panel 26 public administration satlita, utami dewi 2. institutional capacity building for poverty...

|Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2017 (IC-HUSO 2017) 2nd-3rd November 2017, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand

IC-HUSO 2017

1. Segoro Amarto Movement: Strategic Inovation 1360

For Eradicating Poverty In Yogyakarta City Indonesia

Lena Satlita, Utami Dewi

2. Institutional Capacity Building for Poverty Reduction Program 1371 in Kulon Progo Regency

Marita Ahdiyana

3. Strengthening Budgetary Transparency in Vietnam’s 1391

New State Budget Law of 2015 in Alignment

with International Good Practice

Hoang Thi Thuy Nguyet, Vu Cuong

4. Strengthening Collaborative Governance in Participatory Social Service 1403

For Elderly. Case Study: Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia

Kurnia Nur Fitriana, Yanuardi, Pandhu Yuanjaya, Utami Dewi

5. Portable Solar Dryer for Home Use 1415

Sittie Johaimah B. Lomondot, Juhairia B. Malawani, Johaima R. Pagayawn,

Winstonjun N. Tuliao, Yolanda Garcia, Kayce Maye Michelle A. Dapanas,

Osuardo A. Pabatang Jr.

Panel 26 : Public Administration

1360 Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Humanities & Social Sciences 2017 (IC-HUSO 2017)

2nd-3rd November 2017, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand |

IC-HUSO 2017

Segoro Amarto Movement: Strategic Inovation

For Eradicating Poverty In Yogyakarta City Indonesia

Lena Satlita1 and Utami Dewi2

Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Social Sciences,

Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia 1 Email: [email protected] ; 2 Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This article aims to describe the implementation of Segoro Amarto movement and to

examine the model of values institutionalization in implementing Segoro Amarto Movement to

eradicate poverty in Yogyakarta City. The research method of this article was descriptive-

qualitative. The data were collected through depth interview, focus group discussion, observation

and documentation. The research showed that the implementation of Segoro Amarto (SA)

Movement had not succeed yet in reducing the number of poverty in Yogyakarta city since there

are many hindrances. Those were the absence of a model as guidance to internalizing SA’s values;

the lack of community’s awareness to involve in SA movement, the society’s mental who like to

be categorized as poor family and think that poverty reduction programs were identical to get

money. The SA movement would be succeed if the government and society can work together to

solve those problems. The top down and bottom up approach may be combined to alleviate poverty

in Yogyakarta City. These combined approach as value institutionalization model is effective in

encouraging community participation in all segoro amarto movement. Hence, the implementation

of discipline, caring, togetherness and independent value are effective to improve society’s well being.

Keywords: Segoro Amarto (SA) Movement, values, poverty

mailto:[email protected]



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1. Introduction

Recently poverty has became one of the basic social problems that is problematic in all

regions in Indonesia including in Yogyakarta City. Krogstrup in Rulam Ahmadi )2012( says that

there are two kind of poverty: income poverty and non-income poverty. Literacy, death, life

expectancy and anthropometric indicators are widely used as non-income poverty indicators.

Further Krogstrup says income and non-income poverty includes the dual dimensions of poverty.

In other words, Friedmann )in Rulam Ahmadi, 2012( says that poverty is multidimensional and not

just a relative lack of income. Poverty involves the whole field of human life. Understanding

poverty as a multidimensional problem should be an inspiration for poverty alleviation efforts.

The government has taken various efforts to reduce poverty and to increase people’s welfare.

Almost all departments/ministries have a poverty reduction program, and the funds that have been

issued by the government for the implementation of these programs have reached tens of trillions

of rupiah )Sahrony, 2013(. However, many poverty reduction programs initiated by the central

government are disable to alleviate people from poverty )Abuzar Asra, 2000(.

Based on data from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics )BPS(, in September 2016 the

number of poor )people with per capita expenditure per month below the Poverty Line( in Indonesia

reached 27.76 million people )10.70 percent(, or decreased by 0.25 million compared to March

2016 of 28.01 million people )10.86 percent( )http://setkab.go.id/bps-per-september-2016-

population-population-poor-indonesia-decreased-025-muta accessed on April 12, 2017(. However,

the decline in the number of poor people was not followed by a decrease in the number of poor

families in urban areas. BPS data show that the number of poor people in urban areas increased by

0.15 million people )from 10.34 million people in March 2016 to 10.49 million people in

September 2016(, while in rural areas fell by 0.39 million people )from 17.67 million people in

March 2016 to 17.28 million people in September 2016(. This is due to the rising prices of

foodstuffs such as rice, eggs, sugar, onion and beef.

The failure of various poverty reduction programs, presumably because poverty reduction

programs tend to focus their efforts on the distribution of social assistance to the poor )Asep

Suryahadi, 2010(. Assistance programs oriented government 's generosity can actually exacerbate

the moral and behavior of the poor. Moreover, at the policy level, so far poverty alleviation

approaches tend to be more emphasized the liberation of poor family of conventional indicators

)the fulfillment of clothing, food, and boards( aggregate and neglectful the importance of the

liberation of the poor from non aggregate things to grow self-sustaining capacity, such as self-

esteem )self esteem(, pride )dignity(, independence )independence(, recognition )recognition( and

freedom. As a consequence the logical poverty alleviation only preserve or extend the links dependence

rather than as an effort establishing the poor through productive business )Anas Saidi, 2010(.

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To overcome poverty, since 2006 the Yogyakarta City Government has issued Mayor's

Decree No. 70 / KEP / 2006 on Poverty Reduction in Yogyakarta City which mandates that the

Yogyakarta City Government to implement the Poverty Reduction Program (pronangkis) on a

sustainable basis but not as expected. The ineffectiveness of various poverty reduction programs is

suspected because the existing poverty alleviation programs tend to focus on delivering social

assistance for the poor (Asep Suryahadi, 2010). Programs are oriented toward government

generosity, rather than for the empowerment of these societies which in many cases allegedly can

exacerbate the morale and behavior of the poor.

Learning from the ineffectiveness of existing poverty alleviation and it is inspired by the

success of the "Semaul Undong" community movement held in South Korea in 1970, the Governor

of Yogyakarta, Sri Sultan HB X and the Mayor of Yogyakarta for the period of 2006-2011, Herry

Zudianto made an approach a new strategy in poverty reduction efforts in the city of Yogyakarta

by building and reviving the values that already existed in the community of Yogya, which was

then called Segoro Amarto Movement (Semangat Gotong Royong Agawe Majune

Ngayogyakarta). Segoro Amarto's movement (GSA) emphasizes the spirit of gotong royong

(working together), the movement of the whole society for poverty alleviation. This movement is

more emphasis on the change of value which is reflected in attitude, behavior, life style, and the

form of togetherness to achieve better life both physical and mentally (Bappeda/the Region

Development Planning Institution of Yogyakarta City, 2010).

The vision of the Segoro Amarto Movement )GSA( is Sedaya Nyawiji Rila Gumreget

Ambangun diri lan Nagari, while its mission is to inculcate noble values of Segoro Amarto

)discipline, caring, togetherness and independence pillars(, developing GSA at the grassroots

)community(, increasing public participation in the context of development activities, in particular

poverty alleviation. GSA principles are to increase the sense of unity on the basis of awareness to

achieve a strong and prosperous society and build motivation to always eager in implementing

Segoro Amarto vallues. While the purposes of GSA are to promote social justice in community, to

make life more comfortable, prosperous, and independent, and to encourage community

development by promoting the spirit of independence, discipline, caring and sharing, as well as

togetherness vallues in order to jointly tackle poverty )TKPK Yogyakarta, 2011(.

Segoro Amarto movement was first developed in 2008 in three urban villages as pilot project:

Kricak, Tegalpanggung, and Sorosutan Sub-districts. Since the declaration on 24 December 2010

by the Governor of Yogyakarta, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono X, and reinforced by Mayor

Regulation No.53 of 2011 About Segoro Amarto Movement of Yogyakarta City, various

movements have been made such as programs socialization, the formation of Coordination Team

for Poverty Reduction )TKPK( in the urban village level, and other actions that breathe Segoro

Amarto movement. Various economic, social and cultural community groups )paguyuban( also

grow but the results of Segoro Amarto's values have not been fully institutionalized in the

Yogyakarta community and have not significantly affected the efforts to accelerate poverty

reduction )Lena Satlita & Dwi Harsono, 2013(.


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Since 2015 Segoro Amarto )SA( movement has been expanded in six other urban villages:

Prawirodirjan , Gedongkiwo, Prenggan, Terban, Pringgokusuman, and Pandean. TKPK has also

arranged Segoro Amarto motion parameters as the measurement instruments to monitor Segoro

Amarto movement. The SA parameters describe the values contained in the Segoro Amarto

movement consisting of four pillars of discipline, togetherness, caring and independence.. To

monitor family development who hold the Welfare Family Card, mixed in segoro amarto

movement, the government has launched Family Report Card. This card is expected to be a clear

guidance to examine the position of family status measured from the parameter of Population

Social Assessment and Social Security Target Assessment in Yogyakarta City )Training Module

of Segoro Amarto Movement Parameter, 2013(. However, the implementation of the GSA in three

pilot project urban villages have not met the expectations of all parties.

This article will examine Segoro Amarto Movement as a poverty alleviation policy that

emphasizes on building value in society and studying the model of institutionalization of Segoro

Amarto values that is appropriate for the eradication of poverty in the city of Yogyakarta. In Segoro

Amarto movement, efforts to eradicate poverty is put emphasis on utilizing social capital that is a

norm or value which has understood together by society that can strengthen social network/work

which is positive, create mutual relationship, cultivate awareness and high solidarity and can push

the level of confidence among community in order to alleviate poverty.

2. Methods

This article employed a descriptive study with qualitative approach. The location of this

research is in the city of Yogyakarta, in 9 urban villages where they has implemented Segoro

Amarto Movement, consist of 3 pilot project urban villages: Kricak, Tegalpanggung, Sorosutan

and 6 urban villages. The research subjects were the parties involved in Segoro Amarto Movement:

TKPK urban village, Urban Village Government, TKPK Yogyakarta City, Development Planning

Institution )Bappeda( of Yogyakarta City and community members joined in groups of

independent business and social groups. Data collection techniques were documentation,

interviews and observations, as well as the Focus Group Discussion )FGD(. Validation was done

by triangulation of data sources. Data analysis was performed using interactive model of Miles

and Huberman.



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3. Results

a. Segoro Amarto Movement as an Strategic Innovation to Eradicate Poverty.

The Yogyakarta City has an area of 32.50 km². This total area is only 1.02 % of DIY

Yogyakarta Special Region’s area. Administratively, the city of Yogyakarta is composed of 14

districts and 45 urban villages, 614 Rukun Warga (RW), and 2,524 Rukun Tetangga

(neighborhood). Despite being DIY government basis, the amount of poverty in the city of

Yogyakarta is still high. Based on data of the Social Service Manpower and Transmigration of

Yogyakarta, the number of poor people in the city of Yogyakarta in 2014 amounted to 60.230

inhabitants. To overcome poverty in Yogyakarta City, the City Government has made an innovation of

poverty reduction strategy by rebuilding the existing values in society called Segoro Amarto

Movement. In contrast to various other poverty programs, this movement emphasizes the spirit of

mutual assistance that can be organized by individuals, families, community groups, even

implemented jointly between the people and government. It is expected that with the movement

of Segoro Amarto, Yogyakarta is quite clothed, enough food, enough settlement, guaranteed job,

guaranteed health, guaranteed education, and social life intimate )Training Module for Segoro

Amarto Movement Parameter, 2013(. Segoro Amarto Movement is legalized in Mayor Regulation

No. 53 of 2011 on Segoro Amarto Movement of Yogyakarta City. The purpose of the stipulation

of this Mayor Regulation is to increase the role of government apparatus of Yogyakarta City and

all elements of society in the framework of development, especially the acceleration of poverty

reduction through Segoro Amarto Movement.

Segoro Amarto movement has been running for more than 7 years, but has not brought the

expected results. Referring to the theory of George C Edward III )in Subarsono, 2005( the success

of policy implementation cannot be separated from communication factors, resources, dispositions

/ attitudes and bureaucratic structure. Based on the results of Lena Satlita & Dwi Harsono’s

research )2013(, when viewed from the communication factor, the program implementers have

employed various communication media, however, not many of Yogyakarta community are fully

understood about Segoro Amarto movement. It is not easy to change people's views on poverty

alleviation with the spirit of mutual assistance because during this time people are accustomed to

poverty alleviation as the material aid. It is not easy to reestablish the noble values that have

already existed in the society in the midst of the current modernization and modern lifestyles that

have plagued society. The decline of environmental awareness and poverty, jealousy and social

inequality, have also been a problem in the process of communicating the Segoro Amarto movement.

In terms of resources, the resources to implement this movement have been prepared from

the beginning. The main actor to carry out the Segoro Amarto movement has been collected in the

Poverty Reduction Coordination Team )TKPK(. It is established at the city level as well as at the

urban village level. City TKPK is chaired by the deputy mayor with the regional secretary as the

executor. BAPPEDA )Development Planning Institution( is the coordinator at the regional level

for the regional apparatus organization )OPD(. TKPK has roles to ensure that the Segoro Amarto

Movement is really implemented under the responsibility of the relevant implementers since it has

many experts on poverty programs to carry out the tasks and also can manage budget and facilities

by having their position the government institution. Moreover, urban village’s TKPK has function

as the leader in implementing segoro amarto in the urban village )kelurahan( level. Urban Village

community leaders are included in the structure of the Urban Village’s TKPK organization. It is


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hoped that the TKPK of this kelurahan can provide feedback on programs, policies, and evaluations

for the Yogyakarta city government through the city’s TKPK.

The Poverty Reduction Coordinating Team )TKPK( is basically a cross-agency forum

consisting of various elements, ranging from government, financial and banking institutions,

business groups, non-governmental groups, academics, and other community elements. In fact,

however, this TKPK who play roles in raising the contribution of ideas and constructive

implementation suggestions for the succeed of Segoro Amarto movement, do not perform well as

they should do. In view of the apparatus and implementers’ disposition, the research findings show

that there is a greater positive disposition than the negative ones. Negative dispositions occur due

to various factors such as the lack of understanding of the mission vision of the Segoro Amarto

movement, the modern lifestyle that has plagued some people, while at the level of the poor, the

negative disposition occurs more due to the mental attitude that is accustomed to requesting,

receiving assistance and convenience.

George C. Edward )Subarsono, 2005( says that although the resources for policy

implementation are adequate, the implementers has understood and has willingness to implement

the policy, there are other factors that can lead to the optimal implementation of policy

performance. These factors are bureaucratic structure. Recently the Indonesian bureaucratic

structure are characterized by having deficiencies in bureaucratic structure, fragmented structures, and

unclear or complicated Standard Operating Procedure )SOP(. It can affect the performance of Segoro

Amarto Movement organizers: City TKPK , OPD and Urban Village TKPK.

Moreover, in the implementation process of Segoro Amarto Movement, there is less optimal

coordination and synchronization between City TKPK, OPD and Urban Village TKPK. Each of these

organizers seems work separately and independently )Lena Satlita & Dwi Harsono, 2013(. Further,

consolidation of Segoro Amarto movement in urban village level between the TKPK and community has

not run optimally yet. Groups of societies with socioeconomic activity as well as expected cultures

)Paseduluran/ paguyuban) have not empowered yet. This community groups may help the organizers of

Segoro Amarto Movement to identify potentials, problems and needs of urban village community in

order to arrange planning, execution and monitoring as well as activities involvement.

The goal of the movement is still visible but the measurement indicators for the succeed of

SA movement are still less visible. Segoro Amarto aims to instill values in the community, but

procedure or implementation pattern that can explain the achievement of the program in society is

unclear. In addition, the implementing structure has no concrete concept that should be initiated

from Yogyakarta Municipality government. Recently, the urban village TKPK often take in

implementing SA due to unclear program procedure as said by the Chairman of TKPK Sorosutan

urban village: "often we are confused by the situation and conditions of poverty itself and the lack

of understanding of the community so eventually the board must change the bow ".

