(paragraph 19). “there are moves towards greater ‘market discipline’ in the [small scale]...
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(Paragraph 19)
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“There are moves towards greater ‘market discipline’ in the [small scale] sector as a way of contributing towards a transition to responsible fisheries. This is evidenced by recent focus on issues such a
s withdrawal of subsidies, strengthening of use rights, substitution of grants with loans, and costrecovery programmes . . . .”
Committee on Fisheries Supporting Small Scale FisheriesMarch 2005
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“The move to responsible fisheries will in many cases have significant impacts on small-scale fishers. As a result, targeted assistance for small-scale fisheries may be necessary to ease the impacts of this transition.”
Committee on Fisheries Supporting Small Scale FisheriesMarch 2005
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“For example, while subsidies . . . which may lead to over-exploitation should be guarded against, incentives and subsidies should be considered where appropriate but their use requires careful justification and specification of the period over which they are to be used.”
Committee on Fisheries Supporting Small Scale FisheriesMarch 2005
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“Subsidies might be appropriate if they enhance or diversify livelihoods without leading to increased fishing capacity or trade distortions, or are used to facilitate a structural change to assist with the move towards responsible fishing.”
Committee on Fisheries Supporting Small Scale FisheriesMarch 2005
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Promoting Development and Sustainabilityin Fishery Subsidies Disciplines:
An Informal Dialogue on Select Technical IssuesGeneva -- 30 June 2005
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics - Division Technologie, Industrie et Economie - División de tecnologia, industria y economia
Artisanal Fishing:Promoting Poverty Reduction and DevelopmentThrough New WTO Rules on Fisheries Subsidies
Working Draft -- June 2005David K. Schorr
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Promoting Development and Sustainabilityin Fishery Subsidies Disciplines:
An Informal Dialogue on Select Technical IssuesGeneva -- 30 June 2005
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics - Division Technologie, Industrie et Economie - División de tecnologia, industria y economia
Artisanal Fishing:Promoting Poverty Reduction and DevelopmentThrough New WTO Rules on Fisheries Subsidies
Working Draft -- June 2005David K. Schorr
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Artisanal Fishing is Important!!
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Artisanal Fishing is Important!!
– Human Importance. . . tens of millions of fishers
. . . tens of millions more working on shore
. . . scores of millions dependent for food
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Artisanal Fishing is Important!!
– Economic Importance. . . 50% of world catch for human consumption
. . . 90% of all fishing jobs
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Artisanal Fishing is Important!!
– Environmental Importance. . . global scale
. . . often dominate near-shore fisheries
. . . sensitive coastal habitats
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Sustainable Development
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Sustainable Development
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Sustainable Development
Poverty & underdevelopment . . .
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Sustainable Development
Poverty & underdevelopment . . .
. . . with room to grow
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Sustainable Development
Poverty & underdevelopment . . .
. . . with room to grow??
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Sustainable Development
Bottom line:
Poverty reduction and development are critical . . .
. . . but strategies (including whether to “grow”) are varied and not always clear.
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Sustainable Development
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Sustainable Development
??
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The “Sustainability Challenge”
• Competition with industrial fleets (domestic and foreign
. . . Small is not always beautiful . . .
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The “Sustainability Challenge”
– Exogenous factors. . . competition with industrial fleets (domestic &
foreign)
. . . degradation of coastal zones (land use)
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The “Sustainability Challenge”
– Endogenous factors. . . population growth
. . . expanding capacity (especially motorization)
. . . in context of inadequate management
. . . shift from subsistence to commerce, including export
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The “Sustainability Challenge”
→ The challenge is real:. . . Experts refer to it
. . . IGOs are concerned with it
. . . Governments are increasingly acknowledging it. . . Including via increased formal management
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The Role of Subsidies
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The Role of Subsidies
- Many artisanal fisheries are subsidized. . . Extent of subsidization is unclear. . . but experts, IGOs, & gov’ts frequently refer to it
(still, no doubt the scale is a small fraction of subsidies to industrial fleets)
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The Role of Subsidies
- Subsidies to artisanal fisheries are varied:
• Vessel / gear modernization (including motorization)• Landing and processing infrastructure (port facilities,
refrigeration,roads/transport)• Export• Fuel• Other inputs (e.g., ice)• Training• Capital (cheap money)
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The Role of Subsidies
- Subsidies are often necessary. . . Positive and important role clear in some cases
. . . Many governments contemplate more subsidies to artisanal fisheries in the future
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The Role of Subsidies
- BUT can also clearly be harmful. . . case studies & reports document harms
. . . IGOs acknowledge the problem
(e.g., overcapacity, IUU)
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The Role of Subsidies
Bottom line . . .
