on nationalism part 2
TRANSCRIPT
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1.Nationusedasaunifyingforce-Westernideasofpoliticalselfdeterminationinitiallyinfluenced
Anti-colonialnationalistideas.Anti-Colonialliberationmovementsoftenhadsimilarideastoliberal
nationalismofWilsonandMazzini-thequestforselfdetermination.Mostindependenceleaders
werewesterneducated.Experiencesofcolonialrulehelpedtofosteraparticularnationalidentity
anddesirefornationalliberation.
2.ResponsetoImperialism-Anti-Colonialmovementsareattractedtosocialismforanumberof
reasons.Socialismembodiesvaluesofcommunityandcooperationwellestablishedintraditional
pre-industrialsocieties.Socialism/Marxismprovidesananalysisofinequalitythroughwhichthe
colonialexperiencecanbeunderstoodandchallenged.
3.Politicalandeconomiccooperation-Anti-colonialnationalism,unlikeLiberalnationalismwas
linkedtoeconomicunderdevelopmentandsubordinationtomorepowerfulWesterneconomic
powers.'Nationalliberation'wasexpressedinpoliticalandeconomicterms.Anti-Colonial
movementswereattractedtoleftwingsocialistideas.
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Give three features of Anti/Post Colonial Nationalism
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1.Nationusedasaunifyingforce-FrantzFanon'TheWretchedoftheEarth'-AMarxistanalysis
ofthecolonialsituationinAfricaandtheracismimplicitwithinit.StressedthatAfricannationalism
shouldnotfollowtheWesternexample.
2.ResponsetoImperialism-CheGuevaraCuba-'OnGuerillaWarfare'Believedthatcapitalism
wouldbedefeatedbyattackingitatitsweakestpointfromtheundevelopedworldbyviolentguerilla
tactics.
3.Politicalandeconomiccooperation-Ghandi/JuliusNyerere-Ghandiwasthepioneerof
satyagraha,aphilosophythatislargelyconcernedwithtruthandresistancetoevilthroughactive
nonviolentresistancewhichledIndiatoindependence.
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Give three examples of the main features of anti-colonial nationalism.
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Internationalism-Internationalistsbelievethatthecommoncharacteristicsofthepeopleofthe
worldarestrongerthanthenationalboundariesthatseparatethem.Nationalism,theybelieve,
isresponsibleforwar,genocide,ethniccleansing,terrorismandnucleararsenalsamongstother
things.Thegoalofinternationalismistobuildsupranationalstructuresthatcancommandpolitical
allegianceofallthepeopleoftheworld,atransnationalviewofpoliticalidentity.
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Describe the ideology that goes beyond nationalism
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1.EconomicGlobalisation-Emergenceofmultinationalcapitalwherenationalgovernmentshave
littlecontrol.Astheworldincreasinglymovestowardfreetrade,theexistenceofglobalratherthan
nationalmarketshasrenderedinternationalgovernmentspowerlesstocontroleconomicforces.
ForexamplecontroloftradepassedovertoIMF.
2.EcologicalCrises-Nation-statesareselfinterestedanddamagetheenvironment.
Environmentalissuesdonotrespectnationalboundaries.Thecontrolofemissions,thehealth
oftheseas,theprotectionofendangeredseasandsoonareallinternationalproblems.Even
separateculturalidentitiesarenowthreatenedbyglobalisationofculture.
7 of 5
Give two reasons why the nation has come underthreat.
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3.Socialandculturalglobalisation-Internationaltourism,communicationhasalsoledto
homogenisedculture.Inculturaltermswiththegrowthofairtravel,foreigntourism,satellite
televisionsandtheinternetglobalisationmeansthespreadofamarketdrivensocietysometimes
seenastheMcdonaldisationoftheworld.Cannationsanynlongerberegardedasmeaningful
entitieswhenpeopleindifferentpartsoftheworldwatchthesamefilmsandtelevision.Surelythe21stcenturyisgoingtowitnessthecollapseofnationalism?