Segoro Amarto movement is intended as innovation of poverty reduction strategy in

Yogyakarta City because its objective in re-planting noble values of mutual assistance in

eradicating poverty. Even though there have been parameters of Segoro Amarto Movement, it is

still difficult to measure its success. Segoro Amarto parameter measurements have individual and

group or region dimensions. In the Individual dimension, the four pillars are consisting of 32 values

and are translated into 100 parameters. In the Group dimension, 32 va lues are defined into 76

parameters. Meanwhile in the Region level, 32 values are defined into 54 parameters. Segoro

Amarto measurements use 3 scales i.e low, medium and high. Segoro Amarto's parameters are not



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yet understood at the level of the territory so it must be continuously socialized through many

capacity building activities such as upgrading programs, workshops and trainings. It is important

so that the implementation of Segoro Amarto can achieve its objective )Training Module for Segoro

Amarto Movement Parameter, 2013, p. 6- 25(.

In terms of a policy to alleviate poverty, Segoro Amarto movement, which is meant to be

a joint movement to bring citizens to the region in a spirit of mutual help )local values(, is not an

easy matter. Some residents still assume Segoro Amarto movement as poverty reduction policy as

commonly government poverty reduction program by giving aid, and still think SA as a project.

Segoro Amarto movement also seems as top down policy in which the role of city government

are very big and people still expect help from the government )Lena Satlita, Utami Dewi, Anang

Priyanto, 2016(. The essence of “movement” by which the community plays more roles than the

government is far from the reality. This is because the community has not value Segoro Amarto as

the good way to reduce poverty number.

Another challenge of segoro amarto movement in alleviating poverty comes from the

multi-dimensional shared problems of poverty itself. There are so many problems in poverty

alleviation such as ineffective result of some poverty programs that enter to the urban village,

incorrect data validity, inappropriate target group program, less synchronized of program

interventions among the OPD, less sustainable intervention activities and less appropriate of

training programs. These problems cause poverty alleviation as endless and never ending program.

Innovation of this SA in the form of application of Family Report Card is expected to provide more

valid poverty data. This family card is filled by all urban village’s residents by containing family

data, income and asset data, board, food, health, education and social data. Family report cards

also train citizens to plan their needs and identify the available potentials to be achieved and what

has been planned by the family. According to Gunardo, the staff of Bappeda, if this report card is

filled in discipline and honestly, then the various problems of poverty can be handled better.

b. Value Institutionalization Model of Segoro Amarto Movement

Efforts to institutionalize the values of segoro amarto needs to be done by combining

the two approaches, top down and bottom up approach as well as support from stakeholders i.e.

private companies, universities and non-governmental organizations as shown in Picture 1 as

follows:


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VALUE INSTITUTIONALIZATION MODEL

OF SEGORO AMARTO MOVEMENT

= old scheme of segoro amarto implementation

= additional scheme of the new segoro amarto implementasi segoro amarto

Picture 1. The Value Institutionalization Model of Segoro Amarto Movement

Problem and Need Assesment:

Book report

Planning arrangement:

Proposal

Program Implementat

ion

PEMERINTAH

SOSIALIZATION: banner, pin,

banner, mass massa, etc)

SUBSIDY/Assistanc

e

CAPACITY BUILDING:

Training dan Workshop

ACCOMPANIMENT Responsibled OPD for Poverty Eradication;

BAPPEDA

SEGORO AMARTO MOVEMENT IMPLEMENTATION:

a. Value Institutionalization:

1. Discipline2. Caring3. Togetherness4. Independence

b. Poverty Alleviation

LOCAL COMMUNITY: Discipline, Caring, togetherness, independence

STAKEHOLDERS: a. Privat Sectorsb. Universitiesc. NGO

TKPK:Community Leader

Masyarakat

Companion: Community



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In the institutionalization of the pillars and values of the SA movement, the approach

developed is a combination of top down and bottom up. A top down approach is needed in the case

of the government providing socialization, subsidies, capacity building and assistance to the

community through TKPK and urban village companion. Meanwhile, communities also play a role

in identifying problems and potentials they have, planning programs, implementing and benefiting

from the program. Institutionalization and implementation of the GSA model can be successful if

other actors such as the private sector, non-governmental organizations and universities are

involved in the top down and bottom up activities.

The government has to provide clear and detailed guidance in measuring segoro amarto

parameters either in individual, group or region dimension. Moreover, the government may

encourage the community to identify their potentials and employ their potentials to help their

neighborhood to escape from poverty. The government may also fix the policy so that there is clear

portion between the responsibility of Yogyakarta City Government and the central government.

Meanwhile, the community has to support and involve in segoro amarto since it is a movement in

which the ideas and actions should come from the community itself.

The private sectors may contribute by providing corporate social responsibility. By doing

so, they can help the community to embrace their potentials in order to solve thir poverty traps.

Universities and higher institutions also play important roles in enhancing people knowledge and

skill by educating the community through their teaching, research and community services

activities. Also, the universities may also enhancing the community networks to wider and global

scope to get support and funding. Finally, the non-government organization may contribute in

helping the government to broaden knowledge and skill of the community by conducting trainings,

seminars and workshops.

4. Discussion and Conclusion

The idea of Segoro Amarto Movement is a strategic innovation to decrease the number of

poverty in Yogyakarta City. Segoro Amarto Movement is differ from other poverty alleviation

programs since it put emphasis on embracing noble values of Yogyakarta community such as

tolerance and mutual assistance. In the implementation of segoro amarto movement, the TKPK of

city government has provide a Hand Book of Segoro Amarto Parameter to measure indicators of

Segoro Amarto Succeed. There are 32 parameters that are further detailed in 100 parameters for

individuals, 74 parameters for groups and 54 parameters for region dimension. Moreover, the

families that hold Welfare Card have to fulfill a daily report to inform about their problems, needs,

capitals and planning actions to escape from poverty trap. By employing the value of discipline,

caring and togetherness, the poor family will become independent and get better life condition in

fulfilling their daily life covering physical and mental needs.

However, recently Segoro Amarto Movement has not been implemented well. There are

many hindrances in its implementation that come from the implementers of segoro amarto either

from the government or community. The government is still dominant in providing assistance to

the poor familes by providing cash money or other instant programs to the poor. Also, the top down

approach is not effective toencourage the community participation in this segoro amarto movement

because the community does not think that it is a good way to alleviate poverty. The globalization

has resulted on the character of people who tend to neglect other people needs. The people tend


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to be individualistic and hard to help their neighborhood. Therefore, Segoro Amarto will be

effective to alleviate poverty in Yogyakarta City if there were combination between top down and

bottom up approach.

The top down approach is vital to guide the community in implementing the program. The

government plays roles in doing further educating people on the importance of Segoro Amarto

movement by using mass media, banner, and other media of communication. Further, the

government has responsibility in providing assistance to community particularly to do

empowerment programs to many community groups. These community groups will further lead

the community in their region to take activities or actions to support their region development process.

The bottom up approach is also important since the movement is ideally come from the

community itself. The community has to identify their potentials and utilize their potentials to

overcome the poverty. The community has to take need assessment of their need and problems and

also arrange their program planning. Further, the community has to implement the activities by

getting assistance from the government (TKPK and Bappeda), private sectors, universities and

non-governmental organizations.

To achieve its goals, there are several things that may be taken by the stakeholders in

implementing segoro amarto programs:

a. the government may provide clear cut policy provision between the segoro amarto

program and central government policy in alleviating poverty

b. all actors in implementing segoro amarto may initiate programs that can encourage

community involvement in all activities of segoro amarto especially by employing the noble

values of discipline, caring, togetherness and independent.

c. all implementers may encourage greater participation from private sectors, universities

and non-governmental organizations

d. the government provides more empowerment activities rather than instant or cash money

to the communities to encourage community awareness on their potentials and participation

in improving their well being.



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References

Abuzar Azra. (2000). Poverty And Inequality In Indonesia: Estimates, Decomposition, And Key

Issues. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 5 (1/2) 2000: 91-111. Taylor & Francis

Ltd, ISSN 1354-7860 print/ISSN 1469-9848 on line.

AG. Subarsono. (2005). Analisis Kebijakan Publik: Teori dan Aplikasi. Yogyakarta: Pustaka

Pelajar.

Asep Suryahadi. (2010). Review of Government’s Poverty Reduction Strategies, Policies, and

Programs in Indonesia. SMERU-Asian Development Bank.

Bappeda Kota Yogyakarta. (2009). Buku Pedoman Program Penanggulangan Kemiskinan

Kelurahan Kota Yogyakarta.

Budi Winarno. (2007). Kebijakan Publik, Teori dan Proses. Yogyakarta: Media Pressindo.

Lexy J Moleong. (1996). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Rosdakarya.

Peraturan Wali Kota No.53 Tahun 2011 Tentang Gerakan Segoro Amarto Kota Yogyakarta.

Rulam Ahmadi. (2012). Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Miskin: Pendekatan Modal Manusia (Studi

Layanan Publik tentang Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Miskin yang Diselenggarakan oleh

BPM-KB dan Posko 100 di Kota Surabaya), Jurnal Administrasi Publik, Desember 2012,

Vol. 10, No. 2, Hal. 16 – 31.

Sahrony A Hirto. (2013). Gerakan Budaya Dalam Pengentasan Kemiskinan (Kajian Implementasi

Gerakan Segoro Amarto Pada Pemerintah Kota Yogyakarta). Thesis S2 Program Studi

Manajemen dan Kebijakan Publik, Universitas Gadjah Mada.

TKPK Kota Yogyakarta. (2011). Modul Gerakan Segoro Amarto. Kota Yogyakarta.


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Institutional Capacity Building for Poverty Reduction Program

in Kulon Progo Regency

Marita Ahdiyana1

1Public Administration Departement, Faculty of Social Sciences

Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The success of poverty reduction policies requires local authorities with adequate

institutional capacity also organization mandated to implement the policy. Nevertheless, in many

regions in Indonesia, the existence poverty reduction program organization has not been supported

by the development of adequate capacity, so that the poverty reduction programs in the region have

not shown optimal results. This study viewed efforts of institutional capacity building for poverty

reduction program and the factors to be supporting and obstacles of it’s implementation in Kulon

Progo Regency. A method of research used qualitative method. To obtain data used method of in

depth interview, documentation, and observation. Interviews are conducted for key persons from

various institutions that engage in poverty reduction programs and beneficiaries programs.

Researcher also use secondary data from data documentation of the relevan office, mass media,

and source of other literature such as books and jounals. Data was analyzed using qualitative

method. Result of this study show that the various efforts undertaken for strengthening the

institutional poverty reduction program areas have had an impact for poverty reduction. However,

lack of coordination and synergy among the involved stakeholders is an obstacle in enhancing the

partnership of poverty reduction programs. While leadership factor is very influential factor on

efforts to optimize local potential and local institutions in the program of poverty alleviation area.

Keywords: Capacity building, institutional, poverty reduction program



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1. Introduction

The institutional poverty reduction program is considered an urgent need after Indonesia

experiences an economic crisis that causes the increasing number of poor people. The Asian

Development Bank states that poverty eradication efforts in Asia rely heavily on how institutions

are designed, established and developed, and how capacity is built and strengthened (Deolalikar,

et al., 2002). As proposed by Bossuyt (2001), during the 1990s there emerged a growing

consensus regarding the importance of institutions for sustainable development and poverty

reduction. Capacity building is one of the most crucial strategies for poverty reduction. However, reports

by various international agencies show that, investment in capacity building that they do so far

does not show an improvement in organizational performance as well as individual performance

in it. This was stated by Hildebrand and Grindle (Grindle, 1997) as a procedural error in capacity

building. IMF and World Bank Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSPs) report has highlighted

the need to strengthen capacity building for successful implementation of pro-poor policies

(Jütting, et. al, 2005).

Based on the experience of a number of countries, poverty reduction requires a number of

strategies and capacities, namely human resources, infrastructure, funds, and institutions.

According to Cohen (1993), public sector institutions increasingly require managerial,

professional, and technical capacity to enable them to provide public services, especially those

that are complex and specific. Saptana and Darwis (2004), argued that strategic environmental

changes such as economic globalization and decentralization demand changes in the way in which

various institutional operations operate, including local poverty reduction institutions. However,

the institutional performance of poverty alleviation programs at district and rural levels tends to be

weak, indicated by low institutional capacity. Characterized by the dominance of government

agencies, lack of coordination, and lack of synergy between government agencies and other

parties, including private and civil society Heryawan and Usman,(2007). SMERU (2005), therefore, suggests the need for strong institutional poverty reduction through strengthening its

institutional capacity.

Central to decentralistic policy transition has not ensured that poverty alleviation programs

are running optimally because one of them is the weakness of aspects of institutional capacity at

the local level (Kusumaatmadja, 2007; Jayaputra, 2008). From 2002 to 2013, the amount of

government budget for poverty alleviation has increased significantly, but less satisfactory

achievement percentage of poverty reduction (Tim PSSAT and PSPK UGM, 2014). There is a phenomenon in which almost all public service institutions experience weaknesses

in their institutional capacity building process (Syarif, 2013). In the institutional poverty

reduction programs of the region, several studies show that although some local governments

have established the poverty reduction coordination team (TKPKD), their presence has not been

supported by adequate capacity building (Dewi, 2008; Hanif, et. al, 2010; Salim, 2010; Jayaputra,


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2008; Nugraheni, 2014). The findings of IRE and Ford Foundation (2010) research indicate that

the strengthening of technocracy aspect and institutionalization of poverty alleviation is still

weak, marked not yet effective of TKPKD, even there is Unit of Working Device (SKPD) not

familiar with TKPKD function.

Hutahaean (2006) said that there are three strategies that can be applied in poverty alleviation

in Indonesia, namely: institutional arrangement, paradigm shift, and policy choices. Institutional

arrangements contain two definitions, namely the arrangement of government institutions and the

participation of non-governmental, private, and community groups in poverty reduction

programs. Poverty reduction programs should not only rely on government bureaucracy

(technocratic strategy) only. Because it will only result in neglected development programs, even

reducing people's ability to solve their own problems according to local initiatives. So that will

create a high dependence on the central bureaucracy. The second institutional arrangement is

related to the increased participation of non-governmental, private, and community groups in

poverty reduction programs. The effectiveness of the achievement of program objectives will

often be more successful if their implementation includes these institutions. In line with this,

there has been a view among researchers and the awareness of policy makers about the

importance of synergies between government, social institutions and companies in order to

improve the effectiveness of poverty reduction efforts (Ariyani, et. al, 2015).

There are two main prerequisites for strengthening the role of TKPKD as stated by National

team to accelerate poverty reduction (TNP2K), namely capacity building of TKPKD in planning

of poverty reduction program budgeting and monitoring of its implementation, and enhancing

cooperation with other stakeholders. There are also two prerequisites for accelerating poverty

reduction, namely policy reform and institutional reform, with broader sector involvement and

stronger inter-sectoral synergies. Based on review results in 2015, most TKPKD have held

coordination meetings, but the implementation is only a formality and the agenda discussed

generally has not focused on poverty reduction acceleration planning efforts.

TNP2K has conducted various trainings, internships, and mentoring for the TKPKD technical

team to support the implementation of its duties. As of August 2012, 368 TKPK have attended the

Poverty Reduction Policy Analysis and Evaluation Training District, and 185 for internships.

TNP2K has also facilitated TKPD with accompanying NGOs. For the Province of Yogyakarta,

TKPD districts / cities are accompanied by NGO Idea. Idea with Ford Foundation has conducted

FGD and training for TKPKD district/city and provincial, as well as some representatives from

NGOs. But in almost every mentoring activity that was held, most representatives of the OPD who

attend always experienced personnel changes.



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Until August 2012, all provinces in Indonesia have issued a Governor's Decree on the

establishment of TKPK Province. However, there are still 20% of regencies or municipalities do

not have a Decree of the Regent or Mayor for the establishment of the institution (TNP2K). Kulon Progo Regency Government has followed up through the Decree of the Kulon Progo

Regent Number. 325 Year 2010 on the Establishment of Regional Poverty Reduction

Coordination Team (TKPD). Kulonprogo Regency is one of the regencies in Yogyakarta Special

Province which has been included in the program of Development of Disadvantaged Areas (PDT) with 183 other districts in Indonesia (ogja Daily, January 30, 2013).