. . the need for balance
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The discussion in the WTO
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The discussion in the WTO
– AF a special case from the beginning
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The discussion in the WTO
– AF a special case from the beginning– Discussion so far has been non-technical
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The discussion in the WTO
– AF a special case from the beginning– Discussion so far has been non-technical– Basic themes
1) “not the focus”
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The discussion in the WTO
– AF a special case from the beginning– Discussion so far has been non-technical– Basic themes
1) “not the focus”. . . shld be excluded from new rules (some say)
. . . shld be given special treatment (others say)
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The discussion in the WTO
– AF a special case from the beginning– Discussion so far has been non-technical– Basic themes
1) “not the focus”. . . shld be excluded from new rules (some say)
. . . shld be given special treatment (others say)
. . . because:- needed and important
- not harmful
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The discussion in the WTO
“not harmful” = ??
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The discussion in the WTO
“not harmful” = ??
1. Will not cause overfishing
2. Will not cause trade distortions
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The discussion in the WTO
“not harmful” = ??
1. Will not cause overfishing
2. Will not cause trade distortions
(see above)
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The discussion in the WTO
“not harmful” = ??
1. Will not cause overfishing
2. Will not cause trade distortions
(see above)
“trade distortion”
“production distortion”
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The discussion in the WTO
“trade distortion”. . . how the pie is divided
-----
“production distortion”. . . shrinks the pie
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The discussion in the WTO
– AF a special case from the beginning– Discussion so far has been non-technical– Basic themes
1) “not the focus”
2) “what’s the definition?”
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The discussion in the WTO
“. . . small-scale fisheries that employed labour intensive harvesting, processing and distribution technologies to exploit marine and inland fishery resources. Such fisheries typically targeted local rather than export markets.”
-----
“small-scale fisheries which are local in nature”
-----
“small-scale coastal fisheries”
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RECAP
1. Artisanal fisheries are important
2. Sustainability is a problem
3. Careful subsidies policies are needed
4. The issue is heating up in WTO, but with more questions than answers so far
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RECAP
1. Artisanal fisheries are important
2. Sustainability is a problem
3. Careful subsidies policies are needed
4. The issue is heating up in WTO, but more questions than answers so far
NOW WHAT?NOW WHAT?
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The Definition Debate
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The Definition Debate
– There is no single definition that is both universal and precise
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The Definition Debate
– There is no single definition that is both universal and precise
– The term is used alongside “small scale” and “traditional”
. . . Sometimes synonyms, sometimes not
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The Definition Debate
– There is no single definition that is both universal and precise
– The term is used alongside “small scale” and “traditional”
– But there are some frequently recurring elements . . .
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Category Definitional Elements Typical Examples
Physical Attributes Vessel type Canoe, dory
Vessel size Short (e.g., < 10m); light
Vessel motor Unmotorized or small engine
Pattern of Fishing Fishing gear/technique Manual or small nets; passive; low tech
Location of land base Rural
Location of fishery In-shore
Target type Multi-species
Social Structure Of fishery Traditional (clan or community)
Of fishing enterprise Family crew, owner on board
Economic Condition
Market orientation Direct consumption or local market
Income level Subsistence or very poor
Table 1 — Elements of a Definition of “Artisanal Fishing”
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Category Definitional Elements Typical Examples
Physical Attributes Vessel type Canoe, dory . . . or a trawler . . .
Vessel size Short (e.g., < 10m); light . . . or big . . .
Vessel motor Unmotorized or small engine …or powerful …
Pattern of Fishing Fishing gear/technique Manual or small nets; passive; low tech . . . or using GSP, winches, sonor . . .
Location of land base Rural . . . or city-based . . .
