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1.Cultural-Commonvalues,traditions,language,religionandhistorywithinthesame
geographicalarea.However,manynationsenjoyseveralcultureswhilstothercultureshavebeen
dividedamongstseperatenations.Itmayinafewcasesalsorefertoakindofcivilisation,which
impliesthespecialqualitiesapeoplemayhave.
2.Political(CivilAllegiance)-Politicaldefinitionsarebasedoncivicidentityortheacceptance
ofcitizenship.Citizensrecognisethemselvesasmembersofastatewithreciprocalrightsand
responsibilities.Itisarationalformofidentitybasedonthecollectivebenefitofbeingpartof
anationratherthananyculturaldistinctiveness.Subjectivecriteria-definedbytheirmembers,
howeversomerecognisednationsdonthaveapoliticalstate.
3.Psychological-Patriotismisapsychologicalattachmenttoonescountry.Nationalismhasa
doctrinalcharacter(ithasaclearsetofideologicalideas)andemodiesthebeliefthatthenation
isinsomewaythecentralpoliticalorganisation.Patriotismprovidestheaffectivebasisforthat
belief,andthusunderpinsallformsofnationalism.However,notallwhoidentifywithanationsee
itasameansthroughwhichdemandsareexposed.
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Give three ways that the Nation can be defined.
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WelshNationalism-Languageembodiesdistinctiveattitudes,values,formsofexpressionwhich
producefamiliarityandbelonging.Languageisoftenpreservedtomaintainasenseofnational
identity.TheWelsh(althoughnotthewholenation)seetheirculturalidentityintermsoftheir
languageandthecultureitcarrieswithit.However,manynationsaremulti-lingualsuchas
Switzerland,Russia,Indiaetc.
ScottishNationalism-NationalismasapoliticalideologyinScotlandhasoftensupportedgreater
localautonomyforScotlandaspartoftheUnitedKingdom,orthecreationofScotlandasa
sovereignstate.InthiscontextScottishNationalismmayrefertoScottishindependence,the
advocacyofScotlandbecomingasovereignstate.TheScottishNationalParty-themainpolitical
partywhichsupportsScottishIndependenceandScottishhomerule.
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Give two different Nationalistic movement examples
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Origins-Theexactoriginsofthenationisamatterofcontroversy.Primordialistsbelieve'nations'
canbefoundinearlycivilisations.Modernistsbelievenationalismandnationsaremostlyaproduct
ofthemodernera.Before18thcenturycountrieswerethoughtofasrealmsandKingdoms,
inhabitantsweresubjectsnotcitizens,loyaltotheKingnotthenationorstate.
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Why can the nation be defined as vague?
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1.Vague-Theexactoriginofthenationiscontroversialandarguedoverbypri-mordialistsand
modernists.
2.Cultural-Commonvalues,traditions,language,religionandhistorywithinthesame
geographicalarea.
3.Political(CivicAllegiance)-Politicaldefinitionsarebasedoncivicidentityortheacceptance
ofcitizenship.
4.Psychological-Patriotismisapsychologicalattachmenttoonescountry.
ExampleOne:WelshNationalism-Languageembodiesthedistinctiveattitudes,valuesand
formsofexpressionwhichproducefamiliarityandbelongingamongsttheWelsh.
ExampleTwo:ScottishNationalism-NationalismasapoliticalideologyinScotlandhasoften
supportedgreaterlocalautonomyforScotlandaspartoftheUnitedKingdom,orthecreationof Scotlandasasovereignstate.
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Summarise the four ways a Nation can defined + twoexamples.
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PoliticalSovereignty-Thestateisapoliticalrealitywhilstthenationisapolitical,culturalor
psychologicalideaorfeeling.Nationscanbedefinedpolitically-nationalconsciousnessisoften
manifestinadesiretoachieveormaintainstatehoodorself-determination.
TerritorialBoundaries-Moststatesareprimarilyformedaroundparticularnationsandtheaim
ofnationalismisusuallytocreateaNation-State.Nationalistmovementsusuallyfightforself
determination.
