part i - from wolf to woof - mrscienceut.netmrscienceut.net/dogsadaptingtotheworld.pdfwhich...

Name _____________________________________________________________

Adapting to the World (modified from a lesson found at DiscoverySchool.com)

Dogs evolved from wolves. What were some reasons that humans domesticated wolves? This assignment will answer some of those questions.

Part I - From Wolf to Woof (a lesson found at NationalGeographic.com) Wolves and Dogs: Fact and Fiction Think you know where dogs came from? How much they have in common with their ancestors? Or what they're really trying to tell you when they bark? Take this quiz and find out.

1. Dogs are descended mostly from wolves, jackals, and coyotes. True | False 2. The dog was the first animal to be domesticated by humans. True | False 3. The dog was first domesticated in the early 1500s. True | False 4. There are about 40 species in the dog family, Canidae. True | False 5. About 80 breeds of domesticated dogs exist today. True | False 6. An adult dog and wolf of the same weight will have different-sized heads.

True | False 7. Dogs and wolves bark for some of the same reasons. True | False 8. Dogs and wolves rely equally on visual communication. True | False 9. Wolf hybrids must be licensed and vaccinated for rabies. True | False 10. You can't teach an old dog new tricks. True | False

Read the Wolves and Dogs: Fact and Fiction Fact Sheet. Review your answers. Explain why the question is true or false. DO NOT COPY THE ANSWER WORD-FOR-WORD. PUT IT IN YOUR OWN WORDS. 1. ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

2. ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 6. ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7. ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8. ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ 9. ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 10. _______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

Based on what you have learned, answer the following questions. What is the relationship between dogs and wolves? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

Approximately how long ago were dogs domesticated? __________________________________________________________________ Quiz question number five states that there are many dog breeds "because dogs have undergone a number of changes due to natural selectionand have also changed drastically through artificial selection for hair color, size, and temperament." What does this mean? What is the difference between natural and artificial selection? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

The article proposes two scenarios that explain how dogs were domesticated.

Scenario 1: "Humans adopted wolf pups and natural selection favored those less aggressive and better at begging for food."

Scenario 2: "Dogs domesticated themselves by adapting to a new nichehuman refuse dumps. Scavenging canids that were less likely to flee from people survived in this niche, and succeeding generations became increasingly tame."

Which scenario do you think is more likely and why? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

Using your Dog Breed Fact Book, look up the following dog breeds. Identify on the map where each breed originated; complete the questions that follow.

1. Alaskan Malamute

List the dogs duties (What did/do people use them for?) _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

List characteristics that helped these breeds succeed in their geographical locations and in their duties. _____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

2. Labrador Retriever


List characteristics that helped these breeds succeed in their geographical locations and in their duties. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

3. Lhasa Apso


list characteristics that helped these breeds succeed in their geographical locations and in their duties. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

4. Newfoundland



5. Otterhound



6. Rhodesian Ridgeback



7. Saluki



8. St. Bernard



9. Yorkshire Terrier



Wolves and Dogs: Fact and Fiction Fact Sheet

1. Dogs are descended mostly from wolves, jackals, and coyotes. Yep. It's false. Dogs were long believed to have descended from several species, including the wolf and jackal. Recent scientific analysis of dogs, however, has upheld the more current theory that the dog's primary ancestor is, indeed, the wolf, Canis lupus. 2. The dog was the first animal to be domesticated by humans. Yep. True. According to archaeological records, the dog was the first animal to be domesticated (from a wolf), sometime around the end of the Ice Age. 3. The dog was first domesticated in the early 1500s. That's right. False. To date, the first domesticated dog was found at a German site dated 14,000 B.C. Dogs were thought to work cooperatively with humans to locate and announce the position of prey wounded by hunters' primitive arrows. A recent study in the journal Science, howeverwhich looked at mitochondrial DNA from dogs, wolves, coyotes, and jackalsconcluded that wolves and dogs may have genetically diverged much earlier, as long as 135,000 years ago. 4. There are about 40 species in the dog family, Canidae. Correct. There are 38 species in the dog family, Canidae, of which dogs and wolves only comprise a small percentage. Jackals, foxes, and zorros make up the majority. There is only one species of fully domesticated dog, Canis familiaris. 5. About 80 breeds of domesticated dogs exist today. You bet. Because dogs have undergone a number of changes due to natural selectionand have also changed drastically through artificial selection for hair color, size, and temperamentthere are about 200 to 400 breeds worldwide. The American Kennel Club recognizes 140 breeds, defining a breed as a "relatively homogeneous group of animals within a species, developed and maintained by man." 6. An adult dog and wolf of the same weight will have different-sized heads. Yes. A dog of the same weight as a wolf will have a head that is 20 percent smaller. This is a result of several factors that occurred during domestication of the animal. Dog heads vary from wolf heads in several other ways as wellthey feature smaller teeth, more rounded and forward-looking eyes, and a more curved lower jaw.

7. Dogs and wolves bark for some of the same reasons. Definitely. Dogs and wolves share barks that indicate alarm and intruders. Yet dogs also seem to bark at times for no readily identifiable reasonresearchers don't know whether these barks are for communication or are for some other unknown reason. 8. Dogs and wolves rely equally on visual communication. Yep. While visual communicationsuch as the position of ears, tail, and lipsis important among wolves it is believed to be less relied on by dogs. Selective breeding among dogs has produced species with drooping ears, lobbed tails, and long coats that are less effective in performing traditional dominant-submissive wolf and dog behaviors; examples include ears up or pinned back, tail straight behind or tucked between legs, or raised or lowered hackles. Domestic dogs are thought to rely more on olfactory senses. 9. Wolf hybrids must be licensed and vaccinated for rabies. You bet. But while a wolf hybrid is considered a dog, and therefore must be licensed and vaccinated, there is currently no USDA-approved vaccine for these animals. Many wolf hybrids are vaccinated with the dog vaccine, but because of the lack of a federal approval for this serum, a wolf hybrid may be treated differently from a dog if it bites a human. 10. You can't teach an old dog new tricks. Yep. You can, but stick with teaching a younger oneit's usually easier. And stay away from trying to teach wolves any tricksthey are wild animals and can be very unpredictable.

Read a portion of National Geographic Magazine's Wolf to Woof: The Evolution of Dogs, which describes these possible scenarios by which dogs became domesticated:

By Karen E. Lange Photographs by Robert Clark

After wild dogs learned not to bite the hand that

fed them, French poodles werent far behind.

About 12,000 years ago hunter-gatherers in what is now Israel placed a body in a grave

with its hand cradling a pup. Whether it was a dog or a wolf cant be known. Either way, the burial is among the earliest fossil evidence of the dogs domestication. Scientists know the process was under way by about 14,000 years ago but do not agree on why. Some argue that humans adopted wolf pups and that natural selection favored those less aggressive and better at begging for food. Others say dogs domesticated themselves by adapting to a new nichehuman refuse dumps. Scavenging canids that were less likely to flee from people survived in this niche, and succeeding generations became increasingly tame. According to biologist Raymond Coppinger: All that was selected for was that one traitthe ability to eat in proximity to people.

At the molecular level not much changed at all: The DNA makeup of wolves and dogs is almost identical. The dog evolved in the company of humans and cannot exist without them. Even the vast majority living wild as village scavengers depend on proximity to humans. That relationship has become so intimate that dogs are often viewed as creatures apart, writes biologist James Serpell. The domestic dog exists precariously in the no-mans-land between the human and nonhuman . . . neither person nor beast. The ancients saw dogs as messengers between the living and the dead.

Information on AKC Alaskan Malamute Puppies

The largest and oldest of the Arctic sled dogs, the AlaskanMalamute possesses great strength and endurance. He is not designed to race, but rather tocarry large loads over long distances. Today, many Malamutes are family pets, but are highlyathletic and still capable of enjoying sledding, weight-pulling, back-packing, jogging andswimming with their owners. The Malamute coat is thick and coarse, with a plumed tailcarried over the back. The coat usually ranges in color from light gray to black or from sableto red. Face markings, including a cap on the head and a bar/mask on the face are oftendistinguishing features.

A Look BackAn American breed, the Alaskan Malamute was named after the native Innuit tribe calledMahlemuts, who settled in Alaska. They have always been used as sled dogs for heavyfreighting in the Arctic. The breed is cousin to the other Arctic breeds: the Samoyed, theSiberian Husky and the American Eskimo dog.