Hodgson (2006: 2) defines the institution as a rule or system of social rules that have been

established and generally accepted that gives structure to social interaction. The aspects

emphasized in both definitions are established and generally accepted rules of the game or social

rule system. Scientifically, all what is known as an organization, institution, association both

formal and non formal is called institutional, because it contains the same aspect, that is the

cultural aspect consisting of values, norms and rules. While the structural aspects of something

more visual and static of the structure, determining the role, purpose, and membership. While

institutional development only focuses on institutions that have the structure and organization of

potential to be developed (Syahyuti, 2006). Boffin (in Bossert and Mitchel, 2010) argues that

institutions consist of two aspects: the institutional aspect that contains values, vision, mission,

goals, systems and organizational aspects that contain roles, functions, and structures. This is also

consistent with the understanding of Manaf (2012) which reveals that the institutional aspect is

divided into two, namely the rule oriented approach and the organization (role oriented approach). Eade and William (Eade, 2007: 23) explain that capacity building is "strengthening people's

capacity to establish their own values and priorities and to organize themselves to act on these,

which is the basis for development". In this case, in the development of capacity according to

Eade included in it three dimensions of people, organization, and network. Eade also explained

the five strategies in capacity building, namely: 1) strengthening organization and management;

2) provision of infrastructure resources and facilities; 3) network; 4) environment; and 5) fiscal

and program capabilities.

Some researchers also point out that the first dimension that affects organizational capacity

building is the capacity of the organization itself. Horton, et.al (2003) points out that

organizational capacity refers to the resources, knowledge, and processes undertaken by the

organization to achieve its objectives. It consists of human resources, infrastructure, technology,

and financial resources, strategic leadership, program and process management, and networking

and relationships with other organizations or groups. While the Department of Health of New

South Wales (2001) proposed three areas of capacity development: human resource development,

organizational development, resource allocation, and two elements of context for capacity building,

leadership and partnership. Based on the opinions of the experts mentioned above, the dimensions


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or focus of organizational capacity development covers several main areas of development, namely

human resources, organization, infrastructure, networking and relationships, and the environment.

Based on the description of the above problems, various efforts have been made in poverty

reduction program. In addition to requiring various strategies, poverty alleviation must also be

supported by a number of capacities. However, in practice there are still problems that indicate

the weakness of the organization's capacity, so it needs to be studied more about the institutional

capacity building of poverty reduction program in the region. Several researches on capacity

building in poverty reduction have highlighted the role of NGOs in capacity-building of local

organizations and communities (Moikowa, 2004; Sanyal, 2006; Eade, 2007; Gupta, 2011). While

Cornforth & Mordaunt (2011) research on the effectiveness of poverty alleviation more highlight

the role of foundation in organizational and community capacity building. In another study, the

focus of capacity building on poverty alleviation was carried out by community initiatives

(Hannah, 2006; Giagnocavo, 2012), local communities (Nguyen, 2003), and community

organizations (Donelly-Roark et al., 2001). Whereas based on a participatory approach, capacity

building should be able to promote sustainable development values and have an impact on

poverty reduction.

This paper will discuss about various efforts for strengthening the institutional poverty

reduction program in Kulon Progo regency and the factors to be supporting and obstacles of it’s

implementation. The discussion will be conducted on three points: efforts to unification and

validate data on poverty reduction targets, building efforts and improving partnerships with those

involved in poverty alleviation, and efforts to develop local potentials and local institutions into

positive energy in poverty alleviation.

2. Method

This study used qualitative research. Primary data in this study was obtained in the field

through in-depth interview and observation. While the secondary data obtained through the

documentation already available or obtained from the print media or website. Instruments to obtain

the primary data used interview guidelines. Informants in this study used purposive sampling

method. The interview was conducted for key persons of several institutions, i.e the Vice-Regent,

head of the Regional Planning Board, Head of the Village Community Development, Head of the

Central Bureau of Statistics, Head of the Department of Population, the staff of the Social Services

Protection and Empowerment of Women and Children, the staff of Public Works Department, key

informan from private sector, academicians, and beneficiaries. Data analysis uses a method

illustrated by Creswell (2012) as a linear and hierarchical approach built from the ground up, but

in practice it is more interactive.



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3. Result

The Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMD) of Kulon Progo Regency 2011-2016 to be

achieved in the second phase of the Long Term Development Plan of the Region (RPJPD) is the

realization of Kulonprogo Regency which is healthy, independent, achievement, fair, safe, and

prosper by faith and piety. To achieve this goal, one of the programs and activities to be done is

the poverty alleviation program, especially to answer the question of independence, justice and

prosperity.

Poverty reduction is still a central issue that requires more intensive and coordinated

management. The problem of poverty is very complex and requires the synergy of all stakeholders.

The strengthening of poverty alleviation institutions in the regions is largely determined by several

factors: unification and validation of poverty reduction target data, building and increasing

partnerships with private sector, business and universities, and strengthening local institutions into

positive energy in poverty alleviation and institutional strengthening poverty alleviation.

Nevertheless, in Kulon Progo regency there are still various problems related to institutional

strengthening.

Differences in poverty data as a basis for poverty reduction

Integrated data of the poor are still an obstacle in the poverty alleviation program. Especially

with the problem of various data of poverty. Social Service named data of people with social

welfare problem, Public Health Service use data of Public Health Insurance and Certificate of Not

Capable, Food Security Agency using term of household of food insecurity, Family Planning with

family term prosperous and others. Actually, the central government through TNP2K also establish

and release data of poor beneficiaries of various programs. So that poverty reduction efforts should

use one data source, namely TNP2K. The substance of poverty alleviation begins with the existence

of valid data. So the government should encourage the establishment of an effective targeting

system for poverty reduction programs. Data collection should be done while maintaining accuracy

and creating an integrated database system. It should also be able to increase the synergy between

central and local governments both in terms of improving the performance of poverty reduction

programs and strengthening institutions supporting the implementation of community

empowerment programs.

The difference in data on the number of poor people is still a major problem. Nur Hadiyanto

pointed out that the data of poor population of District Government and Central Bureau of

Statistics (BPS) always different. In 2014, based on BPS, the percentage of poor people reached

20.64 percent, while the District Government version of 15.66 percent. Agus Langgeng Basuki,

Head of Regional Development Planning Board explained that the number of percentage of poor

Family Head (KK) in 2014 is 16,74%. It consists of very poor families with a 4.12% and a poor

12.62%.


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While the number of very poor families is 5074 families, while poor 17,971 households. Other KK

enter almost poor and not poor. When viewed from the number of people, the percentage of the

population very poor is 3.71% of the population, and 11.95% of the poor, so the total percentage

of the poor population in Kulon Progo is 15.66%. Compared to the data in 2013, there is a decrease

as the percentage of poor households in Kulon Progo according to the data of the Development

Planning Board in 2013 is 22.54% (BPS: 21.39%), while in 2014 it becomes 16.74% (BPS:

19.02%).

Partnerships of various stakeholders in poverty alleviation

Increased partnerships with various parties involved in poverty reduction are regulated

through Decree Kulon Progo Regent Number 1 Year 2015 on the Role of Local Government

Apparatus as Poor Family Companion, Private and Individual Involvement through Corporate

Social Responsibility (CSR) Program through One Village One Sister Company (OVOSC) and

home surgery program. Home surgery program is also implemented to improve the quality of life

and spirit of mutual cooperation and social awareness.The district government of Kulon Progo has

initiated the involvement of private parties in poverty alleviation through CSR. Kulon Progo

District Government has also formulated a collaborative program with private parties through the

OVOCS program. The OVOCS program is intended to help reduce poverty by focusing on rural

areas. Private companies are expected to empower poor people to be free from poverty.

Efforts to integrate the commitment of various parties and allocate all the resources that are

needed in order to support the success of achieving the goal. Associated with the involvement of

universities in poverty reduction efforts, so far there has been no real cooperation between Kulon

Progo regency government and universities that are specifically intended for poverty reduction

efforts. Implementation of poverty reduction programs in the regions through TKPKD involves

various elements of government, community, business, and other stakeholders. The membership

of TKPD Kulon Progo Regency is based on the following:

Responsible: Regent

Chairman: Vice Regent

Chief Executive: Secretary of the Regions



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Secretary: Head of Regional Development Planning Board (Bappeda) Deputy Secretary: Head of Local Community Empowerment Board (BPMD), with members:

1. BPMD

2. Department of Public Works

3. Department of Population

4. Social Service

5. Communications and Informatics Office

6. Department of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs)

7. Regional Inspectorate

8. Regional Secretariat

9. Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of the Region

10. State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) in the Region

11. Regional Owned Enterprises (BUMD)

12. Local private company

13. Local universities

14. Business world

15. Communities and other stakeholders

The existence of local potentials and local institutions that support poverty alleviation

The problem of regional poverty in Kulon Progo Regency is overcome by optimizing local

potency and local institution. The community must recognize the potential that they have to serve

as the basis for independent living. The government must play a role in guarding the process.

During the leadership of Regent Hasto Wardoyo, various potentials such as water sources, rice,

andesite, home batik and brown sugar have been managed in such a way as to be excellent products.

This optimization is realized through the Bela Beli Kulon Progo program, a movement aimed at

increasing independence and prosperity by faithfully buying local products produced by the

Kulonprogo community. This movement is quite successful in reducing poverty, because the

majority of production is done by the poor.


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Through the movement of Bela Beli Kulon Progo, Hasto Wardoyo has placed a spirit of

independence to get out of the poverty problem by relying on its own strength. Among other things

with a policy that requires students and civil servants to wear batik uniforms Geblek Renteng.

Hasto Wardoyo requires civil servants to purchase local farmer rice products 10 kg per month. To

encourage the improvement of services and economic sector, Kulon Progo district government

also develops several regional owned enterprises (BUMD), namely: PDAM Tirta Binangun, Selo

Adikarta Ltd, and Aneka Usaha Ltd. Rural Banks (BPRs) have been established to serve the

community and government. In the agricultural sector, the government encourages the combined

existence of farmer groups (Gapoktan).

In the field of health services, regional public hospitals (RSUD) have imposed a classless

service to support universal coverage. As well as building a new regional public hospital. The

district government also issued a policy to anticipate the negative impact of the existence of modern

mini market. This is done by collaborating with modern minimarkets in order not to harm

traditional traders. A number of modern minimarkets are integrated for the empowerment of

populist economy through the people's shop (Tomira).


Efforts for unification and validation of poverty reduction target data

Integrated data of poor people is still an obstacle in poverty reduction program. Especially in

the problem of various data of poverty. Unification and validation of poverty reduction target data

is necessary because it forms the basis of any poverty alleviation effort. Kulonprogo District

Government has made efforts to create integrated data of the poor. Beginning 2011 has been

updating poverty album annually by using data from the Department of Population and Civil

records, data from poor families from the region and TP2K data for comparing materials. Poverty

Information System (SIKIN) Kulonprogo District was developed in 2011 by using regulation of

the Head of Regional Development Planning Board, with the aim to integrate poverty data in the

region. The data used are protection to strengthen coordination at the local level for the assistance

of the poor, in order to be clear about its handling and intervention.

One of the important points related to the problem of poverty data governance is the

phenomenon of inclusion error and exclusion error. Inclusion error is a condition of the existence

of a society that does not deserve a poverty reduction program but is recorded as a recipient object

in the government database. In contrast, the exclusion error that the community actually deserves

a program is not even recorded in the database. The initial data collection was led by the district

counselor as the coordinator, while for the village headed by the Dukuh Head as a supervisor. Data



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collection is done by direct visit based on KK ownership by Poverty eradication cadre. SIKIN was

developed to integrate poverty data to clear its handling and intervention.

In 2013 the mechanism of data collection plus the village deliberation stage to improve the

validity and objectivity of data. Village deliberation is an effort to improve the validity and

objectivity of data. Village deliberation observed data collected data for later given

recommendation to KK to be replaced or to KK which not yet entered data collection. The results

of village meetings are then processed again into the application to obtain the final results in the

form of: percentage of poverty level, number of poor families and data by name by address. The

method used is better judged because more censuses, not surveys.

In 2014, data collection activities are also assisted by civil servants as well as assisting poor

families. A person accompanying approximately 4 families. The output of this activity is the

percentage and number of poor people and poor families and data by name by address. But there

are weaknesses because the data is still through village deliberation, thereby reducing its

objectivity. Village deliberations tend to increase the number of poor people, resulting in objective

bias. As evidence, data derived from civil servants, the poverty rate is only about 10%, but

increased to 16.74% after the village deliberation. This is because in the village deliberation often

use social considerations, not just objective data such as data obtained by civil servants when

collecting poor households using 14 indicators.

At the end of 2016, to improve coordination and integration between social protection and

poverty alleviation programs at various levels, both local and central government have

established an integrated service and referral system (SLRT). SLRT is needed to support the

integration and coordination process of the two programs. The main function of SLRT is the

creation of integration of data and service information, complaint identification, referral,

complaint handling, membership registration and program needs, as well as dynamic data

updating at the local level. The SLRT is intended to help governments reach the poor and

vulnerable in a responsive manner. Social protection and poverty reduction programs from local

and central government are expected to be accepted more quickly and comprehensively. SLRT is

also expected to facilitate coordination related to social protection programs and poverty

alleviation horizontally and vertically. The government will identify the needs of the poor and

vulnerable based on existing profiles and databases. The government then connects with the most

appropriate central or regional program. SLRT also helps the process of identifying poor and

vulnerable grievances, determining referrals, and monitoring complaints handling to ensure

complaints are handled properly. Data integration is one of the targets to be achieved in SLRT.

So that the different versions of data that have been happening can be reduced. The integration of

data will be checked periodically because the data is very dynamic.


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Social Services, Women Empowerment and Child Protection Departemen will synchronize

poverty data. Eko Pranyata revealed, so far there are two sources of data used by the District

Government to deal with poverty. First, Poverty Album which is a result of poor family data

collection by Kulonprogo Poverty Album 2011, which is updated every year until 2016. The

second data is the result of Integrated Database Updates (PBDT) 2015 from the central

government in this case the National Team for Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (TNP2K). These two sources of poverty data will be synchronized by 2017. Data from these two sources are

out of sync, due to differences in concepts and indicators. The Data Collection in Poverty Album

uses the concept of Family Card, while the 2015 Integrated Database uses the household concept.

So the number of poor people is more in Poverty Album data. In addition, Poverty Album uses

16 indicators while the Integrated Database Update uses 20 indicators. The poverty rate in

Kulonprogo in Poverty Album 2016 amounts to 60,884 households. While in PBDT 2015 as

many as 44,161 households.

To integrate these two data, 2016 has updated the data of poor families by integrating the 2015

Poverty Album with the 2015 PBDT data. The activities were conducted with local indicators so

that the synchronization in 2017 will use national indicators issued by TNP2K. Updating data with

synchronization of both data, is done to collect detailed data on households and individual members

of poor and underprivileged households according to current conditions. This detail data, is needed

to determine the welfare rank of a household, so that it can be known whether or not the household

is a beneficiary of social protection programs or poverty reduction programs. The targeted data

collection phase can be completed by October 2017.

Efforts to build partnerships of various stakeholders in poverty alleviation

Efforts to unite the commitment of various parties and allocate all the resources that are

needed in order to support the success of achieving the goal. However, in practice still faced the

problem of lack of clarity of division of roles and patterns of relationships of various stakeholders

to support the efforts of poverty reduction success. It is characterized by a lack of coordination and

synergy among implementers at all levels. Each SKPD is still running independently according to

the sectoral regulations set by the government organization on it. As stated by Sutejo Vice Regent,

the consistency and coordination of poverty reduction program implementation has not been well

implemented. So even though the poverty rate has decreased trend, but the number of poor people

in Kulon Progo is still quite big. Whereas inter-agency relation is an internal factor that is very

influential on institutional capacity building of poverty reduction program.

Since 2013 has been established Poverty Alleviation Cadre (KPK), and based on the Decree

of the Regent Number. 325 Year 2010 also has formed Poverty Reduction Team (TPK) to the

village level.The establishment of TPK up to the sub-district and village levels has been done in an

effort to integrate poverty reduction programs in the planning and synchronization stage of the



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program at the implementation stage and synergy among actors (government, private, and

community). In addition to the formation of cadres of poverty reduction to improve access of the

poor to health insurance. Total coverage is meant to lighten the burden and improve the quality of

life. The Foster Family Care Group (KAKB) program is conducted to improve the welfare of the

poor through empowerment and productive economic activities.

