chapter 30 plant diversity ii. fig. 29-7 origin of land plants (about 475 mya) 1 2 3 1 2 3 origin of...
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Chapter 30Plant Diversity II
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Fig. 29-7
Origin of land plants (about 475 mya)1
2
3
1
2
3
Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya)
Origin of extant seed plants (about 305 mya)
ANCES-TRALGREENALGA
Liverworts
Hornworts
Mosses
Lycophytes (club mosses,spike mosses, quillworts)
Pterophytes (ferns,horsetails, whisk ferns)
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Seed
plan
tsS
eedless
vascular
plan
ts
No
nvascu
larp
lants
(bryo
ph
ytes)
Lan
d p
lants
Vascu
lar plan
ts
Millions of years ago (mya)
500 450 400 350 300 50 0
Chapter 30: Plant Diversity II
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What are five crucial adaptations that led the success of seed Plants?– Seeds– Reduced gametophytes– Heterospory– Ovules– Pollen
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Seeds
• Seeds changed the course of plant evolution, enabling their bearers to become the dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems
• A seed consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
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Fig. 30-2
Reduced (usually microscopic), dependent on surroundingsporophyte tissue for nutrition
Reduced, independent(photosynthetic andfree-living)
Gametophyte
Sporophyte(2n)
Sporophyte(2n)
Gametophyte(n)
Sporophyte
Example
Gametophyte(n)
Dominant
Dominant DominantReduced, dependent ongametophyte for nutrition
Mosses and othernonvascular plants
Ferns and other seedlessvascular plants
Seed plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)
PLANT GROUP
Gymnosperm Angiosperm
Microscopic femalegametophytes (n) insideovulate cone
Microscopic malegametophytes (n) inside pollencone
Sporophyte (2n) Sporophyte (2n)
Microscopic femalegametophytes (n) insidethese partsof flowers
Microscopic malegametophytes (n) insidethese partsof flowers
Reduced GametophyteReduced Gametophyte: protection of antheridia and archegonia
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Heterospory: The Rule Among Seed Plants
• The ancestors of seed plants were likely homosporous, while seed plants are heterosporous
• Megasporangia produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes
• Microsporangia produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
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Ovules and Production of Eggs• An ovule
consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments
Megasporangium(2n)
Megaspore (n)(a) Unfertilized ovule
Integument
Spore wall
Immaturefemale cone
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Pollen and Production of Sperm• Microspores develop into pollen grains, which contain the male
gametophytes• Pollination • Pollen eliminates the need for a film of water and can be dispersed
great distances by air or animals• If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a pollen tube that
discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule
Seed coat(derived fromintegument)
(c) Gymnosperm seed
Embryo (2n)(new sporophyte)
Food supply(femalegametophytetissue) (n)
(b) Fertilized ovule(a) Unfertilized ovule
Integument
Immaturefemale cone
Spore wall
Megasporangium(2n)
Male gametophyte(within a germinatedpollen grain) (n)
Megaspore (n) Micropyle Pollen grain (n)
Egg nucleus (n)
Dischargedsperm nucleus (n)
Femalegametophyte (n)
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The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds
• A seed develops from the whole ovule
• A seed is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat
• Seeds provide some evolutionary advantages over spores:– They may remain dormant for
days to years, until conditions are favorable for germination
– They may be transported long distances by wind or animals
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Fig. 30-UN1
Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)
Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
• What are the four phyla of gymnosperms?
• Which phyla is the most biologically significant?
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Concept 30.2: Gymnosperms bear “naked” seeds, typically on cones
• The gymnosperms have “naked” seeds not enclosed by ovaries and consist of four phyla:– Cycadophyta (cycads)– Gingkophyta (one living species: Ginkgo biloba)– Gnetophyta (three genera: Gnetum, Ephedra,
Welwitschia) – Coniferophyta (conifers, such as pine, fir, and
redwood)
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Phylum Cycadophyta
• Individuals have large cones and palmlike leaves
• These thrived during the Mesozoic, but relatively few species exist today
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Fig. 30-5a
Cycas revoluta
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Phylum Ginkgophyta
• This phylum consists of a single living species, Ginkgo biloba
• It has a high tolerance to air pollution and is a popular ornamental tree
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Fig. 30-5b
Ginkgo bilobapollen-producing tree
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Fig. 30-5c
Ginkgo bilobaleaves and fleshy seeds
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Phylum Gnetophyta
• This phylum comprises three genera• Species vary in appearance, and some
are tropical whereas others live in deserts
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Fig. 30-5e
Ephedra
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Fig. 30-5f
Welwitschia
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Fig. 30-5g
Welwitschia
Ovulate cones
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Phylum Coniferophyta
• This phylum is by far the largest of the gymnosperm phyla
• Most conifers are evergreens and can carry out photosynthesis year round
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Fig. 30-5i
European larch
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Fig. 30-5j
Bristlecone pine
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Fig. 30-5k
Sequoia
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Fig. 30-5m