4.Threatofglobalconflict-Competitionbetweenrivalnationstateshasthepotentialtoresultin
conflictandcreateastateofinternationaldisorderandchaos.Partlybecauseofthedevelopment
ofsupranationalismtherehasbeenahugeincreaseinthepowerandinfluenceofinternational
organisations,notablytheEU,WTOandWorldBank.
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Give a further two reasons why the nation has comeunder threat.
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LiberalInternationalism
BasedonIndividualismandUniversalRights-Liberalshavesoughttomaketherightsandliberties
oftheindividualauniversalconceptinthebeliefthatacommonsetofuniversalliberalvalueswill
lessentensionbetweennationsandcreateacommoninternationalculture.Thishasledtothe
formationofinternationallawbasedonanumberoftreatiesandconventions.
Example:JohnLockeNaturalRights-Everyonehasanaturalrighttodefendhislife,libertyand
possessions.
SocialistInternationalism
BasedonSocialistviewsoffraternityandcommonhumanity-Socialistsbelieveinacommon
humanity.Nationalismdividespeoples,createsdivisions,conflictsandenmities,andthusprevents
thedevelopmentofacommonhumanity.Socialistsacceptthatitmaybenecessaryforoppressed
peoplestoachievenationalliberationandthrowoffthebourgeoisieandimperialism.However,
ultimatelyonlyrevolutionwillresultintrueliberation.
Example:JohnDonne'Nomanisanislandentireofitself...anymansdeathdiminishesme,
becauseIaminvolvedinmankind'-Humanbeingsdonotthrivewhenisolatedfromothers.This
wassharedbyChristiansandMuslims.
11 of 5
Give the basis of Liberal and Socialistinternationalism + examples
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Fearofconflict-Competitionbetweenrivalnationstateshasthepotentialtoresultinconflict
andcreateastateofinternationaldisorderandchaos.Liberalsseektocounterthisintwoways:
Freetrade.Tradecreatesasenseofinterdependencebetweennations,thusmakingitaforcefor
peace.Thematerialcostissogreatwarfarebecomesunthinkable.RichardCobden(19thcentury
ManchesterLiberal)-Freetradewouldbreedinternationalunderstandingandmaterialprosperity.
Example:FoundingoftheEuropeanUnion.UnderlinesFederalistsbeliefsintheEUdesignedto
preventarepearofthetwoworldwars.Liberalsseeglobalisationasanopportunitytorestorethe
importanceofregionalandlocalgovernment.
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Give the first main feature of Liberal Internationalism+ example
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Internationalfreetrade-SupranationalorganisationssuchastheUnitedNations,WorldBank,
WorldTradeOrganisationamongstothersandahostoftreatiesandagreementswillcreatea
senseofinternationallawandorder.Freetradeagreementsareseenashavingapositiveimpact
oneconomicgrowth,especiallyforthesmallercountriesintheagreement.Tradingblocsare
groupsofcountriesthathavereachedacommonagreementtolowertradebarriersthroughoutthegroup.Freetradeagreementscreatetheopportunityforcountriestofocusonwhattheydo
best,andadeterrenttomonopolisticcountries.
Theorist:RichardCobden
19thCenturyManchesterLiberalwhoarguedfreetradewouldbreakdownthelikelihoodofwar
andcreateinternationalunderstandingandmaterialprosperity.
InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)
Theintergovernmentalorganisationthatoverseestheglobalfinancialsystemwitanimpactonthe
exchangerateandthebalanceofpayments.
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Give the second feature of Liberal Internationalism +example
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Universalindividualism-Liberalshavesoughttomaketherightsandlibertiesoftheindividual
auniversalconceptinthebeliefthatacommonsetofuniversalliberalvalueswilllessen
tensionsbetweennationsandcreateacommoninternationalculture.Thishasledtothe
formationofInternationalOrganisationsbasedonanumberoftreatiesandconventions.However
Conservativesmaintainthatnationsaredistinctiveandcannotshareuniversalvalues.
