organic and biochemical compounds
DESCRIPTION
Organic and Biochemical Compounds. Organic compound – a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides Organic compounds contain Carbon and almost always Hydrogen - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Organic and Biochemical Compounds
![Page 2: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
• Organic compound – a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides
• Organic compounds contain Carbon and almost always Hydrogen
• Other atoms such as Oxygen, Nitrogen Sulfur, and Phosphorus are also found in some organic compounds
![Page 3: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
• Ex:- aspirin- organic compound acetylsalicylic acid, C9H8O4
- sugarless chewing gum has organic compounds, sweeteners : sorbitol C6H14O6 and aspartame C14H18N2O5.
![Page 4: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• When a compound is made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, it is called Hydrocarbon
• Ex: methane, carbon have 4 valence electrons, each of these electrons forms a different C-H single bond
• Carbon atoms can never form more than a total of four covalent bonds in organic compounds
![Page 5: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
• Alkenes- are hydrocarbons that have only single covalent bonds
• Methane- CH4 has only C-H bonds
• Ethane- C2H6 has a C-C bond in addition to six C-H bonds
• Propane-C3H8 has 3 bonded carbon atoms, each carbon forms three bonds with three hydrogen atoms
![Page 6: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Arrangements of carbon in alkenes: carbon atoms in any alkane with more than 3 carbon atoms can have more than one possible arrangement
• Except for cyclic alkenes like cyclohexane, the chemical formula for alkene : CnH2n+2
![Page 8: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Alkenes have double C=C bonds
![Page 11: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Alkenes are also carbohydrates
• They are called like alkanes but with the –ane ending replaced by –ene, they are different because they have at least one double covalent bond: C=C
• Ex: - ethene (or ethylene) C2H4 is formed when fruit ripens
-propene (or propylene) C3H6 is used to make rubbing alcohol and some plastics
![Page 12: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Alcohol have -OH groups (or hydroxyl)
• Methanol CH3OH is added to ethanol CH3CH2OH, to make denatured alcohol
• Isopropanol which is found in rubbing alcohol : C3H8O or (CH3)2CHOH
![Page 13: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
• DNA inside the cells of your body, rubber, wood , and plastic milk jugs they all are made of large molecules called polymers
• Polymer – a large moleule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units
![Page 14: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• Many polymers have repeating subunits• Poly means “many”• Polyethene = “many ethenes”, in this
case C2H4 is called monomer• Some polymers are natural (wood, DNA,
protein) others are man-made (plastic or fibers)
• The elasticity of a polymer is determined by its structue (ex: if you crush a milk jug, it does not return to its original shape-is not elastic)
![Page 15: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Biochemical Compounds
• Carbohydrate- any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things
• Protein-an organic compound that is made of oneor more chains of amino cids and that is a principal component of all cell
![Page 16: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
• Amino acid any one of 20 different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group and that to form proteins
• Ex: insulin• Many proteins are
made of thousands of bonded amino acid molecules
![Page 17: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
• DNA- is a polymer with a complex structure
• Your DNA- determines your entire genetic makeup
• DNA- is it made of organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
![Page 18: Organic and Biochemical Compounds](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062806/56814f59550346895dbd05e0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
• DNA’s structure resembles a twisted ladder
• Attached to each sugar molecule is one of four possible DNA monomers: adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine
• Most ccells have a copy of your genetic material in the form of chromosomes made of DNA