or, def leppard & the philosophy of psychology, a love story

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Gibson & Gaver Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

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Page 1: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gibson & GaverOr, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Page 2: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

J. J. Gibson

1904 – 1979

1928: PhD in Psychology, Princeton University

1929-41: Prof of Psych, Smith College

1942-49: U.S. Air Force Research Unit in Aviation Psychology

1950: The Perception of the Visual World

1966: The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems

1977: The Theory of Affordances

Page 3: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gibson: US Air Force

U.S. Air Force Research Unit in Aviation Psychology

Innovated the use of motion pictures in pilot testing procedures

“Optical flow”

Direct, rather than Indirect, perception

"Gibson, James Jerome." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Oct. 2012<http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

Page 4: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gibson: Ecological Psychologist

Affordance – “The characteristics of objects and

arrangements in the environment that support their contributions to interactive activity”

Or, what can be done to something

Ability – What an ‘actor’ is capable of doing

What are the affordances of the desk you are sitting at?

(thanks msilver2)

Page 5: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gibson: Ecological Psychologist

Constraints – Relation between two or

more abilities or affordances

Recognition – Mailbox affords ‘mailing a

letter,’ however this affordance is not immediately perceivable (requires prior knowledge)

Can someone give a better definition of ‘constraint?’

What does a mailbox have to do with recognition and affordances?

Page 6: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Greeno: Spools

To solve: Students used a variety of methods: physically interacting with the device, pen and paper, pointing, arithmetic, ‘thinking out-loud,’ etc.

Study was repeated with diagrams , computer simulations, or tables describing the “system” instead of the ‘real thing.’

What does this experiment

demonstrate?

“Students’ performance provided evidence that the differences among the reasoning environment affected their reasoning activity.” (Greeno 340, bottom left)

Students were presented with a contraption with spools, blocks, strings and rulers.

Page 7: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

So…

What does this have to do with HCI?

Page 8: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

W.W. Gaver

Professor of Design, University of London

PhD Advised by Donald Norman

Focus: Interaction design, sociology and design, design for public spaces & homes, auditory interfaces

1991: Technology Affordances: “perceptible, hidden, and false” affordances

1990s: Apple, Xerox Cambridge, worked with Paul Doresh

Page 9: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

W.W. Gaver: Research

Drift Table: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uRKOypmDDBMKey Table: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6e_R5q-Uf4

Other videos:History Tablecloth: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bucvjsKfzgcGaver Interview: http://www.designinginteractions.com/interviews/BillGaver

What relation (if any) do these have to J.J. Gibson and what we have been reading this week?

How does all of this relate (if at all) to the topics we covered last week (hole in space, surface computing)?

Page 10: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

W.W. Gaver: Essay

Read Gibson’s paper in the late 1980s(?)

Gaver read the book in the “heyday of Information Processing approach to psychology,” when “the focus of any account of perception was on what happened in the head, not what happened in the world.”

Page 11: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Philosophy of Psychology

BehavioristPavlov, SkinnerStimulus Response

GestaltPerls, Werthiemer, KoffkaWhole != Σ(Parts)

Page 12: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Information Processing?

Human mind as a computer

In what ways is this model limiting when it comes to HCI or design

in general?

What is different about Gibson’s

view?

Page 13: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

W.W. Gaver: Essay

“…Stressing the world rather than the mind seems appropriate for HCI… which, after all, is concerned with shaping the situations that people encounter.”

It shaped his view of HCI

Page 14: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Lucy Suchman: Situation Theory

“Suchman highlighted the importance of contextual or situated factors in using technology, concluding that a plan is better thought of as a resource that could be drawn upon rather than a program to be executed.”

Turner, Phil. (2009). The End of Cognition? Human Technology: An Interdisciplinary Journal on Humans in ICT Environments. ISSN 1795-6889

Professor of Anthropology of Science and Technology in the Department of Sociology at Lancaster University

1987: Plans and Situated Actions: The Problem of Human-machine Communication

1990s: Xerox Palo Alto

“Plans are crap.”

Canfield, Kip. (2011). UMBC IS 689 Tangible Computing. Lecture.

Page 15: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

W.W. Gaver: Essay

It shaped his view of research in general

“…allowed me to conceive of research as the accumulation of a number of perspectives for understanding, all incomplete and many incompatible, but each shedding light on particular phenomena.”So Gaver’s appreciation for Gibson’s work was as much about the context of his paper as it was the content of it, which is fitting.