Example:UniversalDeclarationonHumanRights-UniversalRightsDeclarationssuchasUN
declarationofhumanrights1948andEuropeanConventionofHumanRights1950.However,
anti-imperialistsseethisasanattempttoimposeWesternvaluesonallthepeoplesoftheworld.
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Give the third main feature of Liberal Internationalism+ example
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Classsolidarity-ManysocialistslikeMarxistsbelievethatthe'workingclasshasnocountry'.Their
trueinterestslikewiththeinternationalworkingclasssolidarity.Socialclassismoreimportantthan
nationality.Socialistsacceptedthatitmaybenecessaryforoppressedpeoplestoachievenational
liberationandthrowoffthebourgeoisieandimperialism.
Example:Socialistinternationalismhasfounditsexpressioninmoderntimeswiththegrowthof
theanti-capitalistmovementandpartiallywiththeideasexpressedbyItalianMarxistAntonioNegri
inhisbook'Empire'.
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Give one main feature of Socialist Internationalism
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Overthrowofthebourgeoisie-Marxbelievedthattheworkingclasshasnocountry.Their
trueinterestsliewithinternationalworkingclasssolidarity.Socialclassismoreimportantthan
nationality.Marxbelievedthattheemergenceofworldmarketshasturnedcapitalismintoaglobal
systemthatcanonlybechallengedbyaninternationalmovement.Marx:'theproletariatofeach
countrymustfirstsettlematterswithitsownbourgeoisie'.
Example:'TheCommunistManifesto1848-Theworkingmenhavenocountry.Wecannottake
fromthemwhattheyhavenotgot.Theproletarianshavenothingtolosebuttheirchains.They
haveaworldtowin.Workingmenofallcountriesunite!
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Give a second feature of socialist internationalism
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Anti-CapitalistMovement
SocialistinternationalismhasfounditsexpressioninmoderntimeswiththegrowthoftheAnti-
CapitalistmovementandparticularlywiththeideasexpressedbyItalianMarxistAntonioNegriin
hisbookEmpire.Thishasledtoanti-capitalistcampaignsagainstneo-liberaleconomics.
AntonioNegri'Empire'
Negribelievesthatweareenteringanewimperialiststagewheretheworldisgovernedoverby
anewempire,madeupofneo-liberaleconomicinstitutions.
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Give two further examples of socialistinternationalism
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Rational-AbeliefermegingfromtheenlightenmentperiodaroundtheFrenchRevolutionthat
theworldcanbeunderstoodandexplainedthroughtheexercisingofhumanreason.Rationalism
isnormallyassociatedwithideologiessuchasLiberalismandSocialism.Thereforenationalist
movementstendtobeconsideredrationalwhennationalconsciousnessisbeingusedasan
instrumenttocreatearationallydesirablesituation.Thenation-statehasapurposeeg.creationofpopularsovereignty.
Irrational-Abeliefthatthecapacityofhumanreasonisflawedandthathumansareessentially
limitedcreatures.Thereforeemotional,cultural,familialandethnictiesaremoreimportantguides
topoliticalactionthanpurereason.Nationalistmovementsarethereforeseentobeirrationalwhen
theystresstheimportanceofculturalandethnicties.Somepoliticaltheoristsarguenationalism
resultsfromdeepseatedsentimentsandemotionsthatarevirtuallyimmutable.
25 of 5
Define the view that nationalism is rational and thatnationalism is irrational
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LiberalNationalism-Nationsbasetheirbeliefsaroundindividualismwhichareappliedtothenation
astheybelieveinselfdeterminationandusethisasabasisforinternationalpeace.Implementation
offreetradecreatesinterdependencebetweenthetwonationsthusmakingitaforceforpeace.
Universalliberalvalueslessentensionsbetweennation-stateswhichhasledtotheformationof
supranationalinstitutions.