Right Breed for You?Majestic and dignified, the Alaskan Malamute is an affectionate and friendly family dog. Heis highly intelligent and learns quickly, but can also be strong-willed, so training should startearly. As an athletic breed, daily exercise is a necessity. The Malamutes coat requiresregular brushing and occasional bathing.

If you are considering purchasing an Alaskan Malamute puppy, learn more here.

Working Group; AKC recognized in 1935.Ideal size: Males 25 inches tall at the shoulder and 85 pounds; Females 23 inchestall at the shoulder and 75 pounds.Freighting.

The American Kennel Club, Inc.

General AppearanceThe Alaskan Malamute, one of the oldest Arctic sled dogs, is a powerful and substantiallybuilt dog with a deep chest and strong, well-muscled body. The Malamute stands well overthe pads, and this stance gives the appearance of much activity and a proud carriage, with

American Kennel Club - Alaskan Malamute http://www.akc.org/breeds/alaskan_malamute/

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head erect and eyes alert showing interest and curiosity. The head is broad. Ears aretriangular and erect when alerted. The muzzle is bulky, only slight diminishing in width fromroot to nose. The muzzle is not pointed or long, yet not stubby. The coat is thick with a coarseguard coat of sufficient length to protect a woolly undercoat. Malamutes are of variouscolors. Face markings are a distinguishing feature. These consist of a cap over the head, theface either all white or marked with a bar and/or mask. The tail is well furred, carried overthe back, and has the appearance of a waving plume.

The Malamute must be a heavy boned dog with sound legs, good feet, deep chest andpowerful shoulders, and have all of the other physical attributes necessary for the efficientperformance of his job. The gait must be steady, balanced, tireless and totally efficient. He isnot intended as a racing sled dog designed to compete in speed trials. The Malamute isstructured for strength and endurance, and any characteristic of the individual specimen,including temperament, which interferes with the accomplishment of this purpose, is to beconsidered the most serious of faults.

Size, Proportion, SubstanceThere is a natural range in size in the breed. The desirable freighting sizes are males, 25inches at the shoulders, 85 pounds; females, 23 inches at the shoulders, 75 pounds. However,size consideration should not outweigh that of type, proportion, movement and otherfunctional attributes. When dogs are judged equal in type, proportion, movement, the dognearest the desirable freighting size is to be preferred. The depth of chest is approximatelyone half the height of the dog at the shoulders, the deepest point being just behind theforelegs. The length of the body from point of shoulder to the rear point of pelvis is longerthan the height of the body from ground to top of the withers. The body carries no excessweight, and bone is in proportion to size.

HeadThe head is broad and deep, not coarse or clumsy, but in proportion to the size of the dog.The expression is soft and indicates an affectionate disposition. The eyes are obliquely placedin the skull. Eyes are brown, almond shaped and of medium size. Dark eyes are preferred.Blue Eyes are a Disqualifying Fault. The ears are of medium size, but small in proportion tothe head. The ears are triangular in shape and slightly rounded at the tips. They are set wideapart on the outside back edges of the skull on line with the upper corner of the eye, givingears the appearance, when erect, of standing off from the skull. Erect ears point slightlyforward, but when the dog is at work, the ears are sometimes folded against the skull. Highset ears are a fault.

The skull is broad and moderately rounded between the ears, gradually narrowing andflattening on top as it approaches the eyes, rounding off to cheeks that are moderately flat.There is a slight furrow between the eyes. The topline of the skull and the topline of themuzzle show a slight break downward from a straight line as they join. The muzzle is largeand bulky in proportion to the size of the skull, diminishing slightly in width and depth fromjunction with the skull to the nose. In all coat colors, except reds, the nose, lips, and eye rims'pigmentation is black. Brown is permitted in red dogs. The lighter streaked "snow nose" isacceptable. The lips are close fitting. The upper and lower jaws are broad with large teeth.The incisors meet with a scissors grip. Overshot or undershot is a fault.

Neck, Topline, BodyThe neck is strong and moderately arched. The chest is well developed. The body iscompactly built but not short coupled. The back is straight and gently sloping to the hips. Theloins are hard and well muscled. A long loin that may weaken the back is a fault. The tail ismoderately set and follows the line of the spine at the base. The tail is carried over the backwhen not working. It is not a snap tail or curled tight against the back, nor is it short furredlike a fox brush. The Malamute tail is well furred and has the appearance of a waving plume.


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ForequartersThe shoulders are moderately sloping; forelegs heavily boned and muscled, straight to thepasterns when viewed from the front. Pasterns are short and strong and slightly sloping whenviewed from the side. The feet are of the snowshoe type, tight and deep, with well-cushionedpads, giving a firm, compact appearance. The feet are large, toes tight fitting and well arched.There is a protective growth of hair between the toes. The pads are thick and tough; toenailsshort and strong.

HindquartersThe rear legs are broad and heavily muscled through the thighs; stifles moderately bent; hockjoints are moderately bent and well let down. When viewed from the rear, the legs stand andmove true in line with the movement of the front legs, not too close or too wide. Dewclawson the rear legs are undesirable and should be removed shortly after puppies are whelped.

CoatThe Malamute has a thick, coarse guard coat, never long and soft. The undercoat is dense,from one to two inches in depth, oily and woolly. The coarse guard coat varies in length asdoes the undercoat. The coat is relatively short to medium along the sides of the body, withthe length of the coat increasing around the shoulders and neck, down the back, over therump, and in the breeching and plume. Malamutes usually have a shorter and less dense coatduring the summer months. The Malamute is shown naturally. Trimming is not acceptableexcept to provide a clean cut appearance of feet.

ColorThe usual colors range from light gray through intermediate shadings to black, sable, andshadings of sable to red. Color combinations are acceptable in undercoats, points, andtrimmings. The only solid color allowable is all white. White is always the predominant coloron underbody, parts of legs, feet, and part of face markings. A white blaze on the foreheadand/or collar or a spot on the nape is attractive and acceptable. The Malamute is mantled,and broken colors extending over the body or uneven splashing are undesirable.

GaitThe gait of the Malamute is steady, balanced, and powerful. He is agile for his size and build.When viewed from the side, the hindquarters exhibit strong rear drive that is transmittedthrough a well-muscled loin to the forequarters. The forequarters receive the drive from therear with a smooth reaching stride. When viewed from the front or from the rear, the legsmove true in line, not too close or too wide. At a fast trot, the feet will converge toward thecenterline of the body. A stilted gait, or any gait that is not completely efficient and tireless,is to be penalized.

TemperamentThe Alaskan Malamute is an affectionate, friendly dog, not a "one man" dog. He is a loyal,devoted companion, playful in invitation, but generally impressive by his dignity aftermaturity.

SummaryIMPORTANT: In judging Malamutes, their function as a sledge dog for heavy freighting inthe Arctic must be given consideration above all else. The degree to which a dog is penalizedshould depend upon the extent to which the dog deviates from the description of the idealMalamute and the extent to which the particular fault would actually affect the workingability of the dog. The legs of the Malamute must indicate unusual strength and tremendouspropelling power. Any indication of unsoundness in legs and feet, front or rear, standing ormoving, is to be considered a serious fault. Faults under this provision would be splay-footedness, cowhocks, bad pasterns, straight shoulders, lack of angulation, stilted gait (or anygait that isn't balanced, strong and steady), ranginess, shallowness, ponderousness, lightnessof bone, and poor overall proportion.


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Information on AKC Labrador Retriever Puppies

The gentle, intelligent and family-friendly Labrador Retrieverfrom Canada continues to be the most popular breed in theUnited States, according to AKC registration statistics. This versatile hunting breed comesin three colors yellow, black and chocolate and because of his aptitude to please hismaster they excel as guide dogs for the blind, as part of search-and-rescue teams or innarcotics detection with law enforcement.

A Look BackLabrador Retrievers, originally from Newfoundland, were initially used in work alongsidefisherman, helping to pull in nets and catch fish that escaped from fishing lines. After beingcrossed with Setters, Spaniels and other Retrievers, the Labrador Retriever honed its skills asa true retriever. From this point in the breeds history, "Labs," as they are affectionatelycalled, were bred primarily to perform as an efficient retriever of game, with a stabletemperament suitable for a variety of activities beyond hunting.