In Kabupaten Kulon Progo, there are cadre of rural community institutions (IMP) in every

village and dukuh. In addition, there are also integrated health post cadres (Posyandu) and family

assistance program (PKH). A total of 88 cadres of poverty reduction are spread in 88 villages in

12 sub-districts. The main tasks of the cadres are:

a. Helps inform the public, especially the poor about poverty reduction programs

b. Accompanying the poor in an effort to obtain the facilities and services available

c. Accompanying the poor in the socio-economic empowerment program including assisting the

KAKB and rural assistance.

d. Conducting PMKS assessment

e. Developing poor family profiles.

f. Generate activity reports on a monthly basis.

However, TPK at the kecamatan, kelurahan, and dukuh levels has not functioned optimally.

Coordination and synergy among implementers at all levels is weak, even some agencies are

confused to place positions on the team. The institutional evaluation of TPK 2016 shows that the

way TPK is formed has not followed the guidelines, but rather by appointment. Not all TPK

function properly, due to lack of socialization and coaching. And not all Camat, village head, and

dukuh attended the training. Although TKPKD performs cross-stakeholder coordination, it is still

only a formality forum, at a meeting forum.

Increased partnerships with various parties involved in poverty reduction are regulated

through Decree Kulon Progo Regent Number. 1 Year 2015. The CSR program through OVOSC is

a collaborative program between the private sector and the district government for rural areas. This

program is conducted through initiation of private sector involvement in poverty alleviation. The

OVOCS program is intended to help increase private involvement in poverty reduction by focusing

on rural areas. Private companies are expected to help empower poor people to improve their lives

and welfare. Thus they can be detached from the problem of poverty.


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The OVOSC program was officially launched on November 7, 2012. There are seven

companies that have joined the program. They come from Kulon Progo Regency and from other

regions in Indonesia. Kulon Progo District Government promotes the OVOSC program through

mass media and communicates directly with companies. As shown in Table 1, there are seven

companies that collaborate on the OVOSC program.

Table 1. The Private Companies in OVOSC Program

No Name Origin Business Fields Data Joined

1. Jogja Magasa Iron

Ltd

Kulon Progo

Regency

Iron Sand Mining November 7, 2012

2. Karya Hidup

Sentosa

Kulon Progo

Regency

Agricultural

Machinary

November 7, 2012

3. K-24 Indonesia

Ltd

Kulon Progo

Regency

Pharmacy November 7, 2012

4. Sinar Waluyo Ltd Kulon Progo

Regency

Property Developer November 7, 2012

5. Natasha Skin Care Sleman

Regency

Face and Skin care November 7, 2012

6. Sriboga Flour

Mills Ltd

Semarang

City

Wheat Flour November 25, 2013

7. SGM Sari Husada

Ltd

Yogyakarta

City

Nutritional

Products for

Mother and

Children

September 22, 2014

Source: Ndaru & Kurniawan, 2015: 148 .

In the innovation of CSR programs to address poverty through OVOSC program is still

dominated by a charity program rather than community empowerment. So in the empowerment

program found that the business activities that pioneered the people stopped in the middle of the

road. Another problem is that once the community is doing production comes the problem of

marketing the resulting product. The private sector also has too large a discretion beyond the district

government in the OVOSC program. So CSR is only one of the alternative ways to achieve

public goals by involving the private sector and not yet collaborative governance (Ndaru &

Kurniawan, 2015).



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The Poverty Reduction Program in Kulon Progo Regency Government has no specific

activities aimed at increasing the involvement of universities in poverty reduction programs. The

existing involvement is still limited in community service activities and real work college. So it

has not been intended directly to cooperate in poverty reduction program.

Develop local potential and local institutions into positive energy in poverty alleviation

The problem of regional poverty in Kulon Progo Regency is overcome by optimizing local

potency and local institution. This optimization is realized through the Bela Beli Kulon Progo

program. Leadership factor is very influential on the implementation of this program. Hasto

Wardoyo as Regent is the initiator of this innovative program. To mobilize the economy and public

services, Kulon Progo Regency government has established several Regional Owned Enterprises

(BUMD), and credit bank for community (BPR), a financial services company to serve the

community and government. In addition, there is PDAM Tirta Binangun, which focuses on

drinking water service for Kulon Progo community. Tirta Binangun products are Air-Ku glass

water bottles. The PDAM is able to produce 100 thousand Air-Ku cartons each month. This product

is consumed in the activities in the district and school because the price is cheaper. PDAM is able

to contribute PAD Rp 300 million. The demand for bottled water in Kulon Progo is quite large, ie

4.8 million glasses per month. The requirement was previously filled with drinking water company

in foreign-owned packaging. In fact, Kulon Progo has a water source Clereng in Sendangsari,

Pengasih, Kulon Progo, which is really very qualified physically and chemically and has an

abundant capacity.

In agriculture, the government facilitated the formation of a group of farmers (Gapoktan). They are encouraged not only to sell crops in the form of grain, but to process and pack into rice.

District governments facilitate rice and capital milling machines. So Kulon Progo has a rice product

that is not inferior to the quality of rice in the supermarket. The Bupati requires civil servants in

the district government to purchase rice from a group of farmers. If 8 thousand Civil servants Kulon

Progo at least consume 10 kg, the share of rice every month 80,000 kg, enough to support

farmers. Kulon Progo also established a Memorandum of Understanding with a Logistics Agency

(Bulog) as a regional rice supplier. Every month Gapoktan supplies 1,900 tons of rice to Bulog.

So their income and purchasing power increased.

Potential batik Geblek Renteng optimized through uniform program mandatory for 8,000 civil

servants and 80,000 students. Batik craft center in Kulon Progo grow rapidly to serve the order of

batik Geblek Renteng uniform. This batik marketing now covers the area of DIY Province and

even outside the island of Java Production of batik crafters in Kulonprogo increased sharply. If

once a month every craftsman on average only able to produce 2,000 yards of cloth, now spend up

to 40,000 yards.


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In infrastructure projects, the sidewalk construction is required to use andesite from Kulon

Progo. Aneka Usaha Ltd is a BUMD that provides building materials made by the community.

Andesite stone Kulon Progo is used to make sidewalks in Kulon Progo, thereby increasing the

standard of living of andesite business actors. Similarly, in road paving projects, the winning bidder

or project executive must purchase asphalt at Selo Adikarto Ltd, one of the BUMD in Kulon Progo.

The winner of the tender for the road project must use BUMD asphalt production. So Selo Adikarto

Ltd has been able to produce 48 thousand tons of hotmix asphalt every year.

Related to the existence of a number of modern minimarkets, the government has a special

policy so that the minimarket does not impact negatively on small traders. A total of 14 modern

minimarket outlets that have been operated by the cooperative and changed its name to the

People's Store (Tomira). Tomira is required to sell Kulonprogo local products including Air-Ku,

gapoktan rice, soto flavored soup eggs and so on. Both parties agreed to work together to develop

community economic empowerment in partnership with cooperatives and Micro Small and

Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Tomira supports the poverty reduction program in Kulon Progo

Regency, in the form of income allowance for UMKM facilitation activities and community

social assistance, covering the activities of home surgery, scholarship for underprivileged

students, and other social activities. This partnership benefits cooperatives and UMKM. This

form of partnership take over is more profitable for cooperatives and UMKM compared with the

pattern of cooperation franchise.

In the health sector, the district government is also optimizing the utilization of Wates

Regional General Hospital. Even today the hospital becomes one of the nominees of the United

Nation Public Service Award. This is because the hospital has a very pro-poor program of health

services for the poor. The program is the inpatient care of the poor without classes. Kulon Progo

Regency Government built Nyi Ageng Serang Sentolo General Hospital. The D-type hospital that

was inaugurated on November 12, 2014 has a hundred rooms. Non-class hospitalization policies

are also applied at the hospital. Because now there are two hospitals, Jamkesda budget which

originally IDR 8 billion this year to IDR 15 billion. Local Government of Kulon Progo still

budgeted Regional Health Insurance to cover people who have not got Jamkesmas through BPJS.

In addition, all health centers in Kulon Progo, already using regional service unit (BLUD). The

system makes the management of puskesmas more flexible.

From the above description can be concluded that the implementation of synchronization and

integration of poverty data as the basis of poverty reduction programs still experience constraints.

The number of steps taken to integrate the data in poverty album and PBDT data until August 2017

has not been implemented. Whereas detailed data is needed to determine whether a household is

categorized as beneficiary of social protection program or poverty reduction program. The

completion of a new poverty data sync is targeted at the end of October 2017.



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In order to improve the partnership of various stakeholders in poverty alleviation the district

government of Kulon progo has issued a number of policies. However, various obstacles are still

an obstacle in the implementation. Lack of coordination and synergy among SKPD involved in

poverty reduction programs is a problem that can not be overcome. Although poverty alleviation

cadre has been formed up to dukuh level, but not yet able to function optimally. In the CSR

program, seven private companies have also worked with the district government. However the

OVOSC program is still a charity program and not yet a community empowerment activity. Until

August 2017, there is also no cooperation with universities that are directly intended to support

poverty reduction programs.

Kulon Progo District Government has implemented various policies to exploit local potential

and encourage local institutions through the Bela Beli Kulon Progo movement. Based on data from

the Regional Development Planning Board, the poverty rate in Kulon Progo has decreased from

22.54% in 2013 to 16.74% in 2014. Local potentials such as mountain water source, batik

handicraft, andesite and asphalt have been optimized the construction of a number of regional-

owned enterprises. BUMD and existing rural banks have been able to encourage economic activity

so as to improve the welfare of the people. Cooperation and partnership between cooperatives

and UMKM through the people's store (Tomira) is built so that the existence of modern

minimarket does not negatively impact small traders. To increase the selling value of agricultural

products, the combined farmer group (Gapoktan) is encouraged to sell the production in the form

of packaged rice instead of grain. Kulon Progo Regency Government also implements a classless

care program at Wates Hospital and Nyi Ageng Serang Sentolo Hospital to improve public access

to health services. Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that the various efforts undertaken for

strengthening the institutional poverty reduction program areas have had an impact for poverty

reduction in Kulon Progo Regency. However, in increasing the partnership of various parties

involved in poverty alleviation there are still obstacles, namely lack of coordination and synergy

among stakeholders involved in poverty alleviation. Leadership factor is also a very influential

factor on efforts to optimize local potential and local institutions in the program of poverty

alleviation area.


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Strengthening Budgetary Transparency in Vietnam’s New State Budget Law

of 2015 in Alignment with International Good Practice

Hoang Thi Thuy Nguyet1, Vu Cuong2

1Faculty of Public Finance, the Academy of Finance, Vietnam 2Planning and Development Faculty, the National Economics University, Vietnam

1Email: [email protected], 2Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The report “Vietnam 2035 – Toward Prosperity, Creativity, Equity and Democracy”

(World Bank, 2016) has pointed that the aspiration of becoming “wealthy people and strong

nation” can be achieved only by successfully implementing an institutional reform program and

introducing enabling policies based on three key pillars: (i) economic prosperity with

environmental sustainability; (ii) equity and social inclusion; and (iii) a capable and accountable

state. In the sphere of public finance management, the State Budget Law has gone through three

times of initiation and amendment in 1996, 2002 and 2015 as the most recently. Those laws also

present an evolution process in promoting budgetary transparency toward better alignment with

the international good practice.

The paper discusses the extent of budget transparency in Vietnam as evaluated by Public

Expenditure and Financial Accountability Review in 2013 (PEFA, 2013) and rankings of Open

Budget Index in various years (2010, 2012 and 2015). Vietnamese government’s effort to address

the weaknesses as reflected in the newly promulgated SBL of 2015 is analyzed. Finally,

recommendations to enforce the Law’s provisions on fiscal transparency and budget disclosure

are made.

Keywords: accountability, budget disclosure, State Budget Law, transparency




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1. Introduction

State budget transparency and openness is a key pillar of good governance. Budget transparency

refers to the extent and ease with which citizens can access information about and provide

feedback on government revenues, allocations, and expenditures (World Bank, 2017). While

budget transparency is not a goal itself, it is crucial for budget accountability, because if a budget

is not transparent, its performance cannot be analyzed, monitored and evaluated. Consequently, if

budget outcomes cannot be assessed, it is impossible to hold any public agency accountable to

their use of public money.

Over years, Vietnam’s government has made continuous effort to improve budget transparency,

which is acknowledged by the international community. However, Vietnam is still classified in

the catergory of Scare or None Budget Information countries in 2015. The newly promulgated

State Budget Law (SBL) of 2015 has demnostrated the government’s commitment to move toward

better alignment with the international standard for budget transparency. In this context, the paper

aims to analyze improvements made in the SBL of 2015, identify the remaining deficiencies and

recommend needed actions to address them

2. Method

The importance of budget transparency is evidently emphasized in public finance literature. Firstly, budget transparency helps the public to scrutinize budget allocation and disposal much

more easily. The stricter the budget oversight is, the less incentives the government servants have

to misuse or misappropriate public fund. In other word, transparency is a powerful tool to combat

corruption in budget execution. Second, when the budget is open to the public and effective

legislative scruntiny, it will be harder for policy makers to manipulate the budget to serve their

vested interests. Finally, budget transparency will promote citizens’ participation, not only in

budget scruntiny, but also in providing feedback on the budget allocation and execution. In short,

budget transparency can result in more efficient and effective use of scared public resources. Inreturn, when tax payers’s money is used in a more accountable way, the gpovernment is likely to

gain more trust from its citizens. With higher trust on the government, citizens are more likely to

pay taxes and contribute donations to the state budget and other forms of public funds. Therefore,

transparency can indirectly contribute to generate higher revenue for state budget.

To make budget transparent and transform it into tools which empower citizens to influence

policy, programs, and resource allocation, there is a sequenstial steps to be followed. They are

visualized in a so-called Budget Transparency Feedback Loop in Figure 1.


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Source: World Bank (2017),

https://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-1193949504055/4348035-1352736698664/BT_What_Why_How.pdf

Figure 1: Budget Transparency Feedback Loop

In Section 3, the paper reviews the international assessments of the degree of budget transparency

in Vietnam ’s budget management system as of 2015 . Then, in Section 4, the SBL of 2015 is

analyze to see how far Vietnamese government attempts to address shortcomings of budget

transaprency as assessed by international standards . Using the theoretical framework for budget

transparency as demonstrated in Figure 1, in Section 5, recommendations are made in order to

strengthen law enforcement in this regard.

3. Results: Budget transparency in Vietnam against the international standards

Given importance of state budget transparency in holding government agencies accountable,

since 2007, the Ministry of Finance (MOF) decided to disclose two documents: (i) budget

execution report for the current year and budget plan for the budget year; and (ii) report on public

debt, government debt and national debt. Those reports are disseminated as printed publication

and on-line documents posted in the MOF’s webpage. The improvment in budget transparency

was well recognized internationally as reported in the Vietnam Fiscal Transparency Review made

by the World Bank in 2013:

Government

Disclosure Simplify

Disseminate

Elected rep. and Citizens

Understand and Analyze

Discuss

Give Feedback



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Vietnam has come far in improving fiscal transparency. Building on these gains could

help strengthen macroeconomic management, improve market perceptions of risk, and

increase accountability for service delivery. It is an important element of the

Government’s policy dialogue with Development Partners, particularly in the context of

ongoing budgetary support (World Bank, 2013a).

At the sam e tim e, the PEFA assessm ent fram ework, develope d by the World Bank in

collaboration with other development partners, both countries and international institutions, was

also introduced in the country to make worldwide comparable assessments of public financial

management systems. The PEFA report 2013 was a result of a process of self-assessment led by

the MOF. In order to ensure quality, the results of the self -assessment were subject to rigorous

review by different independent expert teams, the PEFA Secretariat and intensive consultation

with relevant stakeholders. The PEFA assessment framework is based on 28 indicators covering

all aspects of a country’s public finance management system and being divided into three main

dimensions (i.e. credibility of the budget, comprehensiveness and transparency, and budget cycle) and on three indicators, which measure the interaction between the Government concerned and

its development partners. Each indicator is scored in descending order from A to D . According to

the PEFA report (2013 ), three key indicators measuring budget comprehensiveness and

transparency of Vietnam’s public finance management system was rated at average level (see Table 1).