Example:JohnLockeNaturalRights-Everyonehastherighttodefendhislife,liberty,healthand
possessions.FoundingoftheEU,RichardCobden,IMF,UniversalDeclarationofHumanRights
Anti-ColonialNationalism-Anti-colonialnationalismevolvedintoanti-economicimperialismand
thiswaslinkedtothebeliefinnationalsovereignty.Thisresultedinthenationalmovementof
SaygidQutbwhocriticisedWesternsocietyas'decadent,immoralanddestructive'.Thenation
canbeusedasaunifyingforceasaresponsetoImperialismtoachievepoliticalandeconomic
liberationfromunderdevelopmentandsubordination.
Example:Lenin,FrantzFanon,CheGuevara,Ghandi
27 of 5
Give two forms of nationalism that are consideredrational and why + examples
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ConservativeNationalism-BasedonConservativebeliefsofhumannatureviewedasaphilosophy
ofhumanimperfection.Believenationalismisusefulonlyasatoolformaintainingsocialstability,
Alsoadoptaviewthatthenationisanorganiccommunitybeingmorethanasumofitsindividual
parts.Conservativeswanttomaintainhomogeneityanddefendthenationfromaperceivedthreat.
Examples:Hobbes(founderofmaterialism),Disraeli,EnochPowell,UKIP
ChauvanisticNationalism-Veryirrationalasexpansionisjustifiedbyracialsuperiority.They
believeindividualswillblindlyfollowthenation.Thusitisbasedonaformofintegralnationalism,
andthebeliefthatsomenationspossesscharacteristicsorqualitiesthatmakethemsuperiorto
others.Alsooftenlinkedwithracialismfuelledbynegativeintegration,breedingacleardistinction
betweenthemandus.
Example:CharlesMaurras,Nazitheoryoflebensraum,Naziracialtheory,BritishEmpire,
ScrambleforAfrica.
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Give two forms of nationalism that can be consideredirrational + various examples
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'Mendon'tallowthemselvestobekilledfortheirinterests;theyallowthemselvestobekilledfor
theirpassions'.Tophraseitdifferently:peopledonotvoluntarilydieforthingsthatarerational.
Differentnationalistmovementswithinacountrymayexhibitdifferenttypesofnationalism-English
nationalismcanberepresentedbytheprogressive,rational,inclusivevaluesofpeoplelikeBilly
Braggorthelargelyregressive,exclusive,irrationalandracialistBNP.Someformsofnationalismarerationallyprogressivebutthereisanextentthatallformsofnationalismarebuiltonirrational
ties,culturaltiestendtounderpinmostformsofnationalism.Yetarguablytheyallblendreactionary
themeswithprogressiveones.Forexampleitcouldbearguedaracistsideaofworlddomination
isprogressive,clearlyitisasubjectiveissue.
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Explain why all forms of nationalism might be seen ashaving rational and irrational elements.
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Progressive-Anactorbeliefisdeemedtobeprogressiveifitaimstowardsagoalintheinterests
ofprogress-toprogresstoanewstateofaffairs.Althoughitishighlysubjectiveanationalist
movementisthereforedeemedtobeprogressiveifitisnotseekingtodefendorprotectaparticular
wayoflife.Thisissupportedbyageneralviewofhumanprogressbaseduponthebeliefthat
humanhistoryismarkedbytheadvanceofknowledge.LiberalsandSocialistsusuallyhaveastrongbeliefinprogress.
Reactionary-Reactionarygenerallyreferstomovementswhichareresistanttochangeoradesire
toreturntoaformerstage,baseduponthebeliefthathumanhistoryisnotmarkedbyprogress,
onthecontrary,humanhistoryismarkedbydescentordecay.Nationalistmovementsaresaid
toberegressiveorreactionarywhentheyattempttoprotectthecurrentstatusquoorevenreturn
toamore'goldenage'ofhistoricalgloryornationalorculturalidentity.Theseideasareusually
associatedwithrightwingideologiessuchasConservatism.
33 of 5
Explain the view that Nationalism is progressive andregressive.