Location of fishery In-shore . . . or off-shore . . .
Target type Multi-species . . . or single species . . .
Social Structure Of fishery Traditional (clan or community) . . . or corporate . . .
Of fishing enterprise Family crew, owner on board . . .
Economic Condition
Market orientation Direct consumption or local market . . .
Income level Subsistence or very poor . . .
Table 1 — Elements of a Definition of “Artisanal Fishing”
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Category Definitional Elements Typical Examples
Physical Attributes Vessel type Canoe, dory . . . or a trawler . . .
Vessel size Short (e.g., < 10m); light . . . or big . . .
Vessel motor Unmotorized or small engine …or powerful …
Pattern of Fishing Fishing gear/technique Manual or small nets; passive; low tech . . . or using GSP, winches, sonor . . .
Location of land base Rural . . . or city-based . . .
Location of fishery In-shore . . . or off-shore . . .
Target type Multi-species . . . or single species . . .
Social Structure Of fishery Traditional (clan or community) . . . or corporate . . .
Of fishing enterprise Family crew, owner on board . . .
Economic Condition
Market orientation Direct consumption or local market . . .
Income level Subsistence or very poor . . .
Table 1 — Elements of a Definition of “Artisanal Fishing”
““Industrial A
rtisanal F
ishing”??
Industrial A
rtisanal F
ishing”??
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The Definition Debate
– There is no single definition that is both universal and precise
– The term is used alongside “small scale” and “traditional”
– But there are some frequently recurring elements . . . applied in contradictory ways
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The Definition Debate
– There is no single definition that is both universal and precise
– The term is used alongside “small scale” and “traditional”
– But there are some frequently recurring elements . . . applied in contradictory ways
– And . . . It’s not clear whether developed country fisheries are included
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The Definition Debate
Bottom line:
WTO needs its own definition
. . . tailored to its needs
. . . while avoiding loopholes
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The Definition Debate
Bottom line:
WTO needs its own definition
. . . tailored to its needs
. . . while avoiding loopholes
BUT HOW?BUT HOW?
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Why Subsidize AF?
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Why Subsidize AF?
(i.e., for reasons related to artisanal nature per se . . .)
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Why Subsidize AF?
– Three basic motives?• Poverty reduction• Development• Cultural preservation
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Why Subsidize AF?
– Three basic motives?• Poverty reduction
“the removal or prevention of extreme deprivation, or (in positive terms) the granting of assistance to meet basic human needs”
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Why Subsidize AF?
– Three basic motives?• Poverty reduction• Development
“socio-economic transformation of a community or productive sector through technological improvements, increased education, and multiplication of personal and economic options”
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Why Subsidize AF?
– Three basic motives?• Poverty reduction• Development
“socio-economic transformation of a community or productive sector through technological improvements, increased education, and multiplication of personal and economic options”
. . . Difficult to separate from poverty reduction?
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Why Subsidize AF?
– Three basic motives?• Poverty reduction• Development
= changing patterns of fishing . . .
» . . . expanding (?)» . . . increasing efficiency (?)
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Why Subsidize AF?
– Three basic motives?• Poverty reduction• Development
= changing patterns of fishing . . .
» . . . expanding (?)» . . . increasing efficiency (?)
inevitable sustainability concerns
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Why Subsidize AF?
– Three basic motives?• Poverty reduction• Development• Cultural preservation
“the maintenance of particular cultures, lifestyles, and communities in the face of market pressures that would otherwise injure or even doom them.
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Why Subsidize AF?
Are these correct?
Are they helpful?
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– A narrow definition could focus on poverty reduction and development
• Emphasize poverty and/or subsistence economic patterns;• Emphasize very small vessels and/or vessels with small or
no engines;• Emphasize low technology and high labor-intensitivity;• Emphasize fishing very close to shore
– BUT . . .• Export?• Developed countries?
Practical Implications
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Practical Implications
– A narrow definition could focus on poverty reduction and development
• Emphasize poverty and/or subsistence economic patterns;• Emphasize very small vessels and/or vessels with small or
no engines;• Emphasize low technology and high labor-intensitivity;• Emphasize fishing very close to shore
– BUT . . .• Export?• Developed countries?
