origin of plants
DESCRIPTION
ORIGIN OF PLANTS. Plants originated from simple unicellular algae as they colonised the empty landmass - Seed plants are said to have had an advantage over other ancient seedless plants and they dominated the terrestrial habitat. WHY PLANTS ARE IMPORTANT. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ORIGIN OF PLANTS
-Plants originated from simple unicellular algae as they colonised the empty landmass-- Seed plants are said to have had an advantage over other ancient seedless plants and they dominated the terrestrial habitat.
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WHY PLANTS ARE IMPORTANT• Plants are the backbone of all life
on earth and a very essential resource for human well being
• Everyday life depends on plants:• - Food – approx. 7000 species of
different plants are used as food by humans
• - Water – the water cycle in nature is regulated by plants
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• - Medicine – all prescription drugs are directly or derivatives of plants
• - Air – Oxygen is a product of photosynthesis from plants
• - Habitat – In addition to humans, all other organisms depend on plants to maintain the habitat
• - Climate – plants store carbon and have helped in preserving CO2 out of the atmosphere
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BASIC CHARACTERS OF PLANTS
• 1. They are multicellular in nature
• 2. They are autotrophic (photosynthetic)
• 3. They have eukaryotic cells
• 4. They have cell walls made of cellulose
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• 5. They have structures adapted to survival out of water such as waxy cuticles on outer aerial surfaces and stomata on leaves
• 6. Plants have a life cycle pattern which fluctuates between a haploid and diploid generations and sexual and asexual reproductions
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CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
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Introduction
• Taxonomy is the science of classifying and identifying plants.
• Scientific names are necessary because the same common name is used for different plants in different areas of the world.
• Latin is the language used for scientific classification.
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Karl von Linne (1707-1778)
• Swedish botanist• Developed binomial
classification scheme for plants.
• Uses two Latin words to indicate the genus and the species.
• Changed his name to the Latin name of Carolus Linnaeus.
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Scientific Names
• The first word is the genus and the second word is the species.
• If there are additional words, they indicate the variety or cultivar.
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Genus
• Plants in the same genus have similar characteristics.
• Examples:• Quercus – Oaks• Acer – Maples• Pinus – Pines• Ilex – Hollies• Cornus – Dogwoods• Ficus – Figs
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Species
• Plants in the same species consistently produce plants of the same types.
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Scientific Classification
• The broadest category of scientific classification is the Kingdom.• Either Plant or Animal
• The broadest category of the plant kingdom is Division or Phylum.
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Scientific Classification
Kingdom
Phylum/Division
Class
Order
Suborder
Family
Genus
Species
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Plant Kingdom
Flowering Plants
Non-flowering Plants
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3 groups
FernsFernsMossesMosses GymnospermsGymnosperms
Non - flowering Plants
Do NOT produce flowers
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DIVISIONS
There are 12 divisions in the Plant Kingdom.
• 3 are Bryophytes• 4 are Seedless plants• 4 are Gymnosperms and • 1 is Angiosperms.
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Divisions
• The four most important divisions of the plant (Plantae) kingdom are:
• Thallophytes: algae, fungi, and lichens
• Bryophytes: mosses• Pteridophytes: ferns• Spermatophytes
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Thallophytes
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Bryophytes
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Pteriophytes
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Examples of Examples of MossesMosses
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spores
Spore-producing capsule
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No true roots, No vascular tissues (no transport)
Characteristics of Characteristics of MossesMosses
Simple stems & leaves
Have rhizoids for anchorage
Spores from capsules (wind-dispersal)Damp terrestrial land
Simplest plants
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underground stem
root
A leaf (finely divided
into small parts)
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roots, feathery leaves & underground stems
Characteristics of Ferns
have vascular tissuesvascular tissues (transport & support)
DampDamp & shadyshady places
Spore-producing organSpore-producing organ on the underside of leaves (reproduction)
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needle-shaped leaves
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Male cones (in
clusters)
Female cones
(scattered)
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roots, woody stems
Characteristics of Characteristics of GymnospermsGymnosperms
needle-shaped leaves
tall evergreen trees
cones with reproductive structures
dry places
vascular tissues (transport)
naked seeds in female cones
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2 2 groupsgroups
MonocotyledonsMonocotyledonsDicotyledonsDicotyledons
Flowering Plants
roots, stems, leaves
vascular tissues (transport)
flowers, fruits (contain seeds)
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MonocotyledMonocotyledonsons
Parallel veins
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one seed-leaf
Characteristics of Characteristics of MonocotyledonsMonocotyledons
leaves have parallel veins
herbaceous plants
e.g. grass, maize
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DicotyledoDicotyledonsns
Veins in network
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two seed-leaves
Characteristics of Characteristics of DicotyledonsDicotyledons
leaves have veins in networke.g. trees, sunflower, rose
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Plant Plant ClassificationClassification
Non-flowering
Plants
Flowering
Spore-
bearing
Naked seeds
No roots
with roots
Mosses Ferns
Gymnosperms
1 seed-leaf
2 seed-leave
sMonocots Dicots
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Gymnosperms
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Angiosperms
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Angiosperms
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Common Plant Genus
• Pinus-Pine
• Acer-Maple
• Ilex-Holly
• Ficus-fig
• Cornus-dogwood
• Rhododendron-rhododendron
• Quercus-oak
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Take-Home CA Assignment:
• Use a clearly well labeled diagram to explain the life cycle of a fern or moss.