Table 1: Summary of performance measurement result for selected indicators

Indicator code Name of the indicator Rating

PI-6 Comprehensiveness of information included in budget

documentation

B

PI-7 Extent of unreported government operations C+

PI-10 Public Access to key fiscal information B

Source: World Bank, 2013b.

However, comparison with other countries in the region shows that Vietnam has to make

tremendous effort to increase its budget transparency, especially from the citizens’ perception,

just to avoid being lagged behind. Since 2006, the International Budget Partnership (IBP) – a

prestigious non-government organization in collaboration with civil society around the word has

made a worldwide survey on budget transparency – namely the Open Budget Survey – every two

years. The survey uses internationally accepted criteria developed by multilateral organizations

such as the International Monetary Fund, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and

Development (OECD), and the International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions

(INTOSAI). It is a fact-based research instrument that assesses what occurs in practice through


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readily observable phenomena. Based on the answers to 109 questions, each country is given a

score between 0 and 100 on the Open Budget Index (OBI) – a broad, comparable measure of

budget transparency (IBP, 2015).

Table 2 presents scores and rankings of Vietnam’s OBI in three surveys in 2010, 2012 and 2015

relative to other countries in the regions.

Table 2: Vietnam’s Open Budget Index in 2010, 2012 and 2015

Country 2010 2012 2015

Score Ranking/94 Score Ranking/100 Score Ranking/102

Vietnam 14 77 (5) 19 77 (5) 18 87 (5)

Cambodia 19 75 (5) 15 81 (5) 8 95 (5)

China 13 79 (5) 11 86 (5) 14 92 (5)

Indonesia 50 40 (3) 62 20 (2) 59 26 (3)

Malaysia 39 55 (4) 39 62 (4) 46 55 (3)

Myanmar --- 0 99 (5) 2 100 (5)

Philippines 55 33 (3) 48 47 (3) 64 23 (2)

Thailand 42 53 (3) 36 66 (4) 42 65 (3)

Note: Country rankings are classified into five categories: (1) Intensive information (with scores of

81-100); (2) Substantial information (with scores of 61-80); (3) Limited information (with score of

41-60); (4) Minimal information (with scores of 21-40); and (5) Scare or none information (with

scores of 0-20).

Source: IBP, http://www.internationalbudget.org/opening-budgets/open-budget-initiative/open-

budget-survey/publications-2/rankings-key-findings/rankings/, accessed 10/09/2017.

Vietnam’s OBI score has been improved in the last 5 years. If in 2010, its score was only 14

points, with which Vietnam’s ranking was even lower than that of Cambodia, in 2012 its score

was increased by almost a half, and the country moved ahead Cambodia. However, from 2012 to

2015, its score was almost unchanged, and its ranking dropped by 10 steps from the 77th to the

87th ranking. This score was also far below the worldwide average score of 45 points (over the

maximum of 100 points) in 2015. Relative to other four ASEAN countries including Philippines

(62 points), Indonesia (59 points), Malaysia (46 points) and Thailand (42 points), Vietnam was far

lagged behind in terms of both score and ranking. Typically, in 2012, Thailand and Malaysia were

in Category 4 (minimal information), but in 2015 all “Group 4” members moved to Category 2

(substantial information) and 3 (limited information). However, up to now, Vietnam has been

http://www.internationalbudget.org/opening-budgets/open-budget-initiative/open-budget-survey/publications-2/rankings-key-findings/rankings/

http://www.internationalbudget.org/opening-budgets/open-budget-initiative/open-budget-survey/publications-2/rankings-key-findings/rankings/



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stagnated in the lowest Category 5 (rare or none information). Its ranking was 22 steps lower than

that of Thailand, the lowest ranking country in “Group 4”.

As assessed by IBP (2015b) , Vietnam had no progress in 2015 relative to 2012 because of two

main reasons: Firstly, the drafted budget plan was not opened for public discussion before being

submitted by the executive government to the legislative bodies. Secondly, the semi-annual

budget execution report did not include sufficient information, especially those related to

quantitative macroeconomic forecasts or fiscal projections for the rest of the year.


How the State Budget Law of 2015 attempts to be better aligned with international standards in

budget transparency?

Promulgated by the National Assembly in 25/6/2015, the new SBL comes into effect in fiscal

year 2017. This is the third SBL, after the SBL of 1996 and the SBL of 2012. As assessed by

government authorities, academia and development partners, the SBL of 2015 has made a big

move from previous laws in terms of better fiscal decentralization, more result-oriented budget

management and strong promotion of budget transparency and openness (Nguyen Minh Tan,

2015). For budget transparency, the following improvements are evidenced:

Firstly, the new SBL asks the government to report to the National Assembly its fiscal

performance with sufficient and comprehensive information. (Improving the indicator PI-6 in

PEFA).

According to PEFA, the Government’s submission of budget plan should be supported by

relevant documents to provide nine elements of information for justification and explanation

including macro-economic assumptions and forecasts; budget deficit; deficit financing; debt

stock; financial assets; prior year’s budget out-turn; current year’s budget estimates; budget

balance reports; and explanation of budget implications of new policy initiatives (World Bank

2013b). PEFA Report 2013 asserted that Vietnam had sufficiently provided five out of nine

elements of information.

Two partially satisfied elements are fiscal deficit and prior year’s budget out-turn. Information on

the budget deficit is reported to the National Assembly, but its definition was not consistent with

GFS or other internationally recognized standard). In the annual budget documents, only

estimated out-turns for the current year and estimates for the budget year ahead was available,

while information on the final accounts of the previous year, which were not yet complete, was

still absent.


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The remaining two elements were assessed as dissatisfied including financial assets and budget

balance report. According to the international standards, information on financial assets should

include at least details for the beginning of the current year. However, this information was totally

blank either in the context of budget or in the budget execution statements. For budget balance

report, it is internationally required that summarized budget data for both revenue and

expenditure according to the main heads of the classifications used, including data for the current

and previous year, should be available. However, in Vietnam, summarized budget data were

presented only at a high level of aggregation.

In the SBL of 2015, budget deficit is defined as excluding loan principle payment, which is

aligned with GFS standards. In addition, this is the first time when the Government is required to

move to medium term planning practice by submitting to the National Assembly a series of

medium term fiscal plans including five year financial plan, five year public investment plan and

three year financial and budget plan. Templates used in those plans must ensure over-year

comparability for budget estimates and out-turns. However, disclosure of information on financial

assets has not been compulsory yet.

Secondly, while state budget cannot be used to finance operation of off-budget state financial

funds, the Government is still obliged to report to the National Assembly the operations of those

funds right at the budget planning stage (improving the Indicator PI-7).

Good practice envisages that all expenditures resulting from government decisions should either

be included in the budget or presented to the legislature alongside the budget at both budgeting

and out-turn stages. The SBL of 2012 specified that all revenues and expenditures decided by the

relevant authorities of the state for the implementation of state functions and mandates should be

included in the state budget. Nevertheless, there are some major expenditures that are not

included in the budget: for example, the public expenditures financed by government bonds,

lottery revenues, or earmarked fees and charges. In addition, at that time, Vietnam has more than

30 off-budget State Financial Funds established at both central and sub-national level, with

diverse scope, nature and scale of operations.

The SBL of 2015 has made effort to remove this deficiency by stopping funding those funds with

state budget. Nevertheless, those funds are still required to submit annual financial out-turn report,

next year’s financial plan and year-end financial statements, supported by narrative analysis of the

funds’ performance. All revenues and expenditures of the funds must be reflected in the state

budget plan, which is subject to the National Assembly’s approval.

Thirdly, accessiblity to key fiscal information must be made in a comfortable manner to all

citizens (improving the Indicator PI-10).

Good practice requires ready public access to key fiscal information. This is considered as a

measure of fiscal transparency. The PEFA assessment framework lists six elements of basic fiscal

information, in which Vietnam’s citizens were able to access four out of six elements, including



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year-end financial statements; external audit reports; contract award notices; and resources

available to primary service units (for example schools or healthcare facilities). The information

was available in the websites of the MOF, the Ministry of Planning and Investment, State Audit

and provincial People’s Committee (local executive body). Two other elements on annual budget

reports and in-year budget execution reports did not satisfy PEFA standards. They also got low

scores in 2015 OBI.

To set out the legal basis for the public early participation in budget allocation process and

scrutiny of budget allocation, Article 15 on publicity of state budget has been added in the SBL

of 2015. State budget plans submitted to the National Assembly and provincial legislatures,

approved state budget plans, budget execution reports, year-end financial statements approved by

the National and provincial assemblies, all of them are subject to be disclosed.

Public disclosure of state budget can be made by different instruments: reporting in periodical

meeting sessions, posting at the agency offices, distributing publication, sending written

statements to concerned parties, uploading in the electronic portals, and publicly reporting via

mass media and broadcasting channels. Only detailed information and narrative reports regarding

national security and national reserves are excluded from the scope of disclosure. Publicized data

must be attached by detailed narrative justification in order to make fiscal information public friendly.

The law also provides regulation on community oversight over the state budget in Article 16. The

overarching mass organization – or Vietnam Father’s Land Front – takes a lead in organizing

community oversight over the budget. The oversight focuses on public agencies’ compliance to

relevant regulations on state budget management and use, budget execution and budget

disclosure. Citizens can exercise their right on budget scrutiny by voicing directly to concerned

parties or indirectly to the local elected bodies (e.g. local assemblies) or their representative

organizations (e.g. local Vietnam Father’s Land Front organization, the leading agency in

community-based budget oversight).

Apart from detailed budget data, which is crucial for legislatures and experts to analyze and

evaluate its efficiency and effectiveness, issuance of a citizen budget has been recommended by

international organizations as a vehicle to explain key fiscal issues in an objective, reliable,

relevant and understandable manner. Unfortunately, citizen budget has not yet mandated in the

SBL of 2015. However, it is the first time in 2015 when the first citizen budget is posted in the

MOF’s website. The Ministry is also planning to issue annually this summarized form of the state

budget at the same time with budget plan disclosure to enable citizens to access fiscal

information. If so, the citizen budget is expected to serve as an important tool for citizens to

exercise their power over budget decisions.

Finally, reporting performance of budget programs according to their assigned tasks and

objectives is made compulsory.


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Good practice requires a comparison between budget implementation against stated objectives of

key annual fiscal programs in annual budget execution reports submitted to the legislature. Outcomes of big spending programs should be quantified as much as possible and supported by

evidence from quantifiable result indicators. During the budget year, the legislature should be

provided a narrative report to evaluate achieved results against program objectives stated in

annual budget plans.

Being ware of the newness and complexity of the issue, the SBL of 2015 has set only reporting

principles and the Government is asked to translate them into relevant legislative documents. Unfortunately, Article 11 ( on performance-based state budget management) of Decree

163/2016/ND-CP (Government of Vietnam, 2015), which is sub-law guiding document on the SBL

implementation, does not provide sufficient detail how public agencies can link their assigned

budgets with expected deliverables in compliance with technical standards other quality

specifications.

Recommendations: How to enforce the Law’s provisions on fiscal transparency?

It is clear that the SBL of 2015 is a big leap in fiscal transparency and openness. However, it is

still a framework legislation. To put the law into actual operation, issuance of a series of sub-law

implementation guiding documents is needed. Also, enforcement mechanism should be in place. The following recommendations can be seen as immediate actions to make the law effective.

Fiscal information should be provided to citizens in a simple, clear, understandable and

accessible manner. In fact, drafted budget plans, budget execution reports, budget inspection and

auditing reports are made mostly available within the government system. The extent of budget

disclosure in websites and other publicly accessible channels is still limited. Also, in their

presentation, figures are dominant while the narrative justification is rare. Consequently, it is hard

for the public either to understand policy changes and their impacts on budget revenues and

expenditures or to predict their likely consequences. Therefore, the MOF should have specific

regulations and operational manuals to guide budget disclosure forms and templates, which are

consistent and over-year comparable. The manuals should also provide instruction how to get data

and its computation, and what are implications behind the figures. Citizen budgets should be

compulsorily developed by all budgetary tiers, not only the MOF at the national level.

Time table for budget disclosure should be transparently set and publicly announced by all

authorized agencies in all budgetary levels. In the current Vietnamese regulations, only deadlines

for disclosing information on the budget plans and year-end budgetary statements are defined. Concrete time table for disclosing other budget execution reports has not yet been specified. This

should be seen as a room for improvement. The time table should set additional deadlines for

other important fiscal disclosure events, including dissemination of annual budget documents



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(budget drafts, approved budget plans, and final account reports), quarterly and semi-annual

budget performance (revenues and expenditures) reports to all concerned parties.

Heads of government agencies should be hold accountable to disclosure of their agencies’ budget

information in compliance with relevant legislations. Identification of personal and organizational

violations of rules and regulations on budget transparency and openness is a crucial in setting up

legal framework for budget transparency. If rights and responsibilities of agency heads in budget

disclosure is well defined, they will be useful reference for rewarding good performers and/or

sanctioning violators.

Technical capacity of financial and budget management agencies in developing medium term

financial and budgetary plans should be strengthened. The SBL of 2015 has paved the road for

linking development strategy and policies to budget – a chronic shortcoming of the budget

management system in Vietnam – by mandating formulation of five year financial plan, five year

public investment plan and three year financial and budgetary plan. In order for such plans to be

effective, the inter-agency coordination is a must. For such, a comprehensive and visionary

training program on strategic and result-based planning, costed socio-economic development

planning and alike should be designed for planning and financial officers in government agencies.

Public perception on the importance of budget transparency and citizens’ rights and

responsibilities in overseeing budget affairs should be enhanced via effective communication

strategy. Public awareness on budget transparency varies in different regions across the country. Various factors, including individual income level, public literacy and the extent of public

participation in community affairs, and government officials’ interest in information

dissemination, determine the level of public awareness. In general, in poor and remote areas,

demand for budget information disclosure is low while in the better-off communities, people

always urge for more transparent information on the use of taxpayers’ money by government

agencies. Therefore, awareness raising campaign must be an integral part of any effort to

reinforce the SBL of 2015’ s provision on budget transparency. At the grassroots level, civil

society organizations, village heads and/or directorship of rural cooperatives play an important

role in disseminating budget information to citizens and their members and facilitating citizens’ participation throughout the local budget management process. Also, effective mechanisms

should be in place to ensure that citizens’ voices are heard and their rights to claim, question and

denunciate are acknowledged as a crucial channels to hold public agencies accountable to their

budget decisions. Those mechanism should be integrated into formal budget oversight and

inspection process.


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Performance reports made by spending agencies must be linked to the budget outcomes. Given

the fact that Vietnam’ s current budget management system has been heavily input based,

spending units concern more about procedural compliance than result achievement. Therefore,

their performance reports as well as reviews made by sectoral and inter-sectoral inspectorates

emphasize mostly on compliance accountability. Recently, progress reports of national targeted

program implementation and state audit reports has increasingly addressed budget outcomes and

the link between budget outcomes and disposed financial resource. To scale up such results-oriented budget management practice, the set of sectoral technical specifications and norms,

service unit costs and alike should be well developed and/or improved so that they can serve as

reliable basis for contracting out public service provision.

Conclusion

The SBL of 2015 has made dramatic changes in legal framework and policies towards

strengthening budget transparency. It is expected to rebuild pubic trust on the government system

in mobilizing and using tax revenues in more transparent and accountable fashion. Good practice

envisages that with sound legislations and effective enforcement mechanism, the public trust is

enhanced and an enabling socio economic environment for inclusive development will be created

with intensive participation of all citizens and communities. Guaranteeing citizens’ right to access

to fiscal information will have multiplier effect on holding the government accountable to budget

outcomes. However, the list of must-do things is still long if the SBL of 2015 to be actually

operationalized. Strengthening public scrutiny on budget cycle management and budget outcomes,

which is fueled by effective budget oversight of the legislatives, is the first priority to make fiscal

transparency in Vietnam more aligned with international good practice.

5. References

Government of Vietnam (2016), Decree 163/2016/ND-CP dated 21/12/2016 Providing a Detailed

Guideline for Implementation of the State Budget Law of 2015.

