packet #15 chapter #6 organelles of the cell & how they work together
TRANSCRIPT
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PACKET #15CHAPTER #6
Organelles of the Cell & How They Work Together
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Introduction
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Introduction
Organization of cells is basically similar in all cells.
Cells are typically small because of the relationship between surface area and volume.
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Introduction II
As a cell increases in size, the ratio of volume (cytoplasm) to surface area (plasma membrane) increases. Microvilli increase the surface area without increasing
the volume.Cell shape & size are related to function.However, depending on the type of
eukaryotic cell, certain organelles may/may not be present.
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Nucleus
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Nucleus
Large structure surrounded by double membrane
Contains nucleous and chromosomes
Processes of DNA replication and transcription occur here
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Nucleous
Granular body within nucleus
Consists of RNA and protein
rRNA produced hereAssembly of ribsome
subunits
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Chromosomes
Composed of complex DNA and protein known as chromatin.
Contain genes that govern structure and activity of cell. Recall that a DNA
strand has segments that are called genes.
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Nuclear Envelope
Controls “traffic” between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Pores in the nuclear
membrane allow materials to pass in and out of the nucleus.
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
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Plasma Membrane
Encloses cell contentRegulates movement
of materials in and out of cell
Helps maintain cell shape
Communicates with other cells
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Major manufacturing center.Network of internal membranes extending
through cytoplasm.Synthesizes lipids and proteinsOrigin of intracellular transport vesicles that
carry proteins.
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lacks ribosomes on outer surface.
Lipids are produced.Involved in drug
detox SER produces
detoxifying chemicals.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes are found on the surface
Location for the manufacturing of proteins destined for secretion or for incorporation into membranes. Transcription
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Ribosomes
Granules composed of RNA and protein
Some may attach to ER {forming the RER} while others float free in the cytosol Used in synthesis of
polypeptides (proteins) once attached to ER
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Golgi Apparatus
Stacks of flattened membrane sacs.
Functions in the processing, sorting and modifying of proteins. Packages secreted
proteins—arriving from RER.
Processed product is passed to other organelles or to the plasma membrane.
The Golgi complex manufactures lysosomes.
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Lysosomes
Compartments, in the form of membranous sacs, for digestion.
Contain enzymes to break down ingested materials, secretions and wastes.
Involved in apoptosis Programmed cell death.
Inappropriate apoptosis may be involved in cancer, AIDS and Alzheimer’s disease. Mutated genes allow for “deformed” lysosomes.
Involved in the metamorphosis of amphibians and some human diseases Rheumatoid arthritis and Tay-Sachs disease.
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Vacuoles
Large fluid-filled membranous sacs that are mostly found in plant cells, cells of fungi and algae. Plant vacuoles allow cells
to increase in size. Protist vacuoles are
involved in digestion and excretion.
Store materials, wastes, water and maintain hydrostatic pressure.
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Peroxisomes
Membranous sacs containing a variety of enzymes
Site of many diverse metabolic chemical reactions Perform redox reactions
That involve the making or splitting of hydrogen peroxide by the addition or removal of a hydrogen ion.
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Mitochondria
Transform energy originating from glucose, lipids or proteins into ATP.
Mitochondria are double membrane bound. Matrix is inside of the inner
membrane. The intermembrane space is
between the two membranes. The inner membrane is a
particularly selective barrier. Cristae are the foldings of the inner
membrane, providing a large surface area.
Mutations in mitochondrial DNA have been linked to several genetic diseases.
Involved in apoptosis by activating capsules.
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Plastids {Chloroplasts}
ATP and other energy-rich compounds are formed and then used to convert CO2 to carbohydrate.
Double membrane structure that encloses internal thykaloid membranes. Stroma is inside the inner
membrane. Inner membrane forms the
thylakoids. Arranged in stacks called grana. Thykaloid membranes contain
chlorophyll. Site of photosynthesis. Chlorophyll captures light energy. Chromoplasts contain pigments
and are common in petals and ripe fruit.
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Cytoplasm/Cytoskeleton
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Introduction
The cytoskeleton provides for cell shape and allows movement.
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Microtubules
Hollow tubes composed of subunits of tubulin protein.
Provide structural supportPlay role in movement of cell and organelles.Play role in cell division.
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Microfilaments
Solid, rod like structures composed of actin protein.
Provide structural support.Actin and myosin are the contractile units of
muscle cells.Play role in cell and organelle movement and
cell division.
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Intermediate Filaments
Tough fibers composed of proteins.Help strengthen cytoskeleton.Stabilizes cell shape.
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Centrioles
Pair of hollow cylinders located near the nucleus
Each centriole consists of nine microtubule triplets. (9 * 3 structure)
Mitotic spindle {spindle apparatus} forms between centrioles during animal cell division.
May anchor and organize microtubule formation in animal cells.
Absent in most plant cells.
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Cilia
Short projections extending from surface of cell covered by plasma membrane composed of microtubules.
Used for movement in some unicellular organisms.
Used to move materials on surface of some tissues.
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Flagella
Long projections made of peripheral microtubules.
Extend from surface of cell covered by plasma membrane.
Cell locomotion by sperm cells and some unicellular organisms.
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Extracellular Matrix
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Introduction
Surround most cells.Most eukaryotic cells
have a cell coat formed by molecules associated with the plasma membrane.
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ECM & Animal Cells
Animal cells have extracellular proteins. Collagen
The main protein Fibronectin
Organizes the ECM Integrins
Membrane protein receptors
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ECM, Plant Cells, Fungal Cells and Bacterial Cells
All may have cellulose-containing cell walls.Primary cell wall
Expands as the cell grows.Secondary cell wall
Formed between the primary cell wall and the cell membrane.
Middle Lamella Glues adjacent plant cells together.
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Review & Differences Between Animal & Plant
Cells
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Structure of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cells
Cellulose cell wall as well as cell membrane
Pits in cell wall Plasmodesmata present Large vacuole filled with cell sap Cytoplasm peripheral Nucleus usually peripheral Two cytoplasm membranes
Outer plasmalema; inner tonoplast
Variety of plastids Choloroplasts; leucoplast
Cilia and flagella absent in higher plants
Centrioles absent in higher plants
Animal Cells
No cellulose call wall, only membrane
No pits No plasmodesmata Same vacuoles but usually small
and numerous Cytoplasm throughout the cell
wall Nucleus anywhere in cytoplasm
but often central Only one cytoplasmic membrane Not normally any plastids Cilia common in higher animals Centrioles present
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Animal Cell Plant Cell
Fig 6.9; Page 100