Publiclegitimacy-Thestateisusuallyregardedaspubliclylegitimateandthereforebindingon
membersofsocietybecauseitsdecisionsareclaimedtobemadeinthepublicinterest.
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Give three ways that the State can be defined.
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1.Nationscanbedefinedpolitically-NationalConsciousnessisoftenmanifestinadesire
toachieveormaintainstatehoodorselfdetermination.Politicallyanationisagroupofpeople
whoregardthemselvesasanaturalpoliticalcommunityandnormallyexpressedinthedesireto
maintainstatehood.
2.StatesandNationsoftenoverlaptoformNation-States-ANation-Statecanbedefined
asasovereignpoliticalassociationwithinwhichcivicidentityandnationalityoverlap,onenation
withinasinglestate.Nationsarecomplexphenomenathataredeterminedbycultural,politicaland
psychologicalfactors.Statesclaimtomakedecisionsinthepublicinterestandexerciseauthority
throughpermanentinstitutions.
3.TheaimofNationalismisusuallytocreateaNation-State-AfterNapoleonBonaparte
ImperialpowerssuchastheOttomansandtheAustro-HungarianEmpiredeniedtherightof
statehoodtomanynations.ItwasonlyafterVersaillesthattheNation-Statewasputforwardasa
fundamentalrightofallpeoples.PresidentWilsonpersuadedthevictoriousalliestodeclarethat11
Nationshadtherighttostatehood.However,Nationalistoverseascolonieswouldnotberesolved
untilpostWorldWarTwo.
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Give three reasons why Nations and States are oftenconfused.
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1.Nationscanbedefinedpolitically-ScottishNation-Amovementsupportinggreaterlocal
autonomyforScotlandaspartoftheUnitedKingdom.
2.StatesandNationsoftenoverlaptoformNationStates-France-Itwasdeclaredafterthe
CivilWarthattheFrenchpeoplewerecollectivelyfreeandhadestablishedtherighttoself
determination;therighttoformtheirowngovernmentandtodeterminehowtheyweregoverned.
3.TheaimofNationalismisusuallytocreate#aNation-State-PalestinianNationalism-Oneof
manyNationalmovementsthataroseinthemidnineteenthtoearlytwentiethcenturythatclaims
therightofsovereigntyandselfdeterminationonthelandtheyregardastheirhistoricnational
home.
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Give three examples of why the terms Nation andState are confused.
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1.Notallstatescontainjustonenation-TheUKisamulti-nationalstateinthatitisasingle
sovereignstatewithaunitarygovernment,butitcontainswithinitasystemofseveraldifferent
countriesandnationalities.Noneoftheseconstituentcountriesenjoysovereignty,ofcoursemany
othercountriesenjoystrongregionalcountrieswithinthem,butthesearenotindividualcountries.
2.Anumberofnationsdonothaveastate-Manyoftheproblemsthatthenationstatemust
dealwithhavebecomesupra-nationalincharacter.Marketsareincreasinglyinternational,crime
operatesacrosscountries,environmentalproblemsdonotrecognisenationalboundariesand
individualstatesfinditdifficulttodefendagainstterrorism.
3.Somenationscrossstateboundaries-Movementsthathavesoughttouniteethnicgroupings
suchasPan-Arabism(aimingtouniteallArabpeoples)andpan-slavism(aimingtounitetheslavic
race)mayhaveproposedracialexclusivityandunity,butincludednospecialsenseofsuperiority.
4.Somenationalismsarecontentwithameasureofselfrule-Culturalformsofnationalismhavearisenseekingadegreeofautonomouscontroloverculturalinstitutionsbutnotgeneral
independence.TheWelshAssemblythatwasestablishedin1998hassomecontrolover
education,thearts,sportsandtheWelshLanguage.ThishaslittleincommonwithVolkismin
NaziGermany.