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LiberalNationalism-Nationalismisviewedasaliberatingandprogressiveforcethatopposes
allformsofforeigndominationandoppressionwhetherbymulti-nationalempiresorcolonial
powers.Supranationalorganisationshavebeenformedwhichhavebroughtnationstogether,itis
progressiveinthatitisorientatedaroundprojectsofpoliticalchangeandhascreatedlaws.For
example:ThefoundingoftheEuropeanUnionunderlinesfederalistsbeliefintheEUdesignedtopreventarepeatofthetwoWorldWars.Liberalsseeglobalisolationasanopportunity.
Anti-ColonialNationalism-IsaresponsetoImperialismasitembodiesthespiritofcommunity
andcooperationwellestablishedinpretraditionalsocieties.Anti-colonialnationalismsoughtto
preventeconomicunder-developmentandsubordinationtomorepowerfulempires.Forexample:
CheGuevarabelievedcapitalismwouldbedefeatedbyattackingitusingguerrillatactics.Ghandi
wasthepioneerofsatyagraha.
35 of 5
Give two progressive forms of Nationalism
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Someformsofchauvinisticnationalism-Nation,gloryandrebirth:Individualsandgroupslose
theiridentityandsubmergetotallywithintheallpowerfulnation.Theindividualasaseparate,
rationalbeingissweptawayonatideofpatrioticemotionexpressedinthedesireforaggression,
expansionandwar.Individualsareexpectedtobeloyaltothenationoverthemselvesinthename
ofprogression.
Forexample:Mussolini'sNewRomanEmpire:TheItalianColonialEmpirewascreatedafterthe
KingdomofItalyjoinedotherEuropeanpowersandwasnotinitiallyracialistuntilitwasforced
byHitler.
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Give a further debatable progressive form ofnationalism
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Conservativenationalism-Conservativesinitiallyandarguablystilldoseenationalismasaway
ofmaintainingsocialorderandtradition.Patriotismandnationalism,althoughnotcompletely
synonymousgiveasenseofidentity,anexpressionofuniversalwillandspirit,whereathreator
obstacleisalwaysperceived.Forexample:ThomasHobbes'Leviathan',Disraeliappealingtothe
nationalistinstinctsofthepeople.EnochPowell-Anti-multiculturalismUKIPagainsttheEU.
Somechauvanisticformsofnationalism-Chauvanism,abeliefthatsomenationspossess
characteristicsorqualitieswhichmakethemsuperiortoothers.Racialism,oftenfuelledbynegative
integrationtheportrayalofanotherraceornationasathreat.Security-thisformofnationalism
appealstotheisolated,powerlessandemotionallyinsecure.Forexample:theNazi'sadoptedthe
pan-Germanexpansionismjustifyingitontheneedforlebensraumduetobiologicalsuperiorityof
theGerman/AryanraceagainstJews.
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Give two reactionary elements of nationalism
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Nationalismisprogressivetotheextentthatitisorientatedaroundprojectsofpoliticalchange,
aimedatliberatingnationsfromsubordinationoroppression.However,nationalismisreactionary
inthatitsoftenbasedonhistoricalimagesandsymbols,onthefoundationofanidealisedpast.
41 of 5
Explain why all forms of nationalism might be seen ashaving progressive and reactionary elements.
.
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Inclusive-Inclusivenationalismisopentoeveryonetojoinwhohavecivicmembershipofthe
nation-state.Thenationisthereforedefinedpolitically.Itdoesnotexcludeonthebasisofrace,
religion,languageorotherethnicdistractions.Itisthereforereferredtoasacivicformofnationalist
identity.ThisisnormallyassociatedwithLiberalandSocialistbackgrounds.
Exclusive-Exclusivenationalismexcludescertainpeopleandgroupsfrommembershipofthe
nation.Thenationisthereforedefinedonracialorculturalgrounds.Groupsofpeopletherefore
maybemembersofthestatebutarenotconsideredpartofthenation.Thisisnormallyassociated
withmorerightwingideologies.
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Explain why nationalism can be viewed as bothinclusive and exclusive.