Right Breed for You?An ideal sporting and family dog, the Labrador Retriever thrives as part of an active familyor as a trusted hunting companion. A double-coated breed which sheds seasonally, regulargrooming keeps his coat at its water-resistant best. Because of his even temperament andtrainability millions of Americans own a Labrador Retriever as a pet.

If you are considering purchasing a Labrador Retriever puppy, learn more here.

Sporting Group; AKC recognized in 1917.Average size: from 55 to 75 poundsOutgoing and devoted companions; Water dog


General AppearanceThe Labrador Retriever is a strongly built, medium-sized, short-coupled, dog possessing asound, athletic, well-balanced conformation that enables it to function as a retrieving gundog; the substance and soundness to hunt waterfowl or upland game for long hours underdifficult conditions; the character and quality to win in the show ring; and the temperament

American Kennel Club - Labrador Retriever http://www.akc.org/breeds/labrador_retriever/

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to be a family companion. Physical features and mental characteristics should denote a dogbred to perform as an efficient Retriever of game with a stable temperament suitable for avariety of pursuits beyond the hunting environment.

The most distinguishing characteristics of the Labrador Retriever are its short, dense, weatherresistant coat; an "otter" tail; a clean-cut head with broad back skull and moderate stop;powerful jaws; and its "kind," friendly eyes, expressing character, intelligence and goodtemperament.

Above all, a Labrador Retriever must be well balanced, enabling it to move in the show ringor work in the field with little or no effort. The typical Labrador possesses style and qualitywithout over refinement, and substance without lumber or cloddiness. The Labrador is bredprimarily as a working gun dog; structure and soundness are of great importance.

Size, Proportion and SubstanceSize--The height at the withers for a dog is 22 to 24 inches; for a bitch is 21 to 23inches. Any variance greater than inch above or below these heights is a disqualification.Approximate weight of dogs and bitches in working condition: dogs 65 to 80 pounds; bitches55 to 70 pounds.

The minimum height ranges set forth in the paragraph above shall not apply to dogs orbitches under twelve months of age.

Proportion--Short-coupled; length from the point of the shoulder to the point of the rump isequal to or slightly longer than the distance from the withers to the ground. Distance from theelbow to the ground should be equal to one half of the height at the withers. The brisketshould extend to the elbows, but not perceptibly deeper. The body must be of sufficientlength to permit a straight, free and efficient stride; but the dog should never appear low andlong or tall and leggy in outline. Substance--Substance and bone proportionate to the overalldog. Light, "weedy" individuals are definitely incorrect; equally objectionable are cloddylumbering specimens. Labrador Retrievers shall be shown in working condition well-muscledand without excess fat.

HeadSkull--The skull should be wide; well developed but without exaggeration. The skull andforeface should be on parallel planes and of approximately equal length. There should be amoderate stop--the brow slightly pronounced so that the skull is not absolutely in a straightline with the nose. The brow ridges aid in defining the stop. The head should be clean-cut andfree from fleshy cheeks; the bony structure of the skull chiseled beneath the eye with noprominence in the cheek. The skull may show some median line; the occipital bone is notconspicuous in mature dogs. Lips should not be squared off or pendulous, but fall away in acurve toward the throat. A wedge-shape head, or a head long and narrow in muzzle and backskull is incorrect as are massive, cheeky heads. The jaws are powerful and free fromsnippiness-- the muzzle neither long and narrow nor short and stubby. Nose-- The noseshould be wide and the nostrils well-developed. The nose should be black on black or yellowdogs, and brown on chocolates. Nose color fading to a lighter shade is not a fault. Athoroughly pink nose or one lacking in any pigment is a disqualification. Teeth--The teethshould be strong and regular with a scissors bite; the lower teeth just behind, but touching theinner side of the upper incisors. A level bite is acceptable, but not desirable. Undershot,overshot, or misaligned teeth are serious faults. Full dentition is preferred. Missing molars orpre-molars are serious faults. Ears--The ears should hang moderately close to the head, setrather far back, and somewhat low on the skull; slightly above eye level. Ears should not belarge and heavy, but in proportion with the skull and reach to the inside of the eye whenpulled forward. Eyes--Kind, friendly eyes imparting good temperament, intelligence andalertness are a hallmark of the breed. They should be of medium size, set well apart, andneither protruding nor deep set. Eye color should be brown in black and yellow Labradors,


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and brown or hazel in chocolates. Black, or yellow eyes give a harsh expression and areundesirable. Small eyes, set close together or round prominent eyes are not typical of thebreed. Eye rims are black in black and yellow Labradors; and brown in chocolates. Eye rimswithout pigmentation is a disqualification.

Neck, Topline and BodyNeck--The neck should be of proper length to allow the dog to retrieve game easily. It shouldbe muscular and free from throatiness. The neck should rise strongly from the shoulders witha moderate arch. A short, thick neck or a "ewe" neck is incorrect. Topline--The back isstrong and the topline is level from the withers to the croup when standing or moving.However, the loin should show evidence of flexibility for athletic endeavor. Body--TheLabrador should be short-coupled, with good spring of ribs tapering to a moderately widechest. The Labrador should not be narrow chested; giving the appearance of hollownessbetween the front legs, nor should it have a wide spreading, bulldog-like front. Correct chestconformation will result in tapering between the front legs that allows unrestricted forelimbmovement. Chest breadth that is either too wide or too narrow for efficient movement andstamina is incorrect. Slab-sided individuals are not typical of the breed; equally objectionableare rotund or barrel chested specimens. The underline is almost straight, with little or notuck-up in mature animals. Loins should be short, wide and strong; extending to welldeveloped, powerful hindquarters. When viewed from the side, the Labrador Retriever showsa well-developed, but not exaggerated forechest. Tail--The tail is a distinguishing feature ofthe breed. It should be very thick at the base, gradually tapering toward the tip, of mediumlength, and extending no longer than to the hock. The tail should be free from feathering andclothed thickly all around with the Labradors short, dense coat, thus having that peculiarrounded appearance that has been described as the "otter" tail. The tail should follow thetopline in repose or when in motion. It may be carried gaily, but should not curl over theback. Extremely short tails or long thin tails are serious faults. The tail completes the balanceof the Labrador by giving it a flowing line from the top of the head to the tip of the tail.Docking or otherwise altering the length or natural carriage of the tail is a disqualification.

ForequartersForequarters should be muscular, well coordinated and balanced with the hindquarters.Shoulders--The shoulders are well laid-back, long and sloping, forming an angle with theupper arm of approximately 90 degrees that permits the dog to move his forelegs in an easymanner with strong forward reach. Ideally, the length of the shoulder blade should equal thelength of the upper arm. Straight shoulder blades, short upper arms or heavily muscled orloaded shoulders, all restricting free movement, are incorrect. Front Legs--When viewedfrom the front, the legs should be straight with good strong bone. Too much bone is asundesirable as too little bone, and short legged, heavy boned individuals are not typical of thebreed. Viewed from the side, the elbows should be directly under the withers, and the frontlegs should be perpendicular to the ground and well under the body. The elbows should beclose to the ribs without looseness. Tied-in elbows or being "out at the elbows" interfere withfree movement and are serious faults. Pasterns should be strong and short and should slopeslightly from the perpendicular line of the leg. Feet are strong and compact, with well-archedtoes and well-developed pads. Dew claws may be removed. Splayed feet, hare feet,knuckling over, or feet turning in or out are serious faults.

HindquartersThe Labradors hindquarters are broad, muscular and well-developed from the hip to thehock with well-turned stifles and strong short hocks. Viewed from the rear, the hind legs arestraight and parallel. Viewed from the side, the angulation of the rear legs is in balance withthe front. The hind legs are strongly boned, muscled with moderate angulation at the stifle,and powerful, clearly defined thighs. The stifle is strong and there is no slippage of thepatellae while in motion or when standing. The hock joints are strong, well let down and donot slip or hyper-extend while in motion or when standing. Angulation of both stifle and hock


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joint is such as to achieve the optimal balance of drive and traction. When standing the reartoes are only slightly behind the point of the rump. Over angulation produces a slopingtopline not typical of the breed. Feet are strong and compact, with well-arched toes andwell-developed pads. Cow-hocks, spread hocks, sickle hocks and over-angulation are seriousstructural defects and are to be faulted.

CoatThe coat is a distinctive feature of the Labrador Retriever. It should be short, straight andvery dense, giving a fairly hard feeling to the hand. The Labrador should have a soft,weather-resistant undercoat that provides protection from water, cold and all types of groundcover. A slight wave down the back is permissible. Woolly coats, soft silky coats, and sparseslick coats are not typical of the breed, and should be severely penalized.