National Assembly, State Budget Law Number 83/2015/QH13 dated 25/06/2015

Nguyen Minh Tan (2015), New Points in the State Budget Law of 2015, Journal of Finance

28/8/2015, Vol. 1, No. 8.

The International Budget Partnership (2015a), Open Budget Survey: Executive Summary,

http://www.internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBS2015-Executive-Summary-

English.pdf, accessed on 10/09/2017.

The International Budget Partnership (2015b), Vietnam’s Open Budget Survey 2015,

http://www.internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBS2015-CS-Vietnam-English.pdf,

accessed on 10/09/2017.

http://www.internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBS2015-Executive-Summary-English.pdf

http://www.internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBS2015-Executive-Summary-English.pdf

http://www.internationalbudget.org/wp-content/uploads/OBS2015-CS-Vietnam-English.pdf



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The World Bank (2013a), Vietnam Fiscal Transparency Review: Analysis and Stakeholder

Feedback on State Budget Information in the Public Domain,

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PUBLICSECTORANDGOVERNANCE/Resources/285

741-1394549917287/9498339-1394549944874/9498340-

1394550758330/WB_Vietnam_Fiscal_Transparency_Review.pdf, accessed on 10/09/2017

The World Bank (2013b), Vietnam Public Expenditure an Financial Accoutability (PEFA): Public

Financial Management Performance Assessment,

https://pefa.org/sites/default/files/assements/comments/VN-Jul13-PFMPR-Public.pdf,

accessed on 10/09/2017.

The World Bank (2017), Budget Transparency: What, Why and How, Using Budget to Empower

People,

https://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/Resources/244362-

1193949504055/4348035-1352736698664/BT_What_Why_How.pdf, accessed on

10/09/2017

The World Bank and Ministry of Planning and Investment (2016), Vietnam 2035 – Toward

Prosperity, Creativity, Equity and Democracy, Country report.

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/PUBLICSECTORANDGOVERNANCE/Resources/285741-1394549917287/9498339-1394549944874/9498340-1394550758330/WB_Vietnam_Fiscal_Transparency_Review.pdf



https://pefa.org/sites/default/files/assements/comments/VN-Jul13-PFMPR-Public.pdf




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Strengthening Collaborative Governance in Participatory Social Service For Elderly

Case Study: Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia

Kurnia Nur Fitriana1, Yanuardi2, Pandhu Yuanjaya3, Utami Dewi4

Public Administration Department, Faculty of Social Sciences

Yogyakarta State University, Indonesia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

The objective of this research was developing social service model for elderly according to

their needs analysis specifically. The aging of Indonesia's demographic structure over the past

decade had a significant impact on the dependency ratio on the productive age group. This

condition also occurs in Yogyakarta Province as province which has highest number of elderly and

highest life expectancy in Indonesia. The increasing number of elderly people in Yogyakarta

Province has not been able to be accompanied by efforts to improve the quality of elderly wellbeing

through inclusive social services due to limited government's capacity in budget support,

infrastructure support, skilled human resources support and pro elderly policy support. Moreover,

the social services for elderly have been implemented in top down policy with the dominant role

of government. Therefore, the alternative problem solving is implementing the values of

collaborative governance through a participatory social service model by non-governmental actors.

The social engagement of communities, elderly's families, social workers, volunteers, social

organizations, and government agencies in elderly’s social service inclusively is important step to

improving elderly wellbeing sustainability through strengthening of social capital. The research

approach that used in this research was research and development research for two years (2017-

2018). The aim of the first year in this research is creating social service model for elderly

according to their needs analysis inclusively. The technique of collecting data conducted

observation, in-depth interview, focus group discussion, and secondary data documentation. The

implementation of this model consist of six main stages: (1) identifying problems in social services

for the elderly as a problem mapping; (2) analyzing the needs of the elderly as target groups in

social services; (3) social engagement collaboratively, responsively, and inclusively. Existing

stakeholders are the government agencies, social workers, volunteers, social organizations, social

communities, and elderly's families, (4) empowering elderly as the subject of social services

through assisting elderly activities in social, economic, religiosity and psychoemotional; 5)

undertaking a social impact analysis of program outcomes and evaluating the result; (6) providing

feedback of program evaluation as a sustaintability process in program planning. The key to the

successful implementation of this model depends on the commitment in social engagement, social

bonding and social capital involvement responsively, collaboratively, and inclusively of among the

stakeholders involved.

Keywords: participatory social service, elderly’s wellbeing, collaborative governance







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1. Introduction

Indonesia is facing a population ageing that has become a significant demographic

transition. In 2016, Indonesia reached the fourth rank among the countries with the highest

population of elderly people in Asia, after India, China and Japan (Source:

http://surveymeter.org/read/33/penuaan-penduduk-dan-pembangunan-dokumentasitantangan-dan-langkah-lanjut,

accessed on 20 Februari 2016). The population ageing was happened in every province in Indonesia

with the percentage of the elderly population reaching 8,5% of the 255.2 million total population of

Indonesia. In the period 2010-2035, the number of elderly in 100 population aged 0-14 years

increased from the previously 23 people to 73 people (Central Bureau Statistics of Indonesia (BPS

Indonesia), 2015). This condition has an impact on the increasing dependency ratio. The

demographic transition is a challenge for stakeholders in managing the elderly to still get a good

quality of life. Moreover, the World Bank (2015) showed that the majority of people in Indonesia

feel unequally both socially, economically and politically. Services for the elderly as vulnerable

groups actually reflect the treatment of inequality (Mohammad, Dom, dan Ahmad, 2016).

Therefore, the management of population ageing conditions in Indonesia required a collaborative

role-based networking pattern between state, private, and community actors in the context of

inclusive services to realize the welfare of the elderly wellbeing (Sachs, 2012).

Elderly as a citizen was entitled to gain a decent and dignified life. The ideal condition to

be created by the state that was inclusiveness in public policy and public service. In the public

policy perspective, during these elderly-oriented policies was limited in Law No. 13 of 1998 on

Elderly Welfare. However, this law has not positioned the elderly as the subject of development

and implemented partialy so it has not reflected the social policy characteristic of Indonesia. On the

other hand, the orientation of public services in Indonesia has not been designed for the elderly in

general, especially in healthcare services, citizen administration services, public space

accessibility, public transportation, and social services. Various inequalities in the public service

domain for the elderly showed that a participatory approach was essential part of sociel services to

be created. Social inclusion could be realized with adopted publicness values of human rights,

equality, redistribution and participation (Sen, 1999; Gupta dan Thomson, 2010). It refers to

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda that has at least 13 of the 17 destinations of SDGs

demanding the creation of social inclusion. This indicated that strong support globally and

nationally for the creation of social inclusion in 2030 or the end of SDGs emphasized the creation

of inclusiveness or equality between people, within a country and between countries (Gupta, Pouw

dan Ros-Tonen, 2015).


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The province that has the highest number of elderly in Indonesia is Yogyakarta Province. The growth of the elderly in Yogyakarta Province in 2012 reached 48.092 population / year (Source: http://krjogja.com/read/131008/lansia-indonesia-ternyata-dapat-dibanggakan.kr, accessed on March,

8, 2017). This condition was influenced by the life expectancy of the population where Yogyakarta

Province was the region with the highest life expectancy in Indonesia. The high rate proportion of

elderly people in Yogyakarta Province will be continued to increase significantly by 2020 to

reached 14,7% and on peak in 2030 will be reached 19,5% (Source: http://www.merdeka.com/uang/jumlah-penduduk-lansia-di-yogyakarta-tertinggi-di-indonesia.html,

accessed on March 8, 2017). The distribution of the number of family members elderly in 2008 in

DIY from highest to lowest was: (1) Kulonprogo Regency on 14,71%; (2) Gunungkidul Regency on

13,89%; (3) Bantul Regency on 11,35%; (4) Sleman Regency on 11,25%; and (5) Kota Yogyakarta

equal to 10,84%. (Source: http://dinsos.jogjaprov.go.id/lansia-terlantar-di-diy-sebanyak-36-728-orang/,accesed on February, 19, 2017).

The progressive aging population structure in Yogyakarta Province will be impact on

various aspects of elderly people's life especially on health, social and economic aspects. In the

health aspect, along with the decrease of nutritional intake and physical ability, elderly will be

faced with various health disorders that varied due to decreased function of organs which usually

will also be followed by psychosocial and psychoemotional disorders, as well as social problems

with family and the surrounding community. Whereas, in the socio-economic aspect, the elderly

entering retirement will become an unproductive and dependent population for the productive age

population (Yanuardi, Fitriana, and Ahdiyana, 2016). These conditions decrease their self esteem

and social existency to interact with the social environment thus affected on marginalization of the

elderly in society. The last data of the number of neglected elderly in Yogyakarta amounted to

36.728 people with the most distribution stayed in Gunung Kidul regency of 14.851 people (Source:

http://dinsos.jogjaprov.go.id/lansia-terlantar-di-diy-sebanyak-36-728-orang/, accessed February, 19, 2017).

Therefore, it needs a model of social services inclusively for elderly on community-based

participation by strenghtening social capital in collaborative governance. The orientation of the

inclusive social service model for elderly was aimed to support capacity building of society and

government agencies as caregivers and create community environment more friendly for elderly

in dignified way. Inclusive service was a public service system that is open and accessible to anyone

including citizens who due to age have difficulty to access the service fairly with the characteristics: (1) the existence of a complete openness, (2) recognition of diversity or diversity of needs, (3) have

positive outcomes, (4) togetherness, (5) fairness and equity in accessibility (Dwiyanto, 2010). In

analyzing social services for the elderly can be done by using collaborative governance framework

because of the involvement of government agencies and non-government actors collectively to

achieve improving the quality of life of the elderly. We can adopt the essential meaning of

collaborative governance as a governing arrangement where one or more public agencies directly

http://krjogja.com/read/131008/lansia-indonesia-ternyata-dapat-dibanggakan.kr

http://www.merdeka.com/uang/jumlah-penduduk-lansia-di-yogyakarta-tertinggi-di-indonesia.html

http://dinsos.jogjaprov.go.id/lansia-terlantar-di-diy-sebanyak-36-728-orang/




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engage non-state stakeholders in a collective decision-making process that is formal, consensus-oriented, and deliberative and that aims to make or implement public policy or manage public

programs or assets. Collaborative process variables are starting conditions, institutional design, and

leadership variables represented as either critical contributions to or context for the collaborative

process. Starting conditions set the basic level of trust, conflict, and social capital that become

resources or liabilities during collaboration. Institutional design sets the basic ground rules under

which collaboration takes place. Therefore, leadership provides essential mediation and facilitation

for the collaborative process. The collaborative process itself is highly iterative and nonlinear that

defined as a cycle of public agencies in interagency coordination by nonstate stakeholders (Ansell

and Gash, 2007). The social engagement of communities, elderly’s families, social workers, social organizations,

nursing homes, and government agencies as caregivers in the first entry level of inclusive social

service is important parf to overcome the complex elderly dislocation through the strengthening of

social capital. This is reinforced by research results from Setiti (2015) that showed social services

in the nearest relatives and communities made the elderly accepted in their social environment and

protected by their families and communities in socio-community space. A good parenting pattern

for the elderly is in keeping with the cultural, religious, and social values it embraces in order for

the moral and social bonds to build. In addition, the influence of family knowledge level has a

closed relationship to support the behavior of life and health of the elderly becomes increasingly

better (Fitriana, 2013). Indeed, this research focuses on the development of participatory social

service model for the elderly in Yogyakarta Province. The goal achievement orientation of this

study was analyzing of the elderly's needs inclusively and creating an inclusive social service model

for the elderly by adopting the publicness value in collaborative governance framework.

2. Research Methods

This research used a research and development approach to obtain participatory social

service model for the elderly. This study was conducted for 2 years (2017-2018) in Yogyakarta

Province as an area with the largest proportion of elderly popukation in Indonesia. Data was

collected through observation, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and

documentation of secondary data. The research steps were described as follows: (1) conducting

preliminary research to identify elderly needs in accessing social services in Yogyakarta Province,

(2) measuring outcomes of social services for elderly in Yogyakarta Province, (3) designing

community-based social service model in Yogyakarta Province, (4) developing social service based

model (5) developing guidelines for the implementation of community-based social service model

for empowering elderly, (6) implementing community-based social service model for elderly. The

subjects of this research are: (1) National Population and Family Planning Board (BKKBN) of


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Yogyakarta Province, (2) Provincial Health Office of Yogyakarta, (3) Provincial Social Office of

Yogyakarta, (4) Elderly Regional Commission of Yogyakarta Province, (5) Communication Forum

of Elderly Affairs in Yogyakarta Province, (6) Office of research and development of social welfare

servicws of Indonesian Social Ministry, (7) Social Service Center of Tresna Werdha (BPSTW) Abiyoso and Budi Luhur Yogyakarta, (8) Provincial Ombudsman Institution of Yogyakarta, (9) Private nursing home , (10) Social welfare institutions of elderly affairs in Yogyakarta Province,

(11) elderly people, (12) Community and elderly family as elderly foster families, (13) Social

Security Administrator in Health Inssurance of Yogyakarta Province (BPJS) , (14) Study Center for

Policy and Population of Gadjah Mada University (15) Research centers of early childhood and the

elderly of Yogyakarta State Univeristy, and (16) Social worker. The informant was chosen by using

purposive sampling method as expert. Analytical techniques are carried out qualitatively with

research and development steps including: (1) identification of potentials and problems, (2) data

collection, (3) designing model draft, (4) model validation, (5) review and revision model, (6) limited

product trial, (7) product revision, (8) trial usage, (9) final revision, and (10) result dissemination (Sugiyono, 2010).

3. Results

Elderly Profile in Yogyakarta Province

Yogyakarta Province is a province with the highest percentage of elderly population in

Indonesia that reached 13.04% in 2012 exceed the projections of the elderly population nationwide

at the level of 11.34% in 2020 (Provincial Social Office of Yogyakarta, 2014). According to Central

Bureau of Statistics of Yogyakarta Province (BPS,2014) data, in the Yogyakarta Province Annual

Data Study Report of Elderly which issued by the Provincial Social Office of Yogyakarta in 2014,

this was an imbalance between the percentage of the population distribution of elderly in

Yogyakarta Province each year (Table 1).



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Table 1. The Presentage Comparison of The Total Population Distribution of Elderly in

Yogyakarta Province at 2014

Total Amount of Population in Yogyakarta

Province

Total Amount of Pre-elderly

Population in Yogyakarta

Province

Total Amount of Elderly

Population in Yogyakarta

Province

District/City Amount Percentage

(%) Amount Percentage

(%) Amount Percentage

(%) Bantul District 921.263 26,42 164.5664 26,83 110.900 24,06

Gunungkidul

District

677.998 19,44 136.055 22,18 132.553 28,75

Kulon Progo

District

390.207 11,19 74.026 12,07 63.700 13,82

Sleman District 1.107.304 31,75 172.944 28,20 116.790 25,33

Yogyakarta

City

390.553 11,20 65.709 10,71 37.076 8,04

Total amount of

Yogyakarta

Province

3.487.325 100 613.298 100 461.019 100

Source: Provincial Social Office of Yogyakarta, 2014.

Data on table 1 showed that the highest percentage of elderly population was found in

Gunungkidul District which reached 28,75% more than percentage of total amount of population of

Gunungkidul District which only reached 19,44% from total amount population of Yogyakarta

Province. In the other hand, the lowest distribution of elderly population in Yogyakarta Province was Yogyakarta City that only got 8.04% and the percentage of pre-elderly population reached

10.71%. This condition illustrated that the distribution of elderly population in rural area was higher

than urban area, therefore the elderly life expectancy in the rural area was higher than the life

expectancy of elderly in the urban area. This condition indicated that the carrying capacity of social

and cultural environment in the village was more elderly friendly despite the lack of supporting

infrastructure. However, the rural area has social vulnerability of neglected elderly population in

Yogyakarta Province. Gunungkidul District as rural area was the highest of social vulnerability in

total amount of neglected elderly in Yogyakarta Province that reached 195.011 people at 2014. The

total number of neglected elderly in Yogyakarta Province had significant increase occurred in the

year 2009 - 2010 on 7.801 people, while the decline in the number of neglected elderly occurred in

2012-2013 amounted to 471 people and increased again in 2014 of 1.720 people. It means during

six years (2009-2016), the implementation of social policy in Yogyakarta Province was ineffective in managing neglected elderly because the trend of neglected elderly number in Yogyakarta has

been tended increasingly (Yanuardi, Fitriana, and Ahdiyana, 2016). This showed that the population

structure of the Yogyakarta Province in this decade entered into the population ageing. The level

of elderly prosperity in Yogyakarta City as a urban area is better than Gunungkidul District and

Bantul District as rural areas. This influenced by several factors, namely: (1) Social factors: social

engagement of community and elderly’s family care, (2) Economic factors: poverty and economic

gap, (3) Infrastructure factors: accessibility and availability of healthcare, food, energy, sanitation,

and home, (4) Policy factor: policy support from local government in aspects of morally will and political will.


