltheseemotions.

55 of 60

Give the four main features of chauvinisticnationalism


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1.Expansionism-NazitheoryofLebensraum-Hitlerbasedhisnationalismonraciallydefined

'German'or'Aryan'space.

2.Racialism-NaziRacialTheory-TheNazi'sappliedSocialDarwinismtotheinterminglingof

races.Theirlineofreasoningwasthatinterracialbreedingcauseddegeneration.

3.Nationglory/rebirth-Mussolini'sNewRomanEmpire-TheItalianColonialEmpirewascreated

aftertheKingdomofItalyjoinedotherEuropeanpowers.

4.Security-Nazi-Jewishthreat-TheNazi'sadoptedtepanGermanexpansionismjustifyingiton

thebasisofbiologicalsuperiorityoftheGermanicorAryanrace.

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Give four examples of the main features ofChauvanistic nationalism


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BasedoftenonSocialist/Marxistviewsofclassstruggle,equalityandfraternity-Theemergence

ofNeo-ColonialismaroseasareactiontothedominanceofWesterncultureandideas,particularly

thedominanceofUScultureandeconomicpowerinmostofthedevelopingworld.USImperialism

hasnotusuallyinvolvedovertpoliticalcolonisationbutitseconomicandculturalpowerhas

incredibleinfluence.

Theorist:Lenin-Imperialism-thehigheststageofcapitalism-Imperialismisaneconomic

phenomenon,aquestforcapitalistcountriestopursueprofit,cheaplabourandrawmaterials.The

classstrugglebecamecolonial.

59 of 60

Provide the basis for Anti-Colonial Nationalism and atheorist

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