ColorThe Labrador Retriever coat colors are black, yellow and chocolate. Any other color or acombination of colors is a disqualification. A small white spot on the chest is permissible, butnot desirable. White hairs from aging or scarring are not to be misinterpreted as brindling.Black--Blacks are all black. A black with brindle markings or a black with tan markings is adisqualification. Yellow--Yellows may range in color from fox-red to light cream, withvariations in shading on the ears, back, and underparts of the dog. Chocolate--Chocolatescan vary in shade from light to dark chocolate. Chocolate with brindle or tan markings is adisqualification.

MovementMovement of the Labrador Retriever should be free and effortless. When watching a dogmove toward oneself, there should be no sign of elbows out. Rather, the elbows should beheld neatly to the body with the legs not too close together. Moving straight forward withoutpacing or weaving, the legs should form straight lines, with all parts moving in the sameplane. Upon viewing the dog from the rear, one should have the impression that the hind legsmove as nearly as possible in a parallel line with the front legs. The hocks should do their fullshare of the work, flexing well, giving the appearance of power and strength. When viewedfrom the side, the shoulders should move freely and effortlessly, and the foreleg should reachforward close to the ground with extension. A short, choppy movement or high knee actionindicates a straight shoulder; paddling indicates long, weak pasterns; and a short, stilted reargait indicates a straight rear assembly; all are serious faults. Movement faults interfering withperformance including weaving; side-winding; crossing over; high knee action; paddling; andshort, choppy movement, should be severely penalized.

TemperamentTrue Labrador Retriever temperament is as much a hallmark of the breed as the "otter" tail.The ideal disposition is one of a kindly, outgoing, tractable nature; eager to please andnon-aggressive towards man or animal. The Labrador has much that appeals to people; hisgentle ways, intelligence and adaptability make him an ideal dog. Aggressiveness towardshumans or other animals, or any evidence of shyness in an adult should be severelypenalized.

Disqualifications

Any deviation from the height prescribed in the Standard.1.A thoroughly pink nose or one lacking in any pigment.2.Eye rims without pigment.3.Docking or otherwise altering the length or natural carriage of the tail.4.Any other color or a combination of colors other than black, yellow or chocolate asdescribed in the Standard.

5.

Approved February 12, 1994


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Information on AKC Lhasa Apso Puppies

The Lhasa Apso is a small, hardy breed with a beautiful cloakof hair that parts down their back from head to tail. Theirtemperament is unique: joyful and mischievous, dignified and aloof. An independent breed,the Lhasa's goal in life is not necessarily to please their master. Popular in the show ring, thebreed also excels at activities that provide constant challenges, such as agility.

Lhasas come in many colors from light blonde to black. Black tippings on ears and face arealso common.

A Look BackThe Lhasa Apso originated hundreds of years ago in the isolated reaches of the HimalayanMountains. It functioned primarily as a household sentinel, guarding homes of Tibetannobility and Buddhist monasteries, particularly in or near the sacred city of Lhasa. In 1933,C. Suydam Cutting introduced the first Lhasas to the U.S. gifts from the 13th Dalai Lama.

Right Breed for You?Bred as indoor watchdogs for hundreds of years, Lhasas can be suspicious of strangers, soearly socialization is critical. They thrive living with adults or families with older children,and enjoy regular walks. A long-coated breed, they also require frequent grooming. Many petowners enjoy keeping their Lhasa in the shorter "puppy cut."

If you are considering purchasing a Lhasa Apso puppy, learn more here.

Non-Sporting Group; AKC recognized in 1935.Ranging in size from 10 to 11 inches tall at the shoulder and 12 to 18 pounds.Companion; watchdog.


CharacterGay and assertive, but chary of strangers.

SizeVariable, but about 10 inches or 11 inches at shoulder for dogs, bitches slightly smaller.

American Kennel Club - Lhasa Apso http://www.akc.org/breeds/lhasa_apso/

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ColorAll colors equally acceptable with or without dark tips to ears and beard.

Body ShapeThe length from point of shoulders to point of buttocks longer than height at withers, wellribbed up, strong loin, well-developed quarters and thighs.

CoatHeavy, straight, hard, not woolly nor silky, of good length, and very dense.

Mouth and MuzzleThe preferred bite is either level or slightly undershot. Muzzle of medium length; a squaremuzzle is objectionable.

HeadHeavy head furnishings with good fall over eyes, good whiskers and beard; skull narrow,falling away behind the eyes in a marked degree, not quite flat, but not domed or apple-shaped; straight foreface of fair length. Nose black, the length from tip of nose to eye to beroughly about one-third of the total length from nose to back of skull.

EyesDark brown, neither very large and full, nor very small and sunk.

EarsPendant, heavily feathered.

LegsForelegs straight; both forelegs and hind legs heavily furnished with hair.

FeetWell feathered, should be round and catlike, with good pads.

Tail and CarriageWell feathered, should be carried well over back in a screw; there may be a kink at the end.A low carriage of stern is a serious fault.

Approved July 11, 1978

Lhasa Apso LinksColors and Markings | Did You Know? | History | Photos | Puppies | Shop For YourBreed | Video

American Kennel Club - Lhasa Apso http://www.akc.org/breeds/lhasa_apso/

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Information on AKC Newfoundland Puppies

A large dog and a true workhorse, the Newfoundland is amaster at long-distance swimming and has true lifesavinginstincts in the water. He is large and strong, possessing a heavycoat to protect him from icy waters. Equally at home in the water and on land, todaysNewfoundland competes in conformation, obedience, agility, tracking, draft and water tests,and carting. His coat can be black, brown, gray, or white and black.

A Look BackThere are many conflicting stories as to the origin of the Newfoundland some say hedescended from the Great Pyrenees or a "French hound" but nearly all agree that heoriginated in Newfoundland and his ancestors were brought there by fisherman from theEuropean continent. In Newfoundland he was used as a working dog to pull nets for thefishermen and to haul wood from the forest. He also did heavy labor, such as powering theblacksmith's bellows.

Right Breed for You?The Newfoundlands sweet disposition makes him a good fit for families. Although heappears somewhat docile, he is an active dog and will need daily exercise. Regular brushingis important to maintain his plush coat. Newfs are also an intelligent breed and are readilytrained.

If you are considering purchasing a Newfoundland puppy, learn more here.

Working Group; AKC recognized in 1886.Ranging in size from 26 to 28 inches tall at the shoulder and 100 to 150 pounds.Multipurpose dog; water rescue.


General AppearanceThe Newfoundland is a sweet-dispositioned dog that acts neither dull nor ill-tempered. He isa devoted companion. A multipurpose dog, at home on land and in water, the Newfoundlandis capable of draft work and possesses natural lifesaving abilities.

The Newfoundland is a large, heavily coated, well balanced dog that is deep-bodied, heavilyboned, muscular, and strong. A good specimen of the breed has dignity and proud head

American Kennel Club - Newfoundland http://www.akc.org/breeds/newfoundland/

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carriage.

The following description is that of the ideal Newfoundland. Any deviation from this ideal isto be penalized to the extent of the deviation. Structural and movement faults common to allworking dogs are as undesirable in the Newfoundland as in any other breed, even thoughthey are not specifically mentioned herein.

Size, Proportion, SubstanceAverage height for adult dogs is 28 inches, for adult bitches, 26 inches. Approximate weightof adult dogs ranges from 130 to 150 pounds, adult bitches from 100 to 120 pounds. Thedog's appearance is more massive throughout than the bitch's. Large size is desirable, butnever at the expense of balance, structure, and correct gait. The Newfoundland is slightlylonger than tall when measured from the point of shoulder to point of buttocks and fromwithers to ground. He is a dog of considerable substance which is determined by spring of rib,strong muscle, and heavy bone.

