participles latin ii chapter v definition a participle is that form of the verb which is used like...

ParticiplesParticiples

Latin II

Chapter V

DefinitionDefinition

A participle is that form of the verb which is used like an adjective.

Since it is a verb, it has tense and voice. It can take a direct object, an indirect object, etc.

Since it is an adjective, it has case, number, and gender, and it will modify a noun.

FormationFormation

Present

Perfect

Future

Present active participles are declined like third declension adjectives,while perfect passive, future active and passive participles are

declined like first/second declension adjectives.

2nd pp - re + ns, ntis

“x-ing”

4th pp

“having been x-ed”

4th pp - us +urus, a, um“about to x”

2nd pp - re + ndus, a, um“must be x-ed”

Third -io and Fourth Conjugation VerbsThird -io and Fourth Conjugation Verbs

Be careful when forming the present active and future passive participles for 3rd -io and 4th conjugation verbs:

drop the entire infinitive ending (ire/ere)add -ie-then add the -ns, -ntis or -ndus, a, um

Present Active ParticiplePresent Active Participle

2nd pp - re + ns, ntisservo, servare drop the “re”, add -ns, -ntis

servans servantes

servantis servantum

servanti servantibus

servantem servantes

servante servantibus

Recall that for the third declension, you must go to the genitive to get the stem.

These are the endings for the masculine and feminine forms of the adjective.For the neuter forms, use the third declension neuter endings.

Present Active ParticiplePresent Active Participle

2nd pp - re + ns, ntisservo, servare drop the “re”, add -ns, -ntis

servans servantia

servantis servantium

servanti servantibus

servants servantia

servante servantibus

Recall that for the third declension, you must go to the genitive to get the stem.

These are the endings for the neuter forms of the adjective.

Perfect Passive ParticiplePerfect Passive Participle

4th ppservo, servare, servavi, servatusservatus, a, um servati, ae, a

servati, ae, i servatorum, arum, orum

servato, ae, o servatis, is, is

servatum , am, um servatos, as, a

servato, a, o servatis, is, is

“having been saved”

Future Active ParticipleFuture Active Participle

4th pp - us + urus, a, umservo, servare, servavi, servatusservaturus, a, um servaturi, ae, a

servaturi, ae, i servaturorum, arum, orum

servaturo, ae, o servaturis, is, is

servaturum, am, um servaturos, as, a

servaturo, a, o servaturis, is, is

“about to save” Declined like a 1st/2nddeclension adjective

Future Passive ParticipleFuture Passive Participle

2nd pp - re + ndus, a, umservo, servare, servavi, servatusservandus, a, um servandi, ae, a

servandi, ae, i servandorum, arum, orum

servando, ae, o servandis, is, is

servandum, am, um servandos, as, a

servando, a, o servandis, is, is

“must be saved”

Declined like a 1st/2nd declension adjective

indicate the time of the action in relation to the adjoining verb– present participle indicates the action is going on

at the same time as the verb– future participle indicates the action will happen

after the verb– perfect participle indicates that the action

happened before the verb

Sitting on the couch, the boy eats.Sedens in lecto, puer edit.

The boy is sitting on the couch at the same time that he is eating.

Just like any other adjective, it describes a noun

slaughtered ambassadorslegati necati

violati hospites violated guests

Practice declining and translating…..Practice declining and translating…..

2nd pp - re + ns, ntis*

* Remember that for 3rd-io and 4th conjugation verbs, you must drop the entire

infinitive ending, then add -ie- before adding the adjective endings

Munio, munire, munivi, munitus

muniens munientesmunientis munientum

munienti munientibus

munientem munientes

muniente munientibus

“building, fortifying”


4th pp


munitus, a, um muniti, ae, amuniti, ae, i munitorum, arum, orum

munito, ae, o munitis, is, is

munitum, am, um munitos, as, a

munito, a, o munitis, is, is

“having been built, having been fortified”


4th pp - us + urus


muniturus, a, um munituri, ae, amunituri, ae, i muniturorum, arum, orum

munituro, ae, o munituris, is, is

muniturum, am, um munituros, as, a

munituro, a, o munituris, is, is

“about to build, about to fortify”

More on Future Active Participles…..More on Future Active Participles…..

Sometimes they are best translated as relative (dependent) clauses…….

Hannibal proelium cum Romanis commissurus de montesin Italiam venit.

Hannibal, about to begin battle, …..

Hannibal, who was going to begin battle, …..


2nd pp - re + ndus*


muniendus, a, um muniendi, ae, amuniendi, ae, i muniendorum, arum, orum

muniendo, ae, o muniendis, is, is

muniendum, am, um muniendos, as, a

muniendo, a, o muniendis, is, is

“must be built, must be fortified”

* again, remember that with 3rd-io and 4th conjugation verbs,you need to drop the entire infinitive ending, add -ie-, then addthe adjective ending

1. Another name for the fourth principal part of a verb is the ___________________, and it functions as a(n)___________________.

2. Participles can/cannot function by themselves as the main verb of a sentence.

3. A participle can modify what part of speech?

4. Translate the following sentence: Vir ducens animalia Hannibal est.

What is/are the object(s) of ducens?

perfect passive participleadjective

CANNOT

a noun or pronoun

The man leading the animals is Hannibal.

Animalia is not the object of est!!!It is the object of ducens!

Practice SentencesPractice Sentences

Senex, multas iniurias passus, auxilium petivit.

Ab amicis incitatus, certavit.

Anulum inventum ad dominum tulimus.

The old man, having suffered many injuries, sought help.

Encouraged by his friends, he competed.

When the ring had been found, we took it to the master.(We took the ring having been found to the master.)

ANY ANY QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?

participles latin ii chapter v definition a participle is that form of the verb which is used like...

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