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The Challanges of Elderly Social Services in Yogyakarta Province

At first entry level of social services for the elderly, collaboration roles of non-government

actors as facilitator of caregiving such as nursing homes or social service centers, social

organizations, social workers, comunities and elderly's family is required largely. However, during

a decade, the government has dominated the contribution of its role in social services because the

source funding of the program of social services and the policy implementation has been based on

the state budget. Therefore, the increasing number of elderly and life expectancy rate of elderly in

Yogyakarta Province has been affected to the complexity of government challenges in solving

elderly problems. Moreover, the central government and local government, had limited capacities

on: (1) the budgetary support, (2) the carrying capacity of the social welfare service provider

infrastructure for the elderly that only based on social services center or state nursing homes, (3) the capability of human resources as profesional social workers, (4) the local policy support for

inclusive social service of elderly. The scope of public services for the elderly has been limited to

healthcare services and social services based on state nursing homes, whereas public services

broadly have not been able to be realized inclusively. Therefore, the role of non-government

stakeholders is urgently needed to contribute in social service delivery for elderly. However, in

practice, they have not yet gained access to budget support, capacity building on institutions and

skills, and a clear legal framework related to the protection of their rights and obligations. The

challenges of elderly social service are focused on general problems: 1) Improving social policy capacity for elderly wellbeing in the local context;

2) Strengthening the social engagement among stakeholders in assisting social services for

elderly inclusively;

3) Advocating budget allocation for optimizing social services;

4) Upgrading skills capacity of caregivers in social services for the elderly;

5) Providing social services infrastructure for the elderly in inclusively;

6) Assesting the specification of social services according to elderly needs specifically;

7) Developing collaborative social service model.

The Participatory Social Service Model for Elderly

Social services for the elderly should be developed based on the needs analysis of target

groups and stakeholders capabilities. There are three main issues: (1) dividing of social services

according to the needs analysis of elderly specifically, such as the needs of productive and

nonproductive elderly, (2) developing participatory social service model, and (3) improving

sustainability of social services through designing empowerment programmes for the elderly

(especially for productive elderly). The results of this study recommend the development of

participatory social service model that adopted collaborative governance framework (figure 1).



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Figure 1 provides a visual presentation of the participatory social service model for elderly

as research findings. The model has six stages: (1) problems mapping, (2) need assestment for elderly

needs, (3) social engagement for elderly social services, (4) empowering for elderly wellbeing, (5)

social impact analysis, (6) providing feedback of program planning sustainability. The first stage

identifies problems in social services for the elderly as problems mapping. There are five main

issues: (1) the elderly wellbeing, (2) the capacity of social service provider skills, (3) budget constrain

allocation, (4) limited infrastructure support, and (5) limited policy support. Problems mapping is an

important first step to find out the problems background and provide the database analysis of the

target group needs. The second phase is a need analysis of the elderly as a target group in social

services with a priority scale. In this case, the analysis of elderly needs can clasify based on: (1) the

ability of elderly self-reliance socially and economically as a productive elderly group and an

unproductive group, (2) elderly livelyhood that divided in a urban area and a rural area. The

categorization of specific needs of elderly people is important in order to avoid the target

inaccuracy of the beneficiaries of social services.

Figure 1. Participatory social service model for elderly


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The third stage is social engagement in social services among stakeholders collaboratively,

responsively, and inclusively. The existing stakeholders are the government agencies, nursing

homes, social workers, volunteers, social organizations, social communities, elderly's families in

participatory caregiving. It is necessary to give moral will and political will to carry out their roles. Then, the fourth stage is empowering the elderly as a subject of social service. The stakeholders

can provide a social space to perform various of social activities, economic activities, religiousity

activities, arts activities, and psycho-emotional activities both of the domestic sphere and the public

sphere. The role of caregivers was oriented as facilitators for elderly in developing social network,

directing the assistance of economic empowerment for productive elderly, training of social self-reliance, mentoring maintenance of healthcare regularly and facilitating the existence of elderly to

conduct religious activities, art activities, and psychoemotional activities collectively. The fifth

stage is conducting a social impact analysis on the output of programs/activities that involved

stakeholders and evaluate outcomes regularly. Thus, the last stage of the participatory social service

model is providing feedback onprograms/activities planning sustainability. This step is oriented to

capture the aspirations of elderly people and stakeholders as the first entry level of social services

to be followed up by the government.


The study of social services for the elderly has been studied extensively with sociology,

psychology, social welfare, and public health sciences. Meanwhile, studies in the context of public

administration have not been widely implemented. Therefore, this study undertook a study of

inclusive social services in the context of collaborative governance to obtain analytical results that

could explain the role relationships between actors involved in social services for the elderly and

how to advocate for the development of a social service model for the elderly. Collaborative

governance is more than steering and rowing public needs as public interests, moreover,

collaborating implies a much more interactive process and a level of agreement on how to proceed

that no consultation would entail.This mode of governance brings multiple stakeholders together

in common forums with public agencies to engage in consensus-oriented decision making. One key

to effective collaboration is enabling (or even helping to create) the citizen or community voice that

permits real collaboration to occur. That voice is often complex, diffuse, uncollected, unorganised

and thus not heard successfully unless efforts are directed to ensuring that it is (Sylvan, 2008). Potential outcomes for a society can be created by collaboration between government agencies,

social workers, volunteers, elderly’s families, social organizations, and civil societies that not only

in social service delivery but also how to empower them. Indeed, many positive benefits can emerge

when public values are involved effectively in decisions that affect them. There are two essential ingredients in social services for elderly to involve good

collaboration as social partnership. First,the development of trust within that relationship among

their actors. It is important step to reach thight social networking when the affiliation of

participation has different social-economic background to deliver social services. Second , the



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willingness of the public service inclusively influenced by the community it is working in

partnership with social engagement in order to developing social networking, assisting economic

empowerment, assisting and promoting healthcare services, facilitating elderly activities in term of

social, religious, art, psiko-emotional by participatory caregivers. Socially, eldercare norms adopt religious values and social values, which underlie

caregiving in Indonesia. Caregiving is also defined as a component of respect, care, love, moral and

spiritual debt and obligations, that is family responsibility, passed on from one generation to

another, usually the eldest child (although there are regional variations) who take over the primary

responsibility of aging parents . Therefore, strengthening the role of the family is needed to increase

the emotional bonding and social bonding among family members. Then, this role can be extended

to the social responsibility of communities to enhance social bonding as social responsibility in

participatory social services. This allows an understanding of how the various demographic factors

interact with sociocultural and developmental changes over time, and the effect of these on family

size, patterns, generational relationships, all of which have consequences for old age (Brown and

Keast, 2003). The participatory caregivers perspective helps us understand the experiences of the

different cohorts of aging adults, and how their early life or historical experiences have shaped

their understanding and expectations of kin support in old age and their interaction with formal

systems of care, welfare agencies and institutions (Scharlach, Runkle, Midanik, & Soghikian,

1994). These concepts are universal and could be applied to any caregiving situation in any cultural

context. Thus, in conslusion, the development of participatory social service models has adopted

values in collaborative governance by involving non-governmental actors established through

social engagement. The application of this model aims to improve the quality of elderly wellbeing

by empowering the elderly through social assistance, economic, health, religious, and psycho-emotional services. The final stage to be performed in this model cycle is the social impact analysis

of the application of this model by conducting results analysis and evaluating the results to provide

feedback in strengthening collaborative social services governance for the elderly. The key to the

successful implementation of this model depends on the commitment in social engagement, social

bonding and social capital involvement responsively, collaboratively, and inclusively of among the

stakeholders involved.


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5. References

Ansell, Chris and Gash, Allison. (2007). Collaborative Governance Between Theory and Practice. Journal of of Public Administration Research and Theory. Vol. 18, 543–571.

Brown, K. and Keast, R. (2003). Citizen–government engagement: community connection through

networked arrangements. Asian Journal of Public Administration, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 107–31. Central Bureau of Statistics of Indonesia (BPS Indonesia). (2015). Indonesia Demography Profile

2015. Jakarta: BPS. Central Bureau of Statistics of Yogyakarta Province (BPS Provinsi DIY). (2014). Yogyakarta

Province in Number Figure 2014. Yogyakarta: BPS DIY. Dwiyanto, Agus. (2010). Public Service Management: Caring, Inclusive and Collaborative.

Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Fitriana, Wiwin. (2013). Manuscript Publication: Relationship Level of Family’s Knowledge with

Elderly Behavior in Wirogunan Village, Kartasura District.. Surakarta: UMS.

Gupta, J., & Thompson, M. (2010). Development and Development Cooperation Theory. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Gupta, J., Pouw, N., & Ros-Tonen, M. (2015). Towards an elaborated theory of inclusive. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Law No. 13 of 1998 on Elderly Welfare.

Mohammad, S, A., Dom, M, M., dan Ahmad, S, S. 2016. Inclusion of Social Realm within Elderly

Facilities to Promote theri Wellbeing. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114 – 124.

Provincial Social Office of Yogyakarta. (2014). The Annual Report of Social Welfare Services for

the Elderly in Yogyakarta Province. Yogyakarta: Provincial Social Office of Yogyakarta.

Sachs, J, D. 2012. From Millennium development Goals to Sustainable Development Goals. Lancet

Vol 379, 2206-2211.

Scharlach, A., Runkle, C., Midanik, L., & Soghikian, K. (1994). Health Conditions and Service

Utilizations of Adults with Elder Care Responsibilities. Journal of Aging and Health, 6,

336-352.

Sen, A. K. 1999. Development as Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.



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Setiti, Sri Gati. 2006. Research Report: Kinship-Based Social Service for (Case Study in Five Areas

in Indonesia). Jakarta: Puslitbang Kemensos RI.

Sylvan, Louis. (2008). Collaborative Democracy: The Citizen’s Ability to Collaborate Effectively. In O’Flynn, Janine and Wanna, John (Editor). Collaborative Governance A New Era of

Public Policy in Australia? Canbera: The Australia National University Press.

Sugiyono. (2010). The Research Method of Quantitative Qualitative and R & D. Bandung:Alfabeta.

World Bank. 2015. A Perceived Devide: How Indonesians Perceive Inequality and What They Want

Done About It. Jakarta: The World Bank.

Yanuardi, Kurnia Nur Fitriana, dan Marita Ahdiyana. (2016). The Research Report: The Evaluation

of Social Policy to Improving Social Welfare for The Neglected Elderly in Yogyakarta

Province. Yogyakarta: UNY.

Online References:

Anonim. (2014). Jumlah Penduduk di Yogyakarta Tertinggi di Indonesia. http://www.merdeka.com/uang/jumlah-penduduk-lansia-di-yogyakarta-tertinggi-di-indonesia.html, accessed on March, 8, 2017.

Anonim. (2012). Lansia Indonesia Dapat Dibanggakan, http://krjogja.com/read/131008/lansia-indonesia-ternyata-dapat-dibanggakan.kr, accessed on March, 8 , 2017.

Anonim. (2017). Lansia Terlantar di DIY Sebanyak 36.728 Orang,

http://dinsos.jogjaprov.go.id/lansia-terlantar-di-diy-sebanyak-36-728-orang/, accessed on

February, 19, 2017.

Anonim (2016). Penuaan Penduduk dan Pembangunan Dokumentasi, Tantangan, dan Langkah

Lanjut. http://surveymeter.org/read/33/penuaan-penduduk-dan-pembangunan-dokumentasi-tantangan-dan-langkah-lanjut, accessed on February, 20, 2016.






http://surveymeter.org/read/33/penuaan-penduduk-dan-pembangunan-dokumentasi-tantangan-dan-langkah-lanjut

http://surveymeter.org/read/33/penuaan-penduduk-dan-pembangunan-dokumentasi-tantangan-dan-langkah-lanjut


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Portable Solar Dryer for Home Use

Sittie Johaimah B. Lomondot, Juhairia B. Malawani, Johaima R. Pagayawn,

Winstonjun N. Tuliao, Yolanda Garcia, Kayce Maye Michelle A. Dapanas,

Osuardo A. Pabatang Jr.

Department of Technology Teacher Education, College of Education

MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines

johaima.pagayawn @g.msuiit.edu.ph, sittiejohaimah.lomondot [email protected], juhairia.malawani

@g.msuiit.edu.ph, [email protected], [email protected]., [email protected]., [email protected]

Abstract

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a Portable Solar Dryer for Home use. In

developing the Portable Solar Dryer, the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model was used which

involved the following: Input – AutoCAD and Materials used in Fabricating the Portable Solar

Dryer, Process: ADDE – Analysis, Design, Development and Evaluation, Output: The Developed

Portable Solar Dryer.

The evaluation of the Portable Solar Dryer was done by the fifteen (15) mothers from

Brgy. Del Carmen and five (5) teachers from Department of Technology Teacher using an

intended rubric. A mean and standard deviation were used as a measurement to evaluate the

Portable Solar Dryer.

Results revealed that the mothers’ evaluation has the higher rating in every product

assessment indicator compared to the faculty members. Both the faculty and the mothers

evaluated the features of the Portable Solar Dryer in terms of its: Measurement, Cuts/Joints,

Assembly, Finish and Craftsmanship.

Further, the evaluation revealed that the features of the Portable Solar Dryer in terms of its

measurement, cuts/joints, assembly, finish and craftsmanship were generally rated by teachers

and mothers as ―Very Good‖ and ―Excellent‖ respectively.

Keywords: Portable Solar Dryer, Solar Dryer

mailto:%20johaima.pagayawn%[email protected]

mailto:%20sittiejohaimah.lomondot%[email protected]

mailto:%20juhairia.malawani%[email protected]

mailto:%20juhairia.malawani%[email protected]


mailto:%[email protected]





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1. Introduction

Since the beginning of time, human beings have been striving for survival. There have

been challenges confronting the human beings as they need to keep themselves safe from being

homeless, naked and hungry. Hence, food has become one of the most vital necessities in life. Food needs to be stored and preserved in order to keep them safe from being

contaminated with dangerous bacteria that could harm the human beings. Preservation of food

can be very important in order for continued supply against starvation. One way to preserve the

food is by drying under the heat of the sun. If a place is situated in tropical zones, chances are- there could be sunny says as there are rainy days, but the climate change has afforded no regular

sunny days or rainy days, but rain comes any time of the year, as sunny days also come not regularly. While heavy rains continue visiting the place where sunlight would be most needed for drying

food, solar dryers could be the most feasible energy provider both direct and indirect. Direct solar dryers

expose the substance to be dehydrated to direct sunlight. Historically, food and clothing could be

directly dried up by direct heat of the sun, or indirectly provided by solar dryers. Solar energy could be

very useful but there have been inventions already made that the cost is very high and most poverty-stricken populace could not afford to have one at home for domestic use.

It was on this premise that this study has been conceptualized and developed not only to

equip ordinary people’s households with this basic equipment for food preservation in particular,

but also to contribute to the body of knowledge in general. More so that the solar dryer was

designed to be portable, it would make life easier for the users of said developed equipment and

never be scared of the prevailing climate change that could be a great constraint to food

preservation by getting heat from the sun, but the developed solar system could be the most

possible alternative. Statement of the Problem

This study attempts to design and fabricate a portable solar dryer that could possibly be used at

homes. Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the parts of the portable solar dryer?

