REVISIT MUMBAI- the new spatial order

TITLE: revisit mumbai- the new spatial order

SUB TITLE: reconfiguring the urban space for in-creased connections between the old and new central business districts

P1 Presentation

Hema Priya KabaliStudent no_4121880MSc 3 Urbanism

Studio_Complex Cities in regions of transformationChair of Spatial Planning and StrategyDepartment of Urbanism_Faculty of Architecture, Urbanism and Building SciencesTU Delft

Cover_ View of Mumbai Fort area from the sea Original photo in Gawc report by Philipp Rode & Rit Chandra Adapted photo by author

Date_04.11.2011

DRAFT

1INTRODUCTING-subjectMAIN OBJECTIVE-goalsRATIONALE-motivationINTRODUCTING-city

CITY STRUCTURE-scaleURBAN HISTORY-timelineDEMOGRAPHICS-analysisMAPPING MUMBAI-city and governance

PROBLEM FIELD-issue

GOVERNMENT VISION-economic core

MAIN RESEARCH QUESTION

EXPECTED RESULTS

QUESTIONS

RELEVANCE-purpose

METHODOLOGY-toolsMETHODOLOGY-structure

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4

5

2RESEARCH

DESIGNAND

CURRENT SITUATION -emerging trends

introducing the subjectin the context of enormous-

ly accelerated population

growth

increasing volume of eco-

nomic activities

increasing demand for ser-

vices and public infra-

structure

rapid restructuring of spaces due to shifting economies and changing built-space environment with big divide between the societies

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global cities:london exhibitionsource:kate andrews, 2007

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shift from indus-trial economy to service economy has led to a rapid rise of residential, com-mercial and retail functions of high land index value, clearly indicated by the real estate boom.

speculative prices, investor-driven ac-quisitions, scarcity of land threatens the urban life.

shot from slumdog millionairesource:imdb website, 2008

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this new spatial order changing the urban structure of the city has giv-en rise to new central business dis-tricts (CBDs) since the late 1990s.

world one residential tower and virar township (northern suburb)source:urbz website, 2010 adapted images:author

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This central theme of this subject, revists the current poly nodal urban structure of Mumbai in order to understand the economic clus-tering of the new cbd’s.

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The shift in the focus of development in retail and commercial along the greater mumbai region owing to the availability of cheaper real estate, proximity to infrastructural gateways such as airports and railways, availability of skilled man-power has put forth an emerging trend in strengthening the new nodes.

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With the advent of Fort Mumbai downtown decentralisation, the rise of Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC) CBD and Navi Mumbai CBDs carries tremen-dous scope for development and decongestion. Connectivity between the new and the dominant old economic node is efficient but over stressed. Movement is a genuine issue and this leads to bottlenecks along the main infrastructure arteries.

1 53 421An integrated landuse zoning and effective network connections become critical in developing the new cbds in relation to the main cbd.

Goals:

1.specific solutions - for an urban system and comprehen-sive planning strategy

high speed connectivity networks and governance(between the cbds)

infrastructure corridors and policy restructuring(between bandra-kurla complex cbd and downtown mumbai cbd)

integrated landuse planning,design and policy incentives in BKC cbd)

2.generic solutions

-an overview on set of spatial guidelines for developing global cities-a summary on zoning regulations and design parameters for central business districts

Scope:This project embraces the development of new CBDs within the Greater Mumbai region and the rest is excluded from the scope of research

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scale 1

scale 2

scale 3

main objective

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rationale - personal motivation

As Akshaya Mishra says, Mumbai is a state of existene where every frame that makes the city renders a differ-ent definition to it. The city is pro-grammed to move, movement is the stat-ic reality in Mumbai as is speed in everyone’s life.

While much of the recent debates has been about the problems related to South Mumbai, it is fascinating to un-derstand urban complexity in the new growth clusters with much concern to future planning perspectives. These are the parts, where the elements of the city come together.

Working locations in Mumbai citysource:Google maps, 2011

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introducing the citySymposium event schedule

source:MIT, 2008

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Mumbai is a high gateway city and a key economic player in the world finan-cial network.