HeadThe head is massive, with a broad skull, slightly arched crown, and strongly developedoccipital bone. Cheeks are well developed. Eyes are dark brown. (Browns and Grays mayhave lighter eyes and should be penalized only to the extent that color affects expression.)They are relatively small, deep-set, and spaced wide apart. Eyelids fit closely with noinversion. Ears are relatively small and triangular with rounded tips. They are set on the skulllevel with, or slightly above, the brow and lie close to the head. When the ear is broughtforward, it reaches to the inner corner of the eye on the same side. Expression is soft andreflects the characteristics of the breed: benevolence, intelligence, and dignity. Forehead andface are smooth and free of wrinkles. Slope of the stop is moderate but, because of the welldeveloped brow, it may appear abrupt in profile. The muzzle is clean-cut, broad throughoutits length, and deep. Depth and length are approximately equal, the length from tip of nose tostop being less than that from stop to occiput. The top of the muzzle is rounded, and thebridge, in profile, is straight or only slightly arched. Teeth meet in a scissors or level bite.Dropped lower incisors, in an otherwise normal bite, are not indicative of a skeletalmalocclusion and should be considered only a minor deviation.

Neck, Topline, BodyThe neck is strong and well set on the shoulders and is long enough for proud head carriage.The back is strong, broad, and muscular and is level from just behind the withers to thecroup. The chest is full and deep with the brisket reaching at least down to the elbows. Ribsare well sprung, with the anterior third of the rib cage tapered to allow elbow clearance. Theflank is deep. The croup is broad and slopes slightly. Tail--Tail set follows the natural line ofthe croup. The tail is broad at the base and strong. It has no kinks, and the distal bone reachesto the hock. When the dog is standing relaxed, its tail hangs straight or with a slight curve atthe end. When the dog is in motion or excited, the tail is carried out, but it does not curl overthe back.

ForequartersShoulders are muscular and well laid back. Elbows lie directly below the highest point of thewithers. Forelegs are muscular, heavily boned, straight, and parallel to each other, and theelbows point directly to the rear. The distance from elbow to ground equals about half thedog's height. Pasterns are strong and slightly sloping. Feet are proportionate to the body insize, webbed, and cat foot in type. Dewclaws may be removed.

HindquartersThe rear assembly is powerful, muscular, and heavily boned. Viewed from the rear, the legsare straight and parallel. Viewed from the side, the thighs are broad and fairly long. Stiflesand hocks are well bent and the line from hock to ground is perpendicular. Hocks are well let


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down. Hind feet are similar to the front feet. Dewclaws should be removed.

CoatThe adult Newfoundland has a flat, water-resistant, double coat that tends to fall back intoplace when rubbed against the nap. The outer coat is coarse, moderately long, and full, eitherstraight or with a wave. The undercoat is soft and dense, although it is often less dense duringthe summer months or in warmer climates. Hair on the face and muzzle is short and fine. Thebacks of the legs are feathered all the way down. The tail is covered with long dense hair.Excess hair may be trimmed for neatness. Whiskers need not be trimmed.

ColorColor is secondary to type, structure, and soundness. Recognized Newfoundland colors areblack, brown, gray, and white and black.

Solid Colors--Blacks, Browns, and Grays may appear as solid colors or solid colors withwhite at any, some, or all, of the following locations: chin, chest, toes, and tip of tail. Anyamount of white found at these locations is typical and is not penalized. Also typical are atinge of bronze on a black or gray coat and lighter furnishings on a brown or gray coat.

Landseer--White base coat with black markings. Typically, the head is solid black, or blackwith white on the muzzle, with or without a blaze. There is a separate black saddle and blackon the rump extending onto a white tail.

Markings, on either Solid Colors or Landseers, might deviate considerably from thosedescribed and should be penalized only to the extent of the deviation. Clear white or whitewith minimal ticking is preferred.Beauty of markings should be considered only when comparing dogs of otherwisecomparable quality and never at the expense of type, structure and soundness.

Disqualifications-- Any colors or combinations of colors not specifically described aredisqualified.

GaitThe Newfoundland in motion has good reach, strong drive, and gives the impression ofeffortless power. His gait is smooth and rhythmic, covering the maximum amount of groundwith the minimum number of steps. Forelegs and hind legs travel straight forward. As thedog's speed increases, the legs tend toward single tracking. When moving, a slight roll of theskin is characteristic of the breed. Essential to good movement is the balance of correct frontand rear assemblies.

TemperamentSweetness of temperament is the hallmark of the Newfoundland; this is the most importantsingle characteristic of the breed.

DisqualificationsAny colors or combinations of colors not specifically described are disqualified.

Approved May 8, 1990Effective June 28, 1990

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Information on AKC Otterhound Puppies

The Otterhound, a scent hound, is unique among houndsbecause of his rough, double coat and substantial webbed feet.He uses these features to hunt on both land and water. With hislarge, strong body and inquisitive nose, the Otterhound is willing to work all day. The coatmay be any color or combination of colors.

A Look BackWhen otters in England began preying on fish in the rivers and streams, the English used theOtterhound to solve the problem. Although otter hunting is now banned, the breed still exists.His origins are somewhat shrouded in mystery, but many believe the breed originatedsomewhere in France and is similar to their Vende hound. Otterhounds first arrived in theUnited States around 1900.

Right Breed for You?Amiable, boisterous and even-tempered, the Otterhound enjoys his family, but may not bethe best breed for toddlers or a frail elderly person due to his size. Exercise should be onleash or in a fenced yard due to the breeds tendency to follow his nose. Weekly brushingand occasional bathing will prevent mats in the coat, although owners shouldnt be surprisedif the breeds large, hairy paws or beard collect mud or other objects and need to be cleanedmore frequently. The Otterhound is stubborn, so training may take longer, but the breed canlearn. Owners should be prepared for his "hound voice," a deep bay that neighbors may notenjoy.

If you are considering purchasing an Otterhound puppy, learn more here.

Hound Group; AKC recognized in 1909.Males: Approximately 27 inches tall at the shoulder and 115 pounds; Females:Approximately 24 inches tall and 80 pounds.Otter hunter.


General AppearanceThe Otterhound is a large, rough-coated hound with an imposing head showing great strengthand dignity, and the strong body and long striding action fit for a long day's work. It has anextremely sensitive nose, and is inquisitive and perseverant in investigating scents. The

American Kennel Club - Otterhound http://www.akc.org/breeds/otterhound/

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Otterhound hunts its quarry on land and water and requires a combination of characteristicsunique among hounds--most notably a rough, double coat; and substantial webbed feet.Otterhounds should not be penalized for being shown in working condition (lean, wellmuscled, with a naturally stripped coat). Any departure from the following points should beconsidered a fault; its seriousness should be regarded in exact proportion to its degree.

Size, Proportion, SubstanceMales are approximately 27 inches at the withers, and weigh approximately 115 lbs. Bitchesare approximately 24 inches at the withers, and weigh approximately 80 lbs. This is not anabsolute, but rather a guideline. The Otterhound is slightly rectangular in body; the lengthfrom point of shoulder to buttocks is slightly greater than the height at the withers. TheOtterhound has good substance with strongly boned legs and broad muscles, without beingcoarse. Balance, soundness and type are of greater importance than size.

HeadThe head is large, fairly narrow, and well covered with hair. The head should measure 11 to12 inches from tip of nose to occiput in a hound 26" at the withers, with the muzzle and skullapproximately equal in length. This proportion should be maintained in larger and smallerhounds. The expression is open and amiable. The eyes are deeply set. The haw shows onlyslightly. The eyes are dark, but eye color and eye rim pigment will complement the color ofthe hound. Dogs with black pigmented noses and eye rims should have darker eyes, whilethose with liver or slate pigment may have hazel eyes. The ears, an essential feature of thisbreed, are long, pendulous, and folded (the leading edge folds or rolls to give a drapedappearance). They are set low, at or below eye level, and hang close to the head, with theleather reaching at least to the tip of the nose. They are well covered with hair. The skull(cranium) is long, fairly narrow under the hair, and only slightly domed. The stop is notpronounced. The muzzle is square, with no hint of snipiness; the jaws are powerful with deepflews. From the side, the planes of the muzzle and skull should be parallel. The nose is large,dark, and completely pigmented, with wide nostrils. The jaws are powerful and capable of acrushing grip. A scissors bite is preferred.

Neck, Topline, BodyThe neck is powerful and blends smoothly into well laid back, clean shoulders, and should beof sufficient length to allow the dog to follow a trail. It has an abundance of hair; a slightdewlap is permissible. The topline is level from the withers to the base of tail. The chest isdeep reaching at least to the elbows on a mature hound. Forechest is evident, there issufficient width to impart strength and endurance. There should be no indication ofnarrowness or weakness. The well sprung, oval rib cage extends well towards the rear of thebody. The loin is short, broad and strong. The tail is set high, and is long reaching at least tothe hock. The tail is thicker at the base, tapers to a point, and is feathered (covered andfringed with hair). It is carried saber fashion (not forward over the back) when the dog ismoving or alert, but may droop when the dog is at rest.