2. What is the result of the evaluation of the portable solar dryer in terms of: a. Measurement

b. Cuts/Joints

c. Assembly

d. Finish

e. Craftsmanship


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Research Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT • ADDE

• AutoCAD

Materials used Analysis Developed

in fabricating Design Portable Solar

Dryer the Portable Development

Solar Dryer Evaluation

Teachers

Mothers

Figure 1. System Process Showing the Development and Evaluation of the Dryer

Literature Review

The first studies of solar drying were conducted by Mother Nature herself in fields of

drying grains, seed crops dried by sun, dried fruits in trees, while Chinese, Hindus, and the rest of

humanity utilized the sun to dry foods. Arab fishermen travelling by camel caravans carrying

dried date fruits as drying improved quality and reduced weight (Swank, 1943). Most of the literature on drying is related to large industrial operations. Long ago the

industries found that because of clouds, rain and other factors which reduce the efficiency of

solar drying, the sun could not be depended on if they want to have successful and profitable

business. Other industries turned to other drying methods such as tunnel drying, fluidized bed

drying, cyclone and drum driers, freeze drying and spray drying. The sun recognized as contributing a great amount of energy to the earth if it can only be

collected and utilized. Nowadays, there are a lot of solar dryers that has been developed and used by

different individuals. Some uses it for small business purposes, for school activity use and for home use.

At the onset of fast-pacing technology, heat is derived from solar energy makes solar

dryers dry up substances, especially food in two aspects or types: Direct and indirect. Direct solar

dryers expose the substance to be dehydrated to direct sunlight like old times practice of drying

food and washed clothes under the sun. Solar drying is assisted by the movement of air that removes the more saturated air away

from the items being dried. One modern type of solar dryer has a black absorbing surface which

collects the light and converts it to heat. The substance to be dried is placed directly on this

surface. These dryers may have enclosures; glass covers and vents in order to increase efficiency.



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On the other hand, indirect solar dryers have black surface heats incoming air, rather than

directly heating the substance to be dried. This heated air is then passed over the substance to be

dried and exits upwards often through a chimney, taking moisture released from the substance

with it, simple structure with tilted cold frame with black cloth to an insulated brick building with

active ventilation and back-up heating system. One of the advantages of using indirect system is

that it is easier to protect the food, or other substance, from contamination whether wind-blown or

by birds, insects, or animals, also, direct sun can chemically alter some foods making them less

appetizing.(Wikipedia, 2017) With popularized use of solar dryers, according to Green and Schwarz (2001), such dryers

require certain investment for setting up appliances, but no expenditures for fuel for the basic

function of solar dryer is to heat air to a constant temperature with solar energy facilitating

extraction of humidity from crops inside a drying chamber enabling ventilation at constant rate

through defined air inlets and outlets, small solar ventilators or temperature difference, either due

to exposition or vertical height. But utilizing direct sun driers can prepare the food to be placed in boxes with transparent

lid where temperature is raised due to the greenhouse effect and the air exchange regulated by

vents, thus food is not exposed to direct sunlight while indirect sun dryers allows fresh air to be

heated separately from the food chamber. This method is preferable for drying foods which lose

nutritional value when exposed to direct sunlight. Hybrid dryers combine solar energy with a

fossil fuel or biomass fuel (Green and Schwarz, 2001) Since solar dryers require certain investment in setting up the appliance but no

expenditure for fuel, its basic function is to heat the air at constant temperature with solar energy

facilitating extraction of humidity from crops inside a drying chamber where ventilation can be at

constant rate through defined air inlets and outlets, small solar ventilators or temperature

difference, either due to exposition or vertical height. Indirect sun driers, food is put in boxes with transparent lid with temperature in the drier

raised due to the greenhouse effect and the air exchange regulated by vents. The food is not

exposed to direct sunlight in indirect sun drier as the fresh air is heated separately from the food

chamber. This method is preferable for drying foods despite the loss of nutritional value when

exposed to direct sunlight Hybrid driers combine solar energy with a fossil fuel or biomass fuel

(Green and Schwarz, 2001). The first step when considering solar drying is to compare the different drying options

available. Solar drying will only be successful, when it shows tangible benefits in comparison to

existing drying methods. In comparison to the traditional way of drying outside in an open field,

solar dryers prevent contamination of produce by the dust, insects, etc., thereby ensuring quality.


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2. Method

The development of the Portable Solar Dryer is designed for home use especially for

mothers in drying foods using direct heat from the sun. In developing the Portable Solar Dryer,

the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model was used which involved the following: Input – AutoCAD

and Materials used in Fabricating the Portable Solar Dryer, Process: ADDE – Analysis, Design,

Development and Evaluation, Output: The Developed Portable Solar Dryer. The evaluation of the Portable Solar Dryer was done by the fifteen (15) mothers from

Brgy. Del Carmen and five (5) teachers from Department of Technology Teacher using an

intended rubric. A mean and standard deviation were used as a measurement to evaluate the

Portable Solar Dryer. A rubric using a 4-point scale adapted from Pabatang (2015) was used to rate

the portable solar dryer.

3. Results

1. Major parts of the Portable Solar Dryer

Figure 8. Finish product of Portable Solar Dryer

1. Roof – The uppermost part of the dryer, whose main function is to protect the food from

harm. The material used is black tarpaulin to absorb heat easily. 2. Bed – where the dried food is placed. The material used in the bed is screen, a frame is

used to support the screen.



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3. Stand – to support and maintain the position of the Portable Solar dryer from the ground.

4. Velcro – used for a closure consisting of a piece of fabric of small hooks that sticks to a

corresponding fabric of small loops.

5. Tulle – a light, thin type of cloth that is like a net and is used to cover the Portable Solar

Dryer to protect the food from insects.

2. Result of the Evaluation on the Portable Solar Dryer by the Teachers’ and Mothers’

The results of the (5) five teachers from Department of Technology Teacher Education and

(15) fifteen mothers who conducted the evaluation on the Portable Solar Dryer, evaluated

according to the following criteria: Measurement, Cuts/Joints, Assembly, Finish and

Craftsmanship. The results of the evaluation were as follows:

a. Measurement

Table 2. Teachers and Mothers’ Evaluation on the Portable Solar

Dryer in term of Measurement

Indicators Mean SD Descriptive Rating

1. Measurement (Sukod) T M T M T M

a. The measurements are

accurate. (Tukma ang mga sukod) 2.80 3.87 .837 .352 Very

Good

Excellent

b. The plans were followed. (Nasunod ang mga plano)

3.20 3.73 1.095 .458 Very

Good

Excellent

c. There is proper infrastructure. (Adunay insakto nga

imprastraktura)

3.00 3.87 1.000 .352 Very

Good

Excellent

Overall Mean 3.00 3.82 .943 .278 Very

Good

Excellent

Legend: 3.25-4.00 = Excellent 2.50-3.24 = Very Good

1.75-2.49 = Good 1.00-1.74 = Poor

T = Teacher M = Mother

Table 2 showed that the “The plans were followed” obtain the highest mean for the

teachers while the “Measurements are accurate” and “There is proper infrastructure” obtain the

highest mean for mothers. Both interpreted as “Excellent”.


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On the other hand “The measurements are accurate” got the lowest mean for teachers

which are interpreted as “Very Good” and “The plans were followed” got the lowest mean for the

mothers, interpreted as “Excellent”. With an over-all mean of 3.00 and a standard deviation of .934 for the teachers rated the

measurement as “Very Good” while the mothers obtain an over-all mean of 3.82 and a standard

deviation of .278 rated the measurement as “Excellent”.

b. Cuts/Joints

Table 3. Teachers and Mothers’ Evaluation on the Portable

Solar Dryer in terms of Cuts/Joints


2. Cuts/Joints

(Pinutlan/Sinumpayan) T M T M T M

The cuts are accurate. (Tukma

ang mga pagkaputol)

3.20 3.60 .837 .828 Very

Good

Excellen

t

The joints are fitted tightly. (Hugot ang pagka angay sa mga

sinumpayan)

3.40 3.73 .894 .458 Excellent Excellen

t

The cuts and joints are well set-up. (Maayo ang pagka butang sa

mga pinutlan/sinumpayan)

3.20 3.67 .837 .617 Very

Good

Excellen

t

Overall Mean 3.37 3.67 .829 .519 Excellent Excellen

t Legend: 3.25-4.00 = Excellent 2.50-3.24 = Very Good

1.75-2.49 = Good 1.00-1.74 = Poor


It can be gleaned in table 3 that “The joints are fitted tightly” obtain the highest mean for

both teachers and mothers rated as “Excellent”. On the other hand “The cuts are accurate” and “the cuts and joints are well set-up” got the

lowest mean for teachers rated as “Very Good” while “The cuts are accurate” obtained the lowest

mean for mothers rated as “Excellent”.

With an over-all mean of 3.37 and a standard deviation of .829 for the teachers rated the

cuts/joints as “Excellent” while the mothers got an over-all mean of 3.67 and a standard deviation

of .519 rated the cuts/joints as “Excellent.



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c. Assembly

Table 4. Teachers and Mothers’ Evaluation on the Portable

Solar Dryer in terms of Assembly


Assembly (Pagtukod) T M T M T M

a. There are no visible errors. (Walay makita nga mga sayop)

2.60 3.27 .548 .884 Very

Good

Excellen

t

b. There are no visible

glue/nails. (Walay makita nga

mga papilit/lansang)

2.00 2.67 .707 .617 Good Very

Good

c. The joints are well

assembled. (Maayo pagkatukod

sa mga sinumpayan)

3.20 3.20 .837 .676 Very

Good

Very

Good


Good

Very

Good Legend: 3.25-4.00 = Excellent 2.50-3.24 = Very Good

1.75-2.49 = Good 1.00-1.74 = Poor


It is presented in the Table 4 that “The joints are well assembled” got the highest mean for

the teachers rated as “Very Good” while the “There are no visible errors” obtained the highest

mean for the mothers rated as “Excellent”.

On the other hand the “There are no visible glue/nails” got the lowest mean for the teachers

rated as “Good” while the “The joints are well assembled” obtained the lowest mean for the

mothers rated as “Very Good”

With an over-all mean of 2.60 and a standard deviation of .548 for the teachers rated the

assembly as “Very Good” while the mothers got an over-all mean of 3.04 and a standard deviation

of .502 rated the assembly as “Very Good”.


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d. Finish

Table 5. Teachers and Mothers’ Evaluation on the Portable Solar Dryer

in term of Finish


4. Finish (Pagkahuman) T M T M T M

a. The finish is even with only the

smallest of imperfections. (Tupong

ang pagka human nga adunay labing

gamay lamang nga pagkadili hingpit)

2.40 2.93 .548 .704 Very

Good

Very

Good

b. Smooth finish with no visible

scratches. (Hamis ang pagka human

nga walay makita nga garas)

2.60 3.20 1.140 .941 Very

Good

Very

Good

c. The portable solar dryer is well

furnished. (Maayo ang himan sa

portable solar dryer)

2.80 3.53 .447 .516 Very

Good

Excellen

t


Good

Very

Good Legend: 3.25-4.00 = Excellent 2.50-3.24 = Very Good

1.75-2.49 = Good 1.00-1.74 = Poor


It can be noted in the Table 5 that “The portable solar dryer was well furnished” gained the

highest mean for both teachers and mothers rated as “Very Good’ for the teachers and “Excellent” for the mothers. On the other hand “The finish is even with only the smallest of imperfections” obtained the

lowest mean for both teachers and mothers rated as “Very Good”. With an over-all mean of 2.73 and a standard deviation of .596 for the teachers while the

mothers gained an over-all mean of 3.22 and a standard deviation of .586 were both rated as “Very

Good”.



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e. Craftsmanship

Table 6. Teacher and Mothers’ Evaluation on the Portable Solar

Dryer in terms of Craftsmanship


5. Craftsmanship (Kahanas sa

Pagbuhat) T M T M T M

a. Project is built to detailed

standards. (Gitukod ang

proyekto sa detalyada na

sukaranan)

2.80 3.40 .837 .632 Very

Good

Excellen

t

b. Students are skilled on

project design. (Hanas ang mga

estudyante sa pagplano ug

proyekto/pagdisenyo ug

proyekto)

2.80 3.60 .837 .507 Very

Good

Excellen

t

c. The portable solar dryer is

attractive in overall

presentation. (Madanihon sa

kinatibuk-ang presentasyon ang

portable solar dryer)

2.60 3.67 1.140 .488 Very

Good

Excellen

t


Good

Excellen

t Legend: 3.25-4.00 = Excellent 2.50-3.24 = Very Good

1.75-2.49 = Good 1.00-1.74 = Poor


It is revealed in table 6 that the “Project is built to detailed standards” and “Students are

skilled on project design” obtained the highest mean for the teachers rated as “Very Good” while

“The portable solar dryer is attractive in overall presentation” gained the highest mean for the

mothers rated as “Excellent”.

On the other hand “The portable solar dryer is attractive in overall presentation” got the

lowest mean for the teachers rated as “Very Good” while the “Project is built to detailed standards” obtained the lowest mean for the mothers rated as “Excellent”.

With an over-all mean of 2.73 and a standard deviation of .925 for the teachers rated as

“Very Good” while the mothers gained an over-all mean of 3.56 and a standard deviation of .411

rated as “Excellent”.


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f. Summary of Evaluation

Table 7. Summary of teacher and Mothers’ Over-all Evaluation on the

Portable Solar Dryer

Criteria Mean SD Descriptive Rating

T M T M T M

Measurement 3.00 3.82 .943 .278 Very Good Excellent

Cuts/Joints 3.37 3.67 .829 .519 Excellent Excellent

Assembly 2.60 3.04 .548 .502 Very Good Very Good

Finish 2.60 3.22 .596 .586 Very Good Very Good

Craftsmanship 2.73 3.56 .925 .411 Very Good Excellent

Grand Mean 2.84 3.46 0.65 0.27 Very Good Excellent

Legend: 3.25-4.00 = Excellent 2.50-3.24 = Very Good

1.75-2.49 = Good 1.00-1.74 = Poor


Table 7 shows the summary of the evaluation of the teachers and mothers on the Portable

Solar Dryer. The teachers’ evaluation has a grand mean of 2.84 and a standard deviation of 0.65

which is interpreted as “Very Good” while the mothers’ evaluation has a grand mean of 3.46 and a

standard deviation of 0.27 which is interpreted as “Excellent”.



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Results of the study revealed the following evaluation results:

1. Measurement: For teachers, the rating is 3.00 described ―Very Good‖, for mothers, the

rating is 3.82 described as ―Excellent‖.

2. Cuts/Joints: For teachers, the rating is 3.37, for mothers, the rating is 3.76. Both are

described as ―Excellent‖.

3. Assembly: For teachers, the rating is 2.60, for mothers, the rating is 3.04. Both are

described as ―Very Good‖.

4. Finish: For teachers, the rating is 2.73. for mothers, the rating is 3.22. Both are described

as ―Very good‖.

5. Craftsmanship: For teachers, the rating is 2.73 described as ―Very Good‖, while the

mother rating is 3.56 described as ―Excellent‖.

6. The grand mean for teachers is 2.84 described as ―Very Good‖ and the grand mean for

mother is 3.46 described as ―Excellent‖.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study, it is concluded that the design of portable solar dryer

conforms to its plan. More so, mothers’ evaluation has the higher rating in every product

assessment indicator compared to the faculty members. The result of the evaluation indicates that

the portable solar dryer is acceptable by both the faculty and the mothers.

5. References

Alicando, Henry Irwin B., et. Al (2005). ―Design and Acceptability of a Multi-

purpose Drawing Table‖. Unpublished Thesis, MSU-Iligan Institute of

Technology, Iligan City.

Balsamo, Marielle Marie L., et Al (2016). ―3D Model Rendering Technique Module‖.

Unpublished Thesis, MSU- Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City.

Bernaldez, Argie C. et. Al., (2000). ―Design and Fabricate of an Innovative Drawing Table‖.

Unpublished Thesis, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City.

Asian Institute of Technology. (2004). Renewable Energy Technologies in Asia.

Retrieved from:

http://www.faculty.ait.asia/kumar/rets/drying_adap_research.htm

Belessiotis, V. and Delvannis, E.. (2009). Solar Drying. Retrieved from:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038092X09002333

http://www.faculty.ait.asia/kumar/rets/drying_adap_research.htm


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