With the economy of the city contrib-uting to more than 6% of the national

GDP

in the world:

GPS map of shipping routessource:Tia Ghose

Dominant centressource:Peter Taylor

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mumbai

delhi

kolkata

chennai

Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra state, the largest city of India and the fifth most populous city in the world.The Mumbai Metropolitan region

(MMR) includes,

1. Mumbai city2. Greater Mumbai3. Thane district4. Raigad district.

Mumbai location in World mapsource:spacesyntax mumbai

India golden quadrilateralsource_author

View of the highway from Chennai towards Bangalore source_sohnam banerjee, wikipedia

in the country:

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in the state:

Mumbai city area: 603km2Mumbai Metropolitan region area: 4355 km2

Mumbai city and suburban population (2011)- 12,479,608MMR population (2001)- 17,702,761

State of Maharastrasource_author

NH 8

NH 3

NH 222

NH 4

mumbai

nashik

pune

Mumbai’s golden triangle with Nasik and Punesource_author

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city structure

Municipal city extensions happended during 1950,1957 and 1965

1st extension

2nd extension

3rd extension

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city scale

Island city Greater Mumbai Mumbai metropolitan region

Maharashtra

population - 12,478,447 (2011) milliondensity - 20,694 per km2area - 603 km2island mumbai

greater mumbai

island population

suburban population

mumbai metropoloitan region

population - 17,702,761 (2001)millionarea - 4355 km2

ranstad metropolitan regionurban population - 7.1 milliondensity - 1.535 per km2area - 4300 km2

Island city Greater Mumbai Mumbai metropolitan region

Maharashtra

population - 12,478,447 (2011) milliondensity - 20,694 per km2area - 603 km2island mumbai

greater mumbai

island population

suburban population

mumbai metropoloitan region

population - 17,702,761 (2001)millionarea - 4355 km2

ranstad metropolitan regionurban population - 7.1 milliondensity - 1.535 per km2area - 4300 km2

source:susan raju, 2009adapted:author

urban historyearly 1600s

5th-8th century A.Drock cut temples of elephanta cavesunesco archaeological heritage site

indigenous fishing coloniesseven different islandscame under the portugese in 1534

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1 53 42source_design cell: KRVIA, MumbaiAdapted drawing:author

financial economycity of agents

service economycity of white and blue collared people

industrial economycity of agents

mercantile economycity of merchants and slaves

agrarian economycity of farmers and fisher-folk

before 1650

1650-1850

1850-1900

1900-1940

1940-1960

1960-1980

1980-1990

1990-1995

1995-2000

2000+

GLOBAL CITY

MEGA CITY

CONTESTED CITY

SOCIALIST CITY

ADMINISTRATIVE CITY

STRATEGIC BASE

Historical growth of Mumbai’s economy

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1800s

land reclmationbombay fort and esplanadeeuropean suburbs

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1870sfirst cotton textile millfirst railway link from VT to thane

bombay port trust

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1900sbombay municipal corporationindian suburbs expanded

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1920sbooming industrializationmigration started

residential enclaves

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1950spost independence growthfirst municipal extensionsecond municipal extensionthird municipal extensionrapid population increaseeconomic prosperitytextile mill strikeMMRDA was formed

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1990sgrowth of new centersbuilt area increased in suburbsexpansion of specialized retailmarkets with privatizationreal estate boomnew JNPT port

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2003+massive investment in infrastructureuneven spread of urbanizationincreasing economic interests of in-

vestement markets

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10km

2km 10km

1500 indigenous fishing villages; koli communities

urban history and growth centres

1534 portugese colony; new trading post established1661 presented to the english

1708 became the head-quarters of english east india company1720 bombay fort and esplanade1730 european suburbs around fort increased

1850 land reclamations completed 1851 first cotton textile mill 1853 first railway link from victoria terminus to thane 1870 bombay port trust

1900 bombay municipal corporation 1920 booming industrialization 1947 india gained independance

1950 first municipal extension 1957 second municipal extension 1965 third municipal extension

1972 navi mumbai development 1977 bandra-kurla complex business district1975 mumbai metropolitan development authority was formed1970 mumbai economic prosperity peak; pressure on urban landscape