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Give four differences between the Nation and theState
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Notallstatescontainjustonenation-UK-Scottishnationalismadvocatespolitical
independence.WelshNationalismvalueculturalindependenceandIrishfavourcomplete
independence.
Anumberofnationsdonothaveastate-Palestinians-AfterIsraelwasformedPalestine
claimedtherightofsovereigntyandselfdeterminationonthelandtheyregardedashome.
Somenationscrossstateboundaries-JewishNation-TheStateofIsraelisdefinedasa
'Jewishandademocraticstate'byIsraeliconstitutionallaw.Jerusalemisthecountry'scapital,
althoughnotinternationallyrecognisedassuch.
Somenationalismsarecontentwithameasureofselfrule-WelshNationalism-Unlikethe
ScotstheWelshhavenotraditionofseperatenessandfewdistinctivepoliticalinstitutions.Most
seethemselvesasaregionoftheUK,butnotdistinctenoughforindependence.
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Give four examples of the differences between theNation and the State.
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1.NaturalProcess-Althoughitishighlysubjective,anationalistmovementisdeemedtobe
progressiveifitisnotseekingtodefendorprotectaparticularwayoflifeorpoliticalorganisation,
butisseekingtocreateanewpoliticalorganisationwhichisdeemedtobeanimporvementon
thecurrentsituation.Thisissupportedusuallybyageneralviewofhumanprogress,basedupon
thebeliefthathumanhistoryismarkedbytheadvancementofknowledgeandachievementofhigherlevelsofcivilisation.
2.Ensuresandmaintainsfreedomandthepopularwill-TheNation-Stateembodiesthegoal
ofpoliticalfreedom,theprincipleofnationalselfdetermination.Democracyandselfgovernment
thereforeonlyoperatewithinthenationstate.Astatebasedonthemaintenanceofcivilrights
wouldgivepeoplethefreedomtoestablishtheirowngovernmentandtodetermineforthemselves
themannerinwhichtheyaregoverned.
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Give two reasons why Nationalists see the nation-state as the ideal form of government.
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1.Ensureshomogeneityandunitespoliticalandculturalnationalidentity-Nation-states
areuniquelystableandcohesive,allotherpoliticalformsareconsideredtobedefectiveand
impermanent.Thisisbecausenation-statesareunitedbyacombinationofpoliticalallegiances
andahighlevelogculturalcohesion.Allmembersofsuchastatethereforebelongtoitinacivic
andculturalsense.ThisisarguedbyConservativenationalistswhoarenotconcernedwiththeprincipleofselfdeterminationbutinpatriotismasatoolofsocialcohesion.Theyfeelthreatened
bypluralismanddiversitywhichthreatensthecohesionofsociety.
2.Morepeacefulthanempires-Nation-statesarebelievedtobeinherentlypeaceful,whereas
multinationalempiresarerestlessandexpansionist.Nation-statestendtorecognisethesovereign
independenceofneighbouringstatesastheydonotwanttosacrificetheircivicandcultural
cohesionthroughexpansionismandconquest.ThiswasemphasisedbyLiberalnationalists.
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Give two other reasons why nationalists see thenation-state as the ideal form of government
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Raceisconcernedwithsociallyrecognisablephysicalcharacteristicssuchasskinpigmentand
facialfeatureswhicharebasedongeneticmakeup.RacesintypessuchasCaucasian,African,
Caribbean,Asian,andorientalarenotspecifictoageographicalareabyorigin.Theyconcludethat
raceisasocial,culturalandpoliticalconceptbasedlargelyonsuperficialappearances.Thisiswhy
someprefertousethetermethnicitywhichdenotesculturalratherthanbiologicalcharacteristics.
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Provide a definition of Race/Ethnicity
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HistoricalLink-Theyhavebothbeenstronglylinkedhistorically,nationshaveattemptedatsome
pointhistoricallytoclaimsomeformofraciallink.Theideathatcommonbloodtiesmakeupa
nationcangiverisetoanumberofproblems.Itcanpromoteasenseofexclusivitysothatthose
whocannotdemonstrateabloodconnectionmaybeexcludedfromsociety.Sometimeshasled
toideasofsuperiority.