ForequartersShoulders are clean, powerful, and well sloped with moderate angulation at shoulders andelbows. Legs are strongly boned and straight, with strong, slightly sprung pasterns. Dewclawson the forelegs may be removed. Feet--Both front and rear feet are large, broad, compactwhen standing, but capable of spreading. They have thick, deep pads, with arched toes; theyare web-footed (membranes connecting the toes allow the foot to spread).

HindquartersThighs and second thighs are large, broad, and well muscled. Legs have moderately bentstifles with well-defined hocks. Hocks are well let down, turning neither in nor out. Legs on astanding hound are parallel when viewed from the rear. Angulation front and rear must bebalanced and adequate to give forward reach and rear drive. Dewclaws, if any, on the hindlegs are generally removed. Feet are as previously described.


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CoatThe coat is an essential feature of the Otterhound. Coat texture and quality are moreimportant than the length. The outer coat is dense, rough, coarse and crisp, of brokenappearance. Softer hair on the head and lower legs is natural. The outer coat is two to fourinches long on the back and shorter on the extremities. A water-resistant undercoat of shortwooly, slightly oily hair is essential, but in the summer months may be hard to find except onthe thighs and shoulders. The ears are well covered with hair, and the tail is feathered(covered and fringed with hair). A naturally stripped coat lacking length and fringes is correctfor an Otterhound that is being worked. A proper hunting coat will show a hard outer coatand wooly undercoat. The Otterhound is shown in a natural coat, with no sculpturing orshaping of the coat. Faults--A soft outer coat is a very serious fault as is a wooly texturedouter coat. Lack of undercoat is a serious fault. An outer coat much longer than six inchesbecomes heavy when wet and is a fault. Any evidence of stripping or scissoring of coat toshape or stylize should be strongly penalized as a fault.

ColorAny color or combination of colors is acceptable. There should be no discrimination on thebasis of color. The nose should be dark and fully pigmented, black, liver, or slate, dependingon the color of the hound. Eye rim pigment should match the nose.

GaitThe Otterhound moves freely with forward reach and rear drive. The gait is smooth,effortless, and capable of being maintained for many miles. Characteristic of the Otterhoundgait is a very loose, shambling walk, which springs immediately into a loose and very longstriding, sound, active trot with natural extension of the head. The gallop is smooth andexceptionally long striding. Otterhounds single track at slow speeds. Otterhounds do not lifttheir feet high off the ground and may shuffle when they walk or move at a slow trot. TheOtterhound should be shown on a loose lead.

TemperamentThe Otterhound is amiable, boisterous and even-tempered.

Approved October 10, 1995Effective November 30, 1995

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Information on AKC Rhodesian Ridgeback Puppies

A large and muscular dog, the Rhodesian Ridgeback was notonly developed as hunter but also as a family protector. The breed can be light wheaten tored wheaten and are sleek and glossy in appearance. Originally bred to hunt lions the breed isalso known as the African Lion Hound.

A Look BackA native of South Africa, the Rhodesian Ridgeback was bred by the Boer farmers to fill theirspecific need for a serviceable hunting dog in the wilds. In 1877 Reverend Helm introducedtwo Ridgebacks into Rhodesia where big game hunters found them outstanding in the sport ofhunting lions on horseback. They raised and bred these dogs with an appreciation for theirexceptional hunting qualities, the ridge on their back becoming a unique trademark. In 1950outstanding specimens were imported to the United States and the breed was admitted toregistration by the AKC in 1955.

Right Breed for You?Due to their short coats Ridgebacks shed very little and require only weekly brushing andoccasional baths. The breed is also athletic, requiring regular exercise. Trustworthy withchildren, they are "people" dogs and like to be where you are, possibly curled up on thecouch if permitted.

If you are considering purchasing a Rhodesian Ridgeback puppy, learn more here.

Hound Group; AKC recognized in 1955.Ranging in size from 24 to 27 inches tall at the shoulder and 70 to 85 pounds.Lion hunter; guard dog.


General AppearanceThe Ridgeback represents a strong, muscular and active dog, symmetrical and balanced inoutline. A mature Ridgeback is a handsome, upstanding and athletic dog, capable of greatendurance with a fair (good) amount of speed. Of even, dignified temperament, theRidgeback is devoted and affectionate to his master, reserved with strangers. The peculiarityof this breed is the ridge on the back. The ridge must be regarded as the characteristic feature

American Kennel Club - Rhodesian Ridgeback http://www.akc.org/breeds/rhodesian_ridgeback/

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of the breed.

Size, Proportion, SubstanceA mature Ridgeback should be symmetrical in outline, slightly longer than tall but wellbalanced. Dogs--25 to 27 inches in height; Bitches--24 to 26 inches in height. Desirableweight: Dogs--85 pounds; Bitches--70 pounds.

HeadShould be of fair length, the skull flat and rather broad between the ears and should be freefrom wrinkles when in repose. The stop should be reasonably well defined. Eyes--should bemoderately well apart and should be round, bright and sparkling with intelligent expression,their color harmonizing with the color of the dog. Ears--should be set rather high, of mediumsize, rather wide at the base and tapering to a rounded point. They should be carried close tothe head. Muzzle--should be long, deep and powerful. The lips clean, closely fitting the jaws.Nose--should be black, brown or liver, in keeping with the color of the dog. No other colorednose is permissible. A black nose should be accompanied by dark eyes, a brown or liver nosewith amber eyes. Bite--jaws level and strong with well-developed teeth, especially thecanines or holders. Scissors bite preferred.

Neck, Topline, BodyThe neck should be fairly strong and free from throatiness. The chest should not be too wide,but very deep and capacious, ribs moderately well sprung, never rounded like barrel hoops(which would indicate want of speed). The back is powerful and firm with strong loins whichare muscular and slightly arched. The tail should be strong at the insertion and generallytapering towards the end, free from coarseness. It should not be inserted too high or too lowand should be carried with a slight curve upwards, never curled or gay.

ForequartersThe shoulders should be sloping, clean and muscular, denoting speed. Elbows close to thebody. The forelegs should be perfectly straight, strong and heavy in bone. The feet should becompact with well-arched toes, round, tough, elastic pads, protected by hair between the toesand pads. Dewclaws may be removed.

HindquartersIn the hindlegs the muscles should be clean, well defined and hocks well down. Feet as infront.

CoatShould be short and dense, sleek and glossy in appearance but neither woolly nor silky.

ColorLight wheaten to red wheaten. A little white on the chest and toes permissible but excessivewhite there, on the belly or above the toes is undesirable.

RidgeThe hallmark of this breed is the ridge on the back which is formed by the hair growing in theopposite direction to the rest of the coat. The ridge must be regarded as the characteristicfeature of the breed. The ridge should be clearly defined, tapering and symmetrical. It shouldstart immediately behind the shoulders and continue to a point between the prominence ofthe hips and should contain two identical crowns (whorls) directly opposite each other. Thelower edge of the crowns (whorls) should not extend further down the ridge than one third ofthe ridge. Disqualification: Ridgelessness. Serious Fault: One crown (whorl) or more than twocrowns (whorls).

GaitAt the trot, the back is held level and the stride is efficient, long, free and unrestricted. Reach


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and drive expressing a perfect balance between power and elegance. At the chase, theRidgeback demonstrates great coursing ability and endurance.

TemperamentDignified and even tempered. Reserved with strangers.

Scale of PointsGeneral appearance, size, symmetry and balance 20Ridge 20Head 15Legs and Feet 15Neck and Shoulders 10Body, Back, Chest and Loin 10Coat and Color 5Tail 5Total 100

DisqualificationRidgelessness

Approved August 11, 1992Effective September 30, 1992

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Information on AKC Saluki Puppies

Although the breed appears graceful and fragile, dont befooled the Saluki is an avid hunter and possesses the strengthand endurance to chase quarry over long distances and difficultterrain. Today, this sight hound is popular at lure coursingevents and in the show ring. Salukis can be coated (with feathering on the legs) or smooth. Inboth varieties, colors include white, cream, fawn, golden, red, grizzle and tan, tricolor, andblack and tan.