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Plant Uniqueness
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Identifying Plants
• Physical characteristics are used to identify plants which include….• Life Cycle• Form• Foliage Retention• Plant Parts• Use & Location
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Life Cycle
• Annuals• Plants that complete their life cycle in
one year.• Biennials
• Plants that complete their life cycle in two years.
• Perennials• Plants that live more than two years.
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Growth Habits
• Trees• Shrubs• Vines
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Growth Forms
• Columnar• Spreading• Weeping
• Round• Oval• Pyramidal
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Growth Forms
Spreading
Columnar
Weeping
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Growth Forms
Round Oval Pyramidal
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Foliage Retention
• Deciduous• Loses leaves during the dormant
season.
• Evergreen• Keeps leaves and remains green
year-round.
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Plant Parts – Leaf
• Arrangement• Shapes• Color• Vein Pattern• Form – Simple or Compound• Margin• Surface
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Leaf Arrangement – Simple
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Leaf Arrangement – Compound
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Leaf Shape
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Vein Pattern
• Pinnate• Palmate• Parallel• Dichotomous
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Leaf Margin
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Leaf Surface
• Glabrous• Pubescent• Villous• Tomentose
• Scabrous• Glaucous• Rugose• Glandular
•There are 8 common leaf surfaces.
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Leaf Surface – Glabrous
• The surface is smooth, not hairy.
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Leaf Surface – Pubescent
• Short, soft hairs cover the surface.
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Leaf Surface – Villous
• Long, straight hairs cover the surface.
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Leaf Surface – Tomentose
• Covered with wool-like hair.
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Leaf Surface – Scabrous
• Covered with short, prickly hairs.
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Leaf Surface – Glaucous
• Covered with a bluish-white waxy substance.
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Leaf Surface – Rugose
• Surface is wrinkly.
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Leaf Surface – Glandular
• Glands filled with oil or resin cover the surface.
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Plant Parts – Flowers
• Color• Shape• Size
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Plant Parts – Bud & Stem
• Shape & Color• Stem Modifications
• Thorns• Spines• Prickles
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Plant Parts – Modified Stems
Thorn
Prickle Spine
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Plant Parts – Roots
• Tap• Fibrous• Bulb
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Plant Parts – Roots
Tap Root
Tuberous Root
Fibrous Root
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Plant Parts – Fruit
• Cones (Pines, Spruces, Firs)
• Nuts (Chestnuts, Peanuts, Cashew nuts)
• Pomes (Apple, Pear)• Drupes (Mango,
Peach, Date, oilpalm, coconut)
• Brambles (Blackberry bush, Raspberries)
• Capsules (Baobab, Cotton, Willow)
• Samara (Combretum, Maple)
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Plant Parts – Fruit
Cones
Acorns
Pomes
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Plant Parts – Fruit
Drupes
Brambles
Capsules
Samara
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Use & Location
• Not absolute, but helpful.• Indoor or outdoor.• Altitude• Wet or dry• Hardiness Zone• Sun, partial shade, or shade.• Landscape purpose – specimen, border,
etc.
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Factors that facilitated the adaptation of plants to life
on land• Possession of refined vascular systems. Compare
water conducting cells in bryophytes, tracheids in gymnosperms and vessels angiosperms
• Transition from water dependent reproduction to water independent reproduction
• Possession of stomata, cuticle and pores which enabled plants to control loss of water in dry environments
• Evolution of lignin and woody skeletons• Elaborate roots and leaves for photosynthesis to
manufacture food
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Prepared by Prof. E.H. Kwon-Ndung
• Professor of Plant Genetics and Breeding. FULafia.