Nationscanbedefinedculturally/ethnically-Nationalistsseethestateasconsistingofaunique
groupofpeoplethatformahomogeneous-racialcharacteristicsareausefulandobviouswayof
identifyingthem.Ingeneraltermshowever,araceisnotnecessarilyanation,furthermorenations
cancontainmorethanoneracialgroupingasisthecasewiththeChineseandtheEnglish.
Extremeformsofnationalismareracialist-Racialismonapoliticallevelseesothernon-national
groupsasoutsiders,andnotlegitimatemembersofthestate.Ithasledtoquasi-scientificracialist
beliefsthatthenationcanonlyretainitsstrengthandsuperiorityifitcanmaintainracialsuperiority.
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Give three reasons why the terms Nation and Racehave become confused
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1.HistoricalLink-IslamicNation-TheNationofIslamsetouttoimprovethespiritual,mental,
socialandeconomicconditionofBlackmenandwomeninAfrica.Mostofthemembersarein
theUSA.
2.Nationscanbedefinedculturally/ethnically-ChineseNation-Characteristicswhichprovide
asuperficialidentification.
3.ExtremeformsofNationalismareRacialist-Nazi/Aryanism-Hitlerbasedhisnationalismupon
araciallydefined'GermanorAryanpeople'andwasnotlimitedbyboundariesofthestate.
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Give three examples of why the terms 'nation' and'race' have become confused
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1.Manystatesaremulti-racialorethnic-Multiculturalpublicpolicieswhetherappliedineducation,
healthcare,housingorotheraspectsofsocialpolicyarecharacterisedbyformalrecognitionof
thedistinctiveneedsofparticularculturalgroupsandadesiretoensureequalityofopportunity
betweenandamongstthem.
2.Racesarepoorlyandsubjectivelydefined-Historicallydubiousandracialpurityisvirtually
impossibletoascertain.Manynationsconsiderthemselvestobearaceandthiscancertainly
besaidoftheJapaneese,Jews,Thai'sandMalaisans.Ingeneraltermsraceisnotanation,
furthermorenationscancontainmorethanoneethnicgrouping.
3.ManyformsofnationalismdefinedarepoliticallybasedonCivicIdentitynotracialorcultural
characteristics-TherearemanyformsofLiberalnationalism.TheScotshavesoughtbothself
determinationandasuperiordemocracy.Theyhavewantedcontroloftheirownresourcesand
theirowngovernment.Thedevolutionsettlementof1998wentsomewaytosatisfyingtheirdesire
forpoliticalautonomy,butintruthweredisappointing.
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Give three differences between the terms 'nation' and'race'
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1.Manystatesaremulti-racialorethnic-UnitedStates-Hyphenatednationalitythroughwhich
peopleviewthemselvesasAfrican-American,Polish-American,German-Americanandsoforth.
2.Racesarepoorlyandsubjectivelydefined-ChineseNation-Actuallymadeupofavarietyof
differentracialgroups.
3.ManyformsofnationalismdefinedpoliticallybasedonCivicIdentitynotracialorcultural
characteristics-ScottishNationalism-TheprincipleaimofScottishNationalismispolitical
independence,eitherinthefullestsenseofthewordorpartiallythroughafederalsystem.
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Give three examples of the differences betweennation and race
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1.Nationasameaningfulsocial(organic)community-Althoughnationalistsmaydifferonthe
definingfeaturesofthenation,theyareunifiedbytherbeliefthatnationsareorganiccommunities.
Humankindinotherwords,isdividedintoacollectionofnationseachpossessingadistinctive
characterandseparateidentity.Thisiswhyahigherloyaltyattachestothenation.