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Liberalnationalism-freetradeagreementsbetweennationscreatetheopportunityforcountries
todowhattheydobest,andisadeterrenttomonopolisticactivities.Supranationalorganisations
suchastheUnitedNationscreateasenseofinterdependencebetweennationshelpingsmaller
nationstoprosper.Liberalshavealsosoughttomaketherightsandlibertiesoftheindividuala
universalconceptandwillcreateacommoninternationalculturebasedonanumberoftreatiesandorganisations.Example:JohnLocke'NaturalRightsEveryonehasthenaturalrighttodefend
hislife,health,libertyandpossessions.FoundingoftheIMFandEUafterWorldWarTwo.
Anti-colonialnationalism-Nationusedasaunifyingforce-westernideasofpoliticalself
determination.Experiencesofcolonialrulehelpedtofosteraparticularnationalidentityand
desirefornationalliberation.Anti-colonialmovementswereattractedtosocialismwhichembodied
valuesofcommunityandcooperationthroughwhichthecolonialexperiencecouldbechallenged.
Example:FrantzFanon'TheWretchedoftheEarthed'-AMarxistanalysisofthecolonialsituation
inAfricaandtheracismwithinit.CheGuevara-Cuba-CapitalismcouldbedefeatedthroughGuerillaWarfare.
45 of 5
Give two elements of inclusive nationalism +examples
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Someformsofchauvinisticnationalism-Extremenationalismoftenresultsinmilitarismand
expansionism.Militarism-theachievementofendsbymilitarymeansoreventheextensionof
militaryideas,valuesandpracticestothewholeofsociety.ThiswasadvocatedinHitlerspolicyof
lebensraumwhereheadvocatedextendingterritorialboundaries'withoutconsiderationoftradition
andprejudices,Germanymustfindthecouragetogatherourpeopleandtheirstrength'.
Example:BenitoMussolini-TheDoctrineofFascism1933.TheFascistsacceptlifeandlovesit,
knowingnothingofanddespisingsuicide.Heratherconceivesoflifeasdutyandstruggleand
conquest,thosewhoareathandandthosewhoarefardistant.
47 of 5
Give a further debateable form of inclusivenationalism + example
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ConservativeNationalism-Maintainingunitythroughhomogeneityinsociety,Conservativesfeel
threatenedbypluralismanddiversityasitthreatensthecohesionofsocietyandriskssocialconflict.
Strongnationalismpreservesacommonculturewhichwillpreservethesocialorderandunify
society.Defensive-protectingthenationfromaperceivedthreat-Holdabeliefinaspecial
nationalitywhichisbeingerodedbyanother,thishasbeenappliedtotheissueofEurope.
Example:EnochPowellRiversofBloodSpeech,antimulticulturalismwithinConservatism
highlightingdangersofimmigration.UKIPerodestheindependenceanddictatespoliciesthe
Britishwouldnevervoteforinanelection.
SomeformsofChauanisticNationalism-Racialismoftenfuelledbynegativeintegration,the
portrayalofanothernationorraceasathreatorenemy.Inthefaceofanenemythenation
drawstogetherandthesenseofitsidentityandimportanceisincreased.Breedsacleardistinction
between'them'and'us'.Security-offersselfrespectandpridetoanexclusivepeopleespecially
thepoorsectionsofsocietywhichwouldotherwisefeelpowerlessandapathetic.Example:Social
Darwinism-theNazi'sappliedSocialDarwinismtotheinterminglingofraces.Theirlineof
reasoningwasthatinterminglingdegeneratestheAryanrace.TheNazi'salsoadoptedtheJewish
threat.
49 of 5
Give two exclusive forms of Nationalism + twoexamples
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Itcanbearguedthatsincenationalismdrawsattentiontodivisionswithinhumankinditembodies
apotentialforexpansionismandexclusivity.Criticsofnationalismoftenarguethatitschiefdefect
isthatithighlightsthedifferencesbetweenandamongstthepeopleoftheworld.Culturaltiestend
tounderpinmostformsofnationalism,indicatedinBenedictAndersons'ImaginedCommunities'
-alsoallformsofnationalismareinherentlyexclusive.
51 of 5
Explain why all forms of nationalism might be seen ashaving exclusive elements