1982 textile mill strike1990 built area increase in suburbs 1995 expansion of specialized retail enclaves 2000 real estate boom

Fort as colonial core

Fort with colonial suburbs

Fort with indian residential core

Fort as commercial core

Fort and newcentralities

Mumbai growth clusters

Fort with industrial core

1800 1870 1900 1920 1950 1990 2003+

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10km

2km 10km

1500 indigenous fishing villages; koli communities

urban history and growth centres

1534 portugese colony; new trading post established1661 presented to the english

1708 became the head-quarters of english east india company1720 bombay fort and esplanade1730 european suburbs around fort increased

1850 land reclamations completed 1851 first cotton textile mill 1853 first railway link from victoria terminus to thane 1870 bombay port trust

1900 bombay municipal corporation 1920 booming industrialization 1947 india gained independance

1950 first municipal extension 1957 second municipal extension 1965 third municipal extension

1972 navi mumbai development 1977 bandra-kurla complex business district1975 mumbai metropolitan development authority was formed1970 mumbai economic prosperity peak; pressure on urban landscape

1982 textile mill strike1990 built area increase in suburbs 1995 expansion of specialized retail enclaves 2000 real estate boom

Fort as colonial core

Fort with colonial suburbs

Fort with indian residential core

Fort as commercial core

Fort and newcentralities

Mumbai growth clusters

Fort with industrial core

1800 1870 1900 1920 1950 1990 2003+

demographic analysis - growth

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0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

1901 1921 1941 1961 1981 2001

Island population

Suburban population

Total population

Compound growth rate

Popu

latio

n(in

mill

ions

)

Population growth

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

1400000

1600000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Island City

Western Suburb

Eastern Suburb

Western region

North east region

Navi Mumbai

Employment profiles between 1980 and 2011 in MMR

The evolving urban form of MMRsource_Wendell Cox, 2011

Statistical representationssource_author

EMPLOYMENT PROJECTIONS IN THE MMR BETWEEN 1980 AND 2011

INCREASING POPULATION TRENDS

demographic analysis - economies

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ESTABLISHMENT OF SECTORS IN 1990 ESTABLISHMENT OF SECTORS IN 1998

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infrastructure

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Eastern and western expressways form the main arterial roads - DMIC(Delhi-Mumbai Industrial corridor)Three suburban railway lines form the lifeline of public transportCST international airport and proposed Panvel airportMRTS phase 1 under completion in 2012 and ongoing Monorail construction

wards and land value

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The city is divided into 24 wards under the Mumbai Municipal CorporationThe land price is exhorbitant near redevelopment sites of south Mumbai.With the new connections to BKC CBD and Vashi, Navi Mumbai from the Island city has made these localities compete with that of mainland.

city governance-public|private

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city governance-public|private

current situation-spatial trends

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According to the recent world bank report, Mumbai has the world’s larg-est slum situated on the world’s most expensive real estate(Vyjayanthi Rao, UDRI:2010).

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Several research studies as indicat-ed by Mike Davis notes that Mumbai’s problems of density and degraded built form has less to do with pov-erty and more to do with policy.

50km

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The city continued to attract mi-grants for its ability to generate jobs but a fair housing market nev-er existed, where even the working classes ended in informal colonies.

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With the emerging trends in specula-tive strategies of city growth, the current planning approaches and pol-icies require a closer look

conclusions-emerging trends

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conclusions-emerging trendsKey indicators described below show the decline of various functions in the Island city. Consequently, it has given rise to a functional landscape of the city that is growing towards its suburbs, emerging big cbds and interme-diate cbds:

1. Series of new growth clusters to arrest the concentration of island city (1970-1980) - Navi mumbai and Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC) with the In-ternation business and financial centre;

2. Decline of manufacturing functions (1980-2000) - due to closure of mills lands, when mills became malls;

3. Decline of commercial functions (1990-1995) - due to major retail clustering in the suburban areas, with privatization;

4. Change in the functional landscape of the city (1991-2001) - increas-ing retail establishments and service industries;

5. Decline of port functions (1999-2001) - Docklands and warehouses be-came coveted real estate areas.

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problem field

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problem fieldThe island city maintained its primacy as a commercial center mainly due to the pull of commuters from the suburbs to the center and the concentration of specialized shops ( machinery, garments etc). However, with the major re-tail spread into the suburban areas that happened after the 1990s along with expansion of private enterprises, there was major decadal growth of special-ized retail enclaves. This was also owing to the rapid rise of population in the suburban areas and real estate boom.