Theorist:Hegel/Herder-Hegelsawtheorganicsocietyasanexpressionofuniversalwill.Herder
sawtheworldasbeingdividedintonationalcultures.
CounterArgument-Thefactthatnationsareformedthroughacombinationofobjectiveand
subjectivefactorshasgivenrisetorivalconceptsofthenation.Althoughallnationalistsagreethat
nationsareamixofculturalandpsycho-politicalfactors,theirisdebateabouttheirbalance.
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Give the first core theory of nationalism with apolitical theorist and a counter argument
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1.Therighttoselfdetermination(torulethemselves)-Selfdeterminationhasbecomeageneral
principleofdemocraticpolitics.Itisessentiallybasedontheviewthatpeoplehaveafundamental
righttodeterminehowtheyaregoverned,THeconceptofselfdeterminationaskswhatisapeople?
Theanswerofferedisthatthenationisthemostnaturalunit.
Theorist:JJRousseau-Rousseaustressedpopularsovereigntyin'theGeneralWill',theseed
fromwhichnationalistdoctrinesspringGovernmentbasedonwill.
CounterArgument-Althoughachievingindependencefromotherstatesisacorevalueof
nationaliststherearesomeexceptionstothis,threeexamplesofwhichcanbefoundintheUK.
ForexampletheWelsh,theUnionistsetcwhoseektodefendtheirculture.
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Give a second core theory of Nationalism + a theorist+ a counter argument
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NationalismcanrepresentmanydifferentideologicaltraditionsfromLiberalismtofascism.They
alldefinethenationindifferentways.Differentnationalistmovementswithinacountrymayexhibit
differenttypesofnationalism.Nationalismcannoteasilybepigeonholed,therewillalwaysbe
elementsofprogressionandregression.However,allaretosomeextentinclusive.
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Why is nationalism considered a cross cuttingideology?
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1.BasedonLiberalideasofindividualismandfreedom-Liberalnationalismistheoldestform
ofnationalismanddatesbacktotheFrenchRevolutionof1789.Itisbasedontheconceptsof
'popularsovereignty'andthe'generalwill'.Inparticularitwasopposedtotheautocraticandfeudal
aristocraticempiresthathaddominatedEuropeanpoliticismintheMiddleAges.
Theorist:JohnLocke-NaturalRightsTheory-Inanaturalstateallpeoplewereequaland
independent,andeveryonehadanaturalrighttodefend'life,health,libertyorpossessions'.
Aim:Nationalpluralism-aworldofnationstates-Nationalismisviewedasaliberatingand
progressiveforcethatopposesallformsofforeigndominationandoppressionwhetherbymulti-
nationalempiresorcolonialpowers.Standsfortheideaofselfgovernment.Thusindependent
nation-stateswouldrespecttherightsofothers.
Example:ThelastofWilson'sfourteenpointsstatedthata'generalassociationofnationsmustbe
formedunderspecificcovenantsforpurposeofaffordingmutualguarantees'
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What is Liberal nationalism based on + theorist andwhat is its aim + example?
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1.OppositiontoEmpire-TheyopposedtheAustro-Hungarian,RussianandOttomanEmpires,
seekingtheestablishmentofnation-statessuchasGermanyandItalyintheirplaceandbelieving
thatnationalselfdeterminationwouldusherinaperiodofinternationalpeace.Thiscanbelinked
totheviewthatnationalismisaliberatingandprogressiveforce.
2.PopularSovereignty-ThePeoplesWill-Nationsareindividualsovereignentitiesandthus
entitledtomaximumliberty.Thenationwasameansforensuringpopularsovereigntyexpressing
the'generalwill'ofindividualsandshouldthereforebeasfreeaspossibletoitself.JSMill:The
boundariesofgovernmentshouldcoincideinthemainwiththoseofnationality.
3.Selfdetermination-Thenation-stateisasovereignpoliticalassociationwithinwhichcitizenship
andnationalityoverlap.Thenationstateembodiesthegoalofpoliticalfreedomgivingexpression
totheprincipleofnationalselfdetermination,democracyandselfgovernmentanthereforeonly
operatewithinanation-state.