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Practical Implications
Nevertheless . . . the sustainability problem remains real . . .
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Practical Implications
Nevertheless . . . the sustainability problem remains real . . .
must go beyond definition
Rules to prevent unsustainable production distortions are needed
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Practical Implications
Nevertheless . . . the sustainability problem remains real . . .
must go beyond definition
Rules to prevent unsustainable production distortions are needed
BUT HOW?BUT HOW?
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Striking the Balance
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Striking the Balance
– Distinguish classes of subsidies (to allow rules to concentrate on most dangerous)
– Impose substantive conditions (fisheries context)
– Impose procedural conditions(common WTO devices)
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Striking the Balance
Distinguish classes of subsidies
→ Table 2
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Poverty alleviation Community/social development
Cultural conservation
Risk of Production Distortion
Risk of Trade
Distortion
Risk of Production Distortion
Risk of Trade
Distortion
Risk of Production Distortion
Risk of Trade
Distortion
Vessel / gear modernization
-- -- High Med Med Med
Land-based infrastructure
Low Low Med Med Low Med
Export Med Low High High Med High
Fuel Low Low High Med Med Med
Other inputs Low Low High Med Low Med
Training Low Low Med Low Low Low
Capital Med Low Med Med Low Med
Table 2: Possible Risks of Distortion to Production or Trade
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Striking the Balance
Substantive conditions related to fisheries management context
. . . e.g., “patently at risk”
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Striking the Balance
Substantive conditions related to fisheries management context
. . . e.g., “patently at risk”
→ the thin green line
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Striking the Balance
Substantive conditions related to fisheries management context
. . . e.g., “patently at risk”
Special problems for AF?Special problems for AF?
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Striking the Balance
“Patently at risk” is about facts:
- fish facts / fleet facts (physical)
- legal facts / institutional facts (juridical)
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Striking the Balance
“Patently at risk” looks to facts:
- fish facts / fleet facts (physical)
- legal facts / institutional facts (juridical)
Special problems for AF?Special problems for AF?
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Striking the Balance
“Patently at risk” looks to facts:
- fish facts / fleet facts (physical)
- legal facts / institutional facts (juridical)
Special problems for AF?Special problems for AF?
Data limitsData limits (don’t know “what’s out there”)(don’t know “what’s out there”)
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Striking the Balance
“Patently at risk” looks to facts:
- fish facts / fleet facts (physical)
- legal facts / institutional facts (juridical)
Special problems for AF?Special problems for AF?
Data limitsData limits (don’t know “what’s out there”)(don’t know “what’s out there”)
Informal managementInformal management(social, not juridical, organization)(social, not juridical, organization)
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Striking the Balance
. . . Basic problem is sequencing . . .
“right” environmental answer is . . . data and effective management
first
but . . . may not be realistic . . .
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Striking the Balance
. . . e.g., for “high risk” subsidies, require:
- parallel investments in management
or
- phase in management context requirements
But beware extremes: should subsidies be allowed in any fishery with zero data or management?
Balanced sequencing?Balanced sequencing?
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Striking the Balance
. . . e.g., for “high risk” subsidies, require:
- parallel investments in management
or
- phase in management context requirements
But beware extremes: should subsidies be allowed in any fishery with zero data or management?
Balanced sequencing?Balanced sequencing?
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Striking the Balance
Procedural conditions: • Notification requirements• Distribution of the burdens of proof• Adjustment of types of remedies available
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Bottom Bottom Line
1.Narrowly define “AF”, based on clear goals (poverty & development?)
2.Recognize continuing need for sustainability criteria
3.Limit criteria to “high risk” subsidies
4.Impose substantive conditions, considering sequencing
5.Make good use of standard procedural tools to strike a good balance
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Promoting Development and Sustainabilityin Fishery Subsidies Disciplines:
An Informal Dialogue on Select Technical IssuesGeneva -- 30 June 2005
Division of Technology, Industry and Economics - Division Technologie, Industrie et Economie - División de tecnologia, industria y economia
Artisanal Fishing:Promoting Poverty Reduction and DevelopmentThrough New WTO Rules on Fisheries Subsidies
Working Draft -- June 2005David K. Schorr