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problem framework-1On one hand, the development of infrastructure was essential to the city’s DNA.This became inadequate as the city expanded. There exists no alternate connections other than the over-stressed rail routes between the CBDs

On the other hand, reallocation and distribution of strategic functions that gives jobs did not happen due to short sightedness of certain governance policies

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towards mumbai downtown in the mornings

away from mumbai downtown in the mornings

problem framework-2Lessons from the original Mumbai’s DNA is crucial to understand the scale of urban growth that lies ahead. First, “new job centres in new locations, connected by new public transport should have happened way back in 1964.” (Charles Correa, The long view)

With the economical boom, in the service sector industries, there exists a need to merge and recognize the local business identities as a part of the new growth clusters.

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User Groupssource_Urbz, 2011

no direct connections between the main and new cbds for in-creased ex-change of commuters and value added services

no specific future plan-ning perspec-tive on loca-tion of job function fo-cusing on the coherent growth of new cbds

week govern-ance based on speculative strategies and market investments

no inte-grated zon-al planning with spatial guidelines that cater to diverse user groups

problem defined

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main research question ?

What are the conditions that can regu-late (or reorganize) the spatial con-figuration to integrate the old and new central business districts?- what is the influence of the main CBD on the development of new CBDs ?- What are the demographic and economic strengths of the new nodes?- What are the policies and who are the policy makers associ-ated with BKC development?- How is BKC connected to the main CBD?

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social relevance

this r+d project,aims to make changes identifying the arteries between the major growth clus-ters

bring a combination of technology, policy and spatial intervention

Commute times between the nodes shall decrease and alternate outreach choic-es are possible for people owing to efficient connectivity between nodes.

Efficient connections shall increase the reach bubble of the people, thus en-hancing a lifestyle unaffected by distances and congestion.

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academic relevance

aims at creating a catalogue of available data complete with recent figures on the aspects necessary to enhance connectivity

data is drawn from a variety figures available from the local government and private stake holders to provide up to date information from an academic perspective.

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this r+d project,

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government vision for MMR

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expected resultsmetropolitanscale

cityscale

localscale1 2 3

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Literature review:

Theory focussed

- Books, Journal arti-cles, research papers, conference proceedings

City focussed

- Conference papers, Gov-ernment reports, policy research document, online artilces

Theory abstract

Review Paper- Logical argumentation, coherent storyline, lit-erature findings, case city validation

Conclusions

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methodology - toolsMumbai city context

Urban historical analysis- Mapping, online arti-cles

Metropolitan scale analy-sis- Mapping the location, demography, economic levels, socio-spatial changes, infrastructure networks, centralities, retail and commercial sector trends, statistics and survey

City scale analysis- detailed mapping land-use, programs and func-tions, governance and policies, statistics and surveys

Local scale analysis- detailed mapping tech-niques of BKC region

theoritical research

integrated landuse planning

movement of the people

policies and policy makers

spatial guidelines

zoning-design conditions

empirical research

phasing and productsproduct structure

p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 methods used

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Research and design struc-ture- Rationale behind new spatial order of Mumbai

- Problem statement

- Main research question (s)

- Analysis: City and Pol-icy

- Design Theme

- Strategic planning

- Policy revisions and spatial incentives

- Design interventions at 3 scales

- Different stakeholders at the local level

- Final product presenta-tion- Conclusions

Tools

- mapping changes in the urban city structure

- Literature references, real time understanding

- A reasonable aim

- Mapping and reports

- Creative integration of public space, land-use, infrastructure,

- Mapping causes and ef-fects

- Reports

- Space flows and relations

- stakeholder incentives

- visual and verbal commu-nication

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thank you,questions ?