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Give the three main features of Liberal Nationalism
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1.OppositiontoEmpire-Mazzini-HisideaswereperhapsbestexpressedbyGiuseppeMazzini
anItaliannationalistwhoproposednationalismbebasedonLiberalRepublicanismandself
government.
2.PopularSovereigntyandthePeoplesWill-JeanJacqueRousseau-TheGeneralWillisa
conceptusedduringtheFrenchRevolutiontrefertotherightofpeopletoselfgovern,however
hasbeenregardedasparadoxicalasitsubjectspeopletothe'tyrannyofthemajority'.
3.Selfdetermination-WoodrowWilson14Points-Wilson'sideaswereclearlybasedontheLiberal
nationalistbeliefinuniversalnationalselfdetermination.Itwasconcernedwithguaranteeingthe
rightsofsmallnations.
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Give three examples of the main features ofLiberalism
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1.BasedonConservativebeliefsofhumannature,traditionandneedforsocialstability-Inthe
19thcenturyConservatiesbecameincreasinglysympathetictowardsnationalism,seeingitasa
wayofmaintainingsocialorderandtradition.TheprinciplegoalofConservativenationalismwasto
maintainnationalunitybyfosteringpatriotism.Conservativesarenotconcernedwiththeprinciple
ofnationalselfdeterminationbutinpatriotismasaformortoolofsocialcohesion.
Theorist:ThomasHobbes
Hobbesaccountofhumannatureasselfinterestedcooperationhasprovedtobeanenduring
theoryinthefieldofphilosophicalanthropology.Regardedasoneofthefoundersofmaterialism.
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What is the basis of Conservative Nationalism +theorist?
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1.Organicism-Thenationisanorganiccommunitymorethanthesumofindividualarts.
Humankindinotherwordsisdividedintonationseachpossessingadistinctivecharacterand
separateidentity.Thisiswhyahigherloyaltyattachestothenation.Hegelarguedthattheorganic
societyisanexpressionofuniversalwill.Eg:Volkgeist-peopleboundbyasenseofbeingone.
2.Maintainingunity,authorityandsocialstability-Patriotismandnationalismgiveasenseof
identityandbeloningandhelpsmaintainauthorityandsocialorder.Itpreventssocialconflictby
bindingirrationaldependentindividualstogetherwithasharedsetofvalues,whilsttranscending
thenaturalrightsoftheindividual.
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Give two features of Conservative Nationalism
ORG
U, A, SS
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1.MaintainingHomogeneityinsociety-Conservativesfeelthreatenedbypluralismanddiversity
asitthreatensthecohesionofsociettyandriskssocialconflict.Strongnationalismpreservesa
commonculturewhichwillpreservethesocialorderandunifysociety.Traditionalinstitutionslike
themonarchyaresymbolsofnationalpridecommemoratingthepast.
2.Defensive(Protectingthenationfromaperceivedthreat)-Holdabeliefinaspecialnationality
whichisbeingerodedbyanother.Theyclearlyhaveastrongbeliefinselfdeterminationanda
greaterbeliefinindividualsovereigntyoverpoliticalcorrectness.Thishasbeenappliedtotheissue
ofEurope,whereConservativesargueBritishSovereigntyisbeingeroded.
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Give a further two key features of ConservativeNationalism
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1.Organicism(Nationisanorganicspiritualcommunity)-Herder-Theworldisdividedintonational
cultures,eachoneofwhichformedanorganicandspiritualwhole.
2.Maintainingunity,authorityandsocialstability-Disraeli-Appealedtothenationalistinstincts
ofthepeoplebyappealingtotheideaofonenationtopreventsocialdisorder.
3.Maintaininghomogeneityinsociety-EnochPowell-AntimulticulturalismwithinConservatism
intheUK.EnochPowell'sRiverofBloodspeechhighlightingdangersofimmigration.