A Look BackThe royal dog of Egypt, the Saluki is perhaps the oldest known breed of domesticated dog.They were held in such great esteem that their bodies were often mummified like the bodiesof the Pharaohs themselves. The breed was originally used by the Arabs to track and bringdown gazelle, the fastest of the antelopes. When the Saluki was first imported to England in1840, they were used primarily to hunt hare.

Right Breed for You?Independent and cat-like, the Saluki is a typical hound he can be taught obedience, butrequires patience and consistency from his owner. The breed will instinctively run afteranything that moves, so they must be kept on leash or in a fenced area during their dailyexercise. A clean breed, Saluki coats shed little, but they still require weekly brushing andoccasional bathing.

If you are considering purchasing a Saluki puppy, learn more here.

Hound Group; AKC recognized in 1929.Ranging in size from 23 to 28 inches tall at the shoulder; females are smaller.Gazelle hunter.


HeadLong and narrow, skull moderately wide between the ears, not domed, stop not pronounced,the whole showing great quality. Nose black or liver. Ears Long and covered with long silkyhair hanging close to the skull and mobile. Eyes Dark to hazel and bright; large and oval, butnot prominent. Teeth Strong and level.

American Kennel Club - Saluki http://www.akc.org/breeds/saluki/

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NeckLong, supple and well muscled.

ChestDeep and moderately narrow.

ForequartersShoulders sloping and set well back, well muscled without being coarse. Forelegs Straightand long from the elbow to the knee.

HindquartersStrong, hipbones set well apart and stifle moderately bent, hocks low to the ground, showinggalloping and jumping power.

Loin and BackBack fairly broad, muscles slightly arched over loin.

FeetOf moderate length, toes long and well arched, not splayed out, but at the same time notcat-footed; the whole being strong and supple and well feathered between the toes.

TailLong, set on low and carried naturally in a curve, well feathered on the underside with longsilky hair, not bushy.

CoatSmooth and of a soft silky texture, slight feather on the legs, feather at the back of the thighsand sometimes with slight woolly feather on the thigh and shoulder.

ColorsWhite, cream, fawn, golden, red, grizzle and tan, tricolor (white, black and tan) and black andtan.

General AppearanceThe whole appearance of this breed should give an impression of grace and symmetry and ofgreat speed and endurance coupled with strength and activity to enable it to kill gazelle orother quarry over deep sand or rocky mountains. The expression should be dignified andgentle with deep, faithful, far-seeing eyes. Dogs should average in height from 23 to 28inches and bitches may be considerably smaller, this being very typical of the breed.

The Smooth VarietyIn this variety the points should be the same with the exception of the coat, which has nofeathering.

Saluki LinksColors and Markings | Did You Know? | History | Photos | Puppies | Shop For YourBreed | Video

American Kennel Club - Saluki http://www.akc.org/breeds/saluki/

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Information on AKC Saint Bernard Puppies

Originally used to locate freezing and helpless travelers duringsnowstorms, the Saint Bernard now uses his intelligence andstrength in conformation and obedience competitions, cartpulling and weight pulling. Although powerful and muscular inbuild, Saints possess a gentle and dignified temperament. Theircoats can be long or short and range in color from deep brown to brown-yellow. Whitemarkings are required.

A Look BackIt is generally believed that the dogs eventually called Saint Bernards were bred from dogspreviously existing in the Swiss countryside. The original Saint Bernard was a short-haireddog and was introduced to the Hospice (a refuge for travelers crossing the treacherous passesbetween Switzerland and Italy) as a guard dog, a carting dog and an avalanche dog thatrescued travelers trapped in the snow.

Right Breed for You?Both long-haired and short-haired Saint Bernards shed and need regular grooming. Newowners should be prepared for drool there is no such thing as a dry mouth Saint. This breedmakes wonderful family companions with obedience training and daily exercise, but due totheir larger size, may do better living in the country or suburbs.

If you are considering purchasing a Saint Bernard puppy, learn more here.

Working Group; AKC recognized in 1885.Ranging in size from 25 to 27 inches tall at the shoulder and 130 to 180 pounds.Avalanche rescue.


Shorthaired

GeneralPowerful, proportionately tall figure, strong and muscular in every part, with powerful headand most intelligent expression. In dogs with a dark mask the expression appears more stern,but never ill-natured.

American Kennel Club - Saint Bernard http://www.akc.org/breeds/saint_bernard/

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HeadLike the whole body, very powerful and imposing. The massive skull is wide, slightly archedand the sides slope in a gentle curve into the very strongly developed, high cheek bones.Occiput only moderately developed. The supra-orbital ridge is very strongly developed andforms nearly a right angle with the long axis of the head. Deeply imbedded between the eyesand starting at the root of the muzzle, a furrow runs over the whole skull. It is stronglymarked in the first half, gradually disappearing toward the base of the occiput. The lines atthe sides of the head diverge considerably from the outer corner of the eyes toward the backof the head. The skin of the forehead, above the eyes, forms rather noticeable wrinkles, moreor less pronounced, which converge toward the furrow. Especially when the dog is alert or atattention the wrinkles are more visible without in the least giving the impression of morosity.Too strongly developed wrinkles are not desired. The slope from the skull to the muzzle issudden and rather steep.

The muzzle is short, does not taper, and the vertical depth at the root of the muzzle must begreater than the length of the muzzle. The bridge of the muzzle is not arched, but straight; insome dogs, occasionally, slightly broken. A rather wide, well-marked, shallow furrow runsfrom the root of the muzzle over the entire bridge of the muzzle to the nose. The flews of theupper jaw are strongly developed, not sharply cut, but turning in a beautiful curve into thelower edge, and slightly overhanging. The flews of the lower jaw must not be deeply pendant.The teeth should be sound and strong and should meet in either a scissors or an even bite; thescissors bite being preferable. The undershot bite, although sometimes found with goodspecimens, is not desirable. The overshot bite is a fault. A black roof to the mouth isdesirable.

Nose (Schwamm) - Very substantial, broad, with wide open nostrils, and, like the lips, alwaysblack.

Ears - Of medium size, rather high set, with very strongly developed burr (Muschel) at thebase. They stand slightly away from the head at the base, then drop with a sharp bend to theside and cling to the head without a turn. The flap is tender and forms a rounded triangle,slightly elongated toward the point, the front edge lying firmly to the head, whereas the backedge may stand somewhat away from the head, especially when the dog is at attention.Lightly set ears, which at the base immediately cling to the head, give it an oval and too littlemarked exterior, whereas a strongly developed base gives the skull a squarer, broader andmuch more expressive appearance.

Eyes - Set more to the front than the sides, are of medium size, dark brown, with intelligent,friendly expression, set moderately deep. The lower eyelids, as a rule, do not closecompletely and, if that is the case, form an angular wrinkle toward the inner corner of theeye. Eyelids which are too deeply pendant and show conspicuously the lachrymal glands, ora very red, thick haw, and eyes that are too light, are objectionable.

NeckSet high, very strong and when alert or at attention is carried erect. Otherwise horizontally orslightly downward. The junction of head and neck is distinctly marked by an indentation. Thenape of the neck is very muscular and rounded at the sides which makes the neck appearrather short. The dewlap of throat and neck is well pronounced: too strong development,however, is not desirable.

ShouldersSloping and broad, very muscular and powerful. The withers are strongly pronounced.

ChestVery well arched, moderately deep, not reaching below the elbows.


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BackVery broad, perfectly straight as far as the haunches, from there gently sloping to the rump,and merging imperceptibly into the root of the tail.

HindquartersWell-developed. Legs very muscular.

BellyDistinctly set off from the very powerful loin section, only little drawn up.

TailStarting broad and powerful directly from the rump is long, very heavy, ending in a powerfultip. In repose it hangs straight down, turning gently upward in the lower third only, which isnot considered a fault. In a great many specimens the tail is carried with the end slightly bentand therefore hangs down in the shape of an "f". In action all dogs carry the tail more or lessturned upward. However it may not be carried too erect or by any means rolled over theback. A slight curling of the tip is sooner admissible.

Upper ArmsVery powerful and extraordinarily muscular.

Lower LegStraight, strong.

Hind legsHocks of moderate angulation. Dewclaws are not desired; if present, they must not obstructgait.

FeetBroad, with strong toes, moderately closed, and with rather high knuckles. The so-calleddewclaws which sometimes occur on the inside of the hind legs are imperfectly developedtoes. They are of no use to the dog and are not taken into consideration in judging. They maybe removed by surgery.