Page 16: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

W.W. Gaver: Essay

Questions

Was J.J. Gibson an HCI researcher?How can a person’s emotions/circumstances affect their abilities? What are the implications of this?(thanks msilver2)

William Gaver wrote a note that said “To be honest, my view honest changed much- I just don’t take psychology experiments as the only route to good research any more.” Was there an example of that in what we discussed today?(thanks nada)

Page 17: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gaver: Affordances of Media Spaces

An “ecological” approach to understanding media spaces

Contrast the affordances offered by Media Spaces with those of the everyday environment

Offer implications for design to improve the collaborative potential of media spaces

“I take this stance not to damn media spaces… but understand them.”

Page 18: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gaver: Affordances of Media Spaces

The “everyday” medium Transmits light, affording vision Transmits vibrations, affording hearing Offers little resistance, affording motion Allows chemical diffusion, affording

smell Contains oxygen, affording breathing Has an intrinsic up and down, affording

orientation

Page 19: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gaver: Affordances of Media Spaces

Field of View and Resolution Limits field of view and peripheral vision

Overcome through▪ Greater resolution▪ Larger displays▪ Multiple video images▪ Allowing movement

Page 20: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gaver: Affordances of Media Spaces

Information for Three Dimensions Limits exploration, inspection, and

peripheral awareness Lack of “movement parallax” – changes

in scene produced by self-induced movement

Overcome through:▪ Three dimensional ‘spectacles’ or displays

Is it necessary to combine the two remote spaces, or instead create a separate ‘third space’ for interaction?(thanks robin)

Page 21: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gaver: Affordances of Media Spaces

Affordances for Listening Impedes localization of sound sources Sound is altered/biased by equipment

Overcome through:▪ Stereo sound▪ High-fidelity audio▪ Better mics and mounting

Page 22: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gaver: Affordances of Media Spaces

Affordances for Movement Cameras and microphones are stationary,

preventing exploration Listeners cannot orient to a sound source

Overcome through:▪ Remote controlled camera movement

“Unless the cost of gaining additional information is low enough, it will not seem worth the effort.”

If we could design a completely mobile camera, effortless to maneuver, would this solve the movement issue?

Page 23: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gaver: Affordances of Media Spaces

Affordances for Interactive Movement We are invisible Cannot speak privately

Overcome through:▪ Larger display, greater resolution▪ Three dimensional video

“There is not a mutual space for gesturing, but instead two separated territories.”

Page 24: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gaver: Affordances of Media Spaces

Affordances for Predictable Interaction Media spaces are “ansiotropic”: light and sound travel

differently in each location Interferes with gesture and gaze awareness Affords asymmetrical access, AKA ‘spying’

Overcome through:▪ Eye-tracking video▪ Social: speakers face the camera, not the screen▪ Enforce symmetry

“…a social custom being reshaped to fit the medium.”

Gaver says that “asymmetrical access seems an enduring feature of media space technologies.” Do you think that this will always be true, or that it’s a consequence of the limitations of current technology?(thanks daryaresearch)

Page 25: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

So what?

“…Saying that media spaces have different affordances… does not imply that collaboration is always worse.”

What does virtual collaboration and communication look like 20 years from now?

This paper was written 20 years ago. Have we made significant advances since then?

Page 26: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Improving Media Spaces

Automatic Camera Control Using Unobtrusive Vision and Audio Trackinghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnlbTT3vZnE

eJAMMING AUDiiOhttp://ejamming.com/learn-more/

Employee Surrogates Replace Commuteshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gvfj1gEx6w&feature=fvst

Which (if any) of Gaver’s affordances do each of these technologies address? Which limitations are not addressed?

Page 27: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gibson: Angry Dude

“Psychologists’ self-confidence astonishes me. For their scientific gains seem to me puny, and scientific psychology seems to me ill-founded. At any time the whole psychological applecart might be upset. Let them beware!”

Paraphrased, J.J. Gibson. (1967) Autobiography. In: Reed, E.& Jones, R. (Eds.) Reasons for Realism (p. 21) via wikipedia

Gibson:

Page 28: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Gibson: Legacy

1987: Lucy Suchman, Plans and Situated Actions

1988: Donald Norman uses the term “affordance” in The Design of Everyday Things

1992: William Gaver: The Affordances of Media Spaces for Collaboration

Page 29: Or, Def Leppard & The Philosophy of Psychology, A Love Story

Additional Questions

Are functional decompositions (and the resulting taxonomies) of the platonic forms of affordances, environments, actors, and interactions really necessary to say “some guy put his heavy book on a table”?(thanks karim)

In the realm of mobile phones, do designers take into account how differing operating systems can provide different affordances? And what impacts do these have on users?(thanks robin)Are any of the limitations noted by Gaver ‘worse’ than the others? Which most hinders collaboration?(thanks versus24)