4.Defensive(Protectingthenationfromaperceivedthreat)-UKIParguesthattheEUerodesour
independenceanddictatespoliciestheBritishwouldnevervoteforinanelection.
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Give four examples of the main features ofConservative Nationalism
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BasedonviewofIntegralNationalism-AtermcoinedbytheFrenchRightWingNationalistCharles
Maurrasreferringtoafeelingofintense,evenhystericalnationalistenthusiasminwhichthenation
isallimportantandtheindividualunimportant.Peopleloseidentity.
Theorist:CharlesMaurras-19thCenturyImperialism,nationalprestigelinkedtothepossession
ofanempire,eachvictoryappreciatedbythepublic.
Chauvanism-Abeliefthatsomenationspossesscharacteristicsorqualitiesthatmakethem
superiorthanothersandtheythereforeshouldbedominant.Thisisoftenexpressedasracialism,
abeliefthatracialdivisionsareimportanteitherbecauseracesshouldliveapart,orbecausesome
racesaresuperiortootherspossessingdifferentqualities.
Example:BritishEmpire-Britaintookpartin'thescrambleforAfricaandAsia'alongsideFrance,
Germany,BelgiumandHolland.
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Explain what Chauvanistic Nationalism is based onand what it is + 1 theorist and example
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1.Expansionism-Extremenationalismoftenresultsinmilitarismandexpansionism.Militarism-
theachievementofendsbymilitarymeansoreventheextensionofmilitaryideas,valuesand
practicestothewholeofsociety.
2.Racialism-Oftenfuelledbynegativeintegration,theportrayalofanothernationorraceasa
threatorenemy.Inthefaceoftheenemythenationpullstogetherandthesenseoftheidentity
andimportanceisincreased.Breedsacleardistinctionbetweenthemandus.
3.NationGloryRebirth-Individualsandgroupslosetheiridentityandsubmergetotallywithinthe
allpowerfulnation.Theindividualasaseparate,rationalbeingissweptawayonatideofpatriotic
emotion,expressedinthedesireforaggression,expansionandwar.Individualsareexpectedto
beloyal.
4.Security-Thisformofnationalismappealstotheisolated,powerless,andemotionallyinsecure,
particularlyattimesofcrisis.Itofferssecurity,selfrespectandpridetopeoplewhowouldotherwisenotfeeltheseemotions.
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Give the four main features of chauvinisticnationalism
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1.Expansionism-NazitheoryofLebensraum-Hitlerbasedhisnationalismonraciallydefined
'German'or'Aryan'space.
2.Racialism-NaziRacialTheory-TheNazi'sappliedSocialDarwinismtotheinterminglingof
races.Theirlineofreasoningwasthatinterracialbreedingcauseddegeneration.
3.Nationglory/rebirth-Mussolini'sNewRomanEmpire-TheItalianColonialEmpirewascreated
aftertheKingdomofItalyjoinedotherEuropeanpowers.
4.Security-Nazi-Jewishthreat-TheNazi'sadoptedtepanGermanexpansionismjustifyingiton
thebasisofbiologicalsuperiorityoftheGermanicorAryanrace.
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Give four examples of the main features ofChauvanistic nationalism
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BasedoftenonSocialist/Marxistviewsofclassstruggle,equalityandfraternity-Theemergence
ofNeo-ColonialismaroseasareactiontothedominanceofWesterncultureandideas,particularly
thedominanceofUScultureandeconomicpowerinmostofthedevelopingworld.USImperialism
hasnotusuallyinvolvedovertpoliticalcolonisationbutitseconomicandculturalpowerhas
incredibleinfluence.
Theorist:Lenin-Imperialism-thehigheststageofcapitalism-Imperialismisaneconomic
phenomenon,aquestforcapitalistcountriestopursueprofit,cheaplabourandrawmaterials.The
classstrugglebecamecolonial.
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Provide the basis for Anti-Colonial Nationalism and atheorist