CoatVery dense, short-haired (stockhaarig), lying smooth, tough, without however feeling roughto the touch. The thighs are slightly bushy. The tail at the root has longer and denser hairwhich gradually becomes shorter toward the tip. The tail appears bushy, not forming a flag.

ColorWhite with red or red with white, the red in its various shades; brindle patches with whitemarkings. The colors red and brown-yellow are of entirely equal value. Necessary markingsare: white chest, feet and tip of tail, noseband, collar or spot on the nape; the latter and blazeare very desirable. Never of one color or without white. Faulty are all other colors, except thefavorite dark shadings on the head (mask) and ears. One distinguishes between mantle dogsand splash-coated dogs.

Height at ShoulderOf the dog should be 27 inches minimum, of the bitch 25 inches. Female animals are offiner and more delicate build.

Considered as FaultsAre all deviations from the Standard, as for instance a swayback and a disproportionatelylong back, hocks too much bent, straight hindquarters, upward growing hair in spacesbetween the toes, out at elbows, cowhocks and weak pasterns.

Longhaired


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The longhaired type completely resembles the shorthaired type except for the coat which isnot shorthaired (stockhaarig) but of medium length plain to slightly wavy, never rolled orcurly and not shaggy either. Usually, on the back, especially from the region of the haunchesto the rump, the hair is more wavy, a condition, by the way, that is slightly indicated in theshorthaired dogs. The tail is bushy with dense hair of moderate length. Rolled or curly hair, ora flag tail, is faulty. Face and ears are covered with short and soft hair; longer hair at the baseof the ear is permissible. Forelegs only slightly feathered; thighs very bushy.

Approved April 13, 1998Effective May 31, 1998

Saint Bernard LinksColors and Markings | Did You Know? | History | Photos | Puppies | Shop For YourBreed | Video


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Information on AKC Yorkshire Terrier Puppies

Yorkshire Terriers, affectionately known as "Yorkies," offer bigpersonalities in a small package. Though members of the ToyGroup, they are terriers by nature and are brave, determined, investigative and energetic.They have long, luxurious blue and tan coats. This portable pooch is one of the most popularbreeds according the AKC Registration Statistics.

A Look BackNamed for the English city from which they originally hail, Yorkshire Terriers were used inthe nineteenth century to catch rats in clothing mills. Surprisingly enough, in its beginnings,the Yorkie belonged to the working class, especially the weavers; in fact, facetious commentswere often made about how the dogs' fine, silky coats were the ultimate product of the looms.Eventually, the breed left the workforce and became a companion animal to families ofEuropean high society.

Right Breed for You?Yorkies are easily adaptable to all surroundings, travel well and make suitable pets for manyhomes. Due to their small size, they require limited exercise, but need daily interaction withtheir people. Their long coat requires regular brushing.

If you are considering purchasing a Yorkshire Terrier puppy, learn more here.

Toy Group; AKC recognized in 1885.Ranging in size from four to seven pounds.Companion, ratter.


General AppearanceThat of a long-haired toy terrier whose blue and tan coat is parted on the face and from thebase of the skull to the end of the tail and hangs evenly and quite straight down each side ofbody. The body is neat, compact and well proportioned. The dog's high head carriage andconfident manner should give the appearance of vigor and self-importance.

Head

American Kennel Club - Yorkshire Terrier http://www.akc.org/breeds/yorkshire_terrier/index.cfm

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Small and rather flat on top, the skull not too prominent or round, the muzzle not too long,with the bite neither undershot nor overshot and teeth sound. Either scissors bite or level biteis acceptable. The nose is black. Eyes are medium in size and not too prominent; dark incolor and sparkling with a sharp, intelligent expression. Eye rims are dark. Ears are small,V-shaped, carried erect and set not too far apart.

BodyWell proportioned and very compact. The back is rather short, the back line level, withheight at shoulder the same as at the rump.

Legs and FeetForelegs should be straight, elbows neither in nor out. Hind legs straight when viewed frombehind, but stifles are moderately bent when viewed from the sides. Feet are round withblack toenails. Dewclaws, if any, are generally removed from the hind legs. Dewclaws on theforelegs may be removed.

TailDocked to a medium length and carried slightly higher than the level of the back.

CoatQuality, texture and quantity of coat are of prime importance. Hair is glossy, fine and silky intexture. Coat on the body is moderately long and perfectly straight (not wavy). It may betrimmed to floor length to give ease of movement and a neater appearance, if desired. Thefall on the head is long, tied with one bow in center of head or parted in the middle and tiedwith two bows. Hair on muzzle is very long. Hair should be trimmed short on tips of ears andmay be trimmed on feet to give them a neat appearance.

ColorsPuppies are born black and tan and are normally darker in body color, showing anintermingling of black hair in the tan until they are matured. Color of hair on body andrichness of tan on head and legs are of prime importance in adult dogs, to which the followingcolor requirements apply: Blue: Is a dark steel-blue, not a silver-blue and not mingled withfawn, bronzy or black hairs. Tan: All tan hair is darker at the roots than in the middle, shadingto still lighter tan at the tips. There should be no sooty or black hair intermingled with any ofthe tan.

Color on BodyThe blue extends over the body from back of neck to root of tail. Hair on tail is a darker blue,especially at end of tail.

HeadfallA rich golden tan, deeper in color at sides of head, at ear roots and on the muzzle, with ears adeep rich tan. Tan color should not extend down on back of neck.

Chest and LegsA bright, rich tan, not extending above the elbow on the forelegs nor above the stifle on thehind legs.

WeightMust not exceed seven pounds.

Disqualifications:Any solid color or combination of colors other than blue and tan as described above. Anywhite markings other than a small white spot on the forechest that does not exceed 1 inchat its longest dimension.

American Kennel Club - Yorkshire Terrier http://www.akc.org/breeds/yorkshire_terrier/index.cfm

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Dogs at Work

Over the millennia, we have bred dogs to provide specific services and jobs. Some ways of the ways we use dogs include: guide dogs for the blind; police dogs that detect drugs or bombs; locate humans at disaster scenes; dogs that herd sheep and cattle; and sled dogs in Arctic regions. You have been give information about how we have adapted dogs for specific uses in our world (include at least three interesting facts). Summarize your findings in a report thats no less than one page. Be prepared to share your reports with class and answer any questions they may have.

GUIDE DOGS OF AMERICA: Guide dogs for the blind

Frequently asked questions...

CONTACT US

when the light turns green so they can cross the street?

Q: When do the dogs go in for formal guide dog training?

Q: How long are the dogs in formal training before they are placed with the human partner they will serve.

Q: Does a guide dog ever fail to adjust to the student or vice versa?

Q: Are the students receiving the guide dog taught how to care for the dogs, including humane treatment of the dog?

Q: Is training given for students who must use public transportation regularly, like buses and subways?

Q: Why are dogs rejected as unsuitable for training?

Q: What happens to the dogs that are removed from the program?

Q: What happens to dogs if the guide dog user must give up his or her dog for some reason? Can it be used by another blind person?

Q: Are your trainers licensed?

Q: How does a Guide Dog know where to go? A: The Blind person directs them to where he or she wants to go. It is the responsibility of the human member of the team to listen for the movement of traffic and other sounds in the environment to determine whether it is safe to proceed. If the guide dog judges that it is unsafe, it will refuse the command. This is called "intelligent disobedience".

Q: How do you teach the dog to avoid overhangs such as low branches and low structures that the human partner might hit with their head? A: While teaching a dog to avoid overhangs and branches can be one of the most difficult aspects of guide dog training, the same basic principles of consistency, repetition, and praise are applied. Ideally, a guide dogs should guide his master around an overhanging obstacle or take him to the obstacle an stop. If instead the dog runs the guide dog user into the overhang, the team would need to "rework" the error. To "rework" an error they would stop, relocate the obstacle, and the guide dog user would tap it out telling the dog "NO". They would next step back a few feet and then continue forward cautiously. At this time, the dog should either guide the guide dog user around the obstacle or stop and show it to him. If this does not occur, then the team would have to rework the error again. While overhead clearances can be difficult, through consistency, repetition, and praise a guide dog can learn to work effectively around overhangs and branches.

part i - from wolf to woof - mrscienceut.netmrscienceut.net/dogsadaptingtotheworld.pdfwhich...

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