Common juniper
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The Life Cycle of a Pine: A Closer Look
• Three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle are:– Dominance of the sporophyte generation– Development of seeds from fertilized ovules– The transfer of sperm to ovules by pollen
• The life cycle of a pine provides an example
Animation: Pine Life CycleAnimation: Pine Life Cycle
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Fig. 30-6-4
Microsporangium (2n)
Microsporocytes(2n)
Pollengrains (n)
Pollencone
Microsporangia
MEIOSIS
Maturesporophyte(2n)
Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)
Key
MEIOSIS
Survivingmegaspore (n)
Pollengrain
Megasporocyte (2n)
Ovule
Integument
Ovulatecone
FERTILIZATION
Pollentube
Femalegametophyte
Spermnucleus (n)
Egg nucleus (n)
Archegonium
Seedling
Seeds
Seed coat(2n)
Foodreserves(n)
Embryo(2n)
Megasporangium(2n)
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Angiosperms
• Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
• They are the most widespread and diverse of all plants
Nonvascular plants (bryophytes)
Seedless vascular plants
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms
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Fig. 30-7
Carpel
Ovule
Sepal
Petal
Stigma
Style
Ovary
Stamen Anther
Filament
Video: Flower Blooming (time lapse)Video: Flower Blooming (time lapse)
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Fruits
• A fruit typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts
• Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal• Mature fruits can be either fleshy or dry
Animation: Fruit DevelopmentAnimation: Fruit Development
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Fig. 30-8
Hazelnut
Ruby grapefruit
Tomato
Nectarine
Milkweed
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Fig. 30-9
Barbs
Seeds within berries
Wings
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The Angiosperm Life Cycle
• The flower of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures
• Male gametophytes are contained within pollen grains produced by the microsporangia of anthers
• The female gametophyte, or embryo sac, develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of a stigma
• Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure cross-pollination between flowers from different plants of the same species
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• A pollen grain that has landed on a stigma germinates and the pollen tube of the male gametophyte grows down to the ovary
• The ovule is entered by a pore called the micropyle
• Double fertilization occurs when the pollen tube discharges two sperm into the female gametophyte within an ovule
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• One sperm fertilizes the egg, while the other combines with two nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte and initiates development of food-storing endosperm
• The endosperm nourishes the developing embryo
• Within a seed, the embryo consists of a root and two seed leaves called cotyledons
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Fig. 30-10-4
MEIOSIS
Key
MicrosporangiumMicrosporocytes (2n)
Generative cell
Anther
Tube cell
Pollengrains
Microspore(n)
Male gametophyte(in pollen grain)(n)
Mature flower onsporophyte plant(2n)
Haploid (n)Diploid (2n)
MEIOSIS
Ovule (2n)
Ovary
Megasporangium(2n)
Megaspore(n)
Female gametophyte(embryo sac)
Antipodal cells
Central cell
Synergids
Egg (n)
Pollentube
Pollentube
Stigma
Sperm(n)
Discharged sperm nuclei (n)
FERTILIZATION
Germinatingseed
Embryo (2n)Endosperm (3n)Seed coat (2n)
Seed
Nucleus ofdevelopingendosperm(3n)
Zygote (2n)Eggnucleus (n)
Style
Sperm
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Video: Flowering Plant Life Cycle (time lapse)Video: Flowering Plant Life Cycle (time lapse)
Animation: Seed DevelopmentAnimation: Seed Development
Animation: Plant FertilizationAnimation: Plant Fertilization
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Fig. 30-13n
MonocotCharacteristics
EudicotCharacteristics
Vascular tissueusually arranged
in ring
Veins usuallyparallel
Vascular tissuescattered
Leafvenation
One cotyledon
Embryos
Two cotyledons
Stems
Veins usuallynetlike
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Fig. 30-13o
Roots
Pollen
Root systemusually fibrous(no main root)
Pollen grain withthree openings
Pollen grain withone opening
Floral organsusually in
multiples of three
Flowers
Floral organs usuallyin multiples of
four or five
MonocotCharacteristics
EudicotCharacteristics
Taproot (main root)usually present
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Basal Angiosperms
• Three small lineages constitute the basal angiosperms
• These include Amborella trichopoda, water lilies, and star anise
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Fig. 30-13b
Water lily
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Fig. 30-13c
Star anise
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Magnoliids
• Magnoliids include magnolias, laurels, and black pepper plants
• Magnoliids are more closely related to monocots and eudicots than basal angiosperms
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Fig. 30-13d
Southern magnolia
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Monocots
• More than one-quarter of angiosperm species are monocots
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Fig. 30-13e
Orchid
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Fig. 30-13f
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Fig. 30-13g
Anther
Barley
Stigma
OvaryFilament
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Eudicots
• More than two-thirds of angiosperm species are eudicots
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Fig. 30-13h
California poppy
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Fig. 30-13j
Dog rose
![Page 52: Chapter 30 Plant Diversity II. Fig. 29-7 Origin of land plants (about 475 mya) 1 2 3 1 2 3 Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya) Origin of extant](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062404/551c4c9a550346a5458b4b13/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Fig. 30-